Lisdexamfetamine is a prodrug that is converted to d-amphetamine in the body, mainly used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adults. Its mechanism involves the enhancement of neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine and dopamine, which are critical for attention and behavioral regulation. With the upcoming patent expiration of Vyvanse®, bioanalytical methods for the quantification of lisdexamfetamine in plasma are needed for use in pharmacokinetic studies. In this work, we developed and validated a sensitive bioanalytical method using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for lisdexamfetamine quantification in human plasma. The method developed was performed for 4 min per sample and using the concentration range of 0.3-100 ng mL-1. Intra-batch, inter-batch and instrument reproducibility, the precision was lower than 10%. The results demonstrated that the method is rapid, sensitive, robust, and suitable for pharmacokinetic studies. damphetamine d amphetamine body adults dopamine regulation Vyvanse Vyvanse® studies work chromatographytandem chromatography tandem LCMS/MS LCMSMS LC MS/MS MS (LC-MS/MS 0.3100 03100 0.3 100 0 3 0.3-10 mL1. mL1 mL 1. 1 mL-1 Intrabatch, Intrabatch Intra batch, batch Intra-batch interbatch inter reproducibility 10 10% rapid robust LCMS MSMS 3100 0.310 0310 03 0. 0.3-1 mL- 310 0.31 031 0.3- 31

ABSTRACT Introduction: Consumer needs and local development have caused an increase in the production of high-fermentation craft beers of the Ale type. This product offers particular sensory characteristics, and allows the use of non-traditional raw materials, sometimes obtained locally. However, problems related to its shelf life have been reported. Objective: To identify the technological factors which affects the shelf life of high-fermentation craft beers of the Ale type through a bibliographic review. Materials and Methods: The PRISMA methodology was followed for the identification of information, its visualization, its eligibility, and the inclusion of documents for subsequent analysis. Results and Discussion: The bibliographic study reveals that the shelf life of this type of craft beer is affected by factors such as temperature, time, yeasts, chemical transformations, high-pressure processing, and light. Conclusions: Research on the quality of craft beer of the Ale type has increased in recent years. Shelf life is the aspect that most influences it; it has been reported that it can be from six months to a year. However, it is not reflected in its expiration date. Temperature is the most influential factor, both in fermentation and storage, indicating ranges to control between 18°C to 25°C and 0°C and 8°C, respectively, thus avoiding changes in the flavor profile and the microbiological stability of beer.

RESUMEN Introducción: Las necesidades de los consumidores y el desarrollo local han provocado el aumento de la producción de cervezas artesanales de alta fermentación de tipo Ale. Este producto ofrece características sensoriales particulares, y permite la utilización de materias primas no tradicionales, en ocasiones obtenidas en la localidad. Sin embargo, se han reportado problemas relacionados con su vida útil. Objetivo: Identificar los factores tecnológicos que afectan la vida útil de las cervezas artesanales de alta fermentación de tipo Ale mediante una revisión bibliográfica. Materiales y Métodos: Se siguió la metodología PRISMA para la identificación de la información, su visualización, su elegibilidad, e inclusión de documentos para su posterior análisis. Resultados y Discusión: El estudio bibliográfico revela que la vida útil de este tipo de cerveza artesanal se ve afectada por factores como temperatura, tiempo, levaduras, transformaciones químicas, procesamiento a alta presión y luz. Conclusiones: Las investigaciones sobre la calidad de la cerveza artesanal tipo Ale se han incrementado en los últimos años. La vida útil es el aspecto que más influye en la misma, se ha reportado que puede ser de seis meses a un año, sin embargo, no es reflejado en su fecha de caducidad. La temperatura es el factor que más influye, tanto en la fermentación como en el almacenamiento, indicándose rangos a controlar entre 18°C a 25°C y 0°C y 8°C, respectivamente, evitándose así cambios en el perfil de sabor y la estabilidad microbiológica de la cerveza.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine older individuals’ rational drug use behavior, their knowledge of rational drug use, and the factors affecting it. METHODS: This study was conducted cross-sectionally with 440 patients aged 65 years who received inpatient treatment in internal medicine and surgery clinics between October 2021 and November 2022 using a Rational Drug Use Scale and rational drug use behavior questions. RESULTS: The findings showed that the mean age of older adults was 72.56±5.84 years, and 51.8% were men. It was determined that 79.1% of the older adults did not check their expiration date before using the medicines, and 85.9% of them retained the remaining medicines after treatment. Results indicated that 77.3% of older adults knew less about rational drug use. Additionally, a significant difference was observed between older adults’ marital status, educational status, possession of outdated drugs at home, self-use of antibiotics without examination, and mean score on the Rational Drug Use Scale (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The results showed that the rational drug use knowledge level of older adults was low and that there were differences in the knowledge levels of rational drug use according to certain behaviors and factors.

ABSTRACT Purpose To present a method for analyzing breathing modes with infrared thermography. Methods This exploratory cross-sectional study used 38 thermal images of inspiration and expiration with nasal breathing and simulated mouth breathing in four nasal breathers without respiratory complaints. Three different data selection forms (line, rectangle, and ellipse) were used to extract the minimum, mean, and maximum temperatures of the regions of interest (nose and mouth) using the FLIR Tools® software. Results Among the three selection forms, there was greater temperature variability obtained with the line, revealing limitations in this measurement. There were no differences between the rectangle and ellipse values, showing that both selection forms present similar temperature extraction results. The comparison results between nose and mouth temperatures during inspiration and expiration indicated a statistically significant difference between all measurements, except for mean inspiration temperatures with the rectangle and ellipse. The breathing mode can be distinguished in both inspiration and expiration when using mean mouth temperatures with the rectangle and ellipse. Conclusion Breathing modes should be assessed based on mean mouth temperatures during inspiration, using the ellipse. thermography crosssectional cross sectional 3 complaints line (line minimum Tools software measurement values measurements

RESUMO Objetivo Apresentar um método de análise do modo respiratório por meio da termografia infravermelha. Método Estudo transversal exploratório de 38 imagens térmicas que representavam o momento da inspiração e da expiração durante a respiração nasal e durante a simulação da respiração oral de quatro voluntárias respiradoras nasais sem queixas respiratórias. Para a extração da temperatura das regiões de interesse (nariz e boca) foram utilizadas três formas de seleção distintas de dados (linha, retângulo e elipse) e três medidas de temperatura (mínima, média e máxima) por meio do software FLIR Tools®. Resultados Dentre as três formas de seleção houve maior variabilidade nas medidas obtidas pela linha, revelando limitações nessa medida. Não houve diferenças entre as medidas do retângulo e elipse, mostrando que ambas as formas de seleção apresentam resultados semelhantes para a extração das temperaturas. Na comparação entre as temperaturas do nariz e da boca na inspiração e expiração, os resultados indicaram que houve diferença com relevância estatística em todas as medidas realizadas, exceto para as medidas de temperatura média da inspiração, usando o retângulo e a elipse. Percebe-se diferenciação do modo respiratório tanto na inspiração quanto na expiração quando utilizada a temperatura média da boca com o retângulo e a elipse. Conclusão Sugere-se para avaliação do modo respiratório a avaliação da boca, por meio da elipse, com análise da temperatura média durante a inspiração. infravermelha 3 respiratórias linha (linha elipse mínima, mínima (mínima máxima Tools Tools® medida realizadas Percebese Percebe se Sugerese Sugere

RESUMO: O estado de Santa Catarina é o maior produtor nacional de cebola. O consumo de cebola (Allium cepa) por animais domésticos pode causar anemia hemolítica, hiper-hemoglobinemia de corpúsculos de Heinz nos eritrócitos. Os dados epidemiológicos e o quadro clínico-patológico foram obtidos em visita à propriedade onde a enfermidade ocorreu. Um rebanho de 54 bovinos de corte de uma propriedade localizada no município de Bom Retiro/SC, foi colocado em uma lavoura de cebola, a qual não havia sido completamente colhida por estar fora do padrão desejado para o comércio. Os animais permaneceram por um período de oito dias nesta lavoura e, ao final deste período, todos apresentaram apatia, anorexia, urina e mucosas de coloração marrom e odor de cebola na expiração. As alterações macroscópicas observadas foram mucosas pálidas, sangue com viscosidade diminuída e aumento do tempo de coagulação, fígado com padrão lobular evidente e restos de cebola no rúmen. A carcaça exalava forte odor de cebola. Pela análise histológica havia, no fígado, necrose de coagulação centrolobular em ponte e nos rins havia gotas hialinas intracitoplasmáticas em células do epitélio tubular e depósito de material eosinofílico na luz de túbulos. Para o diagnóstico da intoxicação por cebola deve-se levar em conta principalmente os dados epidemiológicos associados aos sinais clínicos, como palidez de mucosas com evidências de pigmentação por hemoglobina (mucosa marrom) e hemoglobinúria. Este artigo parece ser o primeiro relato de intoxicação por cebola em bovinos no Brasil. RESUMO Allium cepa hemolítica hiperhemoglobinemia hiper hemoglobinemia eritrócitos clínicopatológico clínico patológico ocorreu 5 RetiroSC Retiro SC Retiro/SC comércio apatia anorexia expiração pálidas rúmen túbulos devese deve se clínicos mucosa hemoglobinúria Brasil

ABSTRACT: The state of Santa Catarina is the largest national producer of onions. The consumption of onion (Allium cepa) by domestic animals can cause hemolytic anemia and hyperhemoglobinemia of Heinz bodies in erythrocytes. The epidemiological data and the pathological clinical picture were obtained during a visit to the property where the disease occurred. A herd of 54 beef cattle from a property in the municipality of Bom Retiro/SC, was placed in an onion crop, which had not been completely harvested because it was outside the desired standard for trade. The animals remained in this field for eight days. At the end of this period, all of them presented apathy, anorexia, brown urine and mucous membranes and an onion odor on expiration. The macroscopic changes observed were pale mucous membranes, blood with decreased viscosity and increased clotting time, liver with an evident lobular pattern and remains of onion in the rumen. The carcass gave off a strong onion odor. By histological analysis, there was central lobular coagulation necrosis in bridging in the liver. In the kidneys, there were intracytoplasmic hyaline droplets in tubular epithelial cells and a deposit of eosinophilic material in the lumen of the tubules. For the diagnosis of onion poisoning, epidemiological data associated with clinical signs, such as pale mucous membranes with evidence of hemoglobin pigmentation (brown mucosa) and hemoglobinuria, should be taken into account. This article seems to be the first report of onion poisoning in cattle in Brazil. ABSTRACT onions Allium cepa erythrocytes occurred 5 RetiroSC Retiro SC Retiro/SC crop trade days period apathy anorexia expiration time rumen analysis kidneys tubules signs mucosa hemoglobinuria account Brazil

Resumen Introducción. La miel Klanceng (Tetragonula laeviceps) es muy demandada por sus beneficios. No hay información sobre la fecha de caducidad de la miel Klanceng. Objetivo. Predecir la vida útil de la miel Klanceng mediante la evaluación del efecto del calentamiento (40 ºC / 48 h y 70 ºC / 7 h) y el almacenamiento durante dos años. Materiales y métodos. El análisis se llevó a cabo tres veces (2020, 2021 y 2022) en el Laboratorio de la Agencia Nacional de Investigación de Innovación, Yakarta, Indonesia. Se tomaron muestras de miel Klanceng (Tetragonula laeviceps) de una granja de abejas en Magetan, Java Oriental, Indonesia. La muestra (5 kg) se dividió en 3: sin proceso de calentamiento (UT), calentamiento a 40 °C / 48 h (T1) y calentamiento a 70 °C / 7 h (T2). Luego se analizaron HMF, diastasa, invertasa, fosfatasa ácida (AP), glucosa oxidasa (GO), DPPH, absorbancia y actividad fenólica a los 0, 12 y 24 meses. Resultados. Los resultados mostraron que el calentamiento corto a alta temperatura (70 °C / 7 h) tuvo un mayor impacto en la disminución de la actividad enzimática en comparación con el calentamiento prolongado a baja temperatura (40 °C / 48 h). El almacenamiento tuvo un impacto significativo en el aumento de 5-hidroximetil (furano)-2-carbaldehído (HMF) en comparación con el calentamiento. Durante el almacenamiento (24 meses) el valor de HMF superó el límite máximo. Conclusiones. El valor de HMF (55,33 ± 0,57 mg/kg) superó el límite máximo permitido (máximo 40 ppm), esto se debió al efecto significativo del calentamiento en T2 y el proceso de almacenamiento. La vida útil de la miel Klanceng fue de dos años, siempre que no se calentara a altas temperaturas (70 °C).

Abstract Introduction. Klanceng honey (Tetragonula laeviceps) is in great demand because of its benefits. There is no information on the expiration date of the Klanceng honey. Objective. To predict the shelf life of Klanceng honey by evaluating the effect of heating (40 ºC / 48 h and 70 ºC / 7 h) and storage for two years. Materials and methods. The analysis was carried out three times (2020, 2021, and 2022) at the National Innovation Research Agency Laboratory, Jakarta, Indonesia. Samples of Klanceng honey (Tetragonula laeviceps) were taken from a bee farm in Magetan, East Java, Indonesia. The sample (5 kg) was divided into 3: without heating process (UT), heating at 40 ºC / 48 h (T1), and heating at 70 ºC / 7 h (T2). Then analyzed the activity of HMF, diastase, invertase, acid phosphatase (AP), glucose oxidase (GO), DPPH, honey color, and phenolic at 0, 12 and 24-months. Results. The results showed that short heating at high temperature (70 ºC / 7 h) had a greater impact on decreasing enzyme activity compared to prolonged heating at low temperature (40 ºC / 48 h). Storage had a major impact on the increase of 5-hydroxymethyl (furan)-2-carbaldehyde (HMF) compared to the heating process. During storage (24-months) the HMF value exceeded the maximum limit. Conclusions. The HMF value (55.33 ± 0.57 mg/kg) exceeded the maximum allowable limit (max 40 ppm), this was due to the significant effect of heating on T2 and the storage process. The shelf life of Klanceng honey was two years, as long as it was not heated to high temperatures (70 ºC).

Abstract Background Food labeling is an important tool for encouraging health and healthy food choices. Objective To estimate the prevalence of food label consultation and associated factors in adolescents and adults, and to identify the information taken from food labels. Method Cross-sectional study with data from population-based surveys with a probabilistic sample, by clusters and in two-stages, conducted in Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil (n=1.792, 10-59 years). Prevalence ratios and respective 95% confidence intervals were estimated and a Poisson multiple regression model was developed. Results 1,792 individuals aged 10 to 59 years participated in the study. The prevalence of reading food labels was 49.4% (95%CI: 45.2-53.6) for the whole population. Prevalence was higher in females, adults, in those with higher income, with more frequent weekly consumption of fruits, raw vegetables, and whole foods, with less frequent consumption of soft drinks, and those who had weighed themselves less than a month ago. Expiration date, calories, sodium and fat were the most searched for information on food labels. Conclusion The results highlight a need to guide and encourage the use of nutrition labeling, identify priority segments and help to fill a scientific gap in Brazil regarding the prevalence of food label consultation and associated factors. choices adults Crosssectional Cross sectional populationbased population based sample twostages, twostages two stages, stages two-stages Campinas Paulo n=1.792, n1792 n 1 792 (n=1.792 1059 10-5 years. . years) 95 developed 1792 1,79 5 494 49 4 49.4 95%CI 95CI CI (95%CI 45.253.6 452536 45.2 53.6 45 2 53 6 45.2-53.6 females income fruits vegetables foods drinks ago date calories n=1.792 n179 79 (n=1.79 105 10- 9 179 1,7 49. 253 45.253. 45253 452 45. 536 53. 45.2-53. n=1.79 n17 7 (n=1.7 17 1, 25 45.253 4525 45.2-53 n=1.7 n1 (n=1. 45.25 45.2-5 n=1. (n=1 45.2- n=1 (n= n= (n

Resumo Introdução A rotulagem de alimentos é uma importante ferramenta de promoção da saúde e de escolhas alimentares saudáveis. Objetivo Estimar a prevalência do hábito de verificar os rótulos de alimentos e fatores associados em adolescentes e adultos, bem como identificar as informações observadas nos rótulos. Método Estudo transversal de base populacional com amostra probabilística por conglomerados em dois estágios, realizado em Campinas/SP (n = 1.792, 10-59 anos). Foram estimadas razões de prevalência e os respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95% e foi desenvolvido modelo de regressão múltipla de Poisson. Resultados A prevalência do hábito de verificar os rótulos de alimentos foi de 49,4% (IC95%: 45,2-53,6). As prevalências foram superiores no sexo feminino, nos adultos, em indivíduos com maior renda, com maior frequência semanal de consumo de frutas, hortaliças cruas, alimentos integrais, com menor frequência de consumo de refrigerantes e que tinham se pesado há menos de um mês. Data de validade, calorias, sódio e gordura foram as informações mais buscadas nos rótulos. Conclusão Os resultados destacam a necessidade de orientar e estimular o uso da rotulagem nutricional, identificam os segmentos prioritários e contribuem para preencher uma das lacunas científicas brasileiras sobre a prevalência de consulta aos rótulos de alimentos e fatores associados. saudáveis adultos estágios CampinasSP Campinas SP n 1792 1 792 1.792 1059 10 59 10-5 anos. anos . anos) 95 Poisson 494 49 4 49,4 IC95% IC95 IC (IC95% 45,253,6. 452536 45,2 53,6 45 2 53 6 45,2-53,6) feminino renda frutas cruas integrais mês validade calorias nutricional 179 79 1.79 105 5 10- 9 49, IC9 (IC95 253 45,253,6 45253 452 45, 536 53, 45,2-53,6 17 7 1.7 (IC9 25 45,253, 4525 45,2-53, 1. (IC 45,253 45,2-53 45,25 45,2-5 45,2-

Abstract Using a transdisciplinary approach, and research grounded in documentary analysis and interviews, this study explores the conflictive ways in which the coexistence of global and local scales has developed in two localities within the agro-exporting enclave of the Gran Rosario (Argentina) over the last 20 years. We analyze the formation of a sacrifice zone as a result of the ecobiopolitics expropriation dynamics to shed light on the unequal relationships between territory and the global scale materialized in the IIRSA program. The transformations which populations have undergone in their daily lives, and the local inhabitants’ perceptions about the conformation of the enclave are studied. The results suggest an expropriation of energy resources for the development of life that is perceived by the inhabitants in different aspects such as: reduced mobility capacity, difficulty in accessing public and specific services, expiration of old habits, increase in chronic and fatal diseases, urban space appropriated by the new scale, greater air, water and soil pollution.

Resumen Desde una aproximación transdisciplinar, y una investigación sustentada en el análisis documental y entrevistas, se indaga en los modos conflictivos en que se ha desarrollado, durante los últimos 20 años, la coexistencia de las escalas global-local en dos localidades del enclave agroexportador del Gran Rosario (Argentina). Con el objetivo de evidenciar las relaciones desiguales que se establecen en el territorio a partir del establecimiento de la escala global, materializada en el programa de la IIRSA, se analiza la conformación de una zona de sacrificio como consecuencia de las dinámicas ecobiopolíticas de expropiación. Se estudian las transformaciones que han sufrido las poblaciones en su vida cotidiana y la percepción que tienen los pobladores locales acerca de la conformación del enclave. Los resultados sugieren una expropiación de los recursos energéticos para el desarrollo de la vida que es percibida por los pobladores en aspectos tales como: menor capacidad de movilidad, dificultad en el acceso a servicios públicos y específicos, caducidad de viejas costumbres, aumento de enfermedades crónicas y mortales, espacio urbano apropiado por la nueva escala, mayor contaminación de aire, agua y suelo.

Resumen La presente investigación tiene como objetivo analizar las razones por las que el Organismo Supervisor de las Contrataciones del Estado (OSCE) excluye a la caducidad de ser aplicada para los procedimientos sancionadores que se conducen en el ámbito de la contratación pública. Para ello, se revisará los fundamentos, principios y regulación del régimen común consagrado en el Texto Único Ordenado de la Ley de Procedimiento Administrativo General para definir si la caducidad puede o no operar en ámbitos administrativos sancionadores regulados por una legislación especial.

Abstract The objective of this investigation is to analyze the reasons why the State Procurement Supervisory Body (OSCE) excludes expiration from being applied to sanctioning procedures that are conducted in the field of public procurement. For this, the foundations, principles and regulation of the common regime enshrined in the Single Ordered Text of the General Administrative Procedure Law will be reviewed to define whether or not expiration can operate in sanctioning administrative areas regulated by special legislation.

RESUMEN Los consumidores a menudo informan dificultades para interpretar la información cuantitativa contenida en las etiquetas nutricionales de los alimentos. El objetivo fue estudiar los principales conocimientos sobre etiquetado de alimentos que la población adulta del Paraguay tiene incorporado en el periodo de agosto de 2021. Este es un estudio descriptivo observacional de corte trasversal en el cual se evaluaron a adultos de ambos sexos de 18 a 60 años consumidores de alimentos con etiquetado nutricional. Se recabarón datos sociodemográficos y de conocimientos sobre etiquetado nutricional de alimentos a través de una encuesta tipo on-line con la herramienta de Google forms. El 73% fueron del sexo femenino, la edad promedio fue de 36,9 años, 57,1% residía en Gran Asunción, 49,1% tenía nivel educativo universitario y 37,5%eran profesionales de la salud. Los aspectos generales sobre etiquetado nutricional revelaron que 88,3% sabía su concepto, 55,3% refirió que lo lee casi siempre, 84% sabía que es obligatorio y 44% se fijaba más en las calorías. Al evaluar los conocimientos generales, 91% sabía la diferencia entre caducidad y consumo preferente, 71,4% conocía el concepto de cantidades orientativas, 62,5% supo cuáles son las grasas menos saludables, y 71,4% respondió correctamente el concepto de alimento light. Los encuestados tuvieron un conocimiento general adecuado sobre etiquetado nutricional, no obstante, hubo un porcentaje considerable de individuos que no supieron los conceptos básicos, por lo que se debe realizar intervenciones de educación nutricional enfocadas al consumidor.

ABSTRACT Consumers often report difficulties in interpreting the quantitative information contained in the nutritional labels of foods. The objective was to study the main knowledge about food labeling that the adult population of Paraguay has incorporated in the period of August 2021. This is a cross-sectional descriptive observational study in which male and female adults between 18 and 60 years old consumers of foods with nutrition labelling were evaluated. Sociodemographic data and knowledge about nutritional labeling of food was collected through an online survey with the Google forms tool. Seventy three percent was female, the average age was 36.9 years, 57.1% lived in Greater Asunción, 49.1% had a university education level, and 37.5% were health professionals. The general aspects about nutritional labeling revealed that 88.3% knew the concept, 55.3% said that they read it almost always, 84% knew that it was mandatory and 44% paid more attention to calories. When evaluating general knowledge, 91% knew the difference between expiration and preferential consumption, 71.4% knew the concept of indicative quantities, 62.5% knew which are the less healthy fats, and 71.4% correctly answered the concept of light food. The survey respondents had an adequate general knowledge about nutrition labeling, however, there was a considerable percentage of individuals who did not know the basic concepts, for which consumer-focused nutrition education interventions should be carried out.

Resumen: El Tratado Uribe-Vargas Ozores de 1979, también conocido como Tratado de Montería, es un tratado internacional entre la República de Panamá y la República de Colombia. Este tratado concede el tránsito sin costo para los productos naturales e industriales, correos, tropas, naves y materiales de guerra de la República de Colombia a través del Canal de Panamá. De manera anormal, este Tratado no estableció un plazo definido de vencimiento, lo que lo hace indefinido. Sin embargo, la República de Panamá podría iniciar los trámites judiciales para cambiar esta prerrogativa para Colombia basado en el carácter no recíproco y la naturaleza perpetua. Hipotéticamente, es muy probable que esta decisión provoque que Colombia recurra a sanciones comerciales con una intensa batalla legal en virtud de la interpretación de Colombia sobre sus derechos históricos respecto al Canal de Panamá y de su renuncia en el año 2012 al Pacto de Bogotá de 1948 para la resolución de controversias de forma pacífica. Por consiguiente, se ocasionarían graves daños a la industria aérea y al sistema bancario de Panamá. Sin embargo, este artículo considera que sería oportuno denunciar el Tratado de Montería ante la Secretaría General de las Naciones Unidas, en virtud de la Convención de Viena de Derechos de Tratados de 1969 que permite este mecanismo con la intervención de la Corte Internacional de Justicia, de ser necesario.

Abstract: The 1979 Uribe-Vargas Ozores Treaty, also known as the Montería Treaty, is an international treaty between the Republic of Panama and the Republic of Colombia. This treaty grants the Republic of Columbia free transit for its natural and industrial products, mail, troops, ships and war materials through the Panama Canal. Unusually, the treaty does not establish an expiration date for this prerogative, which makes it indefinite. However, the Republic of Panama could initiate legal proceedings to change this prerogative for Colombia based on its non-reciprocal character and perpetual nature. It is very likely that this decision would cause Colombia to resort to trade sanctions and result in an intense legal battle due to Colombia's interpretation of its historic rights regarding the Panama Canal and its 2012 resignation from the 1948 Pact of Bogotá, which obliges signatories to seek the peaceful resolution of disputes. Consequently, serious damage would be caused to the airline industry and the banking system of Panama. This article argues that it would, however, be appropriate to denounce the Treaty of Montería before the General Secretariat of the United Nations, by virtue of the Vienna Convention on the Rights of Treaties of 1969, which allows for use of this mechanism with the intervention of the International Court of Justice, if necessary.

Resumen El objetivo de esta investigación es identificar los determinantes de la madurez de la deuda para las empresas mexicanas que cotizan en la BMV, usando una definición alternativa de esta variable dependiente. En particular, se define la madurez como “tiempo para expiración del contrato” considerando el promedio ponderado del tiempo a vencimiento, contribución original del presente trabajo. Se utilizan modelos de datos panel y de selección de Heckman, pues el uso de datos longitudinales en un panel desbalanceado puede presentar problemas de selección en forma de atrición. Los resultados sugieren que el sesgo por atrición es significativo, y que la madurez promedio de la deuda está determinada por variables como tamaño y apalancamiento, entre otras característias de las empresas, así como la tasa de interés del mercado. Como principal limitación, se tienen las omisiones de datos de las fuentes de información utilizadas generando un panel corto y desbalanceado. Se concluye que al usar este método de medición de madurez se obtienen mejores resultados para analizar el plazo de vencimiento de la deuda, comparado con las métricas tradicionales en la literatura.

Abstract This research aims to determine the factors of debt maturity for Mexican companies listed on the BMV, using an alternative method to define the dependent variable. Maturity is defined as "time to contract expiration" considering the weighted average of the expiration time, which contributes to the originality of this work. Panel data models and the Heckman selection model are used, since working with an unbalanced longitudinal panel can present sample selection problems due to atrition. The results suggest that the attrition bias is significant, and that the average maturity of the debt is determined by firm characteristics such as size and leverage, among others, and the interest rate of the Mexican market. As a limitation and due to the omissions of data reported by the information sources used for the analysis, a short and unbalanced panel is used. It is concluded that, by using this maturity alternative measurement method, better results are obtained to analyze the maturity of the debt, compared to the traditional metrics in the literature.

Abstract This paper challenges the widespread idea both among judges and the doctrine of an uninterrupted expiration period of a subjective action of full jurisdiction action, not even if constitutional guarantees are applied upon the same administrative act. This article analyzes National and Constitutional Court sentences that have already ruled against this possibility a protection appeal (recurso de amparo), a notion that could be confronted due to the legal nature of the protection appeal and the validity of the Organic Administrative Code (COA) that introduces new rules regarding the nullity of administrative acts. This research presents a hypothetic scenario: a favorable sentence obtained in the first instance through constitutional procedures is eventually revoked in second instance with no regard to the rules that norm the deadlines of that action. This would bring the deadline to attend the contentious administrative seat forward and the expiration implies an unnecessary barrier to a person affected by the act.

Resumen Este artículo replantea el razonamiento extendido entre jueces y la doctrina respecto de la no interrupción del plazo de caducidad de la acción subjetiva o de plena jurisdicción, ni aun en el caso de la interposición de una garantía jurisdiccional sobre el mismo acto administrativo. Este artículo recurre a sentencias de la Sala de lo Contencioso Administrativo de la Corte Nacional de Justicia y la Corte Constitucional de Ecuador, las cuales se han pronunciado en contra de la posibilidad del anterior recurso de amparo, criterio que puede ser debatido por la naturaleza jurídica de la acción de protección y la vigencia del Código Orgánico Administrativo (COA) que incorpora nuevas reglas de la nulidad de los actos administrativos. Para ejemplificar, se presenta un caso hipotético: una sentencia favorable obtenida en primera instancia en vía constitucional que es revocada en apelación, sin observar los plazos normativos para resolver este recurso judicial, lo que ocasiona que fenezca el plazo para acudir a la sede contenciosa administrativa con la consecuente traba innecesaria de acceso a la justicia.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The alteration in gas exchange is a complication of cardiac surgery with extracorporeal circulation. The cause of this deterioration is multifactorial. During the shunt, both lungs collapse and at the end of the extracorporeal circulation the lungs expand again, without a standard technique for it. The application of alveolar recruitment during general anesthesia in this type of surgery improves arterial oxygenation. Multiple strategies are used and have as a reference the extracorporeal circulation and its contribution to the pulmonary and systemic inflammatory response. This forces the anesthesiologist to understand the pathophysiology of lung injury associated with mechanical ventilation. Objective: Describe essential aspects of pathophysiology of pulmonary injury associated with mechanical ventilation in cardiac surgical procedures and the effect of perioperative protective mechanical ventilation as a strategy to prevent it. Method: A search of the literature published during the period between January 1990 and December 2020 was carried out that referred to protective mechanical ventilation strategies in cardiovascular surgery. Results: Experimental and clinical evidence suggest that low current volumes of pulmonary ventilation and the application for a short period of increased inspiratory pressures, known as "recruitment maneuvers" followed by the application of positive pressure at the end of expiration to keep the recruited alveoli open, increase functional residual capacity and reduce lung injury associated with mechanical ventilation. These recommendations have been extrapolated from retrospective studies conducted in other types of populations. Conclusions: There is no strong evidence that this strategy decreases the pro-inflammatory response, improves postoperative lung function and decreases perioperative mortality, when compared to conventional ventilation.

RESUMEN Introducción: La alteración en el intercambio gaseoso es una complicación de la cirugía cardíaca con circulación extracorpórea. La causa de este deterioro es multifactorial. Durante la derivación, ambos pulmones colapsan y al término de la circulación extracorpórea los pulmones se vuelven a expandir, sin existir una técnica estándar para ello. La aplicación de reclutamiento alveolar durante la anestesia general en este tipo de cirugía mejora la oxigenación arterial. Objetivo: Describir aspectos esenciales de fisiopatología de la injuria pulmonar asociada a la ventilación mecánica en procedimientos quirúrgicos cardíacos y el efecto de la ventilación mecánica protectora perioperatoria como estrategia para prevenirla. Método: Se realizó una búsqueda de la literatura publicada durante el período comprendido entre enero de 1990 y diciembre de 2020 que hiciera referencia a las estrategias de ventilación mecánica protectora en cirugía cardiovascular. Resultados: La evidencia experimental y clínica sugiere que los bajos volúmenes corrientes de ventilación pulmonar y la aplicación por un corto período del aumento de las presiones inspiratorias, conocidas como “maniobras de reclutamiento” seguidas de la aplicación de presión positiva al final de la espiración para mantener los alveolos reclutados abiertos, incrementan la capacidad residual funcional y reducen la injuria pulmonar asociada a la ventilación mecánica. Estas recomendaciones han sido extrapoladas de estudios retrospectivos realizados en otro tipo de poblaciones. Conclusiones: No existe evidencia contundente de que esta estrategia disminuya la respuesta proinflamatoria, mejore la función pulmonar posoperatoria y disminuya la mortalidad perioperatoria, cuando se compara con la ventilación convencional.

Resumen Objetivo: Optimización de una fórmula magistral tópica de N-acetilcisteína y urea para el tratamiento tópico de la ictiosis. Método: Se revisó la estructura química de la molécula de N-acetilcisteína y sus procesos metabólicos. Se realizó una búsqueda de posibles moléculas alternativas con una estructura química similar a la N-acetilcisteína que pudiesen mejorar sus propiedades organolépticas. Bases de datos: PubChem., Botplus., Centro de Información de Medicamentos de la Agencia Española de Medicamentos y Productos Sanitarios. Criterios de selección de la molécula: similitud estructural, mismo grupo terapéutico, mismo mecanismo de acción, misma indicación autorizada, ausencia de olor desagradable y estar comercializada como materia prima en España. Para el desarrollo galénico y validación de la fórmula se realizaron varios ensayos y controles siguiendo el procedimiento de elaboración de emulsiones del Formulario Nacional. Para establecer el periodo de validez se siguieron las recomendaciones de la “Guía de buenas prácticas de preparación de medicamentos en los servicios de farmacia hospitalaria”. Resultados: La N-acetilcisteína presenta grupo sulfhidrilo libre, responsable del olor, sufre desacetilación y sus principales metabolitos son cistina y cisteamina. Las moléculas evaluadas fueron: cistina, cisteamina, carbocisteína, cisteína y metionina. Se seleccionó la carbocisteína por cumplir todos los criterios de selección. La carbocisteína es prácticamente insoluble en agua y soluble en disoluciones de ácidos minerales e hidróxidos alcalinos. A diferencia de la N-acetilcisteína, carece de olor fétido. Presenta su máxima estabilidad a pH 5,5-7,5. La composición de la fórmula magistral (100 g): carbocisteína (10 g), urea (5 g), glicerina (15 g), agua (44 ml), hidróxido sódico (1 g) y Neo PCL. Oil/Water (O/W) (25 g). Periodo de caducidad: 30 días. Los caracteres organolépticos, signo de la emulsión y pH permanecieron estables durante el periodo de caducidad establecido. La fórmula magistral de carbocisteína elaborada se ha incorporado al arsenal de tratamientos tópicos disponibles para los pacientes con ictiosis de nuestro centro. Conclusiones: La molécula de carbocisteína resultó ser una buena alternativa terapéutica que subsana el olor desagradable de la N-acetilcisteína. La fórmula magistral de carbocisteína desarrollada fue incluida como tratamiento tópico de la ictiosis gracias a su tolerabilidad, aceptabilidad y efectividad en el tratamiento de pacientes afectos de esta genodermatosis.

Abstract Objective: Optimization of a topical formula of N-acetylcysteine and urea for the topical treatment of ichthyosis. Method: We reviewed the chemical structure of the N-acetylcysteine molecule and its metabolic processes. A search was conducted of possible alternative molecules with a chemical structure similar to that of N-acetylcysteine that could have improved organoleptic properties. The following databases were used: PubChem., Botplus., the Drug Information Centre of the Spanish Agency of Medicines and Medical Devices. The molecule selection criteria were as follows: structural similarity, same therapeutic group, same mechanism of action, same authorized indication, absence of unpleasant smell, and being marketed as raw material in Spain. To complete the pharmaceutical development and validation of the compound, several tests and controls were conducted following the emulsion production procedure of the National Formulary. In order to establish the validity period, we followed the recommendations of the “Guide to Good Drug Preparation Practices in Hospital Pharmacy Services”. Results: N-acetylcysteine has a free sulfhydryl group, which is responsible for its smell, and undergoes deacetylation. Its main metabolites are cystine and cysteamine. The following molecules were assessed: cystine, cysteamine, carbocisteine, cysteine and methionine. Carbocisteine was selected because it met all the selection criteria. Carbocisteine is practically insoluble in water and soluble in mineral acids and alkaline hydroxides solutions. Unlike N-acetylcysteine, it does not have a fetid smell. It reaches its maximum stability at pH 5.5 to 7.5. The composition of the compound (100 g) was as follows: carbocisteine (10 g), urea (5 g), glycerine (15 g), water (44 mL), sodium hydroxide (1 g), and Neo PCL. Oil/Water (O/W) (25 g). It has an expiration period of 30 days. The organoleptic characteristics, emulsion type, and pH remained stable within the established expiration period. The carbocisteine compound has been incorporated into the group of topical treatments available for the treatment of patients with ichthyosis in our hospital. Conclusions: The carbocisteine molecule is a good therapeutic alternative that lacks the unpleasant smell of N-acetylcysteine. The carbocisteine compound developed has been included as topical treatment for ichthyosis due to its tolerability, acceptability, and effectiveness in the treatment of patients affected by this genodermatosis.