The selective separation of precious metals from complex aqueous solutions is important in protecting the environment, aquatic ecosystems, water resources and recycling resources. In this study, cysteine-containing polymeric nanoparticles were synthesized using the molecular imprinting (MIP) technique with the mini-emulsion polymerization method. The basis of the polymer design is inspired by affinity of silver to cysteine in biological systems. The synthesized silver ion imprinted (Ag+-IIP) poly(hydroxyethylmethacrylate-N -methacryloyl-L-cysteine) poly(HEMA-MAC) nanoparticles were characterized by elemental analysis, zeta sizer, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The effects of pH, ionic strength and interaction time on adsorption of Ag+ ions were investigated. In experimental studies, the highest adsorption amount (196.9 mg g1 nanoparticle) was reached in a short period of 40 min at pH 5.0 and 150 mg L-1 concentration. Selectivity studies of synthesized Ag+-IIP nanoparticles against silver (Ag+) ions were carried out in the presence of lithium (Li+), barium (Ba2+), mercury (Hg2+) and cadmium (Cd2+) ions. Experimental results indicate that nanoparticles adsorb Ag+ ions with high selectivity. Ag+-IIP nanoparticles have 3.7, 3.1, 2.4, and 2.6 times more selective or higher affinity for Ag+ ions compared to Li+, Ba2+, Hg2+ and Cd2+ ions, respectively, compared to Ag+-non-imprinted (NIP) nanoparticles. environment ecosystems study cysteinecontaining containing MIP (MIP miniemulsion mini emulsion method systems Ag+IIP AgIIP IIP Ag (Ag+-IIP polyhydroxyethylmethacrylateN poly hydroxyethylmethacrylate N methacryloylLcysteine methacryloyl L -methacryloyl-L-cysteine polyHEMAMAC HEMA MAC poly(HEMA-MAC analysis sizer FTIR (FTIR spectroscopy AFM, AFM , (AFM) SEM. SEM . (SEM) investigated 196.9 1969 196 9 (196. g nanoparticle 4 50 5 0 5. 15 L1 1 L- concentration (Ag+ Li Li+ (Li+) Ba2 Ba Ba2+ (Ba2+) Hg2 Hg (Hg2+ Cd2 Cd (Cd2+ selectivity 37 3 7 3.7 31 3.1 24 2 2.4 26 6 2. respectively Ag+nonimprinted Agnonimprinted non NIP (NIP (AFM (SEM 196. 19 (196 (Ag (Li+ (Ba2+ (Hg2 (Cd2 3. nonimprinted (19 (Li (Ba2 (Hg (Cd (1 (Ba (

In the water/triethanolamine/ethanol system, TiCl4 aqueous solution is used as the precursor to regulate the conversion rate of TiCl4 by changing the reaction temperature, water volume, pH value, and ethanol amount. The experiment uses a single-factor method to investigate the dynamic relationship between Ti4+ concentration and time under various factors, thereby achieving controllable TiO2 production. The experimental results showed that under a single factor, the conversion rate showed a trend of first steep and then slow growth within 180 min. After 180 min, the conversion rate tended to stabilize. Considering various factors, it was found that VTiCl4:VC6H15NO3:VH2O:VC2H5OH = 1:6:15:30, pH = 7, reaction time at room temperature was 4 h, and the hydrolysis effect was good. The final conversion rate was 90.46%, and the hydrolysis reaction conforms to the first-order reaction equation. Kinetic parameters: pre-factor (A) = 0.107, activation energy (Ea) = 4488.65 J mol-1. watertriethanolamineethanol triethanolamine system TiCl volume value amount singlefactor factor Ti4 Ti factors TiO production 18 min stabilize VTiCl4VC6H15NO3VH2OVC2H5OH VTiClVCHNOVHOVCHOH VTiCl4 VC6H15NO3 VH2O VC2H5OH VTiCl VC H NO VH O OH 161530, 161530 1 6 15 30, 30 1:6:15:30 7 h good 9046 90 46 90.46% firstorder order equation parameters prefactor pre A (A 0107 0 107 0.107 Ea (Ea 448865 4488 65 4488.6 mol1. mol1 mol 1. mol-1 OVC VCHNO VC6H15NO VHO VCHOH 16153 3 1:6:15:3 904 9 90.46 010 10 0.10 44886 448 4488. mol- 1615 1:6:15: 90.4 01 0.1 44 161 1:6:15 90. 0. 16 1:6:1 1:6: 1:6 1:

In order to extract hesperidin from Citrus aurantium L. through green and efficient ways, a novel method based on deep eutectic solvent (DES) assisted extraction has been developed. Compared to known alkali extraction and acid precipitation or organic solvent (ethanol, methanol) extraction, this new DES system of choline chloride/diethanolamine (DES-14) method exhibited excellent extraction efficiency for hesperidin. Under optimal conditions, the extraction yield of hesperidin reached 6.26 ± 0.05%. Further studies with infrared spectroscopy, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, and density functional theory showed the DES-14 was formed mainly through the interaction of H-bond and van der Waals forces. In addition, scanning electron microscopy and density functional theory revealed the strong dissolving capacity, and the H-bond formation between DES-14 and hesperidin, as well as van der Waals forces all contributed to efficient extraction of hesperidin. The results provide a new strategy for efficient extraction and utilization of hesperidin in Citrus. L ways (DES developed ethanol, ethanol (ethanol methanol chloridediethanolamine chloride diethanolamine DES14 14 (DES-14 conditions 626 6 26 6.2 005 0 05 0.05% spectroscopy H resonance DES-1 Hbond bond addition capacity DES1 1 (DES-1 62 2 6. 00 0.05 DES- (DES- 0.0 0.

Nanocomposites of GO/γ-Fe2O3 were used for magnetic dispersive solid-phase microextraction (m-d-μ-SPE) of six pesticides from river water samples, followed by the determination using high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection. The synthesis of the nanocomposites is described and characterized using Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. A central composite design was used to optimize the extraction time, sample solution pH, and adsorbent amount. The solvent type and volume for desorption and the effect of the ionic strength for adsorption were also investigated. The optimum adsorption conditions were achieved at 84 min of extraction time, pH 5.4, 115 mg of absorbent, and 1% (m/v) of NaCl, while the desorption solvent selected was 1.0 mL of methanol-acetic acid (9:1, v/v). The limits of detection ranged from 0.1 to 0.9 μg L-1, and a good precision was achieved with relative standard deviation (RSD) lower than 7.6% (n = 10). The accuracy of the method was accessed by recovery tests ranging from 82 to 117% (n = 3, RSD < 8%). GO/γFe2O3 GOγFe2O3 GOγFeO GO/γ Fe2O3 GO γ Fe O GO/γ-Fe2O solidphase solid phase mdμSPE m d μ SPE (m-d-μ-SPE samples chromatographydiode chromatography diode transforminfrared transform infrared spectroscopy Xray X ray diffraction microscopy time amount investigated 8 54 5 4 5.4 11 absorbent 1 m/v mv v (m/v NaCl 10 0 1. methanolacetic methanol acetic 91, 91 9 1, (9:1 v/v. vv v/v . v/v) 01 0. 09 L1, L1 L L-1 (RSD 76 7 6 7.6 n 10. 10) 117 3 8%. 8% 8%) γFe2O3 γFe GO/γFe2O GOγFe GOγFe2O GOγ FeO Fe2O 5. (9: L- 7. γFeO γFe2O (9 (

Electrooxidation is an efficient method for treating effluents with high concentrations of ammoniacal nitrogen and organic matter (R), in the presence of chloride ions (Cl-). The present study aimed at degrading ammoniacal nitrogen and organic matter from an effluent generated at a fertilizer storage port terminal. For this purpose, a batch electrochemical reactor with mechanical agitation was used, with a Ti/RuO2 anode. The parameters studied were the current density that varied in 20, 40 and 60 mA cm-2, the concentration of chloride ions that was 0.04, 0.74, 0.90 to 0.81 mol L-1 and the electrolysis time that varied from 4.0, 5.0, 7.0 and 8.0 h. A 22 experimental design was conducted to determine the significance level of the parameters studied. The results obtained indicated the removal of 99.99% of N-NH3 and 75.60% of total organic carbon (TOC) when a current density of 60 mA cm-2 and a Cl- concentration of 35.5 g L-1 were applied, after 4.0 h of electrolysis. R, R , (R) Cl. Cl . (Cl-) terminal purpose used TiRuO2 TiRuO Ti RuO2 RuO Ti/RuO anode 20 4 6 cm2, cm2 cm 2, 2 004 0 04 0.04 074 74 0.74 090 90 0.9 081 81 0.8 L1 L 1 L- 50 5 5.0 70 7 7. 80 8 8. 9999 99 99.99 NNH3 NNH N NH3 NH N-NH 7560 75 75.60 TOC (TOC cm- 355 35 35. applied 4. (R (Cl- 00 0.0 07 0.7 09 9 0. 08 5. 999 99.9 756 75.6 3 (Cl 99. 75.

Abstract Introduction. Segregated populations can exhibit fluctuating yields from one generation to the next. This can sometimes perplex plant breeders when interpreting observed phenomena and determining which selection methods to choose. Objective. To analyze the performance and yield components of several tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) populations selected through the pedigree method in lowland environments in Bogor, West Java, Indonesia. Materials and methods. This study was conducted from December 2018 to April 2019 at the Experimental Garden of Bogor Agricultural University, Tajur II (207 meters above sea level), Bogor, West Java, Indonesia. Four generations were utilized, derived from 99D×Tora, i.e., 200 plants from the F2 generation and 100 plants each from the F3, F5, and F6 generations, respectively. Results. Population variance in terms of yield and yield components, as well as heritability, were lower in later generations compared to earlier generations. An increase in mean value was observed in the F3 generation, but decreased in the F5 and F6 generations across all observed traits. This could be attributed to fixation resulting from the elimination of epistatic genes that played a role in environmental stress. Conclusion. Pedigree selection in early generation was not suitable in lowland. It is suggested to evaluate mass selection methods or single seed descent, as these methods were able to maintain population variance into later generations.

Resumen Introducción. Las poblaciones segregadas pueden mostrar un rendimiento fluctuante de una generación a otra. Esto a veces puede confundir a los mejoradores de plantas al interpretar los fenómenos observados y determinar los métodos de selección que deben elegirse. Objetivo. Analizar el rendimiento y los componentes de rendimiento de varias poblaciones de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum), mediante el método de pedigrí en entornos de tierras bajas, Bogor, Java Occidental, Indonesia. Materiales y métodos. Este estudio se llevó a cabo de diciembre de 2018 a abril de 2019 en el Jardín Experimental de la Universidad Agrícola de Bogor, Tajur II (207 metros sobre el nivel del mar), Bogor, Java Occidental, Indonesia. Se utilizaron cuatro generaciones, obtenidas a partir de 99D×Tora, es decir, 200 plantas de la generación F2 y 100 plantas de cada una de las generaciones F3, F5 y F6, respectivamente. Resultados. La varianza de la población en cuanto al rendimiento y los componentes de rendimiento y la heredabilidad fueron menores en las generaciones posteriores en comparación con las generaciones anteriores. Se observó un aumento en el valor medio en la generación F3, pero disminuyó en las generaciones F5 y F6 en todos los caracteres observados. Esto podría ser causado por la fijación como resultado de la eliminación de genes de epistasia que desempeñaron un papel en el estrés ambiental. Conclusión. La selección de pedigrí en las primeras generaciones no fue adecuada en las tierras bajas. Se sugiere evaluar métodos masales o descendencia de una sola semilla, ya que esos métodos fueron capaces de mantener la varianza de la población hasta las generaciones posteriores.

Resumo: Com o desenvolvimento desta investigação foram realizadas duas aulas com atividades experimentais, adotando um enfoque de aplicações físicas para abranger o estudo de integrais triplas e integrais de linha no contexto educativo. Estas aulas foram concebidas com o objetivo de explorar como a aplicação de conceitos físicos pode enriquecer e facilitar a compreensão de tópicos matemáticos avançados. A investigação proposta faz parte de um estudo quantitativo de laboratório, que foi mensurado por meio de testes de pré e pós-teste, permitindo avaliar o ganho conceitual pelo método de Hake, bem como testes de hipóteses e análise de parâmetros estatísticos. Além das avaliações quantitativas, foi utilizado um diferencial semântico para mensurar aspectos relacionados à atitude dos participantes em relação à aprendizagem de integrais triplas e de linha. Esses instrumentos de medição proporcionaram uma visão abrangente do impacto das atividades experimentais no processo de aprendizagem dos estudantes. Os resultados obtidos revelaram que as aplicações físicas experimentais podem ser uma estratégia pedagógica eficaz para ensinar e aprender conceitos avançados de cálculo, como integrais triplas e de linha. Além disso, ficou evidente seu potencial para promover uma aprendizagem mais significativa e duradoura para o estudante, ao proporcionar uma compreensão mais profunda e uma maior conexão com o mundo real dos fenômenos físicos. Estas descobertas sugerem a importância da integração de atividades experimentais no processo de ensino de matemática, especialmente em áreas que requerem um enfoque mais abstrato e teórico.

Resumen: Con el desarrollo de esta investigación, se llevaron a cabo dos talleres con actividades experimentales, adoptando un enfoque desde las aplicaciones físicas para abarcar el estudio de las integrales triples e integrales de línea en el contexto educativo. Estos talleres se diseñaron con el objetivo de explorar cómo la aplicación de conceptos físicos puede enriquecer y facilitar la comprensión de temas matemáticos avanzados. La investigación propuesta se enmarca en un estudio cuantitativo de laboratorio, que se medió a través de unas pruebas pretest y postest, permitiendo evaluar la ganancia conceptual utilizando el método de Hake, así como realizar pruebas de hipótesis y análisis de parámetros estadísticos. Además de las evaluaciones cuantitativas, se empleó un diferencial semántico para medir aspectos relacionados con la actitud de los participantes hacia el aprendizaje de las integrales triples y de línea. Estos instrumentos de medición proporcionaron una visión integral del impacto de las actividades experimentales en el proceso de aprendizaje de los estudiantes. Los resultados obtenidos revelaron que las aplicaciones físicas experimentales pueden ser una estrategia pedagógica efectiva para enseñar y aprender conceptos avanzados de cálculo, como las integrales triples y de línea. Además, se evidenció su potencial para promover un aprendizaje más significativo y duradero para el estudiante, al proporcionar una comprensión más profunda y una mayor conexión con el mundo real de los fenómenos físicos. Estos hallazgos sugieren la importancia de integrar actividades experimentales en el pro- ceso de enseñanza de las matemáticas, especialmente en áreas que requieren un enfoque más abstracto y teórico.

Abstract: For this research, there were two workshops with experimental activities carried out with an approach from physical applications to cover the study of triple integrals and line integrals in an educational context. These workshops were designed to explore how the application of physical concepts can enrich and facilitate the understanding of advanced mathematical topics. The proposed research is framed as a quantitative laboratory study measured by pre- and post-tests to assess conceptual gain using Hake’s method, hypothesis testing, and statistical parameter analysis. In addition to the quantitative assessments, a semantic differential was used to measure aspects related to participants’ attitudes toward triple and line integral learning. These measurement tools provided a comprehensive view of the impact of the experimental activities on the students’ learning process. The results showed that experimental physics applications can be an effective pedagogical strategy for teaching and learning advanced calculus concepts such as triple and line integrals. In addition, their potential to promote more meaningful and lasting student learning by providing a deeper understanding and greater connection to the real world of physical phenomena was demonstrated. These findings suggest the importance of integrating experimental activities into the mathematics classroom, especially in areas that require a more abstract and theoretical approach.

Summary: The castor plant (Ricinus communis L.) is a plant that has dif ferent benefits, such as the production of biodiesel and soil bioremediation. Due to the above, the castor plant’s ability to extract arsenic (As) was evaluated. For this, a randomized block experimental design with four repetitions was carried out. The evaluated treatments consisted of two types of biosolids (oxidation lagoon biosolids (BLO) and activated sludge biosolids (BLA) and four doses of As (0, 25, 50, 100 mg kg-1), under greenhouse conditions. As concentration was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). From the quantification of As, the translocation factor (TF) and the bioaccumulation factor (FB) were estimated. The total nitrogen (N) content was quantified by the combustion method. Phosphorus (P) was analyzed by colorimetry using the metavanadate method, and the content of potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) was quantified by atomic absorption. For percentage of oil The Soxhlet method was used in the seed. The plant height and the dry weight of biomass did not vary due to the treatment ef fect (P ≤ 0.05). The Translocation Factor (TF) and the Bioconcentration Factor (BCF) registered ranges of 0.20 - 0.63 and 0.28 - 0.75, respectively. The applied doses of As did not af fect the biomass and nutrient absorption in the castor plant, which indicates that this plant species is tolerant to toxicity with productive potential in soils contaminated with this element, in concentrations up to 100 mg kg-1.

Resumen: La higuerilla (Ricinus communis L.) es una planta que tiene diferentes beneficios, como la producción de biodiesel y la biorremediación de suelo. Debido a lo anterior, se evaluó la capacidad de la higuerilla para extraer arsénico (As). Para ello, se realizó un diseño experimental de bloques al azar con cuatro repeticiones. Los tratamientos evaluados consistieron en dos tipos de biosólidos (biosólidos de lagunas de oxidación (BLO) y biosólidos de lodos activados (BLA) y cuatro dosis de As (0, 25, 50, 100 mg kg-1), bajo condiciones de invernadero. La concentración de As se determinó por espectrometría de masas por plasma acoplado inductivamente (ICP-MS). A partir de la cuantificación de As se estimó el factor de translocación (FT) y el factor de bioacumulación (FB). El contenido de nitrógeno (N) total se cuantifico por el método de combustión. El fósforo (P) se analizó por colorimetría por el método de metavanadato, y el contenido de potasio (K), calcio (Ca), magnesio (Mg), cobre (Cu), manganeso (Mn), hierro (Fe) y zinc (Zn) que se cuantificaron por absorción atómica. Para porcentaje de aceite en la semilla se utilizó el método Soxhlet. La altura de planta y el peso seco de biomasa no variaron por efecto de tratamiento (P ≤ 0.05). El Factor de translocación (FT) y el Factor de bioconcentración (FBC) registraron rangos de 0.20 - 0.63 y 0.28 - 0.75, respectivamente. Las dosis aplicadas de As no afectaron la biomasa y absorción de nutrientes en la planta de higuerilla, lo cual indica que esta especie vegetal es tolerante a la toxicidad con potencial productivo en suelos contaminados con este elemento, en concentraciones hasta de 100 mg kg-1.

RESUMEN El financiamiento externo es una de las limitantes del desarrollo en emprendimiento MIPYMES entre los cuales se encuentran los emprendimientos agropecuarios. Por tanto, el trabajo de investigación, tuvo como objetivo identificar el origen del financiamiento externo en productores hortícolas de tres localidades del distrito de Julián Augusto Saldívar, Departamento Central. Se aplicó una investigación con enfoque cuantitativo de alcance descriptivo. El diseño del mismo es no experimental cuantitativa. Se aplica el método de la entrevista en profundidad para un mejor abordaje de los sujetos. La totalidad de las fincas son del tipo familiar. El 48% de los emprendimientos no operan con financiamiento o crédito externo, el 52% cuenta con algún nivel de endeudamiento. El Crédito Agrícola de Habilitación (CAH) ha aportado financiamiento a un 22%. El Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería a un 9%. El 33% afirma haber recibido financiamiento de Bancos. Las Cooperativas han aportado al financiamiento a un 25%. Las Casas de Crédito a un 9%. Las fundaciones aportaron a un 13%. Finalmente, existe un 8% que considera al Crédito de Proveedores como fuentes de financiamiento. Considerando que el 52% de los encuestados informa contar con endeudamiento, se puede afirmar que, si bien el financiamiento externo a nivel general puede considerarse escaso, por la falta de acceso al crédito, los emprendimientos estudiados se encontrarían un poco por encima de las estadísticas nacionales.

ABSTRACT External financing is one of the limitations of development in MSME entrepreneurship, among which are agricultural ventures. Therefore, the objective of the research work was to identify the origin of external financing in horticultural producers in three locations in the district of Julián Augusto Saldívar, Central Department. A research with a quantitative approach of descriptive scope was applied. Its design is non-experimental quantitative. The in-depth interview method is applied for a better approach to the subjects. All of the farms are family-type. 48% of the ventures do not operate with external financing or credit, 52% have some level of debt. The Agricultural Habilitation Credit (CAH) has provided financing to 22%. The Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock at 9%. 33% claim to have received financing from banks. The Cooperatives have contributed 25% to the financing. Credit Houses at 9%. The foundations contributed 13%. Finally, there is 8% that consider Supplier Credit as sources of financing. Considering that 52% of those surveyed reports having debt, it can be stated that, although external financing at a general level can be considered scarce, due to the lack of access to credit, the ventures studied would be a little above the statistics national.

Abstract Columns are important structural elements in a building and can be reinforced to increase their capacity. Reinforcement by bonding Fiber Reinforced Polymers (FRP) is attractive because it is easy to apply and does not modify the section. This material has been used in columns for its confinement effect. However, the confinement of columns in non-circular sections is not as efficient as in circular ones. Non-circular geometries behave differently because part of the concrete is not confined. This research aims to study the behavior of rectangular concrete columns reinforced with carbon fiber mats. The aim is to evaluate the performance of rectangular columns with a section side ratio of 2 and to determine the efficiency of the reinforcement. Two groups of columns were tested, one without reinforcement and the other reinforced with a layer of mat. Numerical models were designed with the Finite Element Method (FEM) using Abaqus. The numerical model made it possible to analyze the distribution of stresses in the pillars. Experimental results of maximum force were compared with analytical predictions. The results obtained indicate the efficiency of the reinforcement by improving ductility and increasing load capacity by 30%. FRP (FRP effect However noncircular non ones Noncircular Non confined mats tested mat FEM (FEM Abaqus pillars predictions 30 30% 3

Resumo Pilares são elementos estruturais de grande importância numa edificação e que durante sua vida útil podem ser submetidos a um processo de reforço para aumento da sua capacidade. O reforço com Polímeros Reforçados com Fibras (PRF) é atraente pela facilidade de aplicação e não modificação da seção. O material vem sendo utilizado em pilares pelo efeito de confinamento. Entretanto, em pilares com seções não circulares, o efeito do confinamento não é eficiente como em circulares. Em geometrias de seções não circulares, parte do concreto não fica devidamente confinado. A pesquisa busca estudar o comportamento do reforço de pilares de concreto retangulares pelo confinamento com manta de fibras de carbono. O objetivo é avaliar o desempenho e a eficiência do reforço em pilares retangulares não armados, com altura de 800 mm e relação entre os lados igual a 2. Foram ensaiados dois grupos de pilares, um sem reforço e outro reforçado. Foram idealizados modelos numéricos com o Método dos Elementos Finitos utilizando-se o Abaqus. O modelo numérico permitiu analisar a distribuição das tensões nos pilares. Os resultados experimentais de força máxima foram comparados com previsões analíticas. Os resultados obtidos indicam eficiência do reforço por meio de melhoria na ductilidade e aumento da capacidade de carga em 30%. PRF (PRF seção Entretanto circulares confinado carbono armados 80 2 reforçado utilizandose utilizando se Abaqus analíticas 30 30% 8 3

Abstract Introduction: This experimental study focuses on the cognitive development of children and its association with nutrition. The semantic associations of boys and girls aged 6-13 years from nine different cities in Colombia (N = 454) were analyzed. Method: The design is exploratory and descriptive correlational cross-sectional. The study utilized a discrete free association task, instructing participants to respond to a critical word with the first five words that came to mind. The task covered 100 Spanish food words and 20 brands of food products. Results: J-values are presented by age, socioeconomic status, gender and grade level. The identification of significant similarities (p-value < .001) between the distributions of critical words and the most frequently emitted (f), highlighted the hedonic influence on children’s food preferences, identifying 20 frequent descriptors of pleasure or hedonic topics in food consumption, with terms such as sweet (f = 234) and rich (f = 104) standing out. Conclusions: The study observed a population misinterpretation of the concept healthy (f = 52) in relation to food. The analysis of semantic associations for the top 20 infant food brands, supported by Jaccard’s index, revealed ten significant connections for each brand. These findings suggest important implications for understanding organoleptic food and product learning processes in childhood. The study emphasizes the importance of addressing hedonic perceptions and fostering a more precise understanding of health-related concepts within the realm of children’s dietary preferences.

Resumen Introducción: Este estudio experimental, centrado en el desarrollo cognitivo infantil y su relación con la nutrición, analizó las asociaciones semánticas de niños y niñas de nueve diferentes ciudades en Colombia con edades comprendidas entre 6 y 13 años (N = 454). Método: Esta investigación tiene un diseño exploratorio, descriptivo correlacional transeccional, basado en una tarea de asociación libre discreta, que consistió en instruir a los participantes para que respondieran a una palabra crítica con las cinco primeras palabras que pensaran, abarcando 100 palabras de alimentos en español y 20 marcas de productos alimenticios. Resultados: Se muestra el valor J por edad, estrato socioeconómico, género y grado académico. Las similitudes significativas (p-value < .001) entre las distribuciones de palabras críticas y las emitidas con mayor frecuencia (f) destacaron la influencia hedónica en las preferencias alimenticias de los niños. En efecto, se identificaron 20 descriptores frecuentes del placer o tópicos hedónicos en el consumo de alimentos, sobresaliendo términos como dulce (f =234) y rico (f = 104). Conclusiones: Se observó una interpretación errónea de la población sobre el significado del concepto saludable (f = 52) en relación con la alimentación. El análisis de las asociaciones semánticas para las 20 principales marcas de alimentos infantiles, respaldado por el índice de Jaccard, proporcionó diez conexiones significativas por cada marca. Estos hallazgos sugieren implicaciones importantes para entender los procesos de aprendizaje organoléptico de alimentos y productos en la infancia, subrayando la necesidad de abordar las percepciones hedónicas y promover una comprensión más precisa de los conceptos relacionados con la salud en el contexto alimentario infantil.

ABSTRACT Forage soybean (Neonotonia wightii) is a legume frequently used as a cover crop in field crops. However, as a species of the Phaseoloideae subfamily, it is characterized by the physical latency of the seed, which makes it difficult to obtain a high, homogeneous, and rapid germination. The aim of the present study was to determine which method of scarification stimulates the germination process to a greater extent. The following immersion times were evaluated: 5 to 20 minutes in 98% sulfuric acid, 24 hours in 5.4% sodium hypochlorite, water, and gibberellic acid [100 ppm], 15 minutes of treatment with sandpaper and the combination of these last two. They were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design, where eight treatments and a control were evaluated, with three replicates each and 200 seeds as experimental units, subjected to controlled conditions (germination chambers at constant temperatures and a relative humidity of 27 °C and 70%, respectively) during the spring of 2022. The results were favorable, a high germination percentage was obtained from seeds subjected to a 20-minute immersion time in sulfuric acid (90% germination and an average of six germinated seeds per day) and this was significantly higher than the rest, making it an effective method to break the physical latency of the seeds, as it removes the impermeable cover allowing inhibition and consequently the activation of the seed's metabolism.

RESUMEN La soja forrajera (Neonotonia wightii) es una leguminosa frecuentemente utilizada como cubierta en cultivos de campo. Sin embargo, al ser una especie de la subfamilia Phaseoloideae, se caracteriza por la latencia física de la semilla, lo que dificulta obtener una germinación alta, homogénea y rápida. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar cuál método de escarificación estimula en mayor medida el proceso de germinación, se evaluaron tiempos de inmersión desde los 5 hasta los 20 minutos en ácido sulfúrico (98%), 24 horas en inmersión en hipoclorito de sodio (5,4%), agua y ácido giberélico [100 ppm], 15 minutos con lija y el combinado de estas dos últimas, las cuales fueron distribuidas en un diseño experimental completamente al azar, donde se evaluaron ocho tratamientos y un testigo, tres repeticiones cada uno y 200 semillas como unidades experimentales, sometidas en condiciones controladas (cámaras de germinación a temperaturas y humedad relativa constantes de 27 °C y 70%, respectivamente) durante la primavera del 2022. Los resultados fueron favorables, un alto porcentaje de germinación se obtuvo de las semillas sometidas a un tiempo de inmersión de 20 minutos en ácido sulfúrico (90% de germinación y un promedio de germinación de seis semillas germinadas por día) y fue significativamente mayor que el resto. Este método resulta efectivo para romper la latencia física de las semillas, debido a la remoción de la cubierta impermeable, permitiendo la inhibición en agua y consecuentemente la activación del metabolismo de la semilla.

Para aprender reações químicas, é necessário implementar novas metodologias que incentivem os alunos a analisar, refletir e aplicar o conhecimento científico para resolver problemas. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi implementar o guia didático The Didactic Kemistry, uma proposta educacional baseada no método Kaizen e na metodologia Agile Learning, a fim de melhorar a aprendizagem de reações químicas pelos alunos. Esta pesquisa teve uma abordagem quantitativa que responde ao paradigma positivista e um projeto quase experimental. A população foi composta por 29 alunos do período acadêmico de 2024-1S da disciplina de Química Inorgânica, considerados o grupo experimental, e 31 alunos do período de 2023-2S, considerados o grupo de controle, ambos do curso de Pedagogia de Ciências Experimentais: Química e Biologia da Universidade Nacional de Chimborazo. Os resultados mostram que a combinação do método Kaizen com a metodologia Agile Learning facilita a aprendizagem de reações químicas de forma dinâmica e demonstra sua eficácia na melhoria do desempenho acadêmico do grupo experimental.

Para el aprendizaje de las reacciones químicas deben implementarse nuevas metodologías que fomenten en el estudiante el análisis, reflexión y aplicación del conocimiento científico para la resolución de problemas. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue implementar la guía The Didactic Kemistry, una propuesta educativa basada en el método Kaizen y en la metodología Agile Learning, con el fin de mejorar el aprendizaje de las reacciones químicas en los estudiantes. Esta investigación tuvo un enfoque cuantitativo que responde al paradigma positivista y diseño cuasi-experimental. La población estuvo conformada por 29 estudiantes del período académico 2024-1S de la asignatura de Química Inorgánica, considerado el grupo experimental y 31 estudiantes del período 2023-2S, considerado como grupo de control, ambos de la carrera de Pedagogía de las Ciencias Experimentales: Química y Biología de la Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo. Los resultados demuestran que la combinación del método Kaizen y la metodología Agile Learning facilita el aprendizaje de las reacciones químicas de manera dinámica, y evidencian su efectividad en la mejora del rendimiento académico del grupo experimental.

Para aprender reações químicas, é necessário implementar novas metodologias que incentivem os alunos a analisar, refletir e aplicar o conhecimento científico para resolver problemas. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi implementar o guia didático The Didactic Kemistry, uma proposta educacional baseada no método Kaizen e na metodologia Agile Learning, a fim de melhorar a aprendizagem de reações químicas pelos alunos. Esta pesquisa teve uma abordagem quantitativa que responde ao paradigma positivista e um projeto quase experimental. A população foi composta por 29 alunos do período acadêmico de 2024-1S da disciplina de Química Inorgânica, considerados o grupo experimental, e 31 alunos do período de 2023-2S, considerados o grupo de controle, ambos do curso de Pedagogia de Ciências Experimentais: Química e Biologia da Universidade Nacional de Chimborazo. Os resultados mostram que a combinação do método Kaizen com a metodologia Agile Learning facilita a aprendizagem de reações químicas de forma dinâmica e demonstra sua eficácia na melhoria do desempenho acadêmico do grupo experimental.

Abstract Introduction: The role of the Advanced Practice Nurse (APN) is emerging in Chile. This study compared the satisfaction of patients evaluated by an orthopedic surgeon (OS) in conjunction with a nurse practitioner versus OS only through a self-administered survey. Material and method: This study was conducted as a quasi-experimental study, ensuring a rigorous and comprehensive approach. Patients aged 18 and above who attended an orthopedic surgeon visit in an outpatient center between 2020 and 2023 were included. In the intervention group, patients were assessed by the APN, who provided treatment and education; the orthopedic surgeon confirmed the diagnosis. In the control group, patients received standard care from the orthopedic surgeon. Satisfaction was assessed with a ten-question survey. The quality of care, diagnosis, and treatment were evaluated, as were the patients' preferences for visits and whether they recommended this model of care or not. The analysis was conducted using the Shapiro-Wilk test to evaluate the distribution of numerical variables, summarized with means or medians. Categorical variables were described with absolute and relative frequencies. The chi-square test evaluated differences in proportions, and the Mann-Whitney test compared independent medians. Results: 108 patients were evaluated, 83% female, with an average age of 54 years (±16). 49% were assigned to the intervention group (n=53). No differences in age or gender were observed between groups. The satisfaction score was 96.5 points (range 79-100), with no differences between both groups (p= 0.26). No significant differences were observed in the questionnaire satisfaction scores. Conclusion: The study's findings, which show no differences in patient satisfaction between the two groups, suggest a potential opportunity for healthcare improvement in Chile. This model could potentially reduce waiting lists and bridge healthcare gaps, offering a promising future for advanced practice nursing in the country.

Resumen Introducción: el rol de la Enfermera de Práctica Avanzada (EPA) es emergente en Chile. Nuestro objetivo fue comparar la satisfacción de los pacientes atendidos por una EPA, en conjunto con un traumatólogo subespecialista de cadera, con la de pacientes atendidos por un traumatólogo de cadera, mediante un cuestionario autoadministrado. Material y método: estudio cuasi-experimental, exploratorio. Se incluyeron pacientes mayores de 18 años que consultaron en un centro ambulatorio docente-asistencial entre los años 2020-2023. Se comparó un grupo intervención, cuya la modalidad de atención fue mixta (EPA en conjunto a un traumatólogo de cadera) con un grupo control donde los pacientes fueron atendidos únicamente por un traumatólogo de cadera. Se evaluó satisfacción mediante una encuesta de diez preguntas (0-100 puntos). El instrumento midió la calidad de la atención, diagnóstico y tratamiento, si el paciente volvería a consultar bajo esta modalidad de atención y si la recomendaría a otras personas. Para el análisis estadístico se describieron las variables y se utilizó chi-cuadrado y Mann-Whitney. Resultados: se evaluaron 108 pacientes. El 49% participó en el grupo intervención (n=53). La mediana del puntaje de satisfacción total fue 96,5 puntos (rango 79-100), sin diferencias entre ambos grupos (p 0,26). No se observaron diferencias en la satisfacción en ninguna de las diez preguntas. Conclusión: la mediana del puntaje de satisfacción fue cercano a 100 en ambos grupos. No hubo diferencias en los puntajes de satisfacción entre ambas modalidades de atención. Este modelo podría reducir las listas de espera y disminuir brechas de atención de salud.

ABSTRACT In drip irrigation, the volume of wetted soil represents the amount of water stored and its shape and dimensions should correspond to the plant root system and the spacing between emitters, however in design practice, the effective wetting radius reached by these devices is not considered. The results of the agronomic design obtained with different design procedures are compared and their effects on operating parameters are identified. The analysis and synthesis method was used, based on the comparison of three design procedures, one using the criteria set out by Arapa /2002, the second, taking into account the criteria set out by Cruz-Batista et al. /2015 and the third using the alternative procedure applied in the UEB Consultancy and Design of the ENPA. The results showed the feasibility of using experimental models for the design of drip irrigation systems, given the impossibility of carrying out field tests; these tools make it possible to predict the lateral and vertical advance of water under the emitters. It was found that moisture transfer under the emitters is a function of the volume of water applied, the flow rate of the emitter, the saturated hydraulic conductivity, the initial and residual moisture content and the silt content of the soil. The comparison allowed affirming the validity of using simulation models to estimate the emitter spacing necessary to wet the required soil volume.

RESUMEN En el riego por goteo, el volumen de suelo mojado representa la cantidad de agua almacenada y su extensión, profundidad y diámetro deben coincidir con el sistema radicular de la planta y el espaciamiento entre emisores, sin embargo, en la práctica del diseño, no se considera el radio de humedecimiento efectivo que alcanza estos dispositivos. Se comparan los resultados del diseño agronómico obtenido con procedimientos concebidos para condiciones específicas, y se identifican los efectos que sobre los parámetros de explotación ejerce los parámetros de diseño. Se utilizó el método de análisis y síntesis, a partir de la comparación de tres procedimientos de diseño, uno empleando los criterios expuestos por Arapa /2002, el segundo, teniendo en cuenta los criterios expuestos por Cruz-Batista et al. /2015 y el tercero utilizando el procedimiento alternativo que se aplica en las UEB de Consultoría y Diseño de la ENPA. Los resultados mostraron la viabilidad de utilizar modelos experimentales para al diseño de sistemas de riego por goteo, ante la imposibilidad de realizar pruebas de campo, estas herramientas permiten prever el avance lateral y vertical del agua debajo de los emisores. Se constató que la transferencia de humedad debajo de los emisores, es función del volumen de agua aplicada, el caudal del emisor, la conductividad hidráulica saturada, el contenido de humedad inicial y residual y de limo en el suelo. Esta comparación permite afirmar la validez de utilizar modelos de simulación para estimar la separación entre emisores necesarios para humedecer el volumen de suelo requerido.