Resumen El objetivo del trabajo es exhibir la tendencia en la utilización de mujeres en la comisión de delitos económicos, con particular referencia al delito de evasión fiscal en la República Argentina. Para ello, metodológicamente, se recurre a la doctrina que ha analizado el problema, que aún es escasa, y principalmente a la jurisprudencia reciente de los Tribunales de dicho país. En los últimos años, los tribunales especializados en materia tributaria, penal tributaria y contenciosa tributaria destacan uno de los patrones socioculturales más perniciosos que existe, el uso de mujeres para delictivos en sentencias que se proponen ver los hechos con perspectiva de género. En general, estas maniobras se cometen con mujeres vulnerables y de bajos recursos, aunque también se advierte en mujeres sin esa condición, familiares -madres, esposas e hijas- de los autores materiales de los diferentes delitos. A modo de conclusión, en el trabajo se destaca que el fenómeno conocido como feminización de la pobreza lleva a mujeres a ser parte de maniobras delictivas que otros cometen en las que son utilizadas como accionistas o como presidentas de empresas creadas al único efecto de delinquir.

Resumo O objetivo do trabalho é exibir a tendência de utilização de mulheres na comissão de delitos econômicos, com referência particular ao delito de evasão fiscal na República Argentina. Para isso, metodologicamente, recorre-se à doutrina que analisou o problema, que ainda é escassa, e principalmente à jurisprudência recente dos Tribunais de dicho país. Com efeito, nos últimos anos os tribunais especializados em matéria tributária, tanto tributários penais como tributários de conteúdo, em sentenças que se propuseram uma visão dos hechos com perspectiva de gênero se destacam especialmente um dos patronos socioculturais mais perniciosos que existem que são o uso de mulheres com multas delitivas. Geralmente, se ele for levado a cabo com mulheres vulneráveis e de baixos recursos, mas também se aconselhará a mulheres sem suas condições, em geral familiares - mães, esposas e hijas - dos verdadeiros autores materiais dos diferentes delitos. Para concluir, no trabalho se destaca que o fenômeno conhecido como feminização da pobreza leva as mulheres a ser parte de maniobras delictivas que outras ocorrem nas que são utilizadas como acionistas ou como presidentes de empresas criadas como único efeito de delinquência.

Abstract The objective of this paper is to show the trend in the use of women in the commission of economic crimes, with particular reference to tax evasion in Argentina. To this end, methodologically, we resort to the doctrine that has analysed the problem, which is still scarce, and mainly to the recent jurisprudence of the Courts of that country. In fact, in recent years, the courts specialized in tax matters, both tax criminal and tax litigation, in judgments that have proposed a vision of the facts with a gender perspective, especially highlight one of the most pernicious socio-cultural patterns that exists, which is the use of women for criminal purposes. Generally, it is carried out with vulnerable and low-income women, although it is also observed in women without this condition, generally relatives - mothers, wives and daughters - of the real perpetrators of the different crimes.By way of conclusion, the paper highlights that the phenomenon known as the feminization of poverty leads women to be part of criminal maneuvers that other actors commit in which they are used as shareholders or as presidents of companies created for the sole purpose of committing crimes typical of economic crime.

RESUMEN En un entorno donde la falta de conocimiento tributario y la evasión fiscal son desafíos significativos, este estudio se propone analizar estrategias efectivas para mejorar la conciencia tributaria mediante la capacitación en educación fiscal. Se revisaron diversas investigaciones que resaltan la importancia de programas específicos de instrucción tributaria y alianzas con el sistema educativo desde edades tempranas. Los resultados indican que la implementación de programas de capacitación y la promoción de la transparencia en la gestión pública pueden fortalecer la comprensión de los contribuyentes sobre sus obligaciones fiscales, promoviendo así un mayor cumplimiento voluntario. Se concluye que una educación fiscal adecuada, combinada con incentivos fiscales y tecnologías educativas innovadoras, puede contribuir de manera significativa a la formación de una cultura tributaria sólida y al fortalecimiento de la confianza en el sistema tributario.

ABSTRACT In an environment where lack of tax knowledge and tax evasion are significant challenges, this study aims to analyze effective strategies to improve tax awareness through tax education training. Several research studies were reviewed that highlight the importance of specific tax education programs and alliances with the educational system from an early age. The results indicate that the implementation of training programs and the promotion of transparency in public management can strengthen taxpayers' understanding of their tax obligations, thus promoting greater voluntary compliance. It is concluded that adequate tax education, combined with tax incentives and innovative educational technologies, can contribute significantly to the formation of a solid tax culture and to the strengthening of trust in the tax system.

ABSTRACT In the fight against tax evasion, the need to adapt tax education to changing socioeconomic dynamics through the integration of educational technologies and online platforms is highlighted. In this context, this study focuses on analyzing educational programs to prevent tax evasion, examining strategies implemented in several countries and considering best practices. The research, with a qualitative approach and descriptive scope, highlights that collaboration between academia, tax administration and society emerges as a comprehensive approach to address tax evasion. This includes projects of linkage for training, promotion of a responsible tax culture and citizen awareness. Despite the growing interest in these programs, it is essential to address the lack of research evaluating their effectiveness and the identification of specific areas in need of urgent attention.

RESUMEN En la lucha contra la evasión fiscal, se destaca la necesidad de adaptar la educación fiscal a las cambiantes dinámicas socioeconómicas mediante la integración de tecnologías educativas y plataformas en línea. En este contexto, el presente estudio se centra en analizar programas educativos para prevenir la evasión fiscal, examinando estrategias implementadas en varios países y considerando las mejores prácticas. La investigación, con enfoque cualitativo y alcance descriptivo, resalta que la colaboración entre la academia, la administración tributaria y la sociedad surge como un enfoque integral para abordar la evasión fiscal. Esto incluye proyectos de vinculación para la capacitación, la promoción de una cultura tributaria responsable y la concientización ciudadana. A pesar del creciente interés en estos programas, es esencial abordar la falta de investigaciones que evalúen su efectividad y la identificación de áreas específicas que necesitan atención urgente.

ABSTRACT This study addresses the relevance of tax education in tax compliance, evaluating programs in Latin American countries. Public-private collaboration is highlighted as a fundamental element in the implementation of effective strategies. The methodology employed included a literature review, analysis of educational programs and consideration of successful experiences. The results show that education has a positive impact on tax awareness and the reduction of tax evasion. The synergy between tax authorities and the private sector, together with incentives such as the remission of fines, strengthens the willingness to comply. Successful strategies, such as the OECD's Tax Civic Education program, highlight the global importance of these efforts. It is concluded that tax education, from implementation in institutions to strategic collaborations, is essential to form conscious citizens, backed by collaborative strategies and tax benefits, originating as a pillar to ensure tax compliance and catalyze progress in developing nations.

RESUMEN Este estudio aborda la relevancia de la educación tributaria en el cumplimiento fiscal, evaluando programas en países de América Latina. Se destaca la colaboración público-privada como un elemento fundamental en la implementación de estrategias efectivas. La metodología empleada comprendió la revisión bibliográfica, el análisis de programas educativos y la consideración de experiencias exitosas. Los resultados evidencian que la educación genera un impacto positivo en la conciencia tributaria y en la reducción de la evasión fiscal. La sinergia entre autoridades tributarias y el sector privado, junto con incentivos como la condonación de multas, fortalece la voluntad de cumplir. Estrategias exitosas, como el programa de Educación Cívico-Tributaria de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico, resaltan la importancia global de estos esfuerzos. Se concluye que la educación tributaria, desde la implementación en instituciones hasta colaboraciones estratégicas, es esencial para formar ciudadanos conscientes, respaldada por estrategias colaborativas y beneficios fiscales, se origina como un pilar para garantizar el cumplimiento fiscal y catalizar el progreso en naciones en vías de desarrollo.

ABSTRACT Tax culture plays an important role in influencing voluntary compliance with tax obligations by citizens and businesses; lack of tax knowledge is associated with non-compliance with tax responsibilities, resulting in tax evasion. In this context, the present research addresses the question of how tax education programs benefit growing businesses. Its objective is to critically review tax education programs, evaluating their impact on the fiscal decisions and financial health of these companies. It is important to emphasize that a qualitative approach was adopted to help capture the subjective dimensions. Among the results, the study highlights corporate tax problems in Latin America, highlighting the need to address tax education as an essential component to improve the efficiency of the tax system as a whole. The study concludes that the challenges identified require strategic approaches.

RESUMEN La cultura tributaria desempeña un papel importante al influir en el cumplimiento voluntario de obligaciones fiscales por parte de ciudadanos y empresas, la carencia de conocimiento tributario está asociada con el no cumplimiento de las responsabilidades fiscales, resultando en evasión fiscal. En este contexto, la presente investigación aborda la pregunta de cómo los programas de educación fiscal benefician a las empresas en crecimiento. Su objetivo es revisar de manera crítica los programas educativos en tributación, evaluando su impacto en las decisiones fiscales y salud financiera de estas empresas. Es sustancial enfatizar que se adoptó un enfoque cualitativo contribuye a capturar las dimensiones subjetivas. Entre los resultados destacan de los problemas tributarios empresariales en América Latina resaltando la necesidad de abordar la educación tributaria como un componente esencial para mejorar la eficiencia del sistema fiscal en su totalidad. El estudio concluye que los desafíos identificados requieren enfoques estratégicos.

RESUMEN La educación fiscal, al orientar sus esfuerzos hacia la inculcación de valores y cualidades que fomenten la responsabilidad tributaria y desalienten las prácticas evasoras, se revela como un componente esencial para la transformación positiva de la percepción ciudadana hacia sus obligaciones tributarias. En este sentido, la presente investigación tiene como objetivo analizar el impacto de la educación fiscal en países latinoamericanos, centrándose en la recaudación tributaria, la disminución de la evasión y el nivel de cumplimiento de las obligaciones fiscales. Para lograrlo, se empleó un enfoque mixto. Los resultados obtenidos indican la necesidad de alejarse del enfoque tradicional centrado en sanciones, sugiriendo la adopción de un enfoque más educativo y participativo. Estrategias concretas, como la colaboración activa con instituciones educativas y la promoción de la cultura tributaria desde las etapas formativas tempranas, evidencian un compromiso palpable con la transformación cultural hacia una sociedad más consciente y responsable en materia fiscal.

ABSTRACT Tax education, by directing its efforts towards the inculcation of values and attitudes that promote fiscal responsibility and discourage evasion practices, is an essential component for the positive transformation of citizens' perception of their tax obligations. In this sense, the objective of this research is to analyze the impact of tax education in Latin American countries, focusing on tax collection, the reduction of tax evasion and the level of compliance with tax obligations. To achieve this, a mixed approach was used. The results obtained indicate the need to move away from the traditional approach focused on sanctions, suggesting the adoption of a more educational and participatory approach. Concrete strategies, such as active collaboration with educational institutions and the promotion of tax culture from the early formative stages, evidence a palpable commitment to cultural transformation towards a more tax conscious and responsible society.

RESUMEN La educación tributaria desarrollada mediante acciones gubernamentales y privadas tiene como objetivo mejorar las habilidades financieras responsables de la población. En este contexto, la investigación se centra en responder a la pregunta de cómo fomentar el cumplimiento fiscal y reducir la evasión del impuesto al valor agregado en Ecuador, en el marco de la economía digital. Se empleó una metodología descriptiva e interpretativa que identificó factores determinantes de la evasión tributaria, como la cultura, la corrupción y la falta de conciencia tributaria, asimismo se examinaron 6 programas de educación tributaria como herramientas clave para fortalecer el cumplimiento fiscal. El estudio concluye que la complejidad inherente al fenómeno tributario destaca la función esencial de las iniciativas educativas fiscales en Latinoamérica. Estos programas se revelan como elementos esenciales para estimular el cumplimiento fiscal y mitigar la evasión, resaltando así su papel fundamental en la configuración de una cultura tributaria sólida en estas regiones.

ABSTRACT Tax education developed through government and private actions aims to improve the responsible financial skills of the population. In this context, the research focuses on answering the question of how to encourage tax compliance and reduce value added tax evasion in Ecuador, within the framework of the digital economy. A descriptive and interpretative methodology was employed that identified determinants of tax evasion, such as culture, corruption and lack of tax awareness, likewise 6 tax education programs were examined as key tools to strengthen tax compliance. The study concludes that the inherent complexity of the tax phenomenon highlights the essential role of tax education initiatives in Latin America. These programs prove to be essential elements to stimulate tax compliance and mitigate evasion, thus highlighting their fundamental role in shaping a strong tax culture in these regions.

RESUMEN La educación tributaria es abordada por actividades programáticas gubernamentales y privadas, que buscan fomentar la gestión financiera responsable. Este estudio se centra en las causas de la economía informal en América Latina y examina cómo la educación tributaria puede mitigar este fenómeno. El objetivo es analizar su contribución a la reducción de la economía informal y la evasión fiscal en la región. Para ello se empleó una metodología de investigación basada en la revisión bibliográfica de la literatura especializada. Los resultados destacan la necesidad de incluir contenidos tributarios, desde lo básico hasta aspectos culturales y responsabilidad ciudadana en programas educativos para lograr una formación integral. La comprensión completa de estos conceptos se revela como crucial para su aplicación efectiva tanto en la vida diaria como en el ámbito empresarial. En síntesis, la educación tributaria se posiciona como una herramienta fundamental para promover prácticas financieras responsables y combatir la economía informal en América Latina.

ABSTRACT Tax education addressed through government and private programmatic activities, seeks to promote responsible financial management. This study focuses on the causes of the informal economy in Latin America and examines how tax education can mitigate this phenomenon. The objective is to analyze its contribution to the reduction of the informal economy and tax evasion in the region. For this, a research methodology was used based on the bibliographic review of specialized literature. The results highlight the need to include tax content from the basics to cultural aspects and citizen responsibility in educational programs to achieve comprehensive training. The complete understanding of these concepts is revealed to be crucial for their effective application both in daily life and in the business environment. In summary, tax education is positioned as a fundamental tool to promote responsible financial practices and combat the informal economy in Latin America.

RESUMEN La educación tributaria en América Latina es clave para fortalecer la cultura fiscal, reducir la evasión y fomentar la participación ciudadana, transformando actitudes y promoviendo conciencia y responsabilidad fiscal para un desarrollo sostenible. En este sentido, el presente estudio busca responder la siguiente pregunta: ¿cómo los programas de educación tributaria pueden fomentar la comprensión para el pago de impuestos, promoviendo la conciencia de los contribuyentes y evitando de esa manera la evasión tributaria en Latinoamérica?, para ello se planteó como objetivo analizar la eficacia de los programas de educación tributaria en el fomento de la comprensión de los contribuyentes, la promoción de la conciencia sobre las obligaciones fiscales y la prevención de la evasión tributaria en países de Latinoamérica. Tras un análisis descriptivo, se concluyó que los programas educativos tributarios lograron aumentar la conciencia fiscal, impulsar el cumplimiento tributario y alcanzar notables éxitos, como mejoras en eficiencia y desarrollo social.

ABSTRACT Tax education in Latin America is key to strengthen tax culture, reduce tax evasion and encourage citizen participation, transforming attitudes and promoting tax awareness and responsibility for sustainable development. In this sense, the present study seeks to answer the following question: How can tax education programs foster understanding for tax payment, promoting taxpayer awareness and thus preventing tax evasion in Latin America? To this end, the objective was to analyze the effectiveness of tax education programs in fostering taxpayer understanding, promoting awareness of tax obligations, and preventing tax evasion in Latin American countries. After a descriptive analysis, it was concluded that tax education programs succeeded in increasing tax awareness, boosting tax compliance, and achieving notable successes, such as improvements in efficiency and social development.

Abstract This work studies the relationship between the implementation of the Electronic Service Invoice (NFS-e) and the collection of the Tax on Services of Any Nature (ISSQN) in municipalities in four microregions of the State of Rio Grande do Norte. A panel data analysis is applied for the years 2013 to 2016 based on official information on the dates of adoption of the NFS-e and the gross collection of the ISSQN, population size, employed and salaried personnel, number of active companies and Gross Domestic Product. The results suggest that the implementation of the NFS-e, for a complete fiscal year, results in about 46% of increase in the collection of the ISSQN to the municipalities that make use of the innovation, compared to those that do not adopt this technological resource, indicating that this can be a good strategy to combat tax evasion and increase revenue for small municipalities.

Resumo Este trabalho estuda a relação entre a implantação da Nota Fiscal de Serviços Eletrônica (NFS-e) e a arrecadação do Imposto Sobre Serviços de Qualquer Natureza (ISSQN) em municípios de quatro microrregiões do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte. Aplica-se uma análise de dados em painel para os anos de 2013 a 2016 com base em informações oficiais sobre as datas de adoção da NFS-e e de arrecadação bruta do ISSQN, dimensão populacional, pessoal ocupado e assalariado, quantitativo de empresas atuantes e Produto Interno Bruto. Os resultados sugerem que a implantação da NFS-e, por todo um ano fiscal completo, repercute em cerca de 46% de acréscimo na arrecadação do ISSQN aos municípios que fazem uso da inovação, frente aos que não adotam esse recurso tecnológico, indicando que esta pode ser uma boa estratégia de combate à evasão fiscal e de aumento de arrecadação para pequenos municípios.

RESUMEN Los sistemas tributarios modernos enfrentan retos en la forma de dificultades para recaudar, ineficiencia en el cobro, rezagos en el padrón de contribuyentes, informalidad, evasión y otras situaciones; este trabajo enmarca una investigación sobre la forma en la que los gobiernos de México y Perú enfrentan el incumplimiento tributario de las empresas en informalidad. El objetivo fue medir la efectividad de los programas para resolver la informalidad tributaria implementados en dichos países, utilizando el método analógico de investigación documental y la técnica de análisis legal comparativo. Se identifican los programas Régimen de Incorporación Fiscal (RIF) en México y Régimen MYPE Tributario (RMT) en Perú, implementados en 2014 y 2017, respectivamente; los resultados muestran un incremento en la recaudación tributaria nominal atribuible al cambio positivo del ciclo económico de ambos países, pero no a consecuencia de una mejor labor recaudatoria; el crecimiento del padrón de contribuyentes a partir de la reforma tributaria fue nulo en México (0 %) pero considerable en Perú (33.16 %); la población laboral objetivo alcanzada fue menor en México que en Perú, con tasas de disminución de ocupación informal de 1 punto porcentual contra 19.3 puntos porcentuales cada uno. El principal hallazgo es la menor efectividad del RIF, que pudiera ser explicado por la ausencia de metas establecidas en este régimen desde su creación.

ABSTRACT Modern tax systems face challenges in the form of collection difficulties, collection inefficiency, lags in the taxpayer registry, informality, evasion and other situations; This work frames an investigation into the way in which the governments of Mexico and Peru face tax non - compliance by informal businesses. The objective was to measure the effectiveness of the programs to resolve tax informality implemented in those countries, using the analogical method of documentary research and the technique of comparative legal analysis. The Tax Incorporation Regime (RIF) in Mexico and the MYPE Tax Regime (RMT) in Peru are identified, implemented in 2014 and 2017, respectively; the results show an increa se in nominal tax collection attributable to the positive change in the economic cycle of both countries, but not as a result of better collection efforts; the growth of the taxpayer registry from tax reform was null for Mexico (0%) but considerable for Peru (33.16%); the target population reached was lower in Mexico than in Peru, with rates of decrease in informal employment of 1 percentage point against 19.3 percentage points each. The main finding is RIF’s less effectiveness, which could be explained by the absence of goals established in the regime since its creation.

Abstract This work studies the relationship between the implementation of the Electronic Service Invoice (NFS-e) and the collection of the Tax on Services of Any Nature (ISSQN) in municipalities in four microregions of the State of Rio Grande do Norte. A panel data analysis is applied for the years 2013 to 2016 based on official information on the dates of adoption of the NFS-e and the gross collection of the ISSQN, population size, employed and salaried personnel, number of active companies and Gross Domestic Product. The results suggest that the implementation of the NFS-e, for a complete fiscal year, results in about 46% of increase in the collection of the ISSQN to the municipalities that make use of the innovation, compared to those that do not adopt this technological resource, indicating that this can be a good strategy to combat tax evasion and increase revenue for small municipalities.

Resumo Este trabalho estuda a relação entre a implantação da Nota Fiscal de Serviços Eletrônica (NFS-e) e a arrecadação do Imposto Sobre Serviços de Qualquer Natureza (ISSQN) em municípios de quatro microrregiões do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte. Aplica-se uma análise de dados em painel para os anos de 2013 a 2016 com base em informações oficiais sobre as datas de adoção da NFS-e e de arrecadação bruta do ISSQN, dimensão populacional, pessoal ocupado e assalariado, quantitativo de empresas atuantes e Produto Interno Bruto. Os resultados sugerem que a implantação da NFS-e, por todo um ano fiscal completo, repercute em cerca de 46% de acréscimo na arrecadação do ISSQN aos municípios que fazem uso da inovação, frente aos que não adotam esse recurso tecnológico, indicando que esta pode ser uma boa estratégia de combate à evasão fiscal e de aumento de arrecadação para pequenos municípios.

RESUMO O estudo objetivou verificar a relação entre a governança tributária e a evasão fiscal. A motivação para analisar essa interação reside na necessidade de entender e comprovar que as práticas de governança tributária possuem reflexos no nível de evasão fiscal. Os resultados confirmam a hipótese teórica testada de que os países da amostra que possuem práticas empresariais de governança tributária apresentaram níveis menores de evasão fiscal, sendo importante evidência empírica dessa relação estimulada, mas ainda não verificada pela literatura. Como resultados adicionais, obteve-se que apenas o enforcement apresentou comportamento esperado pela literatura, sugerindo que existe uma relação de complementariedade com a governança tributária. Assim, o trabalho contribui na inserção de mais um fator associado ao entendimento do fenômeno da evasão, ampliando o conhecimento sobre o assunto, seja pela possibilidade de comparação com estudos internacionais semelhantes, seja pelo interesse dos governos em estimular a implementação da governança tributária pelas empresas.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to verify the relationship between tax governance and tax evasion. The motivation to analyze this interaction lies in the need to understand and prove that tax governance practices have an effect on the level of tax evasion. The results confirm the theoretical hypothesis that was tested: the countries in the sample with corporate tax governance practices presented lower levels of tax evasion, which is important empirical evidence of this relationship that has been postulated, but not yet verified by the literature. As for additional results, it was determined that only enforcement evokes the behavior expected from the literature, suggesting that it has a complementary relationship with tax governance. Thus, this paper supports the inclusion of another factor associated with our understanding of the tax evasion phenomenon, expanding our knowledge on the subject through the possibility of comparison with similar international studies. Furthermore, it may also generate government interest in encouraging the implementation of tax governance by companies.

Resumen: En contextos de elevada informalidad y creciente digitalización, los empresarios se cuestionan: ¿conviene incorporar cobros electrónicos para aumentar las ventas? ¿cuánto más tendría que vender para cubrir los costos de transacción? ¿en cuánto aumentarían los costos impositivos por declarar los ingresos adicionales generados? En respuesta a tales interrogantes, este trabajo tiene por objetivo describir y comparar los costos de medios de pago e impositivos asociados a ventas cobradas con diferentes modalidades (efectivo, medios bancarios y billeteras virtuales), sensibilizando estos resultados ante escenarios de digitalización (incremento de actividad por ventas electrónicas) o informalidad (subdeclaración de ingresos). Metodológicamente es un estudio de caso simulado (microempresa alimenticia de Bahía Blanca) en el que se estiman los costos y resultados netos de once medios de pago para los dos regímenes tributarios vigentes en la Argentina: general (Responsable Inscripto [RI]) y simplificado (monotributo [MT]). Según los resultados, en términos relativos, el RI afronta menores costos de transacción y mayores costos tributarios, respecto al MT. La subdeclaración del 30 % de los ingresos en efectivo reduce a la mitad los costos impositivos por peso de ventas para ambos tipos de contribuyentes, aunque los incentivos para evadir son mayores para el RI y para el MT con ventas cercanas al punto de inflexión entre los regímenes. Los hallazgos revelan que la principal limitación a la adopción de pagos electrónicos en firmas pequeñas se asocia a la informalidad y no a los costos de transacción, lo que demuestra que los fenómenos de inclusión financiera y evasión tributaria deben abordarse conjuntamente. Clasificación JEL: H26, M10, D23, O17, 033, E26.

Abstract In contexts of high informality and increasing digitization, businessmen question themselves: is it worth incorporate collections by electronic payment methods to increase sales? How much more would you have to sell to cover transaction costs? How much would the tax costs increase for reporting the additional income generated? In response to such questions, this work aims to describe and compare the payment methods costs and tax costs associated with sales collected through different channels (cash, banking methods and virtual wallets), sensitizing these results in the face of digitization scenarios (increased in revenue by electronic sales) or informality situations (income underreporting). Methodologically, a simulated case study is developed (food microenterprise from Bahía Blanca) in which costs and net results of eleven payment methods are estimated for the two tax regimes in force in Argentina: VAT registered taxpayer and simplified taxpayer. According to the results, in relative terms, the VAT registered taxpayer faces lower transaction costs and higher tax costs, compared to simplified taxpayer. Underreporting of 30% of cash income cuts tax costs by weight of sales in half for both types of taxpayers, although the incentives to evade tax are higher for VAT registered taxpayers and for simplified taxpayers with sales close to the inflection point between the tax regimes. The findings reveal that the main limitation to implement electronic payments in small firms is associated with informality and not with transaction costs, demonstrating that the phenomena of financial inclusion and tax evasion must be addressed jointly.

Resumen En el año 2013, la Administración Tributaria de Ecuador lanzó de manera oficial el sistema de facturación electrónica como estrategia para reducir la evasión tributaria en la declaración de impuestos. Estos sistemas de información permiten diseñar mejores herramientas de control y fiscalización; consecuentemente, incrementan el riesgo subjetivo que perciben los contribuyentes, mejorando así su cumplimiento. El presente estudio tiene por objetivo determinar el efecto que tuvo este sistema sobre la declaración del Impuesto al Valor Agregado (IVA) en el periodo 2014-2016, mediante la técnica de diferencias en diferencias (DID). Los resultados muestran efectos positivos sobre la declaración de ventas, compras e impuesto conforme la cobertura del sistema de facturación electrónica aumenta con el paso del tiempo.

Abstract In 2013, the Ecuadorian Tax Administration officially launched the electronic invoicing system as a strategy to reduce tax evasion in tax returns. These information systems allow for designing better monitoring and auditing tools; consequently, such systems increase the subjective risk perceived by taxpayers, thus increasing their compliance. The aim of this article is to determine the effect that this system had on value-added tax (VAT) returns in the period 2014-2016, using the difference-in-differences (DID) technique. The results show that the increased coverage of the electronic system over time had positive effects on the declaration of sales, purchases, and taxes.