ABSTRACT Introduction/framework/objectives Salt production, especially using artisanal methods, does not exist in all countries, given the climatic and logistical requirements. Portugal has some tradition in this sector, but even so, most professionals working in Occupational Health and Safety have no experience in the area. The aim of this review was to summarize the most relevant and recent publications, to improve their performance capacity and enhance the productivity, satisfaction and well-being of the workers involved. Methodology This is a Bibliographic Review, initiated through a search carried out in April 2023 in the databases “CINALH plus with full text, Medline with full text, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Methodology Register, Nursing and Allied Health Collection: comprehensive, MedicLatina and RCAAP”. Content Salt pans can be inland (far from the sea, using groundwater with a high salt content) or coastal. The former are scarcer in Portugal and only exist between Lisbon and Coimbra. Over time, in our country, evaporation was carried out by fire and sun. The latter is believed to have been developed by the Romans who created the first version of salt flats. At national level there is evidence of salt production since the end of the Neolithic, but here more frequently with the use of fire. Throughout Europe there has been a decline in artisanal versus industrial salt production, even in sea salt pans (especially on the northwest coast of France and, in Portugal, on the western coasts). Artisanal production in our country is more prevalent in the Figueira da Foz area. The product obtained via artisanal production has better quality, particularly in terms of flavor and nutritionally (via industrial production the taste is more metallic). Portugal is a large producer and consumer of traditional salt. The climatic characteristics suit production, due to summers with frequent high temperatures and strong, hot winds. National salt was and is consumed in other European countries; for presenting superior quality, even though it is more expensive. Production depends on the climate, namely insolation (number of hours in the sun), precipitation, temperature, cloudiness and winds (which affect evaporation). In other words, this is more intense and faster if the air temperature is higher, such as with more dry winds (which are generally more frequent in summer); low precipitation is also favorable. Salt production has been increasing, due to growing industrial needs. To be used in this last situation, it must be at 100% purity. Discussion and Conclusions No bibliography was found that referred the dimension of occupational health and safety in this professional sector. Based on the authors' theoretical and practical experience, the most relevant risk factors and risks in the sector are described: ultraviolet radiation and possible skin cancer, cataracts and other associated injuries; thermal discomfort and eventual higher accident rates associated with motor incoordination, worse cardiovascular adjustment, as well as disorientation and ability to make decisions; forced/maintained loads and/or postures and possible musculoskeletal injuries, emergence/worsening of hernia pathology and falling objects at the same level and possible bruises, skin lacerations and/or fractures. It would be interesting to learn more about the national panorama of this sector, through studies that hierarchically stratify the risk, also accurately describing occupational illnesses and associated accidents, as well as more effective measures to mitigate these issues.

RESUMO Introdução/enquadramento/objetivos A produção de sal, sobretudo com métodos artesanais, não existe em todos os países, dadas as exigências climáticas e logísticas. Portugal apresenta alguma tradição nesse setor mas, ainda assim, a maioria dos profissionais a exercer na Saúde e Segurança Ocupacionais não tem experiência na área. Pretendeu-se com esta revisão resumir o que mais relevante e recente se publicou, de forma a melhorar a capacidade de atuação destes e a potenciar a produtividade, satisfação e bem-estar dos trabalhadores afetos. Metodologia Trata-se de uma Revisão Bibliográfica, iniciada através de uma pesquisa realizada em abril de 2023 nas bases de dados “CINALH plus with full text, Medline with full text, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Methodology Register, Nursing and Allied Health Collection: comprehensive, MedicLatina e RCAAP”. Conteúdo As salinas podem ser interiores (afastadas do mar, usando água subterrânea com elevado conteúdo em sal) ou litorais. As primeiras são mais escassas em Portugal e apenas existem entre Lisboa e Coimbra. Ao longo do tempo, no nosso país, a evaporação era realizada pelo fogo e sol. Esta última acredita-se que foi desenvolvida pelos romanos que, de certa forma, criaram a primeira versão das salinas. A nível nacional há evidência de produção de sal desde o final do Neolítico, mas aqui mais frequente com a utilização do fogo. Por toda a Europa tem existido um declínio da produção artesanal de sal, versus industrial, mesmo em salinas marítimas (sobretudo na costa noroeste de França e, em Portugal, na costa ocidental). A produção artesanal no nosso país é mais prevalente na zona da Figueira da Foz. O produto obtido via artesanal tem mais qualidade, nomeadamente a nível de sabor e nutricionalmente (via industrial o paladar é um pouco mais metálico). Portugal é um grande produtor e consumidor de sal tradicional. As caraterísticas climáticas adequam-se à produção, devido aos verões com temperaturas elevadas frequentes e ventos fortes e quentes. O sal nacional era e é consumido noutros países europeus, por apresentar qualidade superior, mesmo tendo um preço mais elevado. A produção depende do clima, nomeadamente a insolação (número de horas ao sol), precipitação, temperatura, nebulosidade e ventos (que condicionam a evaporação). Ou seja, esta é mais intensa e rápida se a temperatura do ar for mais elevada, tal como com mais ventos secos (que geralmente são mais frequentes no Verão); a baixa precipitação também é favorável. A produção de sal tem vindo a aumentar, até pelas crescentes necessidades industriais. Para ser usado nesta última situação, deverá estar no patamar de 100% de pureza. Discussão e Conclusões Não se encontrou bibliografia que fizesse referência à dimensão da saúde e segurança ocupacionais neste setor profissional. Em função de experiência teórica e prática dos autores, descrevem-se os fatores de riscos e riscos mais relevantes do setor: radiação ultravioleta e eventual cancro de pele, cataratas e outras lesões associadas; desconforto térmico e eventual maior sinistralidade associada a descoordenação motora, pior ajuste cardiovascular, bem como desorientação e capacidade de tomar decisões; cargas e/ou posturas forçadas/mantidas e eventuais lesões músculo-esqueléticas, surgimento/agravamento de patologia herniária e queda de objetos e ao mesmo nível e eventuais equimoses, lacerações cutâneas e/ou fraturas. Seria interessante conhecer melhor o panorama nacional deste setor, através de estudos que estratificassem hierarquicamente o risco, descrevendo ainda com rigor as doenças profissionais e acidentes associados, bem como medidas mais eficazes para atenuar essas questões.

ABSTRACT The production process of non-centrifuged cane sugar (NCS) involves a significant release of steam and heat due to the evaporation of cane juices in saucepans over a solid fuel oven. This results in a warm and moisture-saturated environment, which can be suffocating for workers. This study aimed to evaluate the bioclimatic behavior of an NCS processing facility, based on the wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) index. In addition, solutions are suggested to mitigate possible adverse effects of heat stress. This evaluation utilized computational simulations to determine the thermal comfort perceived by the workers. The accuracy of simulations was verified against temperature and relative air humidity data collected from the facility. Bioclimatic simulations encompassed twelve treatments, involving modifications to the enclosure on the walls and lantern window, incorporating three types of roof material. The WBGT index was determined by considering the effects of the radiant heat generated by the oven and the natural ventilation area on the facility’s temperature and relative air humidity. This helps to assess the comfort experienced by the workers. The thermal zone of the oven presented heat stress conditions; therefore, rest periods and mechanical ventilation were suggested when dissipating heat and steam through natural ventilation is not possible. For workers exposed to high temperatures and thermal radiation, the use of an aluminized apron and infrared goggles for eye protection was recommended. noncentrifuged non centrifuged (NCS moisturesaturated moisture saturated environment facility (WBGT addition treatments window material facilitys s conditions therefore radiation recommended

RESUMO O processo de produção de rapadura gera alta concentração de vapor e calor devido à evaporação do caldo da cana em panelas sobre forno a combustível sólido. Isso gera um ambiente quente e saturado de umidade que pode ser sufocante para os trabalhadores. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as condições ambientais de uma instalação de processamento de rapadura, com base no Índice de Bulbo Úmido e Temperatura de Globo (IBUTG) e sugerir soluções para mitigar possíveis efeitos adversos do estresse térmico. Esta avaliação utilizou simulação computacional para determinar o conforto térmico dos trabalhadores. A simulação foi validada com dados de temperatura e umidade relativa do ar da instalação. As simulações bioclimáticas foram realizadas em doze tratamentos, modificando o fechamento nas paredes e lanternim, com três tipos de materiais de cobertura. Foi determinado o Índice IBUTG, considerando os efeitos do calor radiante gerado pelo forno, e pela área de ventilação natural sobre a temperatura e umidade relativa do ar no interior da instalação, e seu efeito no conforto dos trabalhadores. A zona térmica do forno apresentou condições de estresse térmico, portanto, foram sugeridos períodos de descanso e ventilação mecânica quando não for possível a evacuação do calor e vapor através da ventilação natural. O uso de avental aluminizado e óculos infravermelhos para proteção ocular foi recomendado para os trabalhadores expostos a altas temperaturas e radiação térmica. sólido IBUTG (IBUTG tratamentos lanternim cobertura portanto

ABSTRACT Heat and drought stress, which often co-occur due to water evaporation, are two major abiotic factors limiting the production of rice (Oryza sativa L.) It is crucial to enhance understanding of the effects of these abiotic stresses in rice, particularly for rice-producing countries like Malaysia, which has yet to achieve rice self-sufficiency. This greenhouse study was conducted to evaluate the morphological changes of two important Malaysian cultivars (‘MR219’ and ‘MR303’) at vegetative, reproductive, and ripening stages, as well as their physiological response and yield components under normal (control), heat, drought, and combined heat-drought stress conditions. Individual heat stress greatly influenced rice growth and yield, with significant differences (p < 0.01) observed across all examined parameters except the grain to leaf area index ratio (GtoLAI). Conversely, individual drought stress mostly affected yield-related parameters, with significant differences (p < 0.01) in grain weight (GW), harvest index (HI), and percentage of filled grain (%FG). Interestingly, the combined stresses in this study did not significantly affect plant height (PH) for all growth stages and most yield-related traits (HI, GW, and GtoLAI). The majority of the significant changes (p < 0.01) were observed on physiological traits, including chlorophyll a (Chl A) and b (Chl B). We found a positive correlation between HI and %FG (R2 = 0.3974**) under heat and drought stress, indicating that improving either of these traits can boost rice production. Collectively, our study revealed that the individual effects of heat and drought on rice growth and yield can differ from the effects of combined stress.

Reservoirs often experience significant evaporation, causing a reduction in productive water use and prompting calls to curtail the loss. While efforts to reduce evaporation have predominantly focused on improving efficiencies, there has been a comparatively limited exploration of the associated costs per unit of additional water yield. To address this, a unit reference value (URV) calculation approach was employed in a case study to compare the unit costs of this additional yield through various evaporation suppression methods. The evaluated techniques included chemical monolayers, shade cloth, and both hard and soft floating covers. The URV calculation factored in capital, operating, and maintenance costs over a 20-year term, specified water-saving efficiencies for each technology, and various environmentally driven evaporation and social discount rates. The resulting URVs were compared with those for raising the Clanwilliam Dam, a large-scale groundwater scheme and the URVs for desalination. Notably, monolayers emerged with the lowest URV, but their yield efficiency is severely compromised by their short lifespan and high susceptibility to wind. The URVs of shade cloth proved competitive with those of desalination but are practical only for relatively small areas. In contrast, floating hard and soft covers demonstrated higher per-unit water delivery costs than desalination due to more frequent capital equipment replacements caused by their faster wear and weathering. The findings suggest that current evaporation suppression technologies may be economically unfeasible for agricultural and even domestic water supplies. The URV calculation serves as a valuable tool for comparing the cost-effectiveness of diverse yield-additive strategies.

RESUMEN Una alternativa para optimizar el uso del agua de lluvia en regiones semiáridas para la producción de cultivos, es el uso de coberturas vegetales (mulch). El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la influencia de dos fuentes de mulch bajo dos niveles de uso en el rendimiento de frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris) var. Red Kidney y en la reducción de la evaporación del agua del suelo en Canaán, Ayacucho. El experimento consistió en un ensayo factorial 2x2 (fuentes de mulch: residuos de trigo y de grass; niveles de uso: 5 y 10 t ha-1) más un testigo, en parcelas de 8,75 m2, bajo el Diseño de bloques completos al azar. Se utilizaron evaporímetros de balanza para determinar la reducción relativa de la evaporación del agua del suelo (Reas), en suelos con mulch respecto al suelo sin mulch. Los resultados mostraron que la evaporación del agua en suelos con mulch es significativamente menor que en suelos sin mulch; la Reas por aplicación de mulch es superior en los suelos con mulch a base de residuos de grass. La aplicación de 7.5 t ha-1 permite una Reas de 69% con residuos de trigo y 77% con residuos de grass. Los rendimientos de frijol también están influenciados por la fuente y niveles de mulch, siendo superior hasta un 98% al utilizar 10 t ha-1 de mulch de residuos de grass y hasta un 49% con residuos de trigo.

ABSTRACT An alternative to optimize the use of rainwater in semiarid regions for crop production is the use of mulch. The objective of the study was to evaluate the influence of two mulch sources under two levels of use on the yield of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) var. Red Kidney and on the reduction of soil water evaporation in Canaán, Ayacucho, 2022. The experiment consisted of a 2x2 factorial trial (mulch sources: wheat and grass residues; use levels: 5 and 10 t ha-1) plus a control, in 8.75 m2 plots, under Randomized Complete Block Design. Balance evaporimeters were used to determine the relative reduction of soil water evaporation (Reas) in mulched soil with respect to unmulched soil. The results showed that water evaporation in mulched soils is significantly lower than in unmulched soils; Reas per mulch application is higher in soils mulched with grass residue than in soils mulched with wheat residue. The application of 7.5 t ha-1 allows a Reas of 69% with wheat residue and 77% with grass residue. Bean yields are also influenced by the source and levels of mulch, being up to 98% higher when using 10 t ha-1 of grass residue mulch and 49% with wheat residue.

ABSTRACT In this work, the effect of the barrel bung-hole stave on the volume loss during rum natural ageing in palletized (vertical) system is statistically assessed. Eighty-four traditional 250 L (+/- 10 L) hogshead barrels typically applied in rum natural ageing were studied. For the 50 % of the barrels the bung-hole stave was removed (without bung-hole: WBH) and the others barrels kept the bung -hole stave (BH). Barrels were jointly stored (randomly assorted) under palletized ageing system during one year into a non-conditioned cellar of the major rum producer in Cuba. The volume loss of the barrels was determined after one year of ageing period. Statistical analyses demonstrated significant differences in the volume loss between barrels with and without bung-hole staves. It was found, that the bung-hole stave can increase the average volume loss (%/year) in about 17% compared with barrels without bung-hole staves during rum ageing in palletized system at the studied conditions. Theoretical arguments to explain the increment of the liquid evaporation due to barrel bung-hole stave during palletized ageing system are presented and debated.

RESUMEN En este trabajo se evalúa estadísticamente el efecto del orificio del tapón en la pérdida de volumen durante el añejamiento natural del ron en sistema paletizado (vertical). Se estudiaron ochenta y cuatro barriles tradicionales de 250 L (+/- 10 L) que se utilizan normalmente en el añejamiento natural del ron. Para el 50 % de las barricas se eliminó el orificio de tope (sin tope: WBH) y el resto de las barricas mantuvo el orificio de tope (BH). Las barricas se almacenaron conjuntamente (seleccionadas al azar) bajo un sistema de añejamiento paletizado durante un año en una bodega no climatizada del principal productor de ron en Cuba. La pérdida de volumen de las barricas se determinó después de un año de añejamiento. Los análisis estadísticos demostraron diferencias significativas en la pérdida de volumen entre barricas con y sin orificio del tapón. Se observó que el orificio de tapón puede aumentar la pérdida de volumen promedio (%/año) en aproximadamente un 17 % en comparación con las barricas sin orificio de tapón durante el añejamiento del ron en el sistema paletizado en las condiciones estudiadas. Se presentan y debaten argumentos teóricos para explicar el incremento de la evaporación del líquido debido al orificio durante el sistema de añejamiento paletizado.

A comprehensive field investigation was conducted to enhance the productivity, profitability, and water use efficiency (WUE) of summer okra through the optimization of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer application. The study involved 3 irrigation levels -0.75 Epan (pan evaporation) as I1, 1.00 Epan as I2, and 1.25 Epan as I3- as the main plot factors, and 4 nitrogen concentrations - 75% recommended nitrogen dose (RDN) as N1, 100% RDN as N2, 125% RDN as N3, and 150% RDN as N4- as the subplot variables. The results of the study revealed a significant influence of irrigation and nitrogen levels on various key parameters. Above-ground dry matter, yield, plant height, WUE, net returns, and benefit-to-cost ratio (B:C) exhibited an incremental trend with increasing irrigation and nitrogen levels, up to a certain threshold. Beyond this threshold, further increments in irrigation and nitrogen led to diminishing returns. The models developed for estimating crop yield, above-ground drv matter, plant height, WUE, net returns, and B:C demonstrated impressive accuracy, with high coefficients of determination (R²) and satisfactory precision. The optimized irrigation level (crop evapotranspiration, ET C) ranged from 418.39-441.23 mm. At the same time, the ideal nitrogen application rate was found to be in the range of 167.04-176.13 kg N/ha. These optimal conditions resulted in peak crop yield of 28 295 kg/ha, above-ground dry matter of 6 709.1 kg/ha, plant height of 66.3 cm, WUE of 5.26 kg/m³, B:C of 4.54, and net returns amounting to 441 133 INR/ha. In conclusion, the application of response surface methodology facilitated the identification of the impact of each factor on individual responses, as well as the determination of optimal conditions that simultaneously maximize multiple desirable outcomes. These findings hold significant promise for improving the cultivation of summer okra while optimizing resource use and economic returns.

This study quantified transfer losses over the 2021/2022 water year for irrigation releases from Darlington Dam into the Sundays River, which are diverted at the Korhaans Drift Weir. A one-dimensional (1D) hydrodynamic model was set up and calibrated to simulate the transfer losses which were assumed to consist primarily of evaporation and evapotranspiration (ET). Flow measurements were undertaken with an acoustic doppler current profiler (ADCP) to verify the calibrations of the Parshall flumes at Darlington Dam and at Korhaans Drift Weir. The ADCP results showed that the Department of Water and Sanitation's (DWS's) existing discharge tables underestimated lower flows by 13% and higher flows by 16%. The hydrodynamic model results also estimated transfer losses between Darlington Dam and Korhaans Drift to range between 2.0% and 5.3%. It was determined that the transfer losses were seasonal and were lower than those determined by similar studies for other South African rivers.

We measured the tree transpiration of 9-year-old, Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla clonal hybrid (GU) trees in the commercial forestry area of northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Transpiration was measured using the heat ratio method over two consecutive hydrological years (2019/20 and 2020/21) and up-scaled to a stand level. Leaf area index (LAI), quadratic mean diameter, and soil water content (SWC) were measured over the same period using an LAI 2200 plant canopy analyser, manual dendrometers and CS616 sensors, respectively. The depth to groundwater was estimated to be approx. 28 m, using a borehole next to our study site. Results showed that transpiration followed a seasonal pattern, with daily mean of 2.3 mm-tree-1-day-1 (range: 0.18 to 4.55 mm-tree-1-day-1) and 3.3 mm-tree-1-day-1 (range: 0.06 to 6.6 mm-tree-1-day-1) for 2019/20 and 2020/21, respectively. Annual GU transpiration was higher than that found by international studies under similar conditions, but was within the same transpiration range as Eucalyptus genotypes in the KwaMbonambi area. Plantation water productivity, calculated as a ratio of stand volume to transpiration, was higher than for other published studies, which was attributed to a very high productive potential of the study site. Multiple regression using the random forests predictive model indicated that solar radiation, SWC and air temperature highly influence transpiration. There is a high possibility that our GU tree rooting system extracted water in the unsaturated zone during the dry season. Due to the use of short-term results in this study, the impact of GU on water resources could not be quantified; however, previous long-term paired catchment studies in South Africa concluded that Eucalyptus has a negative impact on water resources. Further research is suggested with long-term measurements of transpiration and total evaporation and an isotope study to confirm the use of water by GU trees in the unsaturated zone.

Resumo Avaliar o efeito da aplicação de ácido ascórbico e coexistência do fungo Mycorrhiza e Azospirillium em manjericão (Ocimum basilicum L.) sob estresse hídrico. Este experimento foi realizado como um fatorial dividido em um delineamento de blocos completos casualizados com três repetições no ano-safra de 2017-2018 em Shahriar, Irã. Neste experimento, a irrigação foi o fator principal em três níveis, incluindo o estresse hídrico baseado em 40-70-100 mm do tanque de evaporação da classe A. Biofertilizante incluindo bactérias promotoras de crescimento (Azospirillium) e fungo Mycorrhiza em quatro níveis, incluindo um (Não consumo), B (Sementes de bactérias promotoras de crescimento (Azospirillium)), C (Consumo de fungos micorrízicos como sementes), D (Uso concomitante de bactérias promotoras de crescimento Azospirillium com fungos micorrízicos como sementes) e ácido ascórbico em dois níveis de foliar aplicação, incluindo A (Ausência de aplicação de ácido ascórbico) e B (Aplicação de ácido ascórbico (dois dias após o tratamento de irrigação)) foi considerado como fator fatorial. Os resultados mostraram que o maior rendimento biológico foi obtido no estresse hídrico de 40 mm e aplicação de fertilizantes biológicos na forma de aplicação de micorrizas com média de 3.307,1 kg/ha, que foi cerca de 70% superior ao estresse evaporativo de 100 mm e sem aplicação de fertilizante biológico. O uso de ácido ascórbico em condições de estresse hídrico melhorou em 10%, o óleo essencial usando ácido ascórbico evaporou em condições de estresse hídrico de 100 mm. Como conclusão geral, o uso de ácido ascórbico e fertilizante biológico Mycorrhiza + Azospirillium melhorou as características quantitativas e qualitativas do manjericão sob estresse hídrico.

Abstract Evaluate the effect of ascorbic acid application and coexistence of Mycorrhiza fungus and Azospirillium on basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) under drought stress. This experiment was performed as a split factorial in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the crop year 2017-2018 in Shahriar, Iran. In this experiment, irrigation was the main factor in three levels, including drought stress based on 40-70-100 mm from the evaporation pan of class A. Biofertilizer including growth-promoting bacteria (Azospirillium) and mycorrhiza fungus in four levels, including a(Non-consumption) B (Seeds of growth-promoting bacteria (Azospirillium)) C (Consumption of mycorrhiza fungus as seeds) D (Concomitant use of growth-promoting bacteria Azospirillium with mycorrhiza fungi as seeds) and ascorbic acid in two levels of foliar application, including A (Absence Application of ascorbic acid) and B (Application of ascorbic acid (two days after irrigation treatment)) was considered as a factorial factor. The results showed that the highest biological yield was obtained in drought stress of 40 mm and application of biological fertilizers in the form of mycorrhiza application with an average of 3307.1 kg/ha, which was about 70% more than 100 mm evaporation stress and no application of biological fertilizer. The use of ascorbic acid under drought stress conditions improved by 10%, the essential oil using ascorbic acid evaporated under drought stress conditions of 100 mm. As a general conclusion, the use of ascorbic acid and Mycorrhiza + Azospirillium biological fertilizer improved the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of basil under drought stress.

The black holes are among the strangest and most intriguing objects predicted by the theory of General Relativity. They correspond to regions of spacetime bounded by a boundary called the event horizon. Once crossed, this boundary transforms spacetime coordinates from time-like to space-like and vice versa. In this paper, we will review the main characteristics of black holes, targeting undergraduate physics and exact sciences students and teachers. Using an approach that follows the historical development of these concepts, we will show that these fascinating objects can become relatively simple when creating an analogy between their mechanical parameters and thermodynamic variables. With a brief explanation of the Hawking effect, we will demonstrate the connection between black holes and thermodynamic systems, concluding with the classic result of black hole evaporation. Relativity horizon crossed timelike time like spacelike space versa paper teachers concepts variables effect systems evaporation

Os buracos negros estão entre os objetos mais estranhos e curiosos previstos pela teoria da Relatividade Geral. Eles correspondem a regiões do espaço-tempo delimitadas por uma fronteira chamada de horizonte de eventos que se atravessada, torna coordenadas do tipo-tempo em coordenadas do tipo-espaço e vice-versa. Neste artigo, faremos uma revisão das principais características dos buracos negros, tendo como público-alvo estudantes e professores de graduação em física e ciências exatas. Utilizando uma abordagem que acompanha o desenvolvimento histórico desses conceitos, mostraremos que esses objetos fascinantes podem se tornar relativamente simples ao considerar uma analogia entre seus parâmetros mecânicos e variáveis termodinâmicas. Com uma breve explicação do efeito Hawking, demonstraremos a conexão entre os buracos negros e os sistemas termodinâmicos, apresentando ao final o clássico resultado da evaporação dos buracos negros. Geral espaçotempo espaço tempo atravessada tipotempo tipo tipoespaço viceversa. viceversa vice versa. versa vice-versa artigo públicoalvo público alvo exatas conceitos termodinâmicas Hawking termodinâmicos

Abstract The albedo of a water surface and the energy available for evaporation are strongly correlated and studying such processes is of paramount importance for water security at farm and regional levels. In this paper, water albedo (αw) and net all-wave radiation (Rn) were analyzed after being measured above the surface of an artificially cleaned and low-turbidity water used for tobacco irrigation. It was observed that αw decreased as the sun elevation (θ) increased, especially for clear and near clear skies. The results showed that αw can be reasonably predicted with a power law model either in terms of θ or Sg (incoming solar radiation) across different cloud cover conditions. From this study, a mean daily albedo of 0.05 is recommended. Three approaches were considered for estimation of daily Rn. In the first, a linear regression model strongly fitted Rn data in terms of Sg solely. The second option based on the definition of Rn was [0.95Sg - Lnet(56)], where Lnet(56) is net longwave (LW) radiation as used in the FAO56 model for reference evapotranspiration estimation, and the third was [0.95Sg - Lnet(MLR)], where MLR stands for multiple linear regression. The disadvantages of approaches (1) and (3), based on regressions, is that they are constrained to the type of water stored in the farm and the climatic conditions of the region. The performance of approach (2), where Lnet(56) is a widely used model, was comparable to the others can potentially be improved with a site-specific calibration. All three approaches for estimating daily Rn proposed in this study can possibily be extended to clear water that did not go through any filtration process. levels paper (αw allwave all wave (Rn lowturbidity low turbidity irrigation (θ increased skies incoming 005 0 05 0.0 recommended first solely 0.95Sg 095Sg 95Sg Lnet56, Lnet56 Lnet 56 , Lnet(56)] Lnet(56 LW (LW FAO FAO5 LnetMLR, LnetMLR Lnet(MLR)] 1 (1 3, 3 (3) regressions region 2, 2 (2) sitespecific site specific calibration process 00 0. Lnet5 5 Lnet(5 Lnet(MLR) ( (3 (2 Lnet( Lnet(MLR

Resumo O albedo de uma superfície de água e a energia disponível para evaporação estão fortemente correlacionados e estudar tais processos é de suma importância para a segurança hídrica nível local e regional. Neste artigo, o albedo da água (αw) e a radiação líquida (Rn) foram analisados após serem medidos acima da superfície de água artificialmente limpa e de baixa turbidez usada para irrigação de cultivo de fumo. Observou-se que αw diminuiu com o aumento da elevação do sol (θ), especialmente para céu limpo e quase limpo. Os resultados mostraram que αw pode ser razoavelmente previsto com um modelo potencial em termos de θ ou Sg (radiação solar incidente) em diferentes condições de cobertura de nuvens. A partir deste estudo, um albedo médio diário de 0,05 é recomendado. Três abordagens foram consideradas para estimativa diária de Rn. Na primeira, um modelo de regressão linear ajustou-se fortemente aos dados de Rn em função de Sg, apenas. A segunda opção com base na definição de Rn foi [0,95Sg - Lnet(56)], onde Lnet(56) é a radiação líquida de onda longa do modelo FAO56 para estimativa da evapotranspiração de referência, e a terceira abordagem foi [0,95Sg - Lnet(MLR)], onde MLR significa regressão linear múltipla. As desvantagens das abordagens (1) e (3), baseadas em regressões, é que elas são restritas ao tipo de água armazenada na fazenda e às condições climáticas da região. O desempenho da abordagem (2), onde Lnet(56) é um modelo amplamente utilizado, foi comparável às outras e pode ser potencialmente melhorada com calibração local. Todas as três abordagens para estimar o Rn diário propostas neste estudo podem ser estendidas para águas claras que não passaram por nenhum processo de filtragem. regional artigo (αw (Rn fumo Observouse Observou se θ, , (θ) incidente nuvens 005 0 05 0,0 recomendado primeira ajustouse ajustou apenas 0,95Sg 095Sg 95Sg Lnet56, Lnet56 Lnet 56 Lnet(56)] Lnet(56 FAO FAO5 referência LnetMLR, LnetMLR Lnet(MLR)] múltipla 1 (1 3, 3 (3) regressões região 2, 2 (2) utilizado filtragem (θ 00 0, Lnet5 5 Lnet(5 Lnet(MLR) ( (3 (2 Lnet( Lnet(MLR

Abstract Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is a versatile and low-cost polymer with high biocompatibility, mechanical strength, chemical resistance, thermal stability, and ferroelectricity. This material has been widely used in many applications, ranging from membranes to electronic devices. In this study, self-supporting, flexible, and lightweight PVDF films were prepared by an evaporation route using a low-toxicity solvent (dimethyl sulfoxide – DMSO). Graphene oxide (GO) and anatase titania (TiO2) were incorporated into the PVDF after preparing DMSO-based suspensions of these materials. The prepared materials were examined in terms of their structural, electrical, and wetting properties before and after exposure to near ultraviolet (UV-A) light. Substantial structural changes took place after incorporating GO and TiO2 into PVDF. Such modifications were accompanied by dramatic changes in the wetting and electrical properties of the PVDF. UV-A light caused the formation of surface defects on PVDF and GO films. In addition, it promoted the photoreduction of GO into reduced graphene oxide (rGO). Composites containing TiO2 showed high resistance to UV-A light, probably because titania particles absorb the incoming photons and shield the polymer matrix. This study provides new insights into the synthesis and characterization of PVDF/TiO2/GO composite films, which may be useful for many applications, including flexible electronics, solar cells, and biomedical devices. (PVDF lowcost low cost biocompatibility strength stability ferroelectricity applications devices selfsupporting, selfsupporting self supporting, supporting self-supporting lowtoxicity toxicity dimethyl DMSO. DMSO . DMSO) (GO TiO (TiO2 DMSObased based UVA UV A (UV-A addition rGO. rGO (rGO) matrix PVDFTiO2GO PVDFTiOGO electronics cells (TiO (rGO PVDFTiO

ABSTRACT This study aimed to estimate the heat flux through sensitive mechanisms and respiratory evaporation of Japanese quails kept in thermoneutral and warm environments, using simple environmental and physiological measures. 192 nine-week-old quails were used, distributed in a completely randomized design at two temperatures (T1 = 24°C and T2 = 32°C), with 12 replicates of eight birds each, with an experimental period of 63 days, divided into three 21-day periods. Physiological measurements of respiratory rate (RR), cloacal temperature (TC), and body surface temperature (TS) were measured twice a week. The behavior of the energy balance in the climatic chambers was obtained using the total thermal energy exchanges per unit surface area of the birds, derived from the sum of sensible (radiation and convection) and latent heat exchanges. Respiratory rate (P<.0001), surface temperature (P<.0001), and cloacal temperature (P=0.0047) were higher in the 32°C environment. The expired air temperature (P<.0001) and heat loss by respiratory evaporation (P<.0001) showed higher values when the quails were in an environment of 32°C, while the heat losses by convection (P<.0001) and radiation (P<.0001) were higher in a thermal comfort environment. In Japanese quails kept in a controlled environment, sensible heat dissipation by convection is the main way to eliminate excess thermal energy, when the air temperature is up to 32ºC. environments measures 19 nineweekold nine week old used T1 T (T 24C C 24 32C , 32 32°C) 1 each 6 days 21day day 21 periods RR, RR (RR) TC, TC (TC) TS (TS P<.0001, P0001 P P<.0001 0001 P=0.0047 P00047 0 0047 (P=0.0047 (P<.0001 32ºC ºC 2 3 (RR (TC P000 P<.000 000 P=0.004 P0004 004 (P=0.004 (P<.000 P00 P<.00 00 P=0.00 (P=0.00 (P<.00 P0 P<.0 P=0.0 (P=0.0 (P<.0 P<. P=0. (P=0. (P<. P< P=0 (P=0 (P< P= (P= (P

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar o fluxo de calor por meio de mecanismos sensíveis e evaporação respiratória de codornas japonesas mantidas em ambientes termoneutro e quente, utilizando medidas ambientais e fisiológicas simples. Foram utilizadas 192 codornas de nove semanas de idade, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, em duas temperaturas (T1 = 24°C e T2 = 32°C), com 12 repetições de oito aves cada, com período experimental de 63 dias, divididas em três períodos de 21 dias. As medidas fisiológicas da frequência respiratória (FR), temperatura cloacal (TC) e temperatura da superfície corporal (TS) foram medidas duas vezes por semana. O comportamento do balanço energético nas câmaras climáticas foi obtido utilizando-se as trocas de energia térmica total por unidade de área superficial das aves, derivadas da soma das trocas de calor sensível (radiação e convecção) e latente. Frequência respiratória (P<0,0001), temperatura da superfície (P<0,0001) e temperatura cloacal (P=0,0047) foram maiores no ambiente de 32°C. A temperatura do ar expirado (P<0,0001) e a perda de calor por evaporação respiratória (P<0,0001) apresentaram valores maiores quando as codornas estavam em ambiente de 32°C, enquanto as perdas de calor por convecção (P<0,0001) e radiação (P<0,0001) foram maiores em um ambiente de conforto térmico. Em codornas japonesas mantidas em ambiente controlado, a dissipação de calor sensível por convecção é a principal forma de eliminar o excesso de energia térmica, quando a temperatura do ar é de até 32ºC. quente simples 19 idade acaso T1 T (T 24C C 24 32C 32°C , 32 32°C) 1 cada 6 dias 2 FR, FR (FR) TC (TC TS (TS semana utilizandose se latente P<0,0001, P00001 P P<0,0001 0 0001 (P<0,0001 P=0,0047 P00047 0047 (P=0,0047 térmico controlado 32ºC ºC 3 (FR P0000 P<0,000 000 (P<0,000 P=0,004 P0004 004 (P=0,004 P000 P<0,00 00 (P<0,00 P=0,00 (P=0,00 P00 P<0,0 (P<0,0 P=0,0 (P=0,0 P0 P<0, (P<0, P=0, (P=0, P<0 (P<0 P=0 (P=0 P< (P< P= (P= (P

ABSTRACT The wide adoption of galvanized steel in the industrial segment, such as the automotive industry, is based on excellent properties in providing durability and weight reduction to manufactured products, in addition to reducing environmental impacts and costs in the production chain, avoiding corrosion, and providing longer lifecycle useful due to the protective zinc layer. However, this layer when submitted to the welding process implies potential defects due to evaporation of zinc vapor and fragility of the liquid metal during welding, with potential generation of porosity, lack of penetration or melting. Ultimately, these defects can significantly impact the reduction of mechanical properties, cracks, and fractures in welded joints. In this work these implications are analyzed through the microstructural characteristics of joints welded with ZAR230 galvanized steel by the GMAW and FCAW welding processes, evaluating the mostly common factors that are modified on an industrial scale in this welding technique: the type of filler metal, whether solid wire or tubular – self-protected with gas protection and without gas protection, and the type of protection gas (with mixtures of 92% Ar + 8% CO2, 80% Ar + 20% CO2 and 95% Ar + 5% O2). Using scanning optical microscopy techniques, metallography, tensile tests and microhardness, the results indicate that all tested conditions have acceptable mechanical properties of hardness and traction, with variation in the presence of defects, inclusions and welding bead, with the best combination being the use of solid wire with mixture 92% Ar + 8% CO2. segment industry products chain corrosion However porosity melting Ultimately cracks ZAR ZAR23 processes technique selfprotected self protected 92 8 CO 80 20 95 5 O2. O2 O . O2) techniques metallography microhardness traction bead ZAR2 9 2

RESUMO A ampla adoção de aço galvanizado no segmento industrial, como a indústria automotiva, baseia-se em ótimas propriedades em conferir durabilidade aos produtos manufaturados, além de reduzir impactos ambientais e custos na cadeia produtiva, evitando-se corrosão e conferindo maior vida útil devido a camada protetora de zinco. Porém, essa camada quando submetida a processo de soldagem implica potenciais defeitos devido à evaporação de vapor de zinco e fragilidade do metal líquido durante a soldagem, com potencial geração de porosidade, falta de penetração ou fusão. Em última instância, esses defeitos podem trazer impactos significativos na redução de propriedades mecânicas, trincas e fraturas nas juntas soldadas. Neste trabalho, essas implicações são analisadas através das características microestruturais e propriedades mecânicas de juntas soldadas com aço galvanizado ZAR230 pelos processos de soldagem GMAW e FCAW, avaliando-se fatores mais amplamente modificados em escala industrial nessa técnica de soldagem: o tipo de metal de adição, sendo ele arame sólido ou tubulares – autoprotegido com proteção gasosa e sem proteção gasosa, e o tipo de gás de proteção (com misturas de 92% Ar + 8% CO2, e 95% Ar + 5% O2). Utilizando-se de técnicas de microscopia ótica de varredura, metalografia, ensaios de tração e microdureza, os resultados apontam que todas as condições testadas possuem propriedades mecânicas de dureza e tração aceitáveis, com variação de presença de defeitos, inclusões e aspecto de cordão, sendo a melhor combinação a de uso do arame sólido com mistura 92% Ar + 8% CO2. automotiva baseiase baseia se manufaturados produtiva evitandose evitando Porém porosidade fusão instância trabalho ZAR ZAR23 FCAW avaliandose avaliando adição 92 8 CO2 CO 95 5 O2. O2 O . O2) Utilizandose Utilizando varredura metalografia microdureza aceitáveis cordão ZAR2 9