Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the effect of thermal treatment on the adhesion quality of bonded joints in high-density wood, specifically Corymbia citriodora and Eucalyptus pellita, using resorcinol formaldehyde and castor oil-based polyurethane adhesives. It was used at temperatures of 160 ºC, 180 ºC and 200 °C, being compared with a control batch. The percentage of failure in the wood was analyzed to evaluate the quality of the bonding. The castor oil-based polyurethane adhesive exhibited higher values of viscosity and solid content than resorcinol formaldehyde. Eucalyptus pellita showed higher shear strength values compared to Corymbia citriodora wood. The increase in temperature reduced the shear strength for both woods. The ratio between the strength of the bonded wood and solid wood, at the same treatment temperature, often exceeded one, indicating the formation of an adhesive-fiber composite, which enhances the strength of the bonded interface, especially for C. citriodora wood. Overall, there was better bonding of Eucalyptus pellita wood with resorcinol formaldehyde, and it exhibited less thermal degradation due to lower mass loss. highdensity high density oilbased oil based adhesives 16 18 20 C °C batch woods one adhesivefiber fiber composite interface Overall loss 1 2

Resumo Esse estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do tratamento térmico na qualidade da adesão de juntas coladas de madeira de alta densidade, Corymbia citriodora e Eucalyptus pellita utilizando os adesivos resorcinol e poliuretano vegetal à base de óleo de mamona. O tratamento térmico foi realizado nas temperaturas de 160 ºC, 180 ºC e 200 °C, sendo comparadas com um lote controle. A qualidade da colagem foi avaliada através do teste de cisalhamento e análise do percentual de falha na madeira. O adesivo de poliuretano de mamona apresentou maiores valores de viscosidade e teor de sólidos, do que o resorcinol formaldeído. O Eucalyptus pellitaexibiu maiores valores de resistência ao cisalhamento que a madeira de Corymbia citriodora. O aumento da temperatura reduziu a resistência ao cisalhamento para ambas as madeiras. A razão entre a resistência da madeira colada com madeira solida, na mesma temperatura de tratamento, muitas vezes atingiu valores superiores a um, indicando a formação de um compósito adesivo-fibras, que aumenta a resistência da interface colada, especialmente para madeira de C. citriodora. De forma geral, houve uma melhor colagem da madeira de Eucalyptus pellita, com resorcinol formaldeído, e está exibiu menor degradação térmica, devido à menor perda de massa. densidade 16 18 20 C °C controle sólidos formaldeído madeiras solida adesivofibras, adesivofibras fibras, fibras adesivo-fibras geral térmica massa 1 2

Abstract The present study sought to evaluate the antimicrobial and anti-adherent potential of Eucalyptus radiata essential oil against food-borne strains of Escherichia coli. The study was performed using the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC). In addition, the disk diffusion technique was used to evaluate the association of Eucalyptus radiata essential oil with synthetic antimicrobials. The Minimum Inhibitory Adherence Concentration (MIC) was also performed. The results revealed that E. radiata showed antimicrobial activity against the E. coli strains tested, with MIC values ranging from 500 μg/mL to 1000 μg/mL and MBC values ranging from 500 μg/mL to 1,024 μg/mL. As for the associations, it was observed that E. radiata oil exhibited a synergistic effect for some antibiotics, especially Ceftriaxone, with greater interference from the essential oil. Furthermore, it was effective in inhibiting the adherence of bacterial strains of E. coli, showing a more significant antibiofilm effect than the antibacterial agent 0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate. In summary, the essential oil of E. radiata showed antimicrobial potential against strains of E. coli of food origin, and can therefore, through in-depth studies, be used alone or in association with synthetic antimicrobials to combat infections caused by this pathogen. antiadherent anti adherent foodborne borne (MIC MBC. . (MBC) addition E tested 50 μgmL μg mL 100 1024 1 024 1,02 associations antibiotics Ceftriaxone Furthermore 012 0 12 0.12 digluconate summary origin therefore indepth depth studies pathogen (MBC 5 10 102 02 1,0 01 0.1 1, 0.

Resumo O presente estudo buscou avaliar o potencial antimicrobiano e antiaderente do óleo essencial de Eucalipto radiata frente às cepas de veiculação alimentar de Escherichia coli. O estudo foi realizado usando a Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) e Concentração Bactericida Mínima (CBM). Além disso, a técnica de difusão em disco foi usada para avaliar a associação do óleo essencial de Eucalipto radiata com antimicrobianos sintéticos. A Concentração Inibitória Mínima de Aderência (CIMA) também foi realizada. Os resultados revelaram que E. radiata apresentou atividade antimicrobiana contra as cepas de E. coli testadas, com valores de CIM variando entre 500 μg/mL a 1000 μg/mL e valores de CBM variando entre 500 μg/mL a 1,024 μg/mL. Quanto às associações, observou-se que o óleo de E. radiata exibiu efeito sinérgico para alguns antibióticos, sobretudo a Ceftriaxona, apresentando maior interferência do óleo essencial. Além disso, foi eficaz na inibição a aderência das cepas bacterianas de E. coli, mostrando um efeito antibiofilme mais significativo que o agente antibacteriano digluconato de clorexidina a 0.12%. Em resumo, o óleo essencial de E. radiata apresentou potencial antimicrobiano contra cepas de E. coli de origem alimentar, podendo assim, mediante estudos aprofundados, ser utilizado isoladamente ou em associação com antimicrobianos sintéticos para combater infecções causadas por esse patógeno. (CIM CBM. . (CBM) disso CIMA (CIMA realizada E testadas 50 μgmL μg mL 100 1024 1 024 1,02 associações observouse observou se antibióticos Ceftriaxona 012 0 12 0.12% resumo assim aprofundados patógeno (CBM 5 10 102 02 1,0 01 0.12 1, 0.1 0.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of a blend of essential oils from eucalyptus, citrus, bromohexene HCl, thymole and camphor on the growth performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality, intestinal morphology, serum biochemistry, and immune response of broiler chickens. A total of 240 day-old chicks were divided into four groups, each with six replicates containing ten birds. The experiment was conducted under a completely randomized design (CRD). Different concentrations of the oil blend (0mL/kg, 0.15mL/kg, 0.30mL/kg and 0.45mL/kg) were added to the diet. The findings showed that, in comparison to the other groups, the birds that were given a blend of essential oils at concentrations of 0.30 and 0.45 mL/kg showed improved weight gain, feed efficiency, carcass yield, villus height, crypt depth, and greater immune response against Newcastle disease vaccination (p<0.05). Nonetheless, there was no statistically significant difference in the yields of the breast and thighs, feed consumption, mortality, weights of the liver, wing, heart, and gizzard, or abdominal fat between the treatments. The addition of a blend of essential oils at the doses of 0.30 and 0.45 mL/kg significantly lowered the pH of the meat in comparison to the other groups (p<0.05). All blood biochemical markers, including total serum protein, albumin, globulin, glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, and uric acid, revealed no variations between the treatments. In conclusion, adding 0.30mL/kg of a blend of essential oils to broiler diets may be the optimum level to improve overall performance without adversely affecting the blood biochemical profile. eucalyptus citrus HCl characteristics quality morphology biochemistry chickens 24 dayold day old CRD. CRD . (CRD) 0mL/kg, 0mLkg mLkg 0mL kg mL (0mL/kg 015mLkg 0 15mL 0.15mL/kg 030mLkg 30mL 0.45mL/kg 045mLkg 45mL diet 030 30 0.3 045 45 0.4 gain efficiency yield height depth p<0.05. p005 p p<0.05 05 (p<0.05) Nonetheless thighs consumption mortality liver wing heart gizzard treatments markers protein albumin globulin glucose cholesterol triglyceride acid conclusion profile 2 (CRD 0mL/kg 03 3 0. 04 4 p00 p<0.0 (p<0.05 p0 p<0. (p<0.0 p<0 (p<0. p< (p<0 (p< (p

ABSTRACT Tangerines and their hybrids are affected by economically essential diseases. The Alternaria brown spot (Alternaria alternata f. sp. citri) deserves to be highlighted, as it is present in all tangerine production areas. This study aimed to determine the effect of essential oils on A. alternata f. sp. citri. The experiments were carried out in the Laboratories of Phytopathology and Biology and Technology of Post-Harvest of the Federal University of Paraíba, Areia, PB. Three pathogen isolates were used, and ten essential oils from grape, sunflower, eucalyptus, ginger, copaiba, mint, fennel, citronella, clove, and linseed at a concentration of 1%, diluted in potato dextrose agar for in vitro tests. The oils were diluted in distilled water for the fruit test, and the fruits were immersed in the treatments for 5 min. In addition, the fungicide Thiabendazole (400 mL/100L) and sterile distilled water were used as the control treatments. The fruits were inoculated with a conidia suspension of the pathogen (105 conidia/mL). Mycelial Growth Rate Index, colony diameter, spore production and dimensions, fruit disease severity, and enzymatic activity were evaluated. A completely randomized design was used, with 12 treatments and four replications in vivo. The results indicate that the essential oils of mint, eucalyptus, fennel, and citronella were efficient in the in vitro control of the pathogen, ultimately inhibiting the growth of fungal colonies. Eucalyptus oil efficiently managed A. alternata f. sp. citri on ‘Dancy’ tangerine fruits. Essential oils did not influence the enzymatic activity of the fruits. diseases f sp highlighted areas PostHarvest Post Harvest Paraíba Areia PB grape sunflower eucalyptus ginger copaiba mint fennel clove 1 1% tests test min addition 400 (40 mL/100L mL100L mLL mL 100L L 105 (10 conidia/mL. conidiamL conidia/mL . conidia/mL) Index diameter dimensions severity evaluated vivo colonies ‘Dancy Dancy 40 (4 10 (1 4 (

RESUMO As tangerineiras e seus híbridos são acometidos por doenças economicamente importantes. Merece destaque a mancha marrom de Alternaria (Alternaria alternata f. sp. citri), por estar presente em todas as áreas de produção de tangerinas. Esse trabalho objetivou determinar o efeito de óleos essenciais sobre A. alternata f. sp. citri. Os experimentos foram conduzidos no Laboratório de Fitopatologia, e no laboratório de Biologia e Tecnologia Pós-Colheita da Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, PB. Foram utilizados três isolados do patógeno, e dez óleos essenciais de sementes de uva, girassol, eucalipto, gengibre, copaíba, menta, ervadoce, citronela, cravo e linhaça na concentração de 1%, diluídos em meio de cultura batata-dextrose-ágar, para os testes in vitro. Para o teste nos frutos os óleos foram diluídos em água destilada e os frutos imersos nos tratamentos por 5 min. Além do fungicida Tiabendazol (400 mL/100L) e água destilada estéril consistiram nas testemunhas. Os frutos foram inoculados com suspensão de conídios do patógeno (105 conídios/mL). Avaliou-se o índice de velocidade de crescimento micelial, diâmetro de colônia, produção e dimensões de esporos, severidade da doença em frutos e atividade enzimática. Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com 12 tratamentos e quatro repetições in vivo. Os resultados indicam que, os óleos essenciais de menta, eucalipto, erva-doce e citronela foram eficientes no controle in vitro do patógeno, inibindo totalmente o crescimento das colônias fúngicas. O óleo de eucalipto foi eficiente no manejo de A. alternata f. sp. citri em frutos de tangerineira ‘Dancy’. Os óleos essenciais não influenciaram na atividade enzimática dos frutos. importantes f sp citri, , citri) tangerinas A Fitopatologia PósColheita Pós Colheita Paraíba Areia PB uva girassol gengibre copaíba menta ervadoce 1 1% batatadextroseágar, batatadextroseágar batata dextrose ágar, ágar batata-dextrose-ágar min 400 (40 mL/100L mL100L mLL mL 100L L testemunhas 105 (10 conídios/mL. conídiosmL conídios/mL . conídios/mL) Avaliouse Avaliou se micelial colônia esporos Utilizouse Utilizou casualizado vivo que erva doce fúngicas ‘Dancy. Dancy ‘Dancy ‘Dancy’ 40 (4 10 (1 4 (

RESUMO A soja está sujeita à ocorrência de patógenos transmitidos por sementes, necessitando de tratamento fitossanitário, porém, este pode ser tóxico ao homem e ao ambiente. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito dos óleos essenciais de alecrim (Rosmarinus officinalis) e eucalipto (Corymbia citriodora) no tratamento contra fungos fitopatogênicos em sementes de soja armazenadas. O experimento foi em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial 2 × 5, para sementes com e sem inoculação de fungos (Aspergillus flavus e Penicillium rubens) e cinco tratamentos de sementes (três óleos essenciais, controle positivo e controle negativo), com quatro repetições. Os óleos essenciais de alecrim, eucalipto e a combinação destes foram aplicados na dose de 4 mL kg-1 de sementes de soja, na concentração de 700 µL mL-1. Como controle negativo (testemunha) utilizou-se água destilada com Tween® 80 a 2% e como controle positivo o fungicida comercial Vitavax-Thiram® 200SC, conforme dosagem do fabricante. O óleo essencial de R. officinalis foi eficiente no controle de Penicillium sp. nas sementes de soja armazenadas e apresentou efeito semelhante ao controle positivo. O óleo essencial de C. citriodora reduziu a incidência de Aspergillus sp. Portanto, estes óleos essenciais têm potencial para serem utilizados no controle alternativo de patógenos de sementes de soja.

ABSTRACT Soybean is subject to occurrences of pathogens transmitted by seeds, requiring phytosanitary treatment, however, it can be toxic to humans and the environment. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of essential oils of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) and eucalyptus (Corymbia citriodora) on the control of phytopathogenic fungi in stored soybean seeds. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design, using a 2 × 5 factorial arrangement consisted of seeds with and without fungal inoculation (Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium rubens) and five seed treatments (three essential oils, positive control, and negative control), with four replicates. Rosemary and eucalyptus essential oils and their combination were applied to soybean seeds at the rate of 4 mL kg-1, at a concentration of 700 µL mL-1. Distilled water with 2% Tween® 80 was used as negative control, and the commercial fungicide Vitavax-Thiram® 200SC was used as positive control, according to the manufacturers’ recommendations. The R. officinalis essential oil was efficient in the control of Penicillium sp. in stored soybean seeds and showed a similar effect to the positive control. The C. citriodora essential oil reduced the incidence of Aspergillus sp. Therefore, these essential oils have potential to be used as an alternative control of soybean seed pathogens.

Abstract Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus ‘Servantes’) is a popular and economically cut flower widely used in the florist industry. However, post-harvest senescence occurs in a few days and limits the cut carnation flowers’ commercialization. Therefore, this research was performed to investigate the impact of essential oils such as tea tree oil (TTO), pumpkin seed oil (PSO), Moringa seed essential oils (MEO), and Eucalyptus oils (EEO), as eco-friendly preservative solutions to enhance the quality and longevity of carnation flowers. Carnation cut flowers were submitted to different concentrations (250 and 500 mg L-1) of each essential oil used in the vase solution and the experiments were carried out as a completely randomized design in three replicates. The findings revealed that the longest vase life and the maximum total water solution uptake in cut carnation were achieved when treated with either TTO or PSO oil at 500 mg L-1 in solution preservative as compared to the control (distilled water). While the highest relative fresh weight was observed at 500 mg L-1 PSO, the highest chlorophyll a, b, total carotenoids, total sugar, total phenolic content in leaves, anthocyanin content, and enzyme activity in petals at 500 mg L-1 TTO and PSO. Additionally, all treatments of selected oils have positively declined the bacteria activity compared to control. Also, the lowest bacteria growth on third day with 500 mg L-1 TTO and PSO. However, observing a prim state of xylem vessels with TTO 500 mg L-1and PSO 500 mg L-1, comparable with distilled water, the application of essential oil in this study as a natural preservative in preservative solution as an alternative to chemicals could be of environmental value and great economic. Dianthus ‘Servantes Servantes ‘Servantes’ industry However postharvest post harvest commercialization Therefore TTO, , (TTO) (PSO) MEO, MEO (MEO) EEO, EEO (EEO) ecofriendly eco friendly 250 (25 50 L1 L 1 replicates L- water. . water) b carotenoids sugar leaves Additionally Also L1and Land 1and L1, 1, economic (TTO (PSO (MEO (EEO 25 (2 5 2 (

Resumo O cravo (Dianthus caryophyllus ‘Servantes’) é uma flor e corte popular e economicamente viável, amplamente utilizada na indústria florística. Apesar disso, a senescência pós-colheita ocorre em poucos dias, sendo um problema limitante na comercialização de flores de cravos cortadas. Assim, realizou-se a pesquisa para investigar o impacto de óleos essenciais como o óleo de árvore de chá (TTO), óleo de semente de abóbora (PSO), óleos essenciais de semente de Moringa (MEO), e óleos de Eucalipto (EEO), como soluções conservantes ecologicamente corretas para melhorar a qualidade e a longevidade das flores de cravo. As flores de cravo cortadas foram submetidas a diferentes concentrações (250 e 500 mg L-1) de todos os óleos essenciais utilizados na solução de vaso. Os resultados revelaram que a maior vida útil de vaso e a máxima absorção total da solução pelo cravo cortado ocorreu nos tratamentos com óleo TTO ou PSO a 500 mg L-1 na solução conservante em comparação com o controle (água destilada). Enquanto o maior peso relativo fresco indicado com 500 mg L-1 PSO, a maiores valores de clorofila a e b, carotenóides totais, açúcares totais, conteúdo fenólico total nas folhas, conteúdo de antocianina e atividade enzimática em pétalas tratadas com 500 mg L-1 de (TTO) e (PSO). Além disso, todos os tratamentos de óleos atuaram diminuindo a atividade bacteriana em comparação com o controle. Também, o menor crescimento bacteriano ocorreu no terceiro dia com o uso 500 mg de L-1 TTO e PSO. Entretanto, observando um estado primário de vasos de xilema de hastes tratadas com 500 mg L-1 de TTO e 500 mg L-1 de PSO, comparando com água destilada, a aplicação do óleo essencial neste estudo como conservante natural em solução conservante como alternativa aos produtos químicos pode ser de grande valor ambiental e econômico. Dianthus ‘Servantes Servantes ‘Servantes’ viável florística disso póscolheita pós colheita dias Assim realizouse realizou se TTO, , (PSO) MEO, MEO (MEO) EEO, EEO (EEO) 250 (25 50 L1 L 1 L- destilada. destilada . destilada) b totais folhas (TTO Também Entretanto econômico (PSO (MEO (EEO 25 (2 5 2 (

In Brazil, native forests and replanted forests are poorly managed, and there is concern about reusing plastic residues as well. These two factors play a significant role in the impacts on the environment in the past decades. In this study, the influence of polystyrene (PS) waste partially replacing polyurethane (PUR) as a binder for wood particles (Pinus taeda L. and Eucalyptus saligna) was examined on the physicomechanical and thermal properties of homogeneous particleboards. For the production of particleboard composite, the moisture content of wood particles was set at 2%. A variety of physicomechanical characteristics were evaluated, including density, moisture content, swelling in thickness after 24 hours of immersion in water, rupture modulus (MOR) and elasticity modulus (MOE). Increasing PS relative to PUR decreased MOR and MOE properties in particleboard composite specimens. Thermal analysis shows that replacing PUR with PS in particleboard composite specimens has not adversely affected the thermal stability, and even less its thermal profile of specimens. ABNT NBR standards were exceeded by particleboard composite-based panels, but ANSI standards were met, indicating their potential application. As a result of this study, PS waste could be used as a binder for particleboards and composite materials manufactured from pinus and eucalyptus wood chips in place of PUR. Brazil managed well decades study (PS (PUR Pinus L saligna 2 2% evaluated density water (MOR MOE. . (MOE) stability compositebased based panels met application (MOE

ABSTRACT The growth of human consumption has caused countless inconveniences to the environment, including the inappropriate disposal of inorganic materials with a long useful life. The incorporation of potential residues in the manufacture of wood-based particleboards presents itself as an alternative to this problem. This research by objective to evaluate the effects of replacing partial of wood particles of expanded polystyrene particles bonded with mammon bean polyurethane. Wood particles (50% pine + 50% Eucalyptus) were replaced by 25 and 50% (by mass) of expanded polystyrene particles in order to improve the physical and mechanical properties of panels manufactured with 5% polyurethane adhesive based on mammon oil. Composites manufactured with 50% of polystyrene particles resulted in the best values of the evaluated physical and mechanical properties (ABNT NBR 14810 and EN 312), designating credibility to the production of panels with the partial replacement of wood particles by polystyrene particles. environment life woodbased problem 50 (50 Eucalyptus 2 mass 5 oil ABNT 1481 312, 312 , 312) (5 148 31 ( 14 3 1

RESUMO O crescimento do consumo humano tem causado inúmeros transtornos para o meio ambiente, inclusive pelo descarte inapropriado de materiais inorgânicos de longa vida útil. A incorporação de potenciais resíduos na fabricação de painéis aglomerados à base de madeira se apresenta como uma alternativa a essa problemática. Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo avaliar os efeitos da substituição parcial de partículas de madeira por partículas de poliestireno expandido aglutinados com poliuretano de mamona. As partículas de madeira (50% de Pinus + 50% de Eucalipto) foram substituídas por 25 e por 50% (em massa) de partículas de poliestireno expandido visando aprimorar as propriedades físicas e mecânicas de painéis fabricados com 5% de adesivo poliuretano à base de óleo de mamona. Os compósitos fabricados com 50% de partículas de poliestireno resultaram nos melhores valores das propriedades físicas e mecânicas avaliadas (ABNT NBR 14810 e EN 312), designando credibilidade à produção de painéis com a substituição parcial de partículas de madeira por partículas de poliestireno. ambiente útil problemática mamona 50 (50 Eucalipto 2 em massa 5 ABNT 1481 312, 312 , 312) (5 148 31 ( 14 3 1

ABSTRACT Glulam is a viable alternative for the rational use of wood, allowing the use of young timber. Also, when engineering the timber, it is possible to use lower quality trunks with a smaller diameter. However, the performance of the product depends on the species used, the thickness and position of the lamellae, the type of adhesive, the bonding performance. This work aimed to study the feasibility of using a fast growing timber for the production of glulam. The selected timber species was Eucalyptus urophylla, clonal COP 1404, which is characterized by its fast growth and lack of studies regarding its application in civil construction. A two-component polyurethane adhesive based on castor oil was used. The experimental program focused on the characterization of fresh timber and the mechanical performance of glulam compared to solid wood, using statistical methods to analyze the resistance of the prototypes. The results indicated that the adhesive was efficient in gluing the timber, so that shearing occurred in the timber, in addition to the flexural verification showing behavior of a single body, with no points of discontinuity due to the glue line. wood Also diameter However used lamellae urophylla 1404 construction twocomponent two component prototypes body line 140 14 1

RESUMO A Madeira Lamelada Colada (MLC) é uma alternativa viável para o aproveitamento racional da madeira, possibilitando o uso de madeiras jovens. Ainda, ao engenheirar a madeira, pode-se viabilizar o uso de troncos de menor qualidade e menor diâmetro. Entretanto, o desempenho do produto depende da espécie utilizada, das espessuras e posições das lamelas, do tipo de adesivo, do desempenho da colagem. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a viabilidade do uso de uma madeira de rápido crescimento para a produção de MLC. A espécie de madeira selecionada foi Eucalyptus urophylla, clonal COP 1404, que se caracteriza por ter rápido crescimento e por ter uma lacuna em estudos que visam sua aplicação na construção civil. Empregou-se o adesivo poliuretano bicomponente à base de óleo mamona. O programa experimental teve como foco a caracterização da madeira in natura e o desempenho mecânico da MLC comparada à madeira maciça, empregando métodos estatísticos para a análise de resistência dos protótipos. Os resultados indicaram que o adesivo foi eficiente na colagem da madeira, de modo que o cisalhamento ocorreu na madeira, além da verificação à flexão ter mostrado comportamento de um corpo único, não tendo pontos de descontinuidade por conta da linha de cola. (MLC jovens Ainda podese pode diâmetro Entretanto utilizada lamelas urophylla 1404 civil Empregouse Empregou mamona maciça protótipos único cola 140 14 1

Abstract Many antimicrobial substances, mainly of chemical origin, are not effective and reliable. Many of them tend to accumulate in organs and tissues and have allergic and toxicological effects and side effects. Therefore, the purpose of our research was to conduct a comparative analysis of the antibacterial effect of Artemisia lerchiana against other herbal preparations. A. lerchiana was used in the form of an infusion and essential oil extract to fulfill the set goal and objectives. For comparative analysis, tinctures of A. absinthium, Calendula officinalis L., and Chamomilla recutita L., as well as preparations based on Abies Sibirica, Eucalyptus, Limon, Bergamottae, Melaleuca alternifolia, and A. absinthium essential oils were used. As a test standard for comparing antibacterial properties, we used the Septarius chemical preparation manufactured at a biofactory. The experiment was carried out in vitro using test microbes of gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus and gram-negative Escherichia coli. The results of the study showed that A. lerchiana had a high antibacterial effect against gram-positive test microbes (Staphylococcus, Streptococcus). The most effective form was A. lerchiana in the form of essential oil, which had an antibacterial effect even in low concentrations. A comparative assessment of A. lerchiana with the Septarius test antiseptic showed that A. lerchiana had a similar effect in general. In the form of essential oil, it even surpassed the effect of Septarius. It was found that A. lerchiana surpassed medicinal plants used in the experiment in terms of antibacterial effect. The obtained results of the study will be useful for scientists researching various medicinal products of plant origin and for veterinary specialists looking for therapeutic and preventive measures. substances reliable Therefore objectives L L. Sibirica Eucalyptus Limon Bergamottae alternifolia properties biofactory grampositive gram positive gramnegative negative coli Staphylococcus, (Staphylococcus Streptococcus. . Streptococcus) concentrations general measures

Resumo Muitas substâncias antimicrobianas, principalmente de origem química, não são eficazes e confiáveis. Muitos deles tendem a se acumular em órgãos e tecidos e apresentam efeitos alérgicos e toxicológicos e efeitos colaterais. Portanto, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi realizar uma análise comparativa do efeito antibacteriano da Artemisia lerchiana contra outras preparações fitoterápicas. A. lerchiana foi utilizada na forma de infusão e extrato de óleo essencial para cumprir a meta e os objetivos traçados. Para análise comparativa, foram utilizadas tinturas de A. absinthium, Calendula officinalis L. e Chamomilla recutita L., bem como preparações à base de óleos essenciais de Abies Sibirica, Eucalyptus, Limon, Bergamottae, Melaleuca alternifolia, e A. absinthium. Como padrão de teste para comparação de propriedades antibacterianas, utilizamos a preparação química Septarius fabricada em uma Biofábrica. O experimento foi realizado in vitro utilizando micróbios de teste de Staphylococcus aureus e Streptococcus gram-positivos e Escherichia coli gram-negativa. Os resultados do estudo mostraram que A. lerchiana teve um alto efeito antibacteriano contra micróbios de teste gram-positivos (Staphylococcus, Streptococcus). A forma mais eficaz foi a A. lerchiana na forma de óleo essencial, que teve efeito antibacteriano mesmo em baixas concentrações. Uma avaliação comparativa de A. lerchiana com o antisséptico Septarius test mostrou que A. lerchiana teve um efeito semelhante, em geral. Na forma de óleo essencial, superou até o efeito do Septário. Verificou-se que A. lerchiana superou as plantas medicinais utilizadas no experimento em relação ao efeito antibacteriano. Os resultados obtidos do estudo serão úteis para cientistas que pesquisam diversos medicamentos de origem vegetal e para especialistas veterinários que buscam medidas terapêuticas e preventivas. antimicrobianas confiáveis colaterais Portanto fitoterápicas traçados absinthium L Sibirica Eucalyptus Limon Bergamottae alternifolia antibacterianas Biofábrica grampositivos gram positivos gramnegativa. gramnegativa negativa. negativa gram-negativa Staphylococcus, (Staphylococcus Streptococcus. . Streptococcus) concentrações semelhante geral Septário Verificouse Verificou preventivas

The growing threat of vector-borne diseases and their associated health risks has prompted the nanotechnology-based investigations. The present study aimed to use a nanotechnological application with larvicidal potential against Aedes aegypti by preparing aqueous hybrid nanoemulsion of zinc sulphide nanoparticles and Eucalyptus globulus oil. The mean droplet size of prepared and most stable hybrid nanoemulsion (9.5 ppm) was found to be 60 ± 10.00 nm with rectangular shape. The hybrid nanoemulsion exhibited LC50 and LC90 values of 7.63 and 9.22 ppm, respectively, against larval stages of Aedes aegypti. The findings obtained from the larvicidal assay were corroborated with SEM, histological and biochemical profiles of Aedes larvae after treating with hybrid nanoemulsion. Under simulated conditions, nanohybrid treatment demonstrated optimum larvicidal potency after 48 hours of exposure. Further, biosafety studies of hybrid nanoemulsion were carried out against Scapholebris kingi and this larvicidal concentration of nanohybrid was found to be non-toxic to this species. Thus, the following research explains the larvicidal efficacy of zinc sulphide-based hybrid nanoemulsion of eucalyptus oil formulated during the present study is a step towards safe and efficient approach against the dengue-spreading vector mosquito, Aedes aegypti.

RESUMO: A planta de eucalipto libera substâncias químicas alelopáticas no ambiente principalmente através dos óleos essenciais volatilizados das folhas. Este estudo teve como objetivo discutir a composição dos óleos foliares de algumas variedades com sete anos de idade como Eucalyptus pellita (E. pel), Eucalyptus camaldulensis (E. cama), Eucalyptus grandis (E. gra), Eucalyptus dunni (E. dun ), Eucalyptus saligna (E. sal) e E. grandis × E. urophylla (E. gra× E. uro) e E. grandis × E. urophylla (E. gra × E. uro(três )). Também pretendeu-se determinar o mecanismo alelopático e os tipos de componentes químicos que desempenham o papel principal. O óleo essencial foi obtido por hidrodestilação e analisado pelo método de Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massa (GC-MS). Para determinar o efeito da alelopatia, experimentos de germinação de sementes foram realizados em diferentes concentrações (10-100 mL/L) do óleo foliar de E. Gra × E. uro (OE) e dos componentes majoritários. As sementes de trigo germinadas pela adição de 1,8-cineol foram usadas para determinar a atividade da α-amilase. Além disso, a expressão de mRNA de α-amilase em sementes também foi estudada.: A principal classe química do óleo essencial foi o monoterpeno oxigenado; O 1,8-cineol (20,2-67,5%) apresentou o maior teor. Outras substâncias que eram de alto teor e onipresentes incluíam α-pineno (0,3-21,8%), α-terpineol (0,44-19,24%) e borneol (0,81-3,05%). Os quatro constituintes químicos e o OE influenciaram a germinação e o crescimento das três plantas. Entre eles, o 1,8-cineol exibiu o efeito inibitório mais forte. A atividade de α-amilase das sementes de trigo tratadas com 1,8-cineol diminuiu significativamente. Evidências moleculares sugeriram que o 1,8-cineol diminuiu a expressão do gene α-amilase (AMY).

ABSTRACT: The Eucalyptus plant releases allelopathic chemicals into the environment mostly through the essential oils volatilized from the leaves. This study discussed the composition of the leaf oils of few seven-year-old varieties like Eucalyptus pellita (E. pel), Eucalyptus camaldulensis (E. cama), Eucalyptus grandis (E. gra), Eucalyptus dunni (E. dun), Eucalyptus saligna (E. sal), and E. grandis × E. urophylla (E. gra×E. uro) and three-year-old E. grandis × E. urophylla (E. gra × E. uro (three)). It determined the allelopathic mechanism and the types of chemical components playing the leading role. Essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by the Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) method. In order to determine the effect of allelopathy, seed germination experiments were carried out at different concentrations (10-100 mL/L) of the E. Gra × E. uro leaf oil (EO) and the major components. The wheat seeds germinated by adding 1,8-cineole were used to determine the activity of α-amylase. Moreover, the mRNA expression of α-amylase in seeds was studied. The major chemical class in the essential oil was oxygenated monoterpene; 1,8-cineole (20.2-67.5%) displayed the highest content. Other substances that were high in content and ubiquitous included α-pinene (0.3-21.8%), α-terpineol (0.44-19.24%), and borneol (0.81-3.05%). The four chemical constituents and EO influenced the germination and growth of the three plants. Among them, 1,8-cineole exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect. The α-amylase activity of the 1,8-cineole-treated wheat seeds had decreased significantly. Molecular evidence suggested that 1,8-cineole decreased the α-amylase gene (AMY) expression.

Abstract Soybean seeds are usually infested by fungi, and disinfestation has been carried out mainly with synthetic fungicides, however, alternative controls have been sought, including essential oils. Thus, the effect of essential oils extracted from the leaves of the hybrid Eucalyptus tereticornis x E. urophylla (HEtu) and E. grandis x E. urophylla (HEgu) in the sanitary and physiological quality of soybean seeds was evaluated. The sanity test was conducted out in completely randomizes design (CRD), factorial scheme 2x5 (two essential oils, in five concentrations: 0, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0 and 2.0 µL.mL-1), the seeds were placed in gerbox boxes in an incubator at 20 ºC for seven days, the fungi were identified according to their morphology. The physiological quality was evaluated in CRD, factorial scheme 2x4+1, being: two essential oils, in four concentrations (0.5, 0.75, 1.0 and 2.0 µL.mL-1), plus an additional control treated with autoclaved distilled water, after eight days, the percentage of germination, percentage of abnormal seedlings and percentage of dead seeds were evaluated. The oils were efficient in controlling the Fusarium and Cladosporium genera, especially at concentrations of 1.0 and 2.0 µL.mL-1. HEgu oil was more efficient in sanitary control, while HEtu oil was superior in all physiological variables. Despite the greater efficiency in sanitary control, HEgu oil negatively alters the physiological quality of the seeds, while HEtu oil at a concentration of 2.0 µL.mL-1, in addition to the efficiency in phytosanitary control, does not affect the physiological quality of the seeds.

Resumo As sementes de soja geralmente são infestadas por fungos, e a desinfestação tem sido realizada principalmente com fungicidas sintéticos, porém, tem-se buscado controles alternativos, entre eles, óleos essenciais. Assim, avaliou-se o efeito de óleos essenciais extraídos das folhas dos híbridos Eucalyptus tereticornis x Eucalyptus urophylla (HEtu) e Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla (HEgu) na qualidade sanitária e fisiológica de sementes de soja. O teste de sanidade foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC), esquema fatorial 2x5 (dois óleos essenciais, em cinco concentrações: 0; 0,5; 0,75; 1,0 e 2,0 µL.mL-1), as sementes foram colocadas em caixas gerbox em incubadora a 20 ºC por sete dias, os fungos foram identificados de acordo com sua morfologia. A qualidade fisiológica foi avaliada em DIC, esquema fatorial 2x4+1, sendo: dois óleos essenciais, em quatro concentrações (0,5; 0,75; 1,0 e 2,0 µL.mL-1), mais uma testemunha adicional tratada com água destilada autoclavada, após oito dias foram avaliadas a Percentual de germinação, Percentual de plântulas anormais e Percentual de sementes mortas. Os óleos mostram-se eficientes no controle dos gêneros Fusarium e Cladosporium, especialmente nas concentrações de 1,0 e 2,0 µL.mL-1. O óleo do HEgu foi mais eficiente no controle sanitário, enquanto que o do HEtu foi superior para todas as variáveis fisiológicas. Apesar da maior eficiência no controle sanitário, o óleo do HEgu prejudica a qualidade fisiológica das sementes, enquanto que o do HEtu na concentração de 2,0 µL.mL-1 além da eficiente no controle fitossanitário não prejudica a qualidade fisiológica das sementes.

Resumen El gusano cogollero, Spodoptera frugiperda constituye la plaga más importante del maíz, Zea mays y para su control se utilizan principalmente insecticidas químicos sintéticos. El uso de compuestos botánicos es una alternativa potencialmente efectiva para el control de plagas. Se evaluó el efecto de formulados de Eucalyptus globulus, Jatropha curcas, Petiveria alliacea, Ricinus communis y Ruta graveolens, (A) a concentraciones de 5, 10 y 15 mL.L-1 de agua (B) sobre la mortalidad, inhibición alimentaria y peso de larvas de S. frugiperda. Mediante larvas de segundo y tercer estadio se realizaron bioensayos de aspersión y de elección para evaluar a través de un diseño factorial AxB + 3 testigos [insecticida químico (cipermetrina), botánico comercial (azadiractina) y testigo absoluto (agua)]. De los compuestos botánicos, la mortalidad resultó superior cuando se aplicó aceite de J. curcas (33,7%), e hidrolato de P. alliacea (26,2%) en concentración de 15 mL.L-1. Las Larvas alimentadas con hojas de maíz embebidas con las tres concentraciones de los hidrolatos de P. alliacea y R. graveolens mostraron 71 - 76% de inhibición alimentaria, así como el menor peso. Los resultados mostraron la actividad insecticida de los formulados botánicos evaluados y su potencial para el control S. frugiperda.

Abstract The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda constitutes the most important pest of corn, Zea mays, and mainly synthetic chemical insecticides are used for its control. The use of botanical compounds is a potentially effective alternative for pest control. The effect of formulations of Eucalyptus globulus, Jatropha curcas, Petiveria alliacea, Ricinus communis and Ruta graveolens, (A) at concentrations of 5%, 10% and 15% (B) on mortality, food inhibition and weight of larvae of S. frugiperda was evaluated. Using second and third instar larvae, spray and choice bioassays were performed using a factorial design AxB + 3 controls [chemical insecticide (cypermethrin), commercial botanical (azadirachtin) and absolute control (water)]. Of the botanical compounds, mortality was higher when J. curcas oil (33.7%) and P. alliacea hydrolate (26.2%) were applied at. 15 mL.L-1. Larvae fed with corn leaves soaked with the three concentrations of P. alliacea and R. graveolens hydrolates showed 71-76% food inhibition, as well as the lowest weight of larvae. The results show the insecticidal activity of the botanical formulations evaluated and their potential for controlling S. frugiperda.

Resumen Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) es una plaga del trigo almacenado y para su control se usa indiscriminadamente sustancias químicas provocando resistencia a insectos, además de problemas ambientales y de salud. Por consiguiente, el objetivo fue evaluar el efecto de los aceites esenciales de Melaleuca viridiflora Gaertn, Lippia palmeri Watson y Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnhardt sobre la mortalidad, repelencia, emergencia de R. dominica, y la pérdida de peso en trigo, saturando la atmósfera con diferentes concentraciones de aceites (0, 5, 10, y 15 μL/kg) y tiempos de exposición (24, 48 y 72 h) sobre R. dominica. Los resultados mostraron actividad insecticida de los aceites quedando en el siguiente orden de importancia M. viridiflora, E. camaldulensis y L. palmeri. Existe una relación directamente proporcional en el parámetro de mortalidad con respecto al tiempo de exposición y la concentración de los aceites. De estos, el que mejor efecto exhibió fue M. viridiflora sobre la mortalidad de R. dominica, la emergencia de insectos adultos y la reducción en la pérdida de peso. Mientras, L. palmeri fue el que mejor repelencia presentó. Se concluye que los tres aceites esenciales presentan potencial actividad para el control de R. dominica disminuyendo la pérdida de peso en el grano.

Abstract Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) is a stored wheat pest and its control uses indiscriminately chemical substances that causes resistance to insects, as well as environmental and health problems. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate the effect of the essential oils of Melaleuca viridiflora Gaertn, Lippia palmeri Watson, and Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnhardt on mortality, repellency, R. dominica emergence, and weight loss in wheat, saturating the atmosphere with different oil concentrations (0, 5, 10, and 15 µL/kg) and exposure times (24, 48 and 72 h) on R. dominica. The results showed insecticidal activity of the oils and were arranged in the order of importance: M. viridiflora, E. camaldulensis and L. palmeri. There is a directly proportional relationship in the mortality parameter with respect to the oils exposure time and concentration. Of these, the one that exhibited the best effect was M. viridiflora on the mortality of R. dominica, the emergence of adult insects and the reduction in weight loss. Whereas, L. palmeri showed the best repellency. It is concluded that the three essential oils have potential activity for the control of R. dominica, reducing the wight loss in the grain.