Resumen La tradición filosófica ha caracterizado el fenómeno de la normatividad, esto es, la capacidad de actuar según normas, como una capacidad exclusiva del ser humano. En contraposición, dicha tradición ha considerado que el comportamiento de los animales no humanos se reduce a meras respuestas al entorno, relegando su actividad al ámbito del instinto y la supervivencia. Sin embargo, los avances realizados a partir del siglo XX en el campo de la etología permiten cuestionar esta caracterización. El objetivo de este trabajo es mostrar la existencia de aspectos normativos presentes en un tipo de comportamiento observado en diversas especies: el juego social. Realizaremos un análisis conceptual y una revisión crítica de la literatura filosófica y de los resultados reportados por la evidencia empírica relativa al juego social. A partir de una reconstrucción del concepto de “práctica” desarrollado por Rawls (1955), intentaremos mostrar que el juego social presenta características normativas que nos habilitan a extender la noción de práctica más allá de nuestra propia especie. Nuestro principal argumento presenta la siguiente estructura: (1) toda práctica supone, necesariamente, normatividad; (2) el juego social en animales presenta ciertas características estructurales por las cuales resulta pertinente describirlo como un tipo de práctica; y, por lo tanto, (3) la tesis de que ciertas especies de animales no humanos exhiben un comportamiento normativo es, al menos, plausible y merece ser considerada seriamente.

Abstract Traditional philosophy has characterized the phenomenon of normativity, i.e., the ability to act according to norms, as an exclusive capacity of human beings. In contrast, this tradition has considered the behavior of non-human animals to be mere responses to the environment, relegating their activity to the realm of instinct and survival. However, advances made since the 20th century in the field of ethology allow us to question this characterization. The aim of this work is to demonstrate the existence of normative aspects present in a type of behavior observed in various species: social play. We will undertake a conceptual analysis and a critical review of the philosophical literature and the results reported by empirical evidence regarding social play. Building upon a reconstruction of the concept of "practice" developed by Rawls (1955), we will attempt to show that social play exhibits normative characteristics that allow us to extend the notion of practice beyond our own species. Our main argument runs as follows: (1) every practice necessarily involves normativity; (2) social play in animals exhibits certain structural characteristics that make it relevant to describe it as a type of practice; and, therefore, (3) the thesis that certain species of non-human animals exhibit normative behavior is, at the very least, plausible and deserves to be seriously considered.

Abstract Introduction: Even though only a few species are considered to be dangerous, pests or vectors, the majority of invertebrates produce a feeling of aversion in humans. This has contributed to the delay in the development of ethical considerations as regards this group in contrast with vertebrates, with the exception of cephalopods. Objective: In the present study, we provide an overview of the current situation on animal ethics and welfare in order to contribute to the development of a framework for ensuring invertebrate welfare. Methods: Today, animal welfare is multidisciplinary in nature to a very high degree as it includes ethology, physiology, pathology, biochemistry, genetics, immunology, nutrition, cognitive-neural, veterinary medicine, and ethics. Animal welfare is a complex concept, difficult to achieve successfully from one perspective. Results: As a consequence, we propose to include the five domains (nutrition, environment, health, behaviour and mental state) along with the three conceptions (basic health and functioning, affective state and natural living), as well as the 5R Principle (Replace, Reduction, Refinement, Respect and Responsibility) in seeking to achieve a comprehensive welfare state. Conclusions: We consider that in both research and animal production, the individual and collective ethical concerns coexist and, in fact, the main moral concern to account for is the collective one and that, within that collective view, the individual moral concern should be applied with responsibility and respect for the individual. Finally, we propose a practical example of invertebrate welfare production in sea urchin aquaculture with the aim of including animal production of invertebrates in this important discussion.

Resumen Introducción: Aunque sólo unas pocas especies son consideradas peligrosas, plagas o vectores, la mayoría de los invertebrados producen un sentimiento de aversión en el ser humano. Esto ha contribuido al retraso en el desarrollo de consideraciones éticas respecto a este grupo en comparación con los vertebrados, a excepción de los cefalópodos. Objetivo: En el presente trabajo, proporcionamos una visión general de la situación actual en materia de ética y bienestar animal con el fin de contribuir al desarrollo de un marco para garantizar el bienestar de los invertebrados. Métodos: Hoy en día, el bienestar animal es de naturaleza multidisciplinaria en un grado muy alto, ya que incluye etología, fisiología, patología, bioquímica, genética, inmunología, nutrición, cognitivo-neural, medicina veterinaria y ética. El bienestar animal es un concepto complejo, difícil de lograr con éxito desde una sola perspectiva. Resultados: Como consecuencia, proponemos incluir los cinco dominios (nutrición, ambiente, salud, comportamiento y estado mental) junto con las tres concepciones (Salud básica y funcionamiento, estado afectivo y vida natural), así como el Principio 5R (Reemplazar, Reducir, Refinar, Respetar y Responsabilidad) en la búsqueda de alcanzar un estado de bienestar integral. Conclusiones: Consideramos que tanto en la investigación como en la producción animal coexisten las preocupaciones éticas individuales y colectivas y, de hecho, la principal preocupación moral a dar cuenta es la colectiva y que, dentro de esa visión colectiva, se debe aplicar la preocupación moral individual. con responsabilidad y respeto por la persona. Finalmente, proponemos un ejemplo práctico de producción de bienestar de invertebrados en la acuicultura de erizos de mar con el objetivo de incluir la producción animal de invertebrados en esta importante discusión.

Résumé : Le débat inné vs. savant reste toujours présent dans l’Académie ainsi que dans la société. Au vu ce scénario, cet article discute des influences environnementales et génétiques sur la genèse du comportement. Pour ce faire, on reflète sur la définition du comportement et les imprécisions dans sa caractérisation pour ensuite explorer les principales différences entre la pensée béhavioriste et éthologique et leur impact sur certaines recherches et sur le soutien des discours eugéniques. L’article conclu par présentant une approche non dichotomique fondée sur la Developmental Systems Theory pour surmonter le débat en question. vs lAcadémie l Académie société scénario faire eugéniques Larticle L question

Resumen: El debate innato vs. aprendido permanece presente tanto en la academia como en la sociedad. Considerando este escenario, este artículo presenta el desarrollo de discusiones que giran en torno a las influencias ambientales y genéticas en la génesis del comportamiento. Para ello, en primer lugar, se presenta una reflexión sobre la definición de comportamiento con el fin de presentar el objeto de discusión, así como la imprecisión en su caracterización. Posteriormente, se destacan las principales diferencias entre el pensamiento behaviorista y el etológico, y su impacto en la realización de algunas investigaciones, además de fundamentarse en los discursos eugenésicos y/o discriminatorios. Para finalizar, este artículo discute un enfoque no dicotómico del tema, en la modalidad de Sistemas en Desarrollo, como propuesta para superar el debate en cuestión. Resumen vs sociedad escenario ello lugar discusión caracterización Posteriormente etológico investigaciones yo o discriminatorios finalizar tema Desarrollo cuestión

Abstract: Given the remaining prominence of nature vs. nurture debate in academia and society, this article discusses environmental and genetic influences on the genesis of behavior. For this purpose, we first present the definition of behavior and discuss the imprecision in its characterization. Next, we examine the main differences between behaviorist and ethological thinking and their impact on research and on the support of eugenic discourses. To conclude, the article discusses a non-dichotomous approach to behavior based on the Developmental Systems Theory framework to overcome such dualism. Abstract vs society purpose characterization Next discourses conclude nondichotomous non dichotomous dualism

Resumo: O debate inato vs. aprendido continua presente na Academia, bem como na sociedade. Considerando tal cenário, este artigo apresenta o desdobrar das discussões que giram em torno das influências ambientais e genéticas, na gênese dos comportamentos. Para isso, primeiramente é apresentada uma reflexão acerca da definição de comportamento com a finalidade de apresentar o objeto da discussão, bem como a imprecisão em sua caracterização. Posteriormente, são destacadas as principais diferenças entre o pensamento behaviorista e o etológico, e em como essas diferenças impactaram a condução de pesquisas, além de sustentar discursos eugenistas e/ou discriminatórios. Por último, disserta-se sobre uma abordagem não-dicotômica ao tema, na forma dos Sistemas em Desenvolvimento, como uma proposta de superação do debate em questão. Resumo vs Academia sociedade cenário genéticas comportamentos isso discussão caracterização Posteriormente etológico pesquisas eou ou discriminatórios último dissertase disserta se nãodicotômica não dicotômica tema Desenvolvimento questão

Resumo Propõe-se uma abordagem da ecosofia de Félix Guattari com base na análise da lógica do dissenso. A hipótese é a seguinte: promover uma prática dissensual é fundamental para um conhecimento ecoetológico que busca a ressingularização da experiência no contexto da crescente homogeneização operada pelo Capitalismo Mundial Integrado (CMI). Como Guattari enfatizou durante sua visita ao Chile, o objetivo da eco-etologia não é a crítica do capitalismo, mas a mobilização de seu confronto ativo. A prática do dissenso, nesse sentido, possibilitaria agir contra os dispositivos homogeneizadores da subjetividade em um momento em que o capitalismo, depois de colonizar o mundo, coloniza também o inconsciente. O artigo trata da formulação do dissenso na visita de Guattari ao Chile em 1991, estabelecendo um contraponto com sua análise nos escritos dos últimos anos; em seguida, analisa a articulação da lógica dissensual na ontologia de Guattari. Por fim, é investigada a função da lógica do dissenso na configuração das instituições sob a perspectiva da transversalidade. Propõese Propõe se seguinte CMI. CMI . (CMI) ecoetologia eco etologia capitalismo ativo sentido mundo inconsciente 1991 anos seguida fim transversalidade (CMI 199 19 1

Abstract An approach to Félix Guattari's Ecosophy is proposed based on the analysis of the logic of dissent. Our hypothesis is as follows: promoting a dissensual practice is vital to eco-ethological knowledge that pursues the resingularization of experience in the context of increasing homogenization operated by Integrated World Capitalism. As Guattari emphasized during his visit to Chile, the object of eco-ethology is not the critique of capitalism but to mobilize its active confrontation. The practice of dissent, in this direction, would make it possible to act against the homogenizing devices of subjectivity at a time when capitalism, after colonizing the world, also colonizes the unconscious. The article deals with the formulation of dissent in Guattari's visit to Chile in 1991, establishing a counterpoint with his analysis in writings of recent years; it then analyses the articulation of dissensual logic in Guattari's ontology. Finally, it explores the function of the logic of dissensus in the configuration of institutions from the perspective of transversality. Guattaris s follows ecoethological eco ethological Capitalism ecoethology ethology confrontation direction world unconscious 1991 years ontology Finally transversality 199 19 1

Resumen Se propone un acercamiento a la ecosofía de Félix Guattari a partir del análisis de la lógica del disenso. La hipótesis es la siguiente: promover una práctica disensual es clave para un saber eco-etológico que persigue la resingularización de la experiencia en el contexto de homogeneización creciente operada por el Capitalismo Mundial Integrado (CMI). Según destaca Guattari en su visita a Chile, el objeto de la ecosofía no es la crítica del capitalismo, sino movilizar su confrontación activa. La práctica del disenso, en esa dirección, haría posible actuar contra los dispositivos homogeneizadores de la subjetividad en una época en que el capitalismo, tras colonizar el mundo, coloniza, también, el inconsciente. El artículo aborda la formulación del disenso en la visita de Guattari a Chile en 1991, estableciendo un contrapunto con su análisis en escritos de los últimos años; luego, se analiza la articulación de lógica disensual en la ontología guattariana. Por último, se indaga, en la función de la lógica del disenso en la configuración de instituciones desde la perspectiva de la transversalidad. siguiente ecoetológico eco etológico CMI. CMI . (CMI) capitalismo activa dirección mundo coloniza también inconsciente 1991 años luego guattariana último indaga transversalidad (CMI 199 19 1

ABSTRACT: This study compares the physical and social contexts and the pedagogical practice of Early Childhood Education with that of Elementary Education and raises their respective implications for the inclusion of children. Two students with disabilities enrolled in the last grade of the Early Childhood Education participated in this research, in comparison with two other students with disabilities in Elementary School. It is a descriptive investigation of quantitative nature. The method was based on the ethology. The results indicate that in Early Childhood Education there were high levels of social interaction, variability in the use of spaces, more time dedicated to physical activities and orientation of the pedagogical practice centered on interaction. In Elementary School, students had a relative degree of autonomy, but still highly conditioned to the content. ABSTRACT children research School nature ethology interaction spaces autonomy content

RESUMO: Este estudo compara os contextos físicos, sociais e a prática pedagógica da Educação Infantil com a do Ensino Fundamental e levanta suas respectivas implicações para a inclusão das crianças. Participaram desta pesquisa dois estudantes com deficiência matriculados no último ano da Educação Infantil, comparados com outros dois estudantes com deficiência do Ensino Fundamental. Configura-se uma pesquisa descritiva de cunho quantitativo. O método baseou-se na etologia. Os resultados indicam que, na Educação Infantil, houve altos índices de interação social, variabilidade na utilização de espaços, maior tempo em atividades corporais e o direcionamento da prática pedagógica voltada à interação. Já no Ensino Fundamental, os alunos apresentaram relativo grau de autonomia, mas ainda muito condicionado ao conteúdo. RESUMO físicos crianças Configurase Configura se quantitativo baseouse baseou etologia que social espaços autonomia conteúdo

O artigo tem como objetivo investigar os processos de comunicação subjacentes à linguagem verbal presentes na relação analítica. Analisaremos como o conceito de transferência se modifica na literatura psicanalítica, abrindo espaço para as dinâmicas intersubjetivas do setting. Dialogando com a teoria do apego e seus fundamentos etológicos, apresentaremos os fenômenos borderlines, marcados por intensas manifestações corporais no contexto das relações interpessoais. Em seguida, defenderemos a hipótese de que há em todo sujeito um núcleo inacessível à fala, que aparece como material clínico principalmente na análise de pacientes graves, onde a experiência traumática se inscreve em níveis sensoriais. analítica psicanalítica setting etológicos borderlines interpessoais seguida fala graves sensoriais

Este artículo tiene como objetivo investigar los procesos de comunicación subyacentes al lenguaje verbal que se presentan en la relación analítica. Analizaremos cómo el concepto de transferencia cambia en la literatura psicoanalítica, abriendo espacio a las dinámicas intersubjetivas presentes en el setting. En diálogo con la teoría del apego y sus fundamentos etológicos, presentaremos fenómenos borderlines, marcados por intensas manifestaciones corporales en el contexto de las relaciones interpersonales. A continuación, defenderemos la hipótesis de que existe en todo sujeto un núcleo inaccesible al habla, que aparece como material clínico principalmente en el análisis de pacientes críticamente enfermos, en que la experiencia traumática se inscribe en niveles sensoriales. analítica psicoanalítica setting etológicos borderlines interpersonales continuación habla enfermos sensoriales

L’article vise à étudier les processus de communication qui sous-tendent le langage verbal présent dans la relation analytique. Nous analyserons l’évolution du 29 concept de transfert dans la littérature psychanalytique, en ouvrant un espace à la dynamique intersubjective du cadre. En dialogue avec la théorie de l’attachement et ses fondements éthologiques, nous présenterons les phénomènes limites, marqués par des manifestations corporelles intenses dans le contexte des relations interpersonnelles. Nous défendrons ensuite l’hypothèse qu’il existe chez tout sujet un noyau inaccessible à la parole, qui apparaît comme matériel clinique principalement dans l’analyse des patients sévères où l’expérience traumatique s’inscrit sur les plans sensoriels.. Larticle L article soustendent sous tendent analytique lévolution l évolution 2 psychanalytique cadre lattachement attachement éthologiques limites interpersonnelles lhypothèse hypothèse quil qu il parole lanalyse analyse lexpérience expérience sinscrit s inscrit sensoriels sensoriels.

Resumos This article aims to investigate the communication processes underlying verbal language found in the analytical relationship. We will analyze how the concept of transference changes in psychoanalytic literature, opening space for the intersubjective dynamics present in the setting. Dialoging with attachment theory and ethology, we will present borderline phenomena, marked by intense bodily manifestations in the context of interpersonal relationships. Then, we will defend the hypothesis that an inaccessible nucleus to speech lies in every subject, which appears as clinical material mostly in the analysis of severely ill patients, where traumatic experience is inscribed in sensory levels.. relationship literature setting ethology phenomena relationships Then subject patients levels levels.

Resumo A etologia dos insetos é um fator importante quando se deseja relizar manejo de pragas. Através deste conhecimento, é possível manipular atividades comportamentais, repelir, ou atrair os insetos de acordo com as necessidades e interesses. O gorgulho do milho Sitophilus zeamais (Mots., 1855) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), uma das principais pragas de grãos armazenados tem sido alvo de estudos de alterações comportamentais através de substâncias naturais devido à sua resistência a diferentes classes de insecticidas. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de concentrações subletais de extrato de neem e do óleo de copaíba sobre o comportamento de movimentação de S. zeamais. As características comportamentais consideradas foram: a atividade de caminhamento, a frequência do contato dos insetos com a massa de grãos tratada, e o tempo gasto para realização destes comportamentos. A atividade de caminhamento do S. zeamais aumentou quando os insetos foram expostos ao extrato de Neem e ao óleo de copaíba. Em geral, o extrato de Neem e o óleo de Copaíba induziram mais contato com a massa de grãos do que o controle, sugerindo um efeito atrativo sobre o inseto, contudo este efeito foi mais significativo para o óleo de Neem. O comportamento do inseto foi alterado, apresentando um caminhamento específico devido aos estímulos do óleo de copaíba e do extrato de Neem. Estes resultados indicam que o óleo de copaíba e o extrato de Neem podem ser alternativas potenciais para o controle do S. zeamais em produtos armazenados, uma vez que alterações no comportamento desta praga podem reduzir os danos qualitativos e quantitativos nos grãos. Assim, o desenvolvimento de produtos baseados no óleo de copaíba e no extrato de Neem pode ser útil para o manejo de pragas de armazenamento.

Abstract Insects' ethology is an important factor when it is desired to carry out pest management. This knowledge makes it possible to manipulate behavioral activities, repel, or attract insects according to needs and interests. The maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais (Mots., 1855) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), one of the main stored grain pests, has been the target of studies of behavioral changes studies through natural substances due to its resistance to different insecticidal classes. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of sublethal concentrations of neem extract and copaiba oil on the locomotor behavior of S. zeamais. The behavioral characteristic considered were walking activity, the frequency of contact of insects with the treated grain mass, and the time spent for this behavior. The walking activity of the S. zeamais increased with exposure to Neem extract and Copaiba oil. In general, the Neem extract and Copaiba oil-induced more contact with grain mass than the control, suggesting an attractive effect on the insect, however more significant for the Neem oil. The insect's behavior was altered, presenting a specific path due to Copaiba oil and Neem extract stimuli. These results indicate that Copaiba oil and Neem extract can be a potential alternative for controlling S. zeamais on stored products since changes in this pests' behavior can reduce qualitative and quantitative grain damage. Thus, the development of products based on Copaiba oil and Neem extract may be helpful for storage pest management.

Abstract The value of fighting bulls (Lidia breed) is quantified based on their behavior in the bullring. Predicting this behavior is challenging because the heritability of behavior patterns is unknown and their interpretation subjective. An analysis was done of the possible relationship between bull behavior during pre-bullfight handling (unloading, first and second veterinary examinations) and during the bullfight. Behavioral parameter data was recorded for 200 adult bulls during pre-bullfight handling and the bullfight. Among the six genetic lines in the sample, the Santa Coloma and Albaserrada lines exhibited the highest values for mobility, aggressiveness, respiratory rate, and fight rate. Correlations were identified between some behaviors in pre-bullfight handling and others during the bullfight. Mobility during unloading and the first examination was positively correlated with Exit speed in the opening, Focus on banderillero (lancer on foot) in the second period of the bullfight and Determination in the third period. In contrast, aggressiveness during unloading was negatively correlated with mobility parameters during the second and third periods. No differences between animals were observed during the second examination, indicating that bulls quickly adapted to the corrals. The results suggest that some aspects of bull behavior prior to the bullfight can provide valuable information to bullfighters and breeders.

Resumen El valor productivo de cada toro de lidia se cuantifica en función de su comportamiento en la plaza, el cual es muy difícil de predecir, puesto que se desconoce la heredabilidad de cada tipo de comportamiento, y su interpretación suele ser subjetiva. En este trabajo, se analiza la posible relación de la actitud observada durante la estancia previa del toro en los corrales de la plaza, con el comportamiento desarrollado durante la lidia. Para ello, se han estudiado 200 toros adultos, registrando su comportamiento en los corrales y posteriormente durante la lidia. Se observan diferencias entre encastes en los patrones registrados previos a la lidia, siendo los encastes Santa Coloma y Albaserrada los que desarrollaron una mayor movilidad, agresividad, frecuencia respiratoria y tasa de peleas. Existen correlaciones significativas entre varias conductas recogidas durante el desembarque y los patrones etológicos registrados durante la lidia. La movilidad durante el desembarque y primer reconocimiento veterinario se correlaciona positivamente con la rapidez de salida, con la fijeza en banderillas y con la repetición de embestida en la muleta. De forma inversa la agresividad durante el desembarque, evidenciada en el mayor número de embestidas a los burladeros, se correlaciona negativamente con parámetros indicativos de movilidad durante las banderillas y muleta. Durante el segundo reconocimiento veterinario, no se observaron grandes diferencias de comportamiento entre animales, ya que el toro se aclimata rápidamente al nuevo entorno de los corrales. Los resultados obtenidos apuntan una relación entre la actitud del animal previa a la corrida, lo cual puede dar información valiosa a toreros y ganaderos.

The conceit that humans are exceptional and a species apart from nature continues to dominate traditional forms of curriculum in higher education. This article considers how an ethological curriculum might be used to disrupt current imaginaries informing prevailing higher education curricula practices in its rejection of a metaphysics of individualism that is foundational to traditional curriculum studies. An ethological curriculum thinks with more-than-human forms of life in relational ways to consider how we might work differently in higher education. The article offers four propositions as launching points, inflections or forces which can potentiate an ethological curriculum - cultivating attunement, attentiveness and noticing; becoming-with; rendering each other capable; and engaging response-ably.

Resumen Se presenta un caso de aneurisma del seno de Valsalva derecho roto a la aurícula derecha, que en el transcurso de tres meses desarrolló insuficiencia cardiaca global y fue resuelto del todo por medio de intervencionismo, colocando un dispositivo oclusor en el sitio de la fístula. Se discute su etología, así como las pautas para el diagnóstico clínico y el tratamiento.

Abstract We present a case of a ruptured right sinus of Valsalva aneurysm to the right atrium that developed global heart failure over the course of three months, and which was completely resolved through cardiac catheterism, placing an occlusive device at the site of the fistula. Its ethology is discussed, as well as the guidelines for clinical diagnosis and treatment.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the behaviour and physiological response of Brahman cows grazing in silvopastoral arrangements with scattered trees. The study was conducted in Puerto Nare, Antioquia, Colombia. Two productive systems were typified: a system with relevant shade cover with discontinuous trees and shrubs and a central alley of trees (protocol A) and a control system with scarce tree cover (protocol B). Each system included 19 Brahman cows with calves at foot. Lower environmental temperature was recorded in the paddocks of protocol A (p=0.04) and a higher respiratory rate in cows of protocol B (p=0.0001). There were no differences in dry matter intake (p=0.40), but there was more time dedicated to night grazing by cows from Protocol B (p=0.0017). It is concluded that silvopastoral systems with an adequate offer of shade allow to reduce the ambient temperature by up to 2°C, promoting welfare and comfort to Bos indicus cattle reared in tropical conditions.

RESUMEN El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el comportamiento y respuesta fisiológica en pastoreo de vacas Brahman en arreglos silvopastoriles con árboles dispersos. El estudio se realizó en Puerto Nare, Antioquia, Colombia. Se tipificaron dos sistemas productivos: un sistema con revestimiento pertinente de sombra con árboles y arbustos discontinuos y un callejón central de árboles (protocolo A) y un sistema control con escasa cubierta de árboles (protocolo B). Cada sistema incluyó a 19 vacas Brahman con sus crías. Se registró menor temperatura ambiental en los potreros del protocolo A (p=0.04) y una frecuencia respiratoria mayor en las vacas del protocolo B (p=0.0001). No hubo diferencias en la ingesta de materia seca (p=0.40), pero hubo mayor tiempo dedicado al pastoreo nocturno en las vacas del Protocolo B (p=0.0017). Se concluye que los sistemas silvopastoriles con adecuada oferta de sombra permiten reducir la temperatura ambiente hasta en 2° C, propiciando mayor bienestar y comodidad a bovinos Bos indicus alojados en condiciones de trópico.

Abstract The science of sensory ecology formally emerged in the book of Ali (1978), when behavioral ecology was gaining popularity. Until 2020, three main books were written on the subject, in 1992 (Dusenbery 1992), 2001 (Barth & Schmid 2001) and 2013 (Stevens 2013). The definitions of sensory ecology provided by Ali emphasize adaptation, optimality and fitness. These are main concepts of behavioral ecology but the last two are not necessarily fundamentals of sensory ecology. Here I looked at the evolution of the concept of sensory ecology and tried to understand whether there is evidence that the definitions given in 1978 had been influenced by behavioral ecology. I have counted the appearances of these three words (adapt*, optim* and fitness) in these books, divided by the number of words in each book, and compared the numbers to the definitions of sensory ecology given. Authors in Ali´s book often use adaptation but seldom deal with optimality or fitness. I suggest that the appearance of these keywords of behavioral ecology in the definitions of sensory ecology in Ali´s book was maybe a necessity to fit in the paradigms of that time. Sensory ecology was actually mechanistic in 1978 and 1992. Sensory ecology is now both mechanistic and evolutionary. 1978, , (1978) popularity 2020 subject 199 Dusenbery 1992, 1992) 200 Barth 201 Stevens 2013. . 2013) fitness 197 adapt*, adapt (adapt* optim Alis s time evolutionary (1978 202 19 20 adapt* (adapt (197 1 2 (19 (1 (

ABSTRACT Pair-formation, courtship, copulatory, and post-copulatory behaviors of Eidmanacris meridionalis Desutter-Grandcolas, 1995, were described under laboratory conditions and compared with congeneric species and other Phalangopsidae crickets whose mating behavior has been previously studied. Field observations for the species are also reported. Mating behaviors were observed in E. meridionalis couples: they first remained motionless, and then began walking through the arena screening the substrate. Mating behavior started with antennal contact, followed by males positioning themselves in front of females, that, when receptive, mounted on the males back and started feeding on metanotum secretions of the males. Copulation (female-above-male position) started with the engaging of copulatory structures and stopped with couple detachment. The end-to-end position was observed once, right after couple detachment. Males always remained with the spermatophore, which was eaten after removal or, alternatively, left in the substrate. The main differences in mating behavior of Eidmanacris species regard the mating position and the duration of the reproductive stages, suggesting that other reproductive repertoires can be observed in the genus since 27 species have not yet been studied in regards their reproductive behavior. We can also assume that the morphological, genetic, and chemical diversity found among the species of Phalangopsidae reflects in the behaviors of pair-formation, courtship, copulation, and post-copulation, leading to a diversity of copulation positions, duration of the stages, methods of attracting partners and parental investment. The description of Phalangopsidae mating patterns can provide important information for future evolutionary and phylogenetic studies, apart from useful for distinguishing cryptic species. Pairformation, Pairformation Pair formation, formation Pair-formation courtship postcopulatory post DesutterGrandcolas, DesutterGrandcolas Desutter Grandcolas, Grandcolas Desutter-Grandcolas 1995 reported E couples motionless substrate contact females receptive femaleabovemale female above male detachment endtoend end once spermatophore or alternatively stages 2 morphological genetic pairformation, pairformation pair pair-formation postcopulation, postcopulation post-copulation positions investment studies 199 19 1

Abstract Cerambycidae beetles limit production and establishment of forest and fruit trees. Oncideres cervina Thomson, 1868 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is one of the most important species. The objective was to record O. cervina girdling branches of Persea americana Mill. (Lauraceae) for the first time, check the number of oviposition incisions (Noi) as a function of the diameter of branch sections, period of emergence, and describe the larval-pupal chamber. Individuals of O. cervina were observed, for the first time, in P. americana orchards in Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The middle section of branches (40-60 cm interval) had higher number of incisions. Girdled branches with a diameter of 40-50 mm had higher number of them. Adults emerged from November through January. Larval-pupal boreholes had diameters between 9 and 11 mm, and average tunnel length was 28 mm, with a mean volume of consumed wood of 4.3 mL. This information is useful for establishing integrated pest management practices against O. cervina in P. americana since this crop has a high added value and can be significantly compromised by attack by Cerambycidae beetles. trees Thomson 186 Coleoptera (Coleoptera species O Mill Lauraceae (Lauraceae time Noi (Noi sections emergence larvalpupal larval pupal chamber observed P Maria Sul Brazil 4060 40 60 (40-6 interval 4050 50 40-5 them January Larvalpupal Larval 1 2 43 4 3 4. mL 18 406 6 (40- 405 5 40- (40 (4 (

Resumo Os besouros da família Cerambycidae limitam a produção e o estabelecimento de essências florestais e frutíferas. Oncideres cervina Thomson, 1868 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) é uma das espécies mais importantes. O objetivo foi registrar O. cervina danificando ramos de Persea americana Mill. (Lauraceae) pela primeira vez, verificar o número de incisões de postura em relação ao diâmetro das secções dos ramos, período de emergência e descrever a galeria larval-pupal. Indivíduos de O. cervina foram observados pela primeira vez em pomares de P. americana em Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. A secção média dos ramos (intervalo de 40-60 cm) apresentou maior número de incisões. Ramos danificados com diâmetro de 40-50 mm tiveram maior número delas. Adultos emergiram de novembro a janeiro. Os orifícios larvais-pupais tinham diâmetros entre 9 e 11 mm, e o comprimento médio da galeria era de 28 mm, com um volume médio de madeira consumida de 4,3 mL. Essas informações são úteis para estabelecer práticas integradas de manejo de pragas contra O. cervina em P. americana, já que essa cultura tem alto valor agregado e pode ser significativamente comprometida pelo ataque de besouros da família Cerambycidae. frutíferas Thomson 186 Coleoptera (Coleoptera importantes Mill Lauraceae (Lauraceae larvalpupal. larvalpupal larval pupal. pupal larval-pupal P Maria Sul Brasil intervalo 4060 40 60 40-6 cm 4050 50 40-5 delas janeiro larvaispupais larvais pupais 1 2 43 4 3 4, mL 18 406 6 40- 405 5

Abstract The objective of this study was to obtain data on the testicular biometry of the white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari) and to verify if there is a correlation between the individual’s biometric data with their dominance rank. Data were collected from 16 adult males, aged between two and seven years, who made up the same group. By the agonistic interactions analyses we calculated the linearity indexes (h') of the dominance hierarchy and dominance rank. At the end of the behavioral observations, males were captured to collect biometric data from the testis. White-lipped peccaries showed testicles located in a perineal position, inclined cranio-ventrally with oval shape, flattened laterally and with tenso-elastic consistency (2.54±0.07). There was variance in the means (± standard deviation) of testis length (5.88±1.05cm), width (4.24 ± 0.98cm), height (4.44±0.86cm), and total scrotal width (8.78±17.05). The linear dominance hierarchy described the social structure of the males of this group (h'>0.9), with probability of linearity in the hierarchy greater than chance (P = 0.02). There was a correlation between dominance rank with the body mass, length and volume of the testicles. As in general the dimensions of the testicles are directly correlated with sperm production and also testosterone, this characteristic favors the reproductive performance of dominant white-lips males. Therefore, the characteristics of testicular biometry of white-lips should be considered for the selection of individuals more likely to reproduce in captivity favoring the conservation of this vulnerable species. whitelipped white lipped Tayassu pecari individual s 1 years h (h' observations Whitelipped White position cranioventrally cranio ventrally shape tensoelastic tenso elastic 2.54±0.07. 254007 2.54±0.07 . 2 54 0 07 (2.54±0.07) ( deviation 5.88±1.05cm, 588105cm cm 5.88±1.05cm , 5 88 05cm (5.88±1.05cm) 4.24 424 4 24 (4.2 0.98cm, 098cm 0.98cm 98cm 0.98cm) 4.44±0.86cm, 444086cm 4.44±0.86cm 44 86cm (4.44±0.86cm) 8.78±17.05. 8781705 8.78±17.05 8 78 17 05 (8.78±17.05) h>0.9, h09 >0.9 9 (h'>0.9) P 0.02. 002 0.02 02 0.02) mass testosterone whitelips lips Therefore species (h 25400 2.54±0.0 (2.54±0.07 (5.88±1.05cm 4.2 42 (4. (4.44±0.86cm 878170 8.78±17.0 7 (8.78±17.05 h>0.9 h0 09 >0. (h'>0.9 00 0.0 2540 2.54±0. (2.54±0.0 4. (4 87817 8.78±17. (8.78±17.0 h>0. >0 (h'>0. 0. 254 2.54±0 (2.54±0. 8781 8.78±17 (8.78±17. h>0 > (h'>0 25 2.54± (2.54±0 878 8.78±1 (8.78±17 h> (h'> 2.54 (2.54± 87 8.78± (8.78±1 2.5 (2.54 8.78 (8.78± 2. (2.5 8.7 (8.78 (2. 8. (8.7 (2 (8. (8

Resumo O objetivo neste estudo foi obter dados sobre a biometria testicular do queixada (Tayassu pecari) e verificar se há correlação entre os dados biométricos do indivíduo com seu posto de dominância. Os dados foram coletados de 16 queixadas adultos, com idades entre dois e sete anos, que compunham o mesmo grupo. Por meio de análises das interações agonísticas foram calculados os índices de linearidade (h') da hierarquia de dominância e determinado o rank dos indivíduos. Ao final das observações comportamentais, os machos foram capturados para coleta de dados biométricos do testículo. Os queixadas apresentaram testículos localizados em posição perineal, inclinados cranioventralmente com formato oval, achatados láterolateralmente e com consistência tensoelástica (2,54±0,07). Houve variação nas médias (± desvio padrão) do comprimento testicular (5,88±1,05cm), largura (4,24±0,98cm), altura (4,44±0,86cm) e largura escrotal total (8,78±17,05). A hierarquia de dominância linear descreveu a estrutura social dos machos desse grupo (h'>0,9), com probabilidade de linearidade na hierarquia maior que o acaso (P = 0,02). Houve correlação entre a classificação de dominância com a massa corporal, comprimento e volume dos testículos. Como em geral as dimensões dos testículos estão diretamente correlacionadas com a produção de esperma e também de testosterona, essa característica favorece o desempenho reprodutivo de machos de queixadas brancos dominantes. Portanto, as características da biometria testicular de queixadas devem ser consideradas para a seleção de indivíduos com maior probabilidade de reprodução em cativeiro favorecendo a conservação desta espécie vulnerável. Tayassu pecari 1 adultos anos h (h' comportamentais testículo perineal oval 2,54±0,07. 254007 2,54±0,07 . 2 54 0 07 (2,54±0,07) ± ( padrão 5,88±1,05cm, 588105cm cm 5,88±1,05cm , 5 88 05cm (5,88±1,05cm) 4,24±0,98cm, 424098cm 4,24±0,98cm 4 24 98cm (4,24±0,98cm) 4,44±0,86cm 444086cm 44 86cm (4,44±0,86cm 8,78±17,05. 8781705 8,78±17,05 8 78 17 05 (8,78±17,05) h>0,9, h09 >0,9 9 (h'>0,9) P 0,02. 002 0,02 02 0,02) corporal testosterona dominantes Portanto vulnerável (h 25400 2,54±0,0 (2,54±0,07 (5,88±1,05cm (4,24±0,98cm 878170 8,78±17,0 7 (8,78±17,05 h>0,9 h0 09 >0, (h'>0,9 00 0,0 2540 2,54±0, (2,54±0,0 87817 8,78±17, (8,78±17,0 h>0, >0 (h'>0, 0, 254 2,54±0 (2,54±0, 8781 8,78±17 (8,78±17, h>0 > (h'>0 25 2,54± (2,54±0 878 8,78±1 (8,78±17 h> (h'> 2,54 (2,54± 87 8,78± (8,78±1 2,5 (2,54 8,78 (8,78± 2, (2,5 8,7 (8,78 (2, 8, (8,7 (2 (8, (8