Resumen: Antecedentes: La provincia de Taza presenta una enorme riqueza y biodiversidad. Actualizar sus inventarios de plantas medicinales es crucial para preservar el conocimiento tradicional. Preguntas y / o Hipótesis: ¿Qué nuevas especies y familias de plantas medicinales se pueden reportar al ampliar el área de estudio de la provincia de Taza respecto a trabajos anteriores? Especies de estudio: 202 especies medicinales. Sitio y años de estudio: 28 comunidades de Taza (Marruecos), entre marzo y octubre (2021). Métodos: Una encuesta etnobotánica que incluyó a 340 entrevistados mediante un cuestionario semiestructurado. Resultados: Se inventariaron 91 taxones medicinales pertenecientes a 48 familias. 12 especies, incluidas tres espontáneas: Atriplex halimus L., Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Sch and Micromeria graeca (L.) Benth. ex Rchb. fueron reportados por primera vez. Las especies más frecuentes son respectivamente Salvia officinalis L., Trigonella foenum-graecum L. y Rosmarinus officinalis L.. Las familias más frecuentes son respectivamente Lamiaceae, Asteraceae y Fabaceae. Se han enumerado siete nuevos nombres vernáculos. La mayoría de las plantas fueron espontáneas (55.9 %). El análisis comparativo con trabajos anteriores permitió obtener una lista de verificación de 202 taxones (75 familias) de los cuales 65 tienen endemismo específico y 77 (48 espontáneos) están en la lista roja. Se han actualizado los nombres científicos de 28 especies y nueve familias. Conclusiones: Esta lista (202 taxones) que refleja la riqueza del patrimonio vegetal de la provincia de Taza, constituye una gran base de datos para futuras investigaciones científicas. Las 12 especies merecen ser evaluadas mediante estudios etnofarmacológicos.

Abstract Background: Taza province presents enormous richness and biodiversity. Updating their medicinal plant inventories is crucial for conserving traditional knowledge, sustainable use, health and well-being, economic opportunities and collaborative research. Question: What new species and families of medicinal plants can we report by widening the ethnobotanical study area in Taza province compared to previous work? Studied species: 202 medicinal plant species. Study site and dates: 28 communities in the province of Taza (Morocco), between March and October 2021. Methods: An ethnobotanical survey including 340 interviewees using a semi-structured questionnaire. Results: 91 medicinal taxa belonging to 48 families were inventoried. 12 species including three spontaneous: Atriplex halimus L., Citrullus colocynthis L. Sch and Micromeria graeca (L.) Benth. ex Rchb. were reported for the first time. The most frequent species are respectively Salvia officinalis L., Trigonella foenum-graecum L. and Rosmarinus officinalis L. The most frequent families are respectively Lamiaceae, Asteraceae and Fabaceae. Seven new vernacular names have been listed. Most of the plants were spontaneous (55.9 %). The comparative analysis with previous work led to obtaining a checklist of 202 taxa (75 families) of which 65 have specific endemism and 77 (48 spontaneous) are on the red list. The scientific names of 28 species and nine families have been updated. Conclusions: This checklist (202 taxa) traduces the plant heritage richness of Taza province and constitutes a great database for future scientific research. The 12 newly listed species constitute an added value that deserves to be valued through ethnopharmacological studies.

Abstract Mexico has great traditional knowledge of the use of medicinal plants, threatened by globalization and the standardization of educational systems. In Aguascalientes, the semiarid areas of the east are little studied on the ethnobotanical topic. The objective was to evaluate and update ethnobotanical knowledge of eastern Aguascalientes. Interviews, field trips, and collections of the mentioned medicinal plants were carried out. The Knowledge Wealth Index (KWI) and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were calculated by the age and sex of the interviewees. 52 medicinal species were identified, with main uses in the treatment of digestive, respiratory, renal, and traumatic diseases. Low KWI was obtained with a mean of 0.13 (limited knowledge), and without significant differences in knowledge between men and women, and age. The importance of documenting and preserving traditional knowledge and the use of medicinal plants in eastern Aguascalientes is highlighted.

Resumen México posee gran conocimiento tradicional en el uso de plantas medicinales, amenazado por la globalización y la estandarización de los sistemas educativos. En Aguascalientes, la región semiárida del oriente es un área poco estudiada en el ámbito etnoflorístico. El objetivo fue evaluar y actualizar el conocimiento etnoflorístico del oriente de Aguascalientes. Se hicieron entrevistas, recorridos en campo y colectas de las plantas medicinales mencionadas. Se calculó el índice de riqueza de conocimiento (IRC) y análisis de varianza (ANOVA) por edad y sexo de los entrevistados. Se identificaron 52 especies medicinales, con usos principales en el tratamiento de enfermedades digestivas, respiratorias, renales, y traumatismos. Se obtuvo bajo IRC con media de 0.13 (conocimiento limitado), y sin diferencias significativas en el conocimiento entre hombres y mujeres, ni por edad. Se destaca la importancia de documentar y preservar el conocimiento tradicional y el uso de plantas medicinales en el oriente de Aguascalientes.

Resumen Esta contribución se enmarca dentro de la línea de investigación de la etnobotánica urbana que tiene como principal objetivo estudiar el conocimiento botánico en el ámbito urbano y periurbano. Este trabajo está orientado a conocer las etnoespecies (que incluyen especies vegetales y variedades botánicas locales) utilizadas por las familias bolivianas del cinturón hortícola de La Plata para la elaboración de sus platos típicos/cotidianos. El relevamiento se realizó en 6 ferias y 22 puestos de venta de hortalizas y frutas en el ámbito urbano, a partir de estos se realizaron 10 entrevistas abiertas y semiestructuradas a los vendedores/productores bolivianos en sus sitios de venta. Como resultado se identificaron 61 etnoespecies pertenecientes a 16 familias botánicas, tres de las cuales concentran la mayor cantidad de etnoespecies registradas: Solanaceae (13), Cucurbitaceae (8) y Brassicaceae (6); junto a la parte de la planta que se comercializa, siendo los frutos frescos a granel la forma predominante (59%). Esta contribución amplía el conocimiento de la dieta de los migrantes, los usos y la adaptación de su gastronomía. En conclusión, los vendedores informaron que emplean todas las etnoespecies que comercializan en su cocina diaria cumpliendo un rol importante dentro de su hogar, como así también sus cultivos que aumentan la agrobiodiversidad local.

Summary This contribution is part of the urban ethnobotany research line whose main objective is to study botanical knowledge in the urban and peri-urban environment. This work is oriented to know the ethnospecies (which include plant species and local botanical varieties) used by the Bolivian families of the La Plata horticultural belt for the elaboration of their typical/daily dishes. Six fairs and 22 vegetable and fruit sales stalls in the urban area were surveyed, three of which concentrate the largest number of registered ethnospecies: Solanaceae (13), Cucurbitaceae (8) and Brassicaceae (6); along with the part of the plant that is commercialized, being the fresh fruits in bulk the predominant form (59%). This contribution expands knowledge of the diet of migrants, the uses and adaptation of their gastronomy. In conclusion, the sellers reported that they use all the ethnospecies that they sell in their daily cooking, fulfilling an important role within their home, as well as their crops that increase the local agrobiodiversity.

Resumen: En este trabajo se propone indagar en la conformación del complejo de las “tolas” en la provincia de Jujuy. Se desarrolló trabajo de campo en las ciudades de Abra Pampa, Humahuaca, y San Salvador de Jujuy, puntualmente en el ámbito familiar, en mercados y ferias. Para cumplir con el objetivo se empleó metodología etnobotánica cualitativa, como observación participante y entrevistas abiertas, semiestructuradas; orientadas a indagar el conocimiento local sobre la/s planta/s reconocida/s localmente como “tola”, el uso actual, los usuarios del recurso, sitios de acceso y formas de obtención, partes utilizadas y épocas de recolección. De manera complementaria, se indagó en artículos etnobotánicos y de disciplinas afines. Se obtuvo también material vegetal acondicionado para determinar su identidad taxonómica. Se estableció que este complejo está integrado por 14 especies originarias de las provincias fitogeográficas Puna, Altoandina y Prepuna; conocidas localmente como “tola” o variantes de este nombre, las cuales comparten el nombre en función de los atributos de su morfología, la aromaticidad y usos diversos. Se propone la presencia de un subcomplejo bajo el nombre local de “koa”-“koba”.Se concluye la importancia de reconocer los complejos vegetales e identificar sus componentes, lo que permite una mejor comprensión de la visión local de la naturaleza.

Summary: The aim of this research is to study the structure of the “tolas” complex in the Province of Jujuy. Fieldwork was carried out in the cities of Abra Pampa, Humahuaca and San Salvador de Jujuy, specifically in household context, markets and fairs. Qualitative ethnobotanical methodology , such as participant observation and open and semi-structured interviews, was used to inquiring about local knowledge on the plant(s) recognised locally as tola, its current use, any users, sites of access, ways to obtain them, parts used, and harvesting times. Complementarily, a literature search was carried out for articles in ethnobotany and related disciplines. Plant material was obtained and conditioned for taxonomic identification. Results show that this complex consists of 14 species originating from the Puna, Altoandina and Prepuna phytogeographical provinces, known locally as “tola” or variants of this name, which share the name based on the attributes of their morphology, aromaticity and diverse uses. The presence of a subcomplex under the local name “koa”-“koba” is proposed. It is important to recognise plant complexes and identify their components for a better understanding of local view of nature.

Resumen Este artículo registra saberes botánicos y médicos en el departamento de Artigas, Uruguay. La investigación se llevó a cabo entre los años 2017 y 2018. Mediante observaciones y entrevistas a diferentes actores sociales vinculados a la práctica de la medicina popular, se logró recabar información para su posterior sistematización y análisis. En Artigas fueron identificadas 142 plantas pertenecientes a 65 familias botánicas, siendo las familias Asteraceae, Myrtaceae, Fabaceae, Apiaceae y Lamiaceae las más recurrentes. De estas especies, 131 son utilizadas como medicinales. Las restantes plantas poseen otros usos etnobotánicos como ser alimentos, condimento, maderable, pintura corporal y usos indígenas. Las plantas medicinales son utilizadas principalmente para tratar afecciones del sistema digestivo (23%), sistema sensorial (13%), sistema genitourinario (12%) y sistema respiratorio (11%). La principal forma de consumo es a través de la infusión (46%) y la parte utilizada principalmente es la hoja (48%). Asimismo, fueron identificadas una gran diversidad de prácticas de la medicina popular, dando como resultado una etnomedicina caracterizada en base al uso de plantas medicinales.

Summary This article presents botanical and medical knowledge in the department of Artigas, Uruguay. The research was carried out between 2017 and 2018. Information through observations and interviews with different social actors linked to the practice of popular medicine was collected to systematize and analyze. In Artigas, 142 plant species belonging to 65 botanical families were identified, with Asteraceae, Myrtaceae, Fabaceae, Apiaceae and Lamiaceae as the most recurrent ones. Of these species 131 are used as medicinal. The remaining have other ethnobotanical uses, such as food, seasoning, timber, body paint, and native traditions. Medicinal plants are mainly used to treat disorders of the digestive system (23%), sensory system (13%), genitourinary system (12%) and respiratory system (11%). The main form of consumption is through infusion (46%) and the part used are mainly leaves (48%) Likewise, a great diversity of popular medicine practices were identified, resulting in an ethnomedicine characterized on the use of medicinal plants.

Abstract Evolution has originated high levels of biodiversity that provide essential actual benefits to humans and future called option values. These resources are extracted and used to meet basic needs, such as traditional medicine, which is the result of human experience and its contact with nature over time. Traditional knowledge used as a guide for bioprospecting and ethnomedicinal research is the first step to protecting it and making it visible. The need to apply phylogenetic approaches and their importance for the development of ethnobotany in Mexico is discussed, as well as their implications for the discovery, use and conservation of medicinal resources for human well-being. This approaches, elucidating the evolutionary history of species, can improve bioprospecting practices since they point out related species which could produce useful chemical compounds, which is relevant to biotechnology and emphasizes the importance of preserving biocultural heritage.

Resumen La evolución ha producido una gran biodiversidad que proporciona al ser humano bienes esenciales actuales y opciones de valor de facturas. Estos recursos son extraídos y empleados para satisfacer necesidades básicas, como la medicina tradicional, resultado de la experiencia y el contacto humano con la naturaleza a través del tiempo. Los saberes tradicionales han sido aprovechados como guía para la bioprospección y los estudios etnobotánicos son el primer paso para visibilizarlos y protegerlos. Se plantea la necesidad de aplicar aproximaciones filogenéticas y su importancia para el desarrollo de la etnobotánica en México, así como su impacto en el descubrimiento, aprovechamiento y conservación de recursos medicinales para el bienestar humano. Estas aproximaciones, que revelan la historia evolutiva de las especies, pueden fortalecer la bioprospección, ya que señalan especies emparentadas que pudieran llegar a producir sustancias químicas útiles, lo que resulta relevante para la biotecnología y resalta la importancia de la conservación del patrimonio biocultural.

ABSTRACT With this study, we aimed to identify the plants used by communities residing in the Delta do Parnaíba Environmental Protection Area (APA) and their material and non-material contributions. Data were collected from scientific articles indexed in the Web of Science, Scopus, SciELO and Google Scholar databases. The following word combinations were used: Ethnobotany ‘OR’ Knowledge ‘OR’ traditional AND “Delta do Parnaíba”. Seventeen scientific articles met the inclusion criteria, produced from studies carried out in 13 local APA communities. In the publications, 130 plant species cited by local people were identified. The species reported contributing to traditional medicine, food, crafts, and wood and use as religious magic, inspiration, and physical and psychological experiences. We suggest that the services provided by APA plants be better evaluated so that populations residing in this Conservation Unit continue to receive, in a sustainable manner, the benefits that local plants can provide. study (APA nonmaterial non contributions Science Scopus databases ‘OR OR Parnaíba. . Parnaíba” criteria 1 publications identified medicine food crafts magic inspiration experiences receive manner provide

RESUMO Com esse estudo, tivemos como objetivo identificar as plantas utilizadas por comunidades residentes na Área de Proteção Ambiental (APA) Delta do Parnaíba e suas contribuições materiais e não materiais. Os dados foram coletados a partir de artigos científicos indexados nas bases de dados Web of Science, Scopus, SciELO e Google Acadêmico. Foram utilizadas as combinações de palavras: Ethnobotany ‘OR’ Knowledge ‘OR’ traditional AND “Delta do Parnaíba”. Atenderam aos critérios de inclusão 17 artigos científicos, produzidos a partir de estudos realizados em 13 comunidades locais da APA. Nas publicações, foram identificadas 130 espécies de plantas citadas pelos povos locais. As espécies relatadas contribuem na medicina tradicional, alimentação, artesanato e madeira, além de usos como mágico-religiosa, inspiração, experiências físicas e psicológicas. Sugerimos que os serviços prestados pelas plantas da APA sejam melhor avaliados para que populações residentes nessa Unidade de Conservação continuem a receber, de modo sustentável, os benefícios que as plantas locais podem proporcionar. estudo (APA Science Scopus Acadêmico palavras ‘OR OR Parnaíba. . Parnaíba” 1 publicações tradicional alimentação madeira mágicoreligiosa, mágicoreligiosa mágico religiosa, religiosa mágico-religiosa inspiração psicológicas receber sustentável proporcionar

Abstract Medicinal plants used by the population in southern Brazil have been observed to be popularly referred to by the names of manufactured drugs. This study aimed to find a connection between the use of medicinal plant species with popular names associated with manufactured drugs and the actual biomedical system. A database regarding such medicinal plants was established based on thirty-four ethnobotanical studies undertaken in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and chemical and pharmacological information was collected from a scientific article database and crossed referenced to determine whether folk information was correlated. Thirty-one species with a total of twenty-five different popular names of manufactured drugs were found. The greatest number of popular names of manufactured drugs was for Alternanthera brasiliana with eight names, followed by Achillea millefolium with six. The therapeutic indication of the species used in the manufactured formulas was found to differ from the indications of popular use. However, the therapeutic indication of both were correlated for digestive disorders, as well as for popularly named phytotherapic species. Cultural adoption of popular names may be influenced by the biomedical system and the flow of knowledge arising from conventional medicine toward popular medicine. thirtyfour thirty four Sul Thirtyone Thirty one twentyfive twenty five six However disorders

Resumo Observou-se que as plantas medicinais utilizadas pela população do sul do Brasil têm sido referidas popularmente pelos nomes dos medicamentos industrializados. Este estudo visou encontrar uma ligação entre o uso de espécies de plantas medicinais com os nomes populares associados a medicamentos industrializados e o sistema biomédico atual. Foi criada uma base de dados sobre estas plantas medicinais com base em 34 estudos etnobotânicos realizados no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, e foram buscadas informações químicas e farmacológicas a partir de uma base de dados de artigos científicos, e cruzadas para determinar se as informações populares estavam correlacionadas. Foram encontradas 31 espécies com um total de 25 nomes populares de medicamentos industrializados diferentes. O maior número de nomes populares de medicamentos industrializados foi para Alternanthera brasiliana com oito nomes, seguido de Achillea millefolium com seis. Verificou-se que a indicação terapêutica das espécies utilizadas nas fórmulas industrializadas era diferente das indicações de uso popular. No entanto, a indicação terapêutica de ambas foram correlacionadas para distúrbios digestivos, bem como para as espécies designadas popularmente por fitoterápicos. A adoção cultural de nomes populares pode ser influenciada pelo sistema biomédico e pelo fluxo de conhecimento decorrente da medicina convencional em direção à medicina popular. Observouse Observou atual 3 Sul científicos 2 diferentes seis Verificouse Verificou popular entanto digestivos fitoterápicos

Abstract Sambucus australis (Viburnaceae) is a wild and native species from South America used in traditional medicine. The objective of this review is to collect information on geographic distribution, systematics and phylogeny, morphological and anatomical characteristics, biochemical composition, and biological and ethnobotanical activity for its valorization as a wild food plant with edible and medicinal properties. S. australis grows naturally in Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia, Uruguay, and Argentina. It is a shrub or small dioecious tree. Leaves are imparipinnate, generally with 11 opposite leaflets. Flowers with a 1-cm diameter are presented in inflorescences as terminal corymbs, with an inferior, pentacarpellate and pentalocular ovary. Leaves and flowers have a high content of total phenols. The following secondary metabolites were found: quercetin, isoquercetrin, quercetin, Kaempferol, hyperoside, rutin, and di-O-caffeoylquinic, chlorogenic, gallic, caffeic, and ellagic acids. Its biological activity was described as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, allelopathic, antiproliferative, antigenotoxic, antiparasitic, hypoglycemic, lipid-lowering, antibacterial and synergizing. Ethnobotanical studies have shown that its flowers, leaves, fruits, bark and roots are used to treat asthma, colds, flu, diabetes, measles, etc. Knowledge about the characteristics, properties, and uses of S. australis is an important contribution for its valorization, conservation, sustainable use and domestication Viburnaceae (Viburnaceae medicine distribution phylogeny characteristics composition properties S Brazil Paraguay Bolivia Uruguay Argentina tree imparipinnate 1 leaflets 1cm cm corymbs inferior ovary phenols found quercetin isoquercetrin Kaempferol hyperoside rutin diOcaffeoylquinic, diOcaffeoylquinic di O caffeoylquinic, caffeoylquinic di-O-caffeoylquinic chlorogenic gallic caffeic acids antiinflammatory, antiinflammatory anti inflammatory, inflammatory anti-inflammatory antioxidant allelopathic antiproliferative antigenotoxic antiparasitic hypoglycemic lipidlowering, lipidlowering lipid lowering, lowering lipid-lowering synergizing leaves fruits asthma colds flu diabetes measles etc conservation

Abstract The sacred ayahuasca brew, utilized by indigenous communities in the Amazon and syncretic religious groups in Brazil, primarily consists of a decoction of two plants: (i) the Amazonian liana known as Mariri or Jagube (Banisteriopsis caapi), and (ii) the shrub referred as Chacrona or Rainha (Psychotria viridis). While Chacrona leaves are rich in N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT), a potent psychedelic, the macerated vine of Mariri provides beta-carboline alkaloids acting as monoamine oxidase inhibitors, preventing DMT’s degradation. This study sequenced, assembled, and analyzed the complete genome of B. caapi’s mitochondrion, yielding a circular structure spanning 503,502 bp. Although the mtDNA encompasses most plant mitochondrial genes, it lacks some ribosomal genes, presents some atypical genes, and contains plastid pseudogenes, suggesting gene transfer between organelles. The presence of a 7-Kb repetitive segment containing copies of the rrnL and trnfM genes suggests mitogenome isomerization, supporting the hypothesis of dynamic mitogenome maintenance in plants. Phylogenetics and phylogenomics across 24 Malpighiales confirms the sample’s placement in the “Tucunacá” ethnovariety, aligning with morphological identification. This study spearheads efforts to decode the genome of this esteemed Malpighiaceae. brew Brazil plants i (i Banisteriopsis caapi, caapi , caapi) ii (ii Psychotria viridis. viridis . viridis) N,NDimethyltryptamine NNDimethyltryptamine N,N Dimethyltryptamine N DMT, DMT (DMT) psychedelic betacarboline beta carboline inhibitors DMTs s degradation sequenced assembled B caapis mitochondrion 503502 503 502 503,50 bp pseudogenes organelles 7Kb Kb 7 isomerization 2 samples sample Tucunacá “Tucunacá ethnovariety identification Malpighiaceae NDimethyltryptamine NN (DMT 50350 50 503,5 5035 5 503,

Abstract Public health systems have to evaluate how the use of traditional and complementary medicine can improve the population's health, mainly in developing countries. This research was carried out in the Salta city and the objectives were: 1) to know the plants used in urban herbal medicine; 2) inquire about the reasons for the consumption of medicinal plants, ailments, conditions and therapeutic practices; 3) know the cultural importance of plants through the Relative Importance Indices (RI), the Consensus Factor among informants (FCI) and the origin of the linked knowledge; 4) describe the plant acquisition spaces; 5) to know the perception of health personnel of formal medicine concerning the use of medicinal plants in the domestic environment and 6) to compare the diseases treated with herbal medicine and those with formal medicine. The quality-quantitative methodology of classical ethnobotany was implemented. Thirty-five participants residing in five neighborhoods were interviewed, and focus groups were held with health staff from three health centres located in the northern sector of the city linked to the neighborhoods mentioned above. The wealth of urban herbalism amounts to 120 medicinal taxa belonging to 110 genera and 52 botanical families; 63% are non-native plants and the most represented families were Asteraceae and Lamiaceae. The inhabitants of Salta have hybrid and dynamic botanical knowledge. The hybridization processes detected were fusion, recombination, new developments in innovative products and circulation of species. Three hundred thirteen medicinal uses were recorded for 63 types of conditions and ailments involving 13 body systems. The influential presence of complementary alternative medicines and the media in the dissemination of medicinal plants and derived products is noted. Among health staff, a great heterogeneity of feelings and knowledge was noted, highlighting the recognition of the use of plants by the related population; the lack of quantifiable scientific evidence on the benefits of its practice; the fear of adverse effects and the absence of formal knowledge about phytotherapy. Phytotherapy research must be deepened, and the processes of diversification and resignification of knowledge and practices about medicinal plants must be evaluated.

Resumen Los sistemas públicos de salud tienen que evaluar cómo el uso de la medicina tradicional y complementaria puede mejorar la salud de la población, principalmente en países en vía de desarrollo. Esta investigación se llevó a cabo en la ciudad de Salta y los objetivos fueron: 1) conocer las plantas utilizadas en medicina herbolaria urbana; 2) indagar acerca de las razones del consumo de las plantas medicinales, las dolencias, las afecciones y las prácticas terapéuticas; 3) conocer la importancia cultural de las plantas mediante los Índices de Importancia Relativa (IR), el Factor de Consenso entre los informantes (FCI) y el origen del conocimiento vinculado; 4) describir los espacios de adquisición de las plantas; 5) conocer la percepción del personal de la salud de la medicina formal en relación al uso de plantas medicinales en el ámbito doméstico y 6) comparar las enfermedades tratadas con la medicina herbolaria y aquellas con la medicina formal. Se implementó la metodología cuali-cuantitativa de la etnobotánica clásica. Se entrevistaron a 35 participantes residentes en cinco barrios y se realizaron grupos focales con el personal de salud de tres centros de salud ubicados en el sector norte de la ciudad vinculados a los barrios mencionados. La riqueza de la herbolaria urbana asciende a 120 taxones medicinales pertenecientes a 110 géneros y 52 familias botánicas; el 63% son plantas no nativas y las familias más representadas fueron Asteraceae y Lamiaceae. Los pobladores salteños poseen un conocimiento botánico híbrido y dinámico. Los procesos de hibridación detectados fueron fusión, recombinación, nuevos desarrollos en productos innovadores y circulación de especies. Se registraron 313 usos medicinales de 63 tipos de afecciones y dolencias que involucran a 13 sistemas corporales. Se advierte la presencia influyente de las medicinas alternativas complementarias y los medios de comunicación en la difusión de plantas medicinales y productos derivados. Entre el personal de salud se advirtió una gran heterogeneidad de sentires y saberes, destacándose el reconocimiento del uso de plantas por parte de la población vinculada; la falta de evidencia científica cuantificable sobre los beneficios de su práctica; el temor a los efectos adversos y la ausencia de conocimiento formal sobre la fitoterapia. Las investigaciones sobre fitoterapia se deben profundizar y estudiar los procesos de diversificación y resignificación de los saberes y prácticas sobre plantas medicinales.

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Resumo Atividades pedagógicas no o Ensino de Ciências podem promover a valorização dos saberes populares, bem como, promover a contextualização do conhecimento científico. O ensino de Ciências, mais especificamente o ensino de Botânica, possibilita ao estudante conhecer o mundo dos vegetais, sendo que o ensino e a aprendizagem sobre as plantas medicinais, encontradas na biodiversidade brasileira, podem promover o aperfeiçoamento do saber popular do estudante com o conhecimento científico de novos conceitos. Neste viés, o presente estudo objetivou, proporcionar espaços de formação sobre a biodiversidade do bioma pampa e a etnobotânica através de oficinas pedagógicas, enfatizando o saber popular do estudante e o cuidado com as plantas. A pesquisa se desenvolveu-se através de uma intervenção pedagógica com o auxílio das metodologias ativas, composta por quatro oficinas: I - Biodiversidade e Etnobotânica: nuvem de palavras, explanação, construção de charge e maquete; oficina II - Identificando uma planta medicinal: ficha de identificação e desenho da planta; oficina III - Construção do QR Code: construção de um QR Code com as informações coletadas na ficha de identificação na oficina II; oficina IV - Memória de uma planta medicinal: entrevista e pesquisa sobre uma planta medicinal. Participaram da atividades 40 estudantes do 7° ano do ensino fundamental, divididos em seis turmas de uma escola pública, localizada no bioma pampa e a aplicação de um questionário avaliativo. As atividades realizadas proporcionaram importantes reflexões sobre as questões ambientais e a visão local do bioma pampa, da mesma forma que o questionário final demonstrou que os estudantes estão preocupados com o cuidado local e trazem consigo os saberes populares das plantas medicinais. O saber popular dos estudantes, possibilitou a construção do conhecimento científico, facilitando o processo de ensino e de aprendizagem, despertando o interesse em cuidar e preservar a biodiversidade do bioma pampa e de se fazer uso das plantas medicinais no seu convívio familiar.

Resumen Las actividades pedagógicas en la Enseñanza de las Ciencias pueden promover la valorización del conocimiento popular, así como promover la contextualización del conocimiento científico. La enseñanza de las Ciencias, más específicamente la enseñanza de la Botánica, permite al estudiante conocer el mundo de los vegetales, y la enseñanza y el aprendizaje sobre las plantas medicinales, encontradas en la biodiversidad brasileña, puede promover la mejora del conocimiento popular del estudiante con conocimientos científicos. de nuevos conceptos. En este sentido, el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo brindar espacios de formación sobre la biodiversidad del bioma pampeano y etnobotánica a través de talleres pedagógicos, enfatizando el conocimiento popular y el cuidado de las plantas por parte de los estudiantes. La investigación se desarrolló mediante una intervención pedagógica con ayuda de metodologías activas, compuesta por cuatro talleres: I - Biodiversidad y Etnobotánica: nube de palabras, explicación, construcción de caricatura y modelo; taller II - Identificación de una planta medicinal: ficha de identificación y dibujo de la planta; taller III - Construcción del Código QR: construcción de un Código QR con la información recogida en el formulario de identificación en el taller II; taller IV - Memoria de una planta medicinal: entrevista e investigación sobre una planta medicinal. En las actividades participaron 40 estudiantes de 7mo año de primaria, divididos en seis clases de una escuela pública, ubicada en el bioma pampeano, y se les administró un cuestionario de evaluación. Las actividades realizadas aportaron importantes reflexiones sobre la problemática ambiental y la visión local del bioma pampeano, de la misma manera que el cuestionario final demostró que los estudiantes se preocupan por el cuidado local y traen consigo conocimientos populares sobre las plantas medicinales. Los saberes populares de los estudiantes permitieron la construcción de conocimiento científico, facilitando el proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje, despertando el interés por cuidar y preservar la biodiversidad del bioma pampeano y hacer uso de las plantas medicinales en su vida familiar.

Abstract Pedagogical activities in Science Teaching can promote the appreciation of popular knowledge, as well as promote the contextualization of scientific knowledge. The teaching of Science, more specifically the teaching of Botany, allows the student to get to know the world of vegetables, and teaching and learning about medicinal plants, found in Brazilian biodiversity, can promote the improvement of the student's popular knowledge with knowledge scientific knowledge of new concepts. In this sense, the present study aimed to provide training spaces on the biodiversity of the pampas biome and ethnobotany through pedagogical workshops, emphasizing the student's popular knowledge and care for plants. The research was developed through a pedagogical intervention with the help of active methodologies, consisting of four workshops: I - Biodiversity and Ethnobotany: word cloud, explanation, construction of cartoon and model; workshop II - Identifying a medicinal plant: identification form and plant drawing; workshop III - Construction of the QR Code: construction of a QR Code with the information collected on the identification form in workshop II; workshop IV - Memory of a medicinal plant: interview and research on a medicinal plant. 40 students from the 7th year of elementary school participated in the activities, divided into six classes from a public school, located in the pampas biome, and administered an evaluation questionnaire. The activities carried out provided important reflections on environmental issues and the local vision of the pampa biome, in the same way that the final questionnaire demonstrated that students are concerned with local care and bring with them popular knowledge about medicinal plants. The students' popular knowledge enabled the construction of scientific knowledge, facilitating the teaching and learning process, awakening interest in caring for and preserving the biodiversity of the pampas biome and making use of medicinal plants in their family life.

Abstract A close relationship exists between man and natural resources, especially plants, to alleviate some diseases. The study was carried out with the objective of registering medicinal plants and their uses in the metropolitan area of Saltillo, Coahuila. A total of 113 informants (17 men and 96 women, aged 20 to 70) were interviewed through a semi-structured ethnobotanical format divided into socioeconomic aspects and traditional knowledge of medicinal plants. The report of uses obtained was divided into 13 categories based on the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Health Problems of the World Health Organization. An average use of 4.6 plants and five uses per plant was recorded. Women recorded 4.9 plants and men 3.1. The simple regression analysis shows a positive correlation between Age and Plant Number. A total of 82 plants were recorded to treat diseases, belonging to 37 botanical families. The most common diseases are those that affect the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and nervous systems. The medicinal species with the highest Use Value Index were: Matricaria recutita (IVU = 0.65) and Litsea parvifolia (IVU = 0.35). The most representative families were Asteraceae (10 species, 125 use reports), Lamiaceae (12 species, 119 RU), and Lauraceae (four species, 64 RU). The most common form of preparation was infusion (88.6%) and poultice (3.68%). Although there are no ethnic or cultural roots, the residents of the metropolitan area resort to the use of herbal remedies, promoting knowledge through their uses and forms of consumption.

Resumen Existe una relación estrecha del hombre con los recursos naturales, en especial con las plantas, para aliviar algunas enfermedades. El estudio se realizó con el objetivo de registrar las plantas medicinales y sus usos en la zona metropolitana de Saltillo, Coahuila. Un total de 113 informantes (17 hombres y 96 mujeres, de 20 a 70 años) fueron entrevistados a través de un formato etnobotánico semiestructurado dividido en aspectos socioeconómicos y conocimiento tradicional de plantas medicinales. El reporte de usos obtenido se dividió en 13 categorías basadas en las Clasificación Estadística Internacional de Enfermedades y Problemas de Salud de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Se registró un uso promedio de 4.6 plantas y cinco usos por planta. Las mujeres registraron 4.9 plantas y los hombres 3.1. El análisis de regresión, mostró correlación positiva entre edad y número de planta. Se registraron 82 plantas para tratamiento de enfermedades distribuidas en 37 familias botánicas. Las enfermedades más comunes son las que afectan el sistema respiratorio, gastrointestinal y nervioso. Las especies con mayor Índice de Valor de Uso fueron: Matricaria recutita (IVU = 0.65) y Litsea parvifolia (IVU = 0.35). Las familias más representativas fueron Asteraceae (10 especies, 125 reportes de uso), Lamiaceae (12 especies, 119 RU) y Lauraceae (cuatro especies, 64 RU). Las formas de preparación más comunes fueron: infusión (88.6%) y emplasto (3.68%). Aunque no existe un arraigo étnico ni cultural, los pobladores de la zona metropolitana recurren al uso de remedios herbolarios, fomentando el conocimiento a través de sus usos y forma de consumo.

Resumen Se estudiaron la flora útil y los usos de las plantas del área rural de Linares, Nuevo León. Se realizaron 180 encuestas semiestructuradas en seis ejidos. Se registraron 75 familias, 194 géneros y 253 especies con uso etnobotánico. Las principales categorías de uso fueron: ornamental (105 especies), medicinal (83), alimento (6) y maderable (25), las 34 especies restantes son utilizadas como forraje, cosméticos y creencias. Cactaceae (19), Fabaceae (15), Asteraceae (15), Poaceae (15), Lamiaceae (12), Solanaceae (6), Asparagaceae (6) y Rutaceae (4) registraron el mayor número de taxa. Del total de especies identificadas, 120 son nativas y 133 exóticas. Respecto al uso medicinal, Allium sativum, Aloe vera, Echinocereus poselgeri, Equisetum laevigatum, Croton suaveolens, Mentha spicata, Litsea glaucescens y Ruta graveolens resultaron las más utilizadas. Las principales especies maderables fueron: Prosopis glandulosa, Vachellia farnesiana, Ebenopsis ebano, Havardia pallens, Quercus canbyi, Carya illinoinensis, Pinus cembroides, P. montezumae y P. teocote. Para el Factor de Consenso del Informante (FCI) las medicinales se utilizan, principalmente, para curar males de los sistemas respiratorio, circulatorio, reproductivo y digestivo. Los taxa con los valores más altos del Índice de Valor de Uso (IVU) fueron Dysphania ambrosioides, Allium cepa y A. sativum, todas con valor=1. Respecto al Índice de Fidelidad (IF, %), los mayores porcentajes correspondieron a Artemisia ludoviciana, Cymbopogon citratus y Hedeoma drummondii. La región rural de Linares posee una rica flora útil que se utiliza principalmente como ornamental, medicinal, alimenticia, forrajera y maderable.

Abstract The useful flora and uses of plants in the rural area of Linares, Nuevo León were analyzed. A total of 180 semi-structured surveys were conducted in six ejidos. 75 families, 194 genera and 253 species with ethnobotanical use were recorded. The main categories of use were: ornamental (105 species), medicinal (83), food (6) and timber (25); the remaining 34 species are used as fodder, cosmetics and beliefs. Cactaceae (19), Fabaceae (15), Asteraceae (15), Poaceae (15), Lamiaceae (12), Solanaceae (6), Asparagaceae (6), and Rutaceae (4) recorded the highest number of taxa. Of the total number of identified species, 120 are native, and 133 are exotic. As for the medicinal use, Allium sativum, Aloe vera, Echinocereus poselgeri, Equisetum laevigatum, Croton suaveolens, Mentha spicata, Litsea glaucescens and Ruta graveolens were the most widely used. The main timber species were Prosopis glandulosa, Vachellia farnesiana, Ebenopsis ebano, Havardia pallens, Quercus canbyi, Carya illinoinensis, Pinus cembroides, P. montezumae, and P. teocote. For the Informant Consensus Factor (ICF), medicinal plants are mainly used to cure ailments of the respiratory, circulatory, reproductive, and digestive systems. The taxa with the highest Use Value Index (UVI), equal to 1 in every case, were Dysphania ambrosioides, Allium cepa, and A. sativum. In regard to the Fidelity Index (FI, %), the highest percentages corresponded to Artemisia ludoviciana, Cymbopogon citratus, and Hedeoma drummondii. The Linares rural region has a rich useful flora, which is mainly used as ornamental, medicinal, food, forage and timber.

ABSTRACT The main objective is to evaluate the ethnobotanical potential of forest species taking into consideration medicinal species. It is an innovative project, which applies a descriptive methodology, developed in situ, aimed at solving practical problems. The study reflects that 60% of the respondents are women, who are the ones who have the knowledge of the number of medicinal species and their ages range from 48 to 83 years. In addition to this, 30 forest and ruderal species were identified, after which guidelines were established for the conservation of these species.

RESUMEN El objetivo principal es evaluar el potencial etnobotánico de especies forestales tomando en consideración las especies medicinales. Es un proyecto de innovación, que aplica una metodología descriptiva, desarrollado in situ, encaminado a resolver problemas prácticos. Se reflejó en el estudio que el 60% de los encuestados son mujeres, quienes son las que tienen el conocimiento del número de especies medicinales y sus edades oscilan entre 48 y 83 años. A más de ello, se identificaron 30 especies forestales y ruderales, posterior a lo cual se establecieron lineamientos para la conservación de estas especies.