Abstract Purpose: To analyze diabetes mellitus (DM) in a multifactorial manner with the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) and variables like nutritional status, sex, genetic predisposition, age and ethnicity; in order to determine the relationship between BGA and DM in the Mazahua Otomí (MO) community. Methodological design: This quantitative survey on social and nutritional variables was designed, validated and applied. A logistic model was developed to find the relationship of DM in relation to the variables: SSB consumption, sex, genetic predisposition, age, body mass index and ethnicity. Results: The Mazahua otomi community has a monthly family income below the extreme poverty line; they do not have disease control: 68% are obese or overweight and SSB consumption is medium to high in 90% of the population. In a multifactorial manner and according to the model, there is a probability of manifesting DM depending on the variables mentioned above; while, with the exception of nutritional status and age, the others are the most significant. In taste and preferences, 52% opt for the Coca-Cola SSB brand. Research limitations: The results found should be complemented in other case studies in communities with similar characteristics and a broader probabilistic population sample. Finding: In the MO community there is a relationship between BGA consumption and DM and there is no control of the disease. This work contributes to the design of public policies to prevent health damage because of excessive consumption of SSB and its relationship with DM; likewise, those policies that rescue and promote good nutritional practices of the communities of indigenous peoples.

Resumen Objetivo: Analizar en forma multifactorial la diabetes mellitus (DM) con el consumo de las bebidas gaseosas azucaradas (BGA) y de las variables estado nutricional, sexo, predisposición genética, edad y etnia, para determinar la relación de las BGA y la DM en la comunidad Mazahua Otomí (MO). Diseño Metodológico: El estudio fue cuantitativo. Se diseñó, validó y aplicó una encuesta estructurada sobre variables sociales y nutricionales. Se elaboró un modelo logístico para encontrar la relación de DM con las variables: consumo de BGA, sexo, predisposición genética, edad, índice de masa corporal y etnia. Resultados: En la comunidad MO que se investigó un padre de familia promedio tiene un ingreso mensual por debajo de la línea de pobreza extrema y no existe control de la enfermedad de estudio: 68% tiene obesidad o sobrepeso y el consumo de BGA es entre medio y alto en 90% de la población. En forma multifactorial, hay probabilidad de manifestar la DM en función de las variables antes señaladas; mientras que, a excepción de estado nutricional y la edad, las demás son las más significativas. En gustos y preferencias, 52% opta por la marca de BGA Coca-Cola. Limitaciones de la investigación: Los resultados encontrados deberán complementarse con estudios de caso en comunidades con características similares y una muestra poblacional probabilística más amplia. Hallazgos: En la comunidad MO existe una relación entre el consumo de BGA y la DM y no hay control de la enfermedad. Este trabajo aporta al diseño de políticas públicas de prevención del daño a la salud por el consumo excesivo de BGA y su relación con la DM. De igual manera aquellas políticas públicas que rescaten y fomenten las buenas prácticas nutritivas entre las comunidades de los pueblos originarios.

Abstract Purpose: To analyze diabetes mellitus (DM) in a multifactorial manner with the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) and variables like nutritional status, sex, genetic predisposition, age and ethnicity; in order to determine the relationship between BGA and DM in the Mazahua Otomí (MO) community. Methodological design: This quantitative survey on social and nutritional variables was designed, validated and applied. A logistic model was developed to find the relationship of DM in relation to the variables: SSB consumption, sex, genetic predisposition, age, body mass index and ethnicity. Results: The Mazahua otomi community has a monthly family income below the extreme poverty line; they do not have disease control: 68% are obese or overweight and SSB consumption is medium to high in 90% of the population. In a multifactorial manner and according to the model, there is a probability of manifesting DM depending on the variables mentioned above; while, with the exception of nutritional status and age, the others are the most significant. In taste and preferences, 52% opt for the Coca-Cola SSB brand. Research limitations: The results found should be complemented in other case studies in communities with similar characteristics and a broader probabilistic population sample. Finding: In the MO community there is a relationship between BGA consumption and DM and there is no control of the disease. This work contributes to the design of public policies to prevent health damage because of excessive consumption of SSB and its relationship with DM; likewise, those policies that rescue and promote good nutritional practices of the communities of indigenous peoples.

Resumen Objetivo: Analizar en forma multifactorial la diabetes mellitus (DM) con el consumo de las bebidas gaseosas azucaradas (BGA) y de las variables estado nutricional, sexo, predisposición genética, edad y etnia, para determinar la relación de las BGA y la DM en la comunidad Mazahua Otomí (MO). Diseño Metodológico: El estudio fue cuantitativo. Se diseñó, validó y aplicó una encuesta estructurada sobre variables sociales y nutricionales. Se elaboró un modelo logístico para encontrar la relación de DM con las variables: consumo de BGA, sexo, predisposición genética, edad, índice de masa corporal y etnia. Resultados: En la comunidad MO que se investigó un padre de familia promedio tiene un ingreso mensual por debajo de la línea de pobreza extrema y no existe control de la enfermedad de estudio: 68% tiene obesidad o sobrepeso y el consumo de BGA es entre medio y alto en 90% de la población. En forma multifactorial, hay probabilidad de manifestar la DM en función de las variables antes señaladas; mientras que, a excepción de estado nutricional y la edad, las demás son las más significativas. En gustos y preferencias, 52% opta por la marca de BGA Coca-Cola. Limitaciones de la investigación: Los resultados encontrados deberán complementarse con estudios de caso en comunidades con características similares y una muestra poblacional probabilística más amplia. Hallazgos: En la comunidad MO existe una relación entre el consumo de BGA y la DM y no hay control de la enfermedad. Este trabajo aporta al diseño de políticas públicas de prevención del daño a la salud por el consumo excesivo de BGA y su relación con la DM. De igual manera aquellas políticas públicas que rescaten y fomenten las buenas prácticas nutritivas entre las comunidades de los pueblos originarios.

Abstract This study identifies the effect of the public policy implemented in the State of Ecuador in 2008 in regard to democratization of access to higher education, being understood as a right that reduces the existing gaps between men and women, ethnicities and quintiles; for this purpose, a mixed methodology is used as the starting point and, using a qualitative analysis, a review of the main legal instruments regulating higher education in Ecuador was performed, along with specific articles related to this subject. For quantitative methodology, the starting points were reports of the National Information System (SNI) in regards to net rate of enrollment in higher education, managed by the National Secretariat of Planning in order to perform a descriptive analysis on its evolution in gender, ethnicity and registration quintiles. Among the main results obtained, it was determined that the gratuity policy did have a positive effect for access to higher education for men, women, African-Ecuadorian and indigenous peoples and, for quintiles 1, 2 and 3 until year 2011, a noticeable increase was seen in nationwide net rate of enrollment with 4.95 percentile points between 2007 and 2011, until the meritocracy policy entered in force in 2012.

Resumen Esta investigación identifica el efecto de la política pública implementada en 2008 por el Estado ecuatoriano referente a la democratización del acceso a la educación superior, entendida como un derecho que reduce las brechas que existen entre hombres y mujeres, etnias y quintiles; para ello, se parte de una metodología mixta, en la que, dentro del análisis cualitativo, se revisan los principales instrumentos legales que regulan la educación superior en Ecuador, y artículos seleccionados sobre la temática. En la metodología cuantitativa, se parte de los reportes del Sistema Nacional de Información (SNI) referentes a la tasa neta de matrícula en educación superior, administrado por la Secretaría Nacional de Planificación, para realizar un análisis descriptivo sobre su evolución a nivel de sexo, etnia y quintiles de ingreso. Entre los principales resultados, se determina que la política de gratuidad tuvo un efecto positivo en el acceso a la educación superior, para hombres, mujeres, afroecuatorianos e indígenas, y en los quintiles 1, 2 y 3, hasta el año 2011, evidenciando un incremento en la tasa neta de matrícula a nivel nacional, de 2007 a 2011, de 4,95 puntos porcentuales, hasta que entró en vigor la política de meritocracia, en 2012.

Resumo A investigação identifica o efeito da política pública implementada no ano 2008 pelo Estado equatoriano em relação à democratização do acesso à educação superior, entendida a jeito de direito que reduze as divisões existentes entre homens e mulheres, etnias e quintis; para esse propósito, usou-se uma metodologia mista na que, dentro da análise qualitativa, examinaram -se os instrumentos legais principais de regulação da educação superior no Equador, além de artigos escolhidos da área temática. Dentro da metodologia quantitativa, usaram-se os reportes do Sistema Nacional de Informação (SNI) referentes à taxa líquida de matrícula na educação superior aportado pela Secretaria Nacional de Planificação, para fazer uma análise descritiva da evolução em relação ao sexo, etnia e quintis de admissão. Entre os resultados principais, determinou-se que a política de gratuidade teve um efeito positivo no acesso à educação superior para homens, mulheres, afro-equatorianos e indígenas e, nos quintis 1, 2 e 3, até o ano 2011, observou-se um incremento na taxa líquida de matrícula ao nível nacional entre os anos 2007 ao 2011, com 4.95 pontos percentis, até o começo da validade da política de meritocracia no 2012.

The main aim of this article is to provide a practical diagnostic approach to phenocopies of Huntington disease (HD). These are defined as conditions characterized by a phenotype similar to HD but with no pathogenic repeat expansion in the HTT gene. Their frequency ranges from 2% to 40% depending on ethnicity and geographic location. The most frequent genetic causes are Huntington Disease-like 2/JHP3, followed by spinocerebellar ataxia genes (SCA17/TBP, SCA12/PPP2R2B and SCA3/ATXN3, CACNA1A), and frontotemporal dementia genes (C9orf72, and VCP). There is current recognition that a growing number of acquired causes can mimic HD. Autoimmune causes such as primary antiphospholipid syndrome, paraneoplastic chorea, and anti-IGLON5 antibodies, as well as stroke, and diabetes mellitus type 2 complications are the leading acquired causes of HD phenocopies. Finally, we provide practical recommendations on how to approach HD phenocopies considering age at onset, ethnicity, and geographic location of individuals.

RESUMO O objetivo deste artigo é contribuir para o debate sobre raça e etnia em meio às organizações de extrema-direita na internet, usando Portugal como estudo de caso. A questão principal é analisar como a extrema-direita em Portugal, apesar de seu pequeno número de grupos, abrange um enorme campo de estruturas mundiais. Existem, basicamente, dois eixos ideológicos principais altamente opostos entre si. Um eixo afirma que Portugal pertence a um universo etno-europeu branco que visa um Portugal amalgamado a um continente europeu no qual os brancos deveriam ser a maioria incontestável, se não toda a população. Seus seguidores são influenciados por escolas de pensamento da Europa e dos Estados Unidos. O outro eixo afirma que o povo português é especialmente propenso à miscigenação com europeus não brancos. Este eixo visa um Portugal amalgamado com seu antigo império nos trópicos e baseia seu ideal em pensamentos surgidos no Brasil. Concluo que ambas as linhas ideológicas dividem a direita grupuscular portuguesa e dão um tom muito particular à metapolítica. extremadireita extrema internet caso grupos mundiais Existem basicamente si etnoeuropeu etno incontestável população Unidos Brasil metapolítica

ABSTRACT The aim of this article is to contribute to the debate on race and ethnicity amidst Far-right internet organizations by using Portugal as a case study. The main issue is to analyze how the Far-right in Portugal, despite its small number of groupings, encompasses a huge overarching field of worldframes. There are, basically, two main ideological axes highly opposed to each other. One axis states that Portugal belongs to a white ethnoeuropean universe. It aims at a Portugal amalgamated to a European continent in which whites should be an undeniable majority, if not all its population. Its followers are influenced by schools of thought from Europe and the USA. The other axis states that the Portuguese people are especially prone to miscegenation with non-white Europeans. It aims at a Portugal amalgamated with its former Empire in the tropics and bases its ideal on thoughts emerged in Brazil. I conclude that both ideological lines cleave the Portuguese groupuscular right and give a very particular tone to Metapolitics. Farright Far study groupings worldframes basically universe majority population USA nonwhite non Europeans Brazil Metapolitics

Abstract This article seeks to reconstruct and analyze the articulation between the immigration of German scientists to Buenos Aires and the National Institute for Secondary Education (INPS). Specifically, it aims to reconstruct the thought and dissemination strategies of German knowledge by Dr. Wilhelm Keiper who serves as an intellectual and cultural agent representing Prussian thought. The same is addressed from the perspective of transnational circulations and their local ideological anchors, within the methodology of Intellectual History. In this way, the cultural manifestations of ethnic Germans settled in the region are related to the strategies for the conveyance of the same through spaces for the construction and dissemination of social knowledge in state scientific-pedagogical institutions.

Resumen El presente artículo procura reconstruir y analizar la articulación entre la inmigración de científicos alemanes en Buenos Aires con el Instituto Nacional del Profesorado Secundario (INPS). Específicamente se apunta a realizar una reconstrucción del pensamiento y estrategias de difusión del saber germano por parte del Dr. Wilhelm Keiper el cual se desempeña como intelectual y agente cultural representante del pensamiento prusiano. Lo mismo se aborda bajo la perspectiva de las circulaciones transnacionales y sus anclajes ideológicos locales, dentro de la metodología de la Historia Intelectual. De este modo, se ponen en relación las manifestaciones culturales propias de los alemanes étnicos asentados en la región junto a las estrategias de vehiculización de las mismas a través de espacios de construcción y difusión del saber social en instituciones científico-pedagógica estatales.

Resumo O presente artigo procura reconstruir e analisar a articulação entre a imigração de cientistas alemães em Buenos Aires com o Instituto Nacional do Professorado Secundário (INPS). Especificamente, visa realizar uma reconstrução do pensamento e estratégias de difusão do saber alemão por parte do Dr. Wilhelm Keiper que atua como intelectual e agente cultural representante do pensamento prussiano. O mesmo é abordado sob a perspectiva das circulações transnacionais e seus ancoradouros ideológicos locais, dentro da metodologia da História Intelectual. Dessa forma, as manifestações culturais próprias dos alemães étnicos assentados na região são relacionadas às estratégias de veiculação das mesmas através de espaços de construção e difusão do saber social em instituições científico-pedagógicas estatais.

RESUMO A garantia de uma alimentação adequada e saudável está no rol de direitos humanos necessários para promoção da saúde. As desigualdades na distribuição de recursos e dificuldades de acesso a políticas públicas resultam em piores condições de vida das populações do campo, onde a insegurança alimentar e nutricional está mais presente que nos centros urbanos. Assim, as equipes de saúde da família do campo enfrentam diferentes desafios no processo de trabalho, sendo os Agentes Comunitários de Saúde (ACS) profissionais-chave para a garantia do acesso ao serviço. Este trabalho apresenta o caminho teórico-metodológico dos Círculos de Cultura com quatro ACS do campo no Distrito Federal e as percepções desses profissionais sobre alimentação adequada e saudável pela lente da análise do discurso. Ao longo de dois encontros, foi possível refletir sobre todas as dimensões abordadas pelo referencial teórico, com exceção da etnia/raça, além da conscientização acerca das relações de poder no território. Por meio da educação popular, vislumbra-se a transformação da realidade com ações coletivas para melhoria do acesso a alimentos saudáveis no território. Os Círculos de Cultura se mostraram um caminho potente para construção do conhecimento aliada a um olhar crítico sobre a determinação social no território. urbanos Assim (ACS profissionaischave chave serviço teóricometodológico teórico metodológico discurso encontros etniaraça etnia raça etnia/raça território popular vislumbrase vislumbra

ABSTRACT Ensuring adequate and healthy food is one of the human rights necessary to promote health. Inequalities in the distribution of resources and difficulties in accessing public policies result in worse living conditions for rural populations, where food and nutritional insecurity is more prevalent than in urban centers. Thus, rural family health teams face different challenges in the work process, with Community Health Workers (CHWs) being key professionals in ensuring access to the service. This paper presents the theoretical-methodological path of Culture Circles with four CHWs from the countryside in the Federal District and the perceptions of these professionals about adequate and healthy eating through the lens of discourse analysis. Over the course of two meetings, it was possible to reflect on all dimensions covered by the theoretical framework, except ethnicity/race, in addition to raising awareness about power relations in the territory. Through popular education, the transformation of reality is envisioned with collective actions to improve access to healthy food in the territory. The Culture Circles proved to be a powerful way for building knowledge combined with a critical look at social determination in the territory. populations centers Thus process (CHWs service theoreticalmethodological methodological analysis meetings framework ethnicityrace ethnicity race ethnicity/race territory education

Abstract Objectives: Age at menarche (MA) is a proxy for biological maturation and a parameter of socioeconomic changes. Worldwide, anticipation of menarche is associated with nutritional transition and excess weight. The objective of this study was to evaluate the MA in Amazonian students and its association with nutritional status, ethnicity, and socioeconomic level. Methods: Cross-sectional study with 1,017 students aged 6 to 17 living in the city of Manaus, Brazil. MA was analyzed by status quo and recall; its association with body mass index (BMI), race, socioeconomic status, and adult height was examined. Results: 559 (51.9%) participants had already experienced menarche. In 91.7%, menarche occurred between 10 and 14 years of age; the mean age at the onset of menarche was 11.9 years. Overweight (11.6 years) and obese (11.4 years) participants reached menarche earlier than those with normal weight (12 years) and lean (12.7 years) participants. The associations between MA and nutritional status showed that overweight and obesity are risk factors for the early occurrence of menarche. MA was not associated with socioeconomic status/parental education or race. However, excess weight was associated with earlier MA in all races and social classes. The adult height was slightly lower in girls with menarche before 12 years old (157.9 vs 159.4 cm). Conclusion: Regardless of socioeconomic level or ethnicity, excess weight was associated with earlier menarche in Amazonian students. Objectives (MA changes Worldwide ethnicity Methods Crosssectional Cross sectional 1017 1 017 1,01 Manaus Brazil recall BMI, BMI , (BMI) race examined Results 55 51.9% 519 51 9 (51.9% 917 91 7 91.7% 119 11 11. 11.6 116 (11. 11.4 114 4 (1 12.7 127 (12. statusparental parental However classes 157.9 1579 157 (157. 1594 159 159. cm. cm . cm) Conclusion 101 01 1,0 (BMI 5 51.9 (51.9 91.7 (11 ( 12. 157. 15 (157 0 1, 51. (51. 91. (15 (51 (5

Abstract Limas society has historically been segmented based on racial, ethnic, and social class criteria, which is why Andean migrants are derogatorily recognized as serranos (people from the mountains) and make up the group of cholos in Lima. The Evangelical Churches have reproduced the same patterns of segregation of the dominant society; however, due to the internal war suffered in Peru (1980-2000), a sector of the National Evangelical Council of Peru (CONEP) organized the displacement of Evangelicals from the Central-Southern Highlands (Ayacucho-Huancavelica-Apurimac) to different places, including Lima. For this reason, the first Quechua services were organized in 1984 and spread throughout the city, mainly in the 1990s. These services are no longer growing or extending but seem to have reached a plateau. These spaces have served as ethnic refuges for a Quechua-speaking sector with little command of Spanish. However, due to the theological characteristics of the Evangelical Churches, and little organized Quechua people, they have not been able to be a political, social, or cultural propellant for the recognition of Perus ethnic plurality, so they could not transcend from religious spaces.

Resumen La sociedad limeña se ha caracterizado por estar segmentada a partir de criterios raciales, étnicos y de clase social, razón por la cual, los migrantes andinos son reconocidos despectivamente como "serranos" y conformando el grupo de "cholos". Las iglesias evangélicas han reproducido los mismos patrones de segregación de la sociedad dominante, sin embargo, debido a la guerra interna sufrida en el Perú (1980-2000), un sector del Concilio Nacional Evangélico del Perú [CONEP], organizó el desplazamiento de seguidores de la Sierra Centro-Sur (Ayacucho-Huancavelica- Apurímac) a distintos sitios, entre ellos, Lima. Por tal motivo, en 1984 se organizaron los primeros cultos en quechua, los cuales se fueron extendiendo por la ciudad, principalmente en los años noventa. En la actualidad, dichos cultos ya no crecen, ni se extienden, sino que parecen haber llegado a un tope. Estos espacios han fungido como refugios étnicos para un sector quechuahablante con poco dominio del castellano, pero debido a las características teológicas de las Iglesias Evangélicas y la escasa organización política quechua, no han sido un propulsor político, social o cultural de reconocimiento de la pluralidad étnica del Perú, no logrando trascender del espacio religioso.

Resumo A geografia humana desempenha um papel fundamental na adaptação das comunidades ao meio ambiente ao longo do tempo. Ela considera aspectos como a modificação do território, a organização social e as atividades econômicas como o turismo cultural que aborda a geografia, a história e a cultura, valorizando os conhecimentos e processos das comunidades. Portanto, o presente artigo propõe um projeto para criar um Ecomuseu da cultura Chorotega na comunidade de Matambú, localizada na Unidade de Planejamento Turístico Guanacaste Sul, na Costa Rica. A proposta surge como resposta a uma necessidade da comunidade indígena de se envolver no turismo para subsistir, com o objetivo de fomentar o ecoturismo, turismo cultural e criativo no Território Indígena Chorotega Matambú (TICM) e contribuir para a melhoria das condições socioeconômicas da comunidade indígena, preservando e resgatando o senso de pertencimento do patrimônio cultural e natural por parte dos habitantes do território. Após alcançar o objetivo de criar o Ecomuseu “Los Chorotegas” na comunidade de Matambú, haverá uma melhoria na qualidade de vida. Simultaneamente, a comunidade será mais respeitada e reconhecida como a única etnia de origem Mesoamericana presente na Costa Rica.

Abstract Over time, human geography has played a fundamental role in communities’ processes of adaptation to their environment. This involves considerations spanning the modification of territories, social organization, and economic activities such as cultural tourism. This also involves understanding the geographic context of their history and culture to add value to communities’ knowledge and processes. Therefore, this article proposes the creation of a Chorotega Culture Eco-Museum in Matambú, a community located within the South Guanacaste Unit of Touristic Planning, Costa Rica. This proposal arises from the necessity of this indigenous community to be part of the tourism industry as a survival strategy. The objective is to promote ecotourism and cultural and creative tourism in the Matambú Chorotega Indigenous Territory (TICM). This initiative serves as a method to enhance the socio-economic conditions of the indigenous community while helping to preserve and rescue the sense of belonging to its cultural and natural heritage. By achieving the objective of creating “Los Chorotegas” Eco-Museum in the Matambú community, this territory and indigenous group will be respected and valued as the only remaining ethnicity of Mesoamerican origin within Costa Rica, and this recognition can improve their quality of life.

Resumen La geografía humana desempeña un papel fundamental en la adaptación de las comunidades al medio ambiente a lo largo del tiempo, considerando aspectos como la modificación del territorio, organización social, actividades económicas como el turismo cultural que aborda el contexto geográfico, historia y cultura poniendo en valor los saberes y procesos de las comunidades. Por lo tanto, el presente artículo plantea una propuesta para diseñar un Ecomuseo de la cultura Chorotega en la comunidad de Matambú ubicada en la Unidad de Planeamiento Turístico Guanacaste Sur en Costa Rica. La propuesta surge en respuesta a una necesidad de la comunidad indígena de involucrarse en el turismo para subsistir, con el objetivo de fomentar el ecoturismo, turismo cultural y creativo en el Territorio Indígena Chorotega Matambú (TICM) y contribuir al mejoramiento de las condiciones socioeconómicas de la comunidad indígena, conservando y rescatando el sentido de pertenencia del patrimonio cultural y natural por parte de los habitantes del territorio. Cumplido el objetivo de crear el Ecomuseo “Los Chorotegas” en la comunidad de Matambú, mejorará la calidad de vida y a la vez serán más respetados, visibilizados como la única etnia de origen Mesoamericana presente en Costa Rica.

Abstract Inflammation is an important pathogenic factor for the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Currently, the most frequently used biomarker reflecting systemic inflammation is C-reactive protein (CRP), an acute-phase protein produced primarily by hepatocytes under the influence of interleukin-6, interleukin-1 beta, and tumor necrosis factor. Growing evidence from epidemiological studies has shown a robust association between elevated serum or plasma CRP concentrations and the incidence of a first cardiovascular adverse event (including acute myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, and sudden cardiac death) in the general population, as well as recurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events among patients with established disease. The additive value that CRP measurement gives to traditional risk factors is reflected in novel cardiovascular risk calculators and in current intervention regimens, which already consider CRP as a target therapeutic. However, the variations in CRP levels, that depend on sex, ethnicity, hormonal status, and some peculiarities of the measurement assays, must be taken into consideration when deciding to implement CRP as a useful biomarker in the study and treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. This review aims to offer an updated vision of the importance of measuring CRP levels as a biomarker of cardiovascular risk beyond the traditional factors that estimate the risk of atherosclerotic disease.

Resumen La inflamación es un factor patogénico importante para el desarrollo de la enfermedad cardiovascular aterosclerótica. Actualmente, el biomarcador utilizado con mayor frecuencia que refleja la inflamación sistémica es la proteína C reactiva (PCR), una proteína de fase aguda producida principalmente por los hepatocitos bajo la influencia de la interleucina 6, la interleucina 1 beta y el factor de necrosis tumoral. La evidencia proveniente de estudios epidemiológicos ha demostrado una fuerte asociación entre las concentraciones elevadas de PCR en suero o plasma y la incidencia de un primer evento cardiovascular (incluido infarto agudo de miocardio, accidente vascular cerebral isquémico y muerte cardíaca súbita) en la población general, así como la recurrencia de eventos cardiovasculares adversos en los pacientes con enfermedad establecida. El valor aditivo que la medición de la PCR otorga a los factores de riesgo tradicionales se refleja en novedosas calculadoras de riesgo cardiovascular y en los actuales regímenes de intervención, que ya consideran a la PCR como objetivo terapéutico. Sin embargo, las variaciones en los niveles de PCR, que dependen del sexo, la etnia, el estado hormonal y algunas peculiaridades de los ensayos de medición, deben tenerse en cuenta al decidir implementar la PCR como un biomarcador útil en el estudio y el tratamiento de la enfermedad cardiovascular aterosclerótica. Esta revisión pretende ofrecer una visión actualizada de la importancia de medir la PCR como biomarcador de riesgo cardiovascular más allá de los factores tradicionales que estiman el riesgo de enfermedad aterosclerótica.

Abstract: The present work addresses the complex social and political fabric in the implementation of National Law N° 26.160, which declares a state of emergency regarding the possession and ownership of indigenous lands in the province of Santa Fe, Argentina. The analysis focuses on its articulation with local bureaucratic structures and the constraints on indigenous representation and participation. Additionally, it describes the “local styles of politics” which refer to the rules of engagement that indigenous representatives must adhere toand their influence on ethnicity, and the perceptions and evaluations of the legislation. It is concluded that overcoming ethnopolitical dilemmas is one of the most significant challenges facing Santa Fe communities to achieve outcomes that align with land tenure regularization, ensure territorial permanence, and even access to larger areas for their sociocultural development.

Resumen: El presente trabajo aborda la compleja trama social y política en la concreción de la Ley nacional N° 26.160 que declara la emergencia en materia de posesión y propiedad de tierras indígenas, en la provincia de Santa Fe (Argentina). El análisis se centra en su articulación con las estructuras burocráticas locales y en los límites para la representación y la participación indígena. A su vez, se describen los “estilos locales de hacer política” -que refiere a las reglas de juego a la que deben incorporarse los representantes indígenasy la influencia que esto tiene en la etnicidad y en la percepción y valoración de la normativa. Se concluye que superar los dilemas etnopolíticos es uno de los desafíos más importantes que tienen las comunidades santafesinas para alcanzar resultados que coincidan con la regularización del dominio de la tierra y aseguren la permanencia territorial e, incluso, el acceso a mayores extensiones para su desarrollo sociocultural.

Abstract Background: Aging in Mexico is heterogeneous considering the ethnic diversity and social inequality that prevails. The condition of ethnicity allows us to delve deeper into the social and health inequalities that do not allow for healthy aging. Objective: The objective of this article is to compare the levels of functionality of older people by ethnicity and its associated factors in Mexico. Material and methods: People aged 60 years and over were selected from the 2020 Census sample, grouping according to their ethnic status (Indigenous, Afro-Mexican and non-Indigenous and non-afro Mexican). As a dependent variable, the Functional Impairment Index (IDF) was constructed with principal components analysis, using the battery of disability questions; Generalized linear models were performed to analyse the factors associated by ethnicity status. Results: Indigenous older people have higher IDF values, followed by Afro-Mexican. Indigenous women and those who live in rural areas have higher values of functional impairment. Conclusions: It is necessary to address the needs of the older Indigenous and Afro-Mexican population who face an old age with greater social disadvantage and functional deterioration.

Resumen Antecedentes: El proceso de envejecimiento en México se presenta con gran heterogeneidad, dada la diversidad étnica y desigualdad social que impera. La condición de etnicidad permite profundizar en las desigualdades sociales y de salud que imposibilitan el envejecimiento saludable. Objetivo: Comparar los niveles de funcionalidad de las personas mayores según su condición de etnicidad y factores asociados en México. Material y métodos: Se seleccionaron las personas de 60 años y más de la muestra del censo de 2020, agrupadas de acuerdo con su condición de etnicidad (indígena, afromexicana y no indígena y no afromexicana). Como variable dependiente se construyó un índice de deterioro funcional (IDF) mediante técnica de análisis de componentes principales, para lo cual se utilizó la lista de preguntas de discapacidad; se realizaron modelos lineales generalizados para analizar los factores asociados por condición de etnicidad. Resultados: Las personas mayores indígenas presentaron valores mayores de IDF, seguidas por las afromexicanas. Las mujeres indígenas y quienes viven en zonas rurales obtuvieron valores más altos de deterioro funcional. Conclusiones: Es necesario atender las necesidades de la población mayor indígena y afromexicana que se enfrenta a una vejez con mayor desventaja social y deterioro funcional.

RESUMEN Este artículo explora dos grandes asuntos en Lima: la diferenciación social y los vecindarios de clases medias. En un contexto de imprevisibilidad urbana, aborda las estrategias de elección de residencia realizadas por ancashinos, puneños y huancaínos durante las décadas de 1970 y 1980 en Lima. Haciendo una revisión de los criterios de elección de residencia, como las condiciones materiales del vecindario, la ubicación en el entramado urbano y las características de las familias residentes, se identificó que la «clase social», el «grupo étnico» y la «procedencia social» fueron categorías fundamentales para inclinar la balanza de uno u otro lado al elegir vecindario. Las estrategias de elección de residencia permitieron ahondar en la homogeneidad del área central de la ciudad, así como explorar las diferencias en el interior de las clases medias.

ABSTRACT This article explores two significant issues in Lima: social differentiation and middle-class neighbourhoods. In a context of urban unpredictability, it addresses the residential strategies carried out by ancashinos, puneños and huancaínos during Lima's 1970 and 1980 decades. Reviewing the residential criteria, such as the material neighbourhood conditions, the urban location and the resident families' features, it was identified that social class, ethnic group and social origin were fundamental categories when choosing neighbourhoods. The residential strategies allow to delve into the homogeneity of the city's central area and explore the social differences within the middle classes.

Abstract Having a consistent and specific brand identity promotes differentiation in the market and the establishment of an emotional bond with the consumer. It is essential that the brand identity be authentic and coherent. In this sense, culture is associated with the symbolism that the consumer attributes to the brand, which is why there is a need to delve into the cultural practices of market segments to connect the identity of brands with their customs, history, and traditions. The objective of this research was to identify the self-recognition attributes of the Afro-Colombian community to determine which ones should be implemented by brands impacting this market segment. The methodology focused on a mixed study that allowed, in its qualitative and quantitative phases, to identify the unique structure of the attributes and traits referred to by members of the Afro-Colombian community. The main finding is that three traits were identified that strengthen the Afro-descendant brand: authenticity, history, and enthusiasm, which, when taken into account by brands of the ethnicity, would have greater acceptance among the community. It is concluded that articulating ethnic identity with brand identity can change the relationship between the consumer and the brand, strengthening its connection and increasing its willingness to purchase the product.

Resumen Contar con una identidad de marca consistente y específica favorece la diferenciación en el mercado y el establecimiento de un vínculo emocional con el consumidor. Es fundamental que la identidad de marca sea auténtica y coherente. En este sentido, la cultura está asociada al simbolismo que el consumidor atribuye a la marca, por lo cual existe una necesidad de profundizar en las prácticas culturales de segmentos de mercado para conectar la identidad de las marcas con sus costumbres, historia y tradiciones. El objetivo de esta investigación fue identificar los atributos de auto-reconocimiento de la comunidad afrocolombiana para determinar cuáles deberían ser implementados por las marcas que impactan este segmento de mercado. La metodología se enfocó en un estudio mixto que permitió, en sus fases cualitativa y cuantitativa, identificar la estructura singular de los atributos y rasgos referidos por los integrantes de la comunidad afrocolombiana. El principal hallazgo es que se identificaron tres rasgos que fortalecen la marca afrodescendiente: autenticidad, historia y entusiasmo, los cuales, al ser tenidos en cuenta por las marcas de la etnia, tendrían una mayor acogida entre la comunidad. Se concluye que articular la identidad étnica con la identidad de la marca puede cambiar la relación entre el consumidor y la marca, fortaleciendo su conexión y aumentando su disposición a comprar el producto.