Resumen Investigaciones académicas sobre Inteligencia Artificial (IA) aún son incipientes en las investigaciones en Turismo realizadas en Brasil. La literatura científica de Turismo identifica la difusión del uso de la IA en diversas aplicaciones de mercado, como para la previsión de demanda, análisis de Big Data, automatización y robótica en la hotelería. Sin embargo, el uso de la IA para investigación científica en Turismo es un tema poco explorado de acuerdo con las búsquedas realizadas en el Portal de Revistas de la Capes que reúne las bases de datos para el Turismo. El objetivo del estudio es comprender lo que representa el uso de la IA para la investigación científica investigando la percepción de los estudiantes de los programas de posgrado en Turismo a nivel de doctorado. Metodológicamente, se constituye un estudio de naturaleza cualitativa con soporte en la investigación empírica, en el que se realizaron 31 entrevistas estructuradas con posgraduados en eventos académicos y remotamente, respaldado por el análisis de contenido. Se utilizó como criterio el método de muestreo no probabilístico de bola de nieve teniendo en cuenta el alcance de saturación de los datos. Los resultados ratifican los beneficios de estimular la creatividad y la imaginación, y el ahorro de tiempo y esfuerzo en investigaciones científicas, identifican las principales herramientas utilizadas para la investigación, demuestran sugerencias para el uso ético y responsable de la IA en la investigación. y evidencian que la investigación científica es una de las áreas más sensibles para la adopción de la IA, en que criterio y rigor son indispensables. Se evidenció el factor aprensión en relación a la academia sobre el uso ético y responsable de esos mecanismos, además de la incipiencia de debate científico en el campo del Turismo y regulación sobre el tema. Se sugiere que estudios futuros mapeen las implicaciones legales del uso de la IA en investigaciones y expandan la investigación con posgraduados de Estados Unidos y Europa a fin de comparar el nivel de uso de esas herramientas en relación a Brasil. (IA Brasil mercado demanda Data hotelería embargo doctorado Metodológicamente empírica 3 remotamente contenido imaginación científicas indispensables mecanismos

Abstract Academic research on Artificial Intelligence (AI) remains incipient in the context of tourism studies in Brazil. The scientific literature in tourism acknowledges the widespread adoption of AI across various market applications, such as demand forecasting, big data analysis, and automation and robotics in the hotel industry. However, the application of AI specifically for scientific research in tourism is an underexplored theme, as evidenced by searches conducted on Capes Periodicals Portal, which aggregates relevant databases to tourism. The objective of this study is to comprehend the implications of employing AI in scientific research by investigating the perceptions of doctoral-level postgraduate students in tourism programs. Methodologically, it constitutes a qualitative study supported by empirical research, involving 31 structured interviews with postgraduate students conducted at academic events and remotely, guided by content analysis. The non-probabilistic snowball sampling method was employed, with data saturation as the criterion. The findings validate the benefits of stimulating creativity and imagination, as well as the efficiency gains in time and effort allocation for scientific investigations. They identify the primary tools employed in research, offer suggestions for the ethical and responsible use of AI in research, and highlight the nuanced nature of scientific research as a particularly sensitive domain for the integration of AI, where criteria and rigor are indispensable. Apprehensions within the academic community regarding the ethical and responsible use of AI are highlighted, emphasizing the incipient stage of scientific discourse and regulation in the field of tourism. Future studies are suggested to map the legal implications of AI use in research and to expand the research scope by including postgraduate students from the United States and Europe, facilitating a comparative analysis of the utilization of these tools in comparison to Brazil. (AI Brazil applications forecasting industry However theme Portal doctorallevel doctoral level programs Methodologically 3 remotely nonprobabilistic non probabilistic criterion imagination investigations indispensable highlighted Europe

Resumo Pesquisas acadêmicas sobre Inteligência Artificial (IA) ainda são incipientes nas pesquisas em Turismo realizadas no Brasil. A literatura científica de Turismo identifica a difusão do uso da IA em diversas aplicações de mercado, como para a previsão de demanda, análise de Big Data, automação e robótica na hotelaria. No entanto, o uso da IA para pesquisa científica em Turismo é um tema pouco explorado de acordo com as buscas realizadas no Portal de Periódicos da Capes que reúne as bases de dados para o Turismo. O objetivo do estudo é compreender o que representa o uso da IA para pesquisa científica investigando a percepção de discentes de programas de pós-graduação em Turismo em nível de doutorado. Metodologicamente, constitui-se um estudo de natureza qualitativa com suporte na pesquisa empírica, em que se realizou 31 entrevistas estruturadas com pós-graduandos em eventos acadêmicos e remotamente, respaldado pela análise de conteúdo. Utilizou-se o método de amostragem não-probabilístico bola de neve considerando o alcance de saturação dos dados como critério. Os resultados ratificam os benefícios de estímulo da criatividade e da imaginação, e economia de tempo e esforço em investigações científicas, identificam as principais ferramentas utilizadas para pesquisa, demonstram sugestões para o uso ético e responsável da IA na pesquisa. e evidenciam que a pesquisa científica é uma das áreas mais sensíveis para a adoção da IA, em que critério e rigor são indispensáveis. Evidenciou-se o fator apreensão em relação à academia sobre o uso ético e responsável desses mecanismos, além da incipiência de debate científico no campo do Turismo e regulamentação sobre o tema. Sugere-se que estudos futuros mapeiem as implicações legais do uso da IA em pesquisas e expandam a pesquisa com pós-graduandos dos Estados Unidos e Europa a fim de comparar o nível de uso dessas ferramentas em relação ao Brasil. (IA Brasil mercado demanda Data hotelaria entanto pósgraduação pós graduação doutorado Metodologicamente constituise constitui empírica 3 pósgraduandos graduandos remotamente conteúdo Utilizouse Utilizou nãoprobabilístico não probabilístico imaginação científicas indispensáveis Evidenciouse Evidenciou mecanismos Sugerese Sugere

Resumo Este artigo investiga aspectos legais e soluções éticas envolvidas no comércio ilegal de órgãos, atividade que provoca debates sobre ética e moral. Trata-se de revisão integrativa da literatura realizada por meio de busca nos portais Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, PubMed e SciELO. Foram analisados 14 artigos, que apontaram baixa oferta associada a alta demanda por órgãos como etiologia principal do problema. Constatou-se que esse mercado se aproveita de populações vulneráveis para coagi-las a doar órgãos, e, além disso, a falta de conexão entre bancos de dados internacionais e instabilidades nos países com altas taxas de tráfico dificultam a ação policial no enfrentamento desse crime. O combate ao tráfico de órgãos deve ter como base o incentivo à doação legal de órgãos, o enfrentamento do “turismo de transplante” e ações direcionadas a países mais vulneráveis. Entidades internacionais têm papel fundamental para que haja trabalho conjunto em diferentes nações na repressão desse tipo de crime. moral Tratase Trata Saúde SciELO 1 artigos problema Constatouse Constatou coagilas coagi las disso crime turismo transplante

Abstract This integrative literature review investigates legal aspects and ethical solutions involved in the illegal organ trade, an activity that sparks debates about ethics and morals. Bibliographical search was conducted on the Virtual Health Library, PubMed and SciELO databases. A total of 14 papers were analyzed, which pointed to low supply associated with high demand for organs as the main etiology of the problem. This market takes advantage of vulnerable populations to coerce them into organ donations. Additionally, the lack of connection between international databases and instabilities in countries with high trafficking rates hinders police action to confront this crime. Organ trafficking should be combated by encouraging legal organ donation, confronting “transplant tourism” and actions aimed at the most vulnerable countries. International entities play a fundamental role in ensuring that different nations work together to repress this type of crime. trade morals Library 1 analyzed problem donations Additionally crime donation transplant tourism

Resumen Este estudio aborda los aspectos legales y alternativas éticas del comercio ilegal de órganos, una práctica que genera debates sobre ética y moral. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica integradora en Biblioteca Virtual en Salud, PubMed y SciELO. Se analizaron 14 artículos que señalaban como principal etiología del problema la baja oferta de órganos asociada a su alta demanda. Este mercado coacciona a las poblaciones vulnerables a donar órganos; además, la falta de conexión entre las bases de datos internacionales y las inestabilidades en países con altas tasas de tráfico dificultan la acción policial para combatir este delito. La lucha contra el tráfico de órganos debe basarse en el fomento de la donación legal de órganos, el enfrentamiento del “turismo de trasplantes” y las acciones dirigidas a los países más vulnerables. Las entidades internacionales desempeñan un papel fundamental en el trabajo conjunto entre diferentes naciones para reprimir este tipo de delito. moral Salud SciELO 1 demanda además delito turismo trasplantes

Abstract: Prior to the pandemic of 2020, global tourism accounted for over ten percent of global GDP, for a total of $9.6 trillion USD; one in every four jobs created that year, across the globe, was in the travel and tourism sector.2 And yet the figure of the international tourist is often regarded with an attitude ranging from bemusement to outright contempt so much so that a series of books exists to guide tourists on how to avoid looking or acting like tourists.3 Why, though, is the figure of the tourist -especially the international tourist- so disreputable? Given the sheer number of such tourists (over 1.4 billion, in 2018 alone) it seems odd to think that there is something shameful or problematic about tourism as a practice. What accounts for our seeming disdain for the tourist, even as so many of us engage in tourism ourselves? There are, of course, many obvious answers to this question. The tourist -especially the international tourist- is often a figure of some wealth and privilege; that tourist is likely to be clumsy, at best, in his or her navigating of a foreign society; and he or she is often likely to be less careful in her caretaking of the physical and social spaces into which she travels, given the fact that she is as it were on vacation.4 These facts may be enough to engender some antipathy towards the tourist especially one who, as Jarvis Cocker noted thirty years ago, regards the local inhabitants as somehow amusing.5 Tourists are likely to be -as the British aphorism had it about American GIs- oversexed, overpaid, and over here. In this paper, though, I want to suggest a slightly different story for our ethical disquiet with the figure of the tourist. I will argue that the practice of international tourism raises two distinct sorts of ethical worries -both of which reflect the fact that international tourism requires a local industry in which cultural difference is curated and made consumable by the foreign tourist-. This fact may lead to ethical disquiet, I argue, because it can represent a site at which there is a maldistribution of the benefits and burdens of intercultural conversation; the local who works in the tourism industry must become adept at performing his or her culture for the outsider, while that outsider gains the benefits of intercultural conversation without bearing a similar burden of epistemic labor.6 A second reason for concern, however, stems from the ways in which this demand for epistemic labor can end up deforming and destabilizing local forms of citizenship and political agency. Those who spend their days performing a debased and simplified version of their cultural identity for outsiders may be, I believe, marked by that effort and their own ability to engage in political conversations with fellow local members may be made more difficult as a result. International tourism, in short, may be a site from which both distributive and political injustices might emerge. These concerns, I should note, may exacerbate already objectionable relationships reflecting colonial legacies of oppression; but they may exist even in the absence of any history of colonialism. The mere fact of a market in the curated experience of cultural difference may be enough to raise these worries; and international tourism, I believe, often involves exactly this form of market.

Resumen: Antes de la pandemia de 2020 el turismo mundial representaba más del 10% del PIB mundial, por un total de 9.6 billones de dólares estadounidenses; uno de cada cuatro puestos de trabajo creados ese año, en todo el mundo, pertenecía al sector de los viajes y el turismo. Y sin embargo, la figura del turista internacional se contempla a menudo con una actitud que oscila entre la perplejidad y el desprecio absoluto, hasta el punto de que existe una serie de libros para orientar a los turistas sobre cómo evitar parecer o actuar como turistas. ¿Por qué, pues, la figura del turista -especialmente la del turista internacional- está tan desprestigiada? Dado el ingente número de estos turistas (más de 1,400 millones, sólo en 2018), parece extraño pensar que hay algo vergonzoso o problemático en el turismo como práctica. ¿A qué se debe nuestro aparente desdén por el turista, incluso cuando muchos de nosotros hacemos turismo? Más allá de las respuestas obvias a esta pregunta, en este artículo quiero sugerir una historia ligeramente diferente sobre nuestra inquietud ética por la figura del turista. Así, sostendré que la práctica del turismo internacional suscita dos tipos distintos de preocupaciones éticas -ambas reflejan el hecho de que el turismo internacional requiere una industria local en la que la diferencia cultural se preserve y se haga consumible por el turista extranjero-. Un hecho que puede generar preocupaciones éticas. En síntesis, el turismo internacional puede ser un lugar del que pueden surgir injusticias tanto distributivas como políticas. Estas preocupaciones pueden exacerbar relaciones ya objetables que reflejan legados coloniales de opresión, aunque pueden existir incluso en ausencia de cualquier historia de colonialismo. El mero hecho de que exista un mercado en la experiencia de las diferencias culturales puede ser suficiente para suscitar estas preocupaciones, y el turismo internacional, creo, a menudo implica, exactamente, esta forma de mercado

ABSTRACT The welfare of working equines is born of the relationship co-created with humans and the relational practices humans bring to this work. Our understanding of this relationship remains elusive, however, for it involves attending to that which arises both within and between the equine and the human. Attempts to study such relationships have, arguably, been confounded by the liminalities of relational practices, power literacy and the limitations of language, propositional knowing and the dualistic thinking that characterises many scientific disciplines. This paper presents the theoretical framework that underpins an experiential awareness- based Action Research approach to transforming human-equine relations within the international mountain tourism industry. This approach privileges curiosity, compassion and primary or contemplative knowing and the development of self-awareness. Drawing on the work of Martin Buber on genuine dialogue and of Otto Scharmer on generative dialogue, this paper provides insights into what can arise in the between when attitudinal shifts are encouraged and facilitated that allow humans and equines to meet genuinely and be fully present to each other. This ultimately involves surrendering control, letting go, the dissolution of subject-object awareness and access to non-dualistic ways of knowing. An awareness of the importance of such shifts and of the source from which we operate is of fundamental importance to the realisation of the co-creative project that humans and equines can engage in. Failure to appreciate this distinction, arguably, leads and gives rise to relationships, whether human-to-human or human-to-horse, characterised by domination rather than partnering, absencing rather than presencing, by monologue rather than dialogue. The ethical and practical implications of this awareness are profound, with implications felt at the level of the individual, for whom the I deepens the more you pay attention, and at the level of the relationship, but also at the level of communities, whether these be constituted locally, nationally, internationally or indeed globally.

Abstract Objective Surrogacy is the process in which a woman carries and delivers a baby to other person or couple, known as intended parents. When carriers are paid for surrogacy, this is known as commercial surrogacy. The objective of the present work is to review the legal, ethical, social, and cultural aspects of commercial surrogacy, as well as the current panorama worldwide. Methods This is a review of the literature published in the 21st century on commercial surrogacy. Results A total of 248 articles were included as the core of the present review. The demand for surrogate treatments by women without uterus or with important uterine disorders, single men and same-sex male couples is constantly increasing worldwide. This reproductive treatment has important ethical dilemmas. In addition, legislation defers widely worldwide and is in constant change. Therefore, patients look more and more for treatments abroad, which can lead to important legal problems between countries with different laws. Commercial surrogacy is practiced in several countries, in most of which there is no specific legislation. Some countries have taken restrictive measures against this technique because of reports of exploitation of carriers. Conclusion Commercial surrogacy is a common practice, despite important ethical and legal dilemmas. As a consequence of diverse national legislations, patients frequently resort to international commercial surrogacy programs. As of today, there is no standard international legal context, and this practice remains largely unregulated. couple parents social st 24 disorders samesex same sex dilemmas addition change Therefore abroad laws legislations programs today context unregulated 2

Resumo Objetivo A gestação de substituição é o processo no qual uma mulher engravida e entrega um bebê a outra pessoa ou casal, conhecidos como pais pretendidos. Quando as gestantes são pagas, isto é conhecido como gestação de substituição comercial. O objetivo do presente trabalho é rever os aspectos legais, éticos, sociais e culturais da gestação de substituição comercial, bem como o panorama atual em todo o mundo. Métodos Trata-se de uma revisão da literatura publicada no século XXI sobre a gestação de substituição comercial. Resultados Um total de 248 artigos foi incluído nesta revisão. A demanda por tratamentos com gestação de substituição por mulheres sem útero ou com distúrbios uterinos importantes, homens solteiros e casais masculinos está aumentando constantemente em todo o mundo. Este tratamento reprodutivo tem dilemas éticos importantes. Além disso, a legislação é amplamente adiada em todo o mundo e está em constante mudança. Portanto, os pacientes procuram cada vez mais por tratamentos no exterior, o que pode levar a importantes problemas legais entre países com leis diferentes. A gestação de substituição comercial é praticada em vários países, na maioria dos quais não há legislação específica. Alguns países tomaram medidas restritivas contra esta técnica por causa de relatos de exploração destas mulheres. Conclusão A gestação de substituição comercial é uma prática comum, apesar de importantes dilemas éticos e legais. Como consequência de diversas legislações nacionais, os pacientes frequentemente recorrem a programas de gestação de substituição comercial internacionais. Atualmente, não existe um contexto jurídico internacional padrão e esta prática permanece em grande parte não regulamentada. casal pretendidos pagas Tratase Trata se 24 disso mudança Portanto exterior diferentes específica comum nacionais internacionais Atualmente regulamentada 2

Abstract In this article we seek to define, from a critical historical sociology, the ethical connections between the concept of "sustainability" and that of "competitiveness". First, we argue that, in the public and strategic planning practices of tourism in Mendoza and Argentina in the 21st century, we identify the joint and reiterated association of both notions. Secondly, because of this, we decided to present a genealogy of the concepts, framed in the current studies of neoliberalism. Thus, we show that competitiveness since the 1980s connotes the permanent and sustained increase of enterprise forces in the field of management. At the same time, we consider that "sustainable development", also disseminated in the 1980s, managed to become part of the managerial governmentality that colonized state management. This inscription took place in terms of an ethical balance that seeks to put a brake on the message of unlimited growth of business "competitiveness".

Resumen En el presente artículo buscamos definir, desde una sociología histórica critica, las conexiones éticas entre el concepto de “sustentabilidad” y el de “competitividad”. En primer lugar, exponemos que, en las prácticas de planificación pública y estratégica del turismo en Mendoza y Argentina del siglo XXI, identificamos la asociación conjunta y reiterada de ambas nociones. En segundo lugar, a raíz de esto, decidimos presentar una genealogía de los conceptos, enmarcada en los estudios actuales del neoliberalismo. Así, mostramos que la competitividad (competitiveness) desde los años ochenta connota el incremento permanente y sostenido de las fuerzas empresariales, en el campo del management. Al mismo tiempo, consideramos que el “desarrollo sustentable”, divulgado también en los ochenta, logró incorporarse a la gubernamentalidad managerial que colonizó a la gestión estatal. Esta inscripción se dio en términos de una balanza ética que pretende poner un freno al mensaje de crecimiento ilimitado de la “competitividad” empresarial.

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic is currently reverberating throughout the formal and informal sector of the South African economy - including informal street vendors. The informal sector and key activities such as informal street trading play an important role in the South African economy and the unique socio-economic context of South Africa. Despite optimistic theoretical beliefs that the informal sector will mitigate the adverse effects of external shocks (as with the COVID-19 pandemic) by absorbing the job losses that occur in the formal sector, previous studies suggest the opposite. The informal sector is often disproportionately affected by external economic and health shocks, especially in southern Africa (Bassier et al., 2020; International Labour Organisation (ILO), 2020c; Rogan & Skinner, 2018; Skinner & Rogan, 2019). Against this background, the aim of the study was to explore the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the lives and livelihoods of informal street traders. A qualitative research approach in the form of a descriptive case study was used to conduct an in-depth investigation of the effect of COVID-19 on the lives and livelihoods of street vendors in Cape Town's city centre. A qualitative approach provides the opportunity to conduct a more comprehensive and in-depth analysis around the research question. The specific area in which the study was conducted was chosen to be close to transport infrastructure such as railway stations and bus stops and other public transport routes, as the literature suggests that these are the areas preferably frequented by street vendors. Before the fieldwork started, a pilot study was done to identify possible challenges and shortcomings in the interview guide. The necessary adjustments were made and the fieldwork took place between 6 and 8 May 2021. In-depth interviews, by means of a semi-structured interview guide, were conducted with 19 different street vendors, after which data saturation was achieved. Thematic analysis was used to identify, analyse and describe "trends or themes" (Bryman & Bell, 2014:439). Guided by the protocol of Du Plooy-Cilliers et al. (2014:230) and Guest et al. (2012:7), the researchers revisited the data numerous times, simultaneously identifying the themes several times in order to refine the analysis. The researchers consistently adhered to the "Code of Conduct for Researchers" as stipulated by the North-West University. The empirical component of the study only began after the researchers had obtained ethical approval from the Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences' Research Ethics Committee. All relevant ethical principles were adhered to during the interviews with informal street vendors and COVID-19 protocol was strictly observed. The demographic and business characteristics of the respondents serve as a precursor and background to the rest of the thematic analysis on the impact of COVID-19 on street trading as a sector of the informal economy. Interviews were conducted with 19 informal enterprises. During two of the 19 interviews, there were two respondents from the same stall participating in the interview. This means that the researchers engaged with 21 informal street traders, representing 19 informal enterprises. Most respondents were men (12 out of 21) and nine had completed matric. Although four (20%) of the respondents possessed a tertiary qualification, seven (35%) respondents had not completed their schooling. The respondents, who were mostly foreigners from Cameroon, Somalia and Malawi, were mainly between 35 and 64 years old; the youngest retailer was 23 years old and the oldest retailer 74. At the time of the interviews, clothing and/or footwear were the main products sold, followed by fruit and vegetables, jewellery, accessories and handbags. Some product offerings (such as flowers and fruit and vegetables) mainly have a local customer base, while traders selling arts, crafts or curio's and some selling jewellery or accessories and bags are largely supported by tourists. The respondents'experience as informal street traders ranged from about one year to 56 years. In general, 14 (67%) of respondents had been working as informal traders for more than five years. A thematic analysis of the data showed that all the respondents' businesses closed for between one and five months in 2020 due to the national lockdown and associated regulations. Inventory losses, lack of income, depletion of their savings, layoffs of employees and significant food shortages were on-going themes. It was also not possible for the foreign respondents to make significant remittances to family in their countries of origin. Declining tourism numbers and local customers who lost their jobs are a constant threat to the livelihoods of informal street vendors. Furthermore, most of their local clients work from home and avoid public spaces to comply with social distancing regulations. In addition, several respondents said that tourists had had a positive impact on their profit margin because tourists bought more expensive products compared to the local customers. Most respondents said that their average monthly profit since the initial Level 5 lockdown in 2020 was about half of the average monthly profit the enterprise could generate before COVID-19. In addition, there were three businesses that could show only a third of the profits they had enjoyed before COVID-19, with another two businesses even reporting less than a third of their average profit prior to COVID-19 - one vendor's profit was about 20-30% less than before COVID-19. More specifically, three of the businesses made an average monthly profit of between R6 000 and R10 000 before COVID-19 and two of the businesses made an average daily profit of between R250 and R300. In the last year since the pandemic, however, three of the businesses generated an average monthly profit of between R2 000 and R5 000 and several businesses generated an average daily profit of between R100 and R200. Street vendors use various strategies, such as good customer service, efforts to obtain the best possible location, the acquisition of fresh stock, and the use of social media and electronic payment instruments in an attempt to deal with the adverse consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, despite their best efforts, several respondents had no choice but to reduce their employees' working hours and/or remuneration. The challenges that the COVID-19 pandemic presents to informal street vendors in Cape Town's city centre are therefore an ongoing daily reality. Continuous state support and follow-up studies with the same group of respondents to examine the impact over the medium and longer term are necessary. An important example of this is action research with respondents on the impact of the existing assistance measures on their lives and living conditions. These research results may help to develop action plans that will enable the city, province and country to deal with future exogenous shocks in a manner that would ensure some mitigation of the adverse effects of similar shocks on the structurally vulnerable sections of the society and the economy.

Die impak van die COVID-19-pandemie op informele ekonomiese aktiwiteite soos straathandel kan selfs relatief groter en meer skrikwekkend as die gevolge vir die formele ekonomie wees. 'n Kwalitatiewe navorsingsbenadering in die vorm van 'n beskrywende gevallestudie is gebruik om 'n diepgaande ondersoek na die effek van COVID-19 op die lewensomstandighede van straathandelaars in die middestad van Kaapstad te onderneem. Die spesifieke gebied waar die studie gedoen is, is gekies om naby vervoerinfrastruktuur soos byvoorbeeld treinstasies, bushaltes en openbare vervoerroetes te wees. Volgens vorige studies is dit die soort omgewing waar die meeste straathandelaars te vinde is. Diepgaande onderhoude, deur middel van 'n semigestruktureerde onderhoudsgids, is met 21 respondente (wat 19 verskillende straathandelaars verteenwoordig) gevoer waarna dataversadiging bereik is. 'n Tematiese ontleding van die data het getoon dat al die respondente se ondernemings in 2020 tussen een en vyf maande weens die grendelstaat en gepaardgaande regulasies gesluit was. Voorraadverliese, gebrek aan inkomste, uitwissing van hul spaargeld, afdanking van werknemers en wesentlike voedselnood was deurlopende temas. Dit was ook nie vir die buitelandse respondente moontlik om beduidende oorbetalings aan familie in hul lande van herkoms te maak nie. Dalende toerismegetalle en plaaslike kliënte wat hul werk verloor het, is 'n voortdurende bedreiging vir die lewensbestaan van die informele straathandelaars. Straathandelaars gebruik verskeie strategieë, soos goeie kliëntediens, pogings om die beste moontlike ligging te bekom, die verkryging van vars voorraad, en die gebruik van sosiale media en elektroniese betaalinstrumente, in 'n poging om die gevolge van die COVID-19-pandemie die hoof te bied. Volgehoue staatsondersteuning en opvolgstudies met dieselfde groep respondente om die impak oor die medium en langer termyn te ondersoek, is dringend noodsaaklik.

Abstract In a globalized context, where the conventional world expands into the virtual, an ethical and legal analysis of medical tourism in Colombia is developed through identifying potential risks via communicative instrumentalization. The supply and demand for cosmetic surgery along with the associated marketing, as it reflects on desire, beauty, and makeup, promote latent ethical tensions. The legal uncertainty that gravitates around the cross-border flow and the indeterminacy within the different legal systems externalizes on several fronts that should be addressed and which in turn pose challenges. The background of the reflections that can be seen make it essential to claim fundamental prerogatives, inherent to humanity, which seem to vanish when presented with the frequent and penetrating insertions coming from realities built and rooted in the fluctuations of prices.

Resum En un context globalitzat, on el món convencional s'expandeix al virtual, es desenvolupa una anàlisi ètica i jurídica del turisme mèdic a Colòmbia mitjançant la identificació de riscos potencials en la instrumentalització comunicativa. L'oferta i demanda de cirurgia estètica acompanyada del màrqueting, com un reflex del desig, el bell i el maquillatge, promouen tensions ètiques latents. La incertesa jurídica que gravita al voltant del flux transfronterer i indeterminació dels diferents sistemes jurídics exterioritza diversos fronts susceptibles d'abordatge i que al seu torn s'erigeixen com a desafiaments. El rerefons de les reflexions que s'albiren fa imprescindible reivindicar prerrogatives fonamentals, inherents als éssers humans, que semblen esvair-se davant insercions cada vegada més freqüents i penetrants provinents de realitats construïdes i arrelades en el vaivé dels preus.

Resumen En un contexto globalizado, donde el mundo convencional se expande a lo virtual, se desarrolla un análisis ético y jurídico del turismo médico en Colombia mediante la identificación de riesgos potenciales en la instrumentalización comunicativa. La oferta y demanda de cirugía estética acompañada del marketing, como un reflejo del deseo, lo bello y el maquillaje, promueven tensiones éticas latentes. La incertidumbre jurídica que gravita alrededor del flujo transfronterizo e indeterminación de los distintos sistemas jurídicos exterioriza varios frentes susceptibles de abordaje y que a su vez se erigen como desafíos. El trasfondo de las reflexiones que se divisan hace imprescindible reivindicar prerrogativas fundamentales, inherentes a los seres humanos, que parecen desvanecerse ante inserciones cada vez más frecuentes y penetrantes provenientes de realidades construidas y enraizadas en el vaivén de los precios.

ABSTRACT This paper is to specify different fundamental types of existing tourism, as well as its relevance to Ecuador. The method of content analysis and analytical-synthetic was used to clarify the points of view of various authors on the subject. From the perspectives of sustainable, responsible and ethical tourism, the essential features of rural tourism, ecotourism, agrotourism, cultural tourism, gastronomic tourism, religious tourism are specified, which are part of the broad spectrum of ways to develop this relevant activity today.

RESUMEN El objetivo de la presente investigación es determinar los tipos fundamentales de turismo existente, así como su relevancia para el Ecuador. Se empleó el método de análisis de contenido y analítico-sintético para identificar los puntos de vista de diversos autores sobre el tema. Desde las perspectivas del turismo sostenible, responsable y ético, se precisan los rasgos esenciales del turismo rural, el ecoturismo, el agroturismo, el turismo cultural, el turismo gastronómico, el turismo religioso, que configuran el amplio espectro de formas de desenvolver esta importante actividad en la actualidad.

Resumo Nas últimas décadas, as áreas de patrimônio urbano da América Latina têm sido objeto de intervenções públicas e privadas para conservar seu patrimônio e aumentar sua atração turística. Essas ações desencadearam processos de gentrificação e desapropriação, cuja análise ética é abordada neste artigo por meio da construção de um quadro ético de referência aplicado a um caso específico: Cuenca, no Equador. Inicia-se com a revisão teórica da gentrificação e os debates sobre seu estudo na América Latina ˗ especificamente em áreas patrimoniais em que o papel do turismo é destacado ˗, o caso de Cuenca é descrito e conclui-se com sua análise ética.

Abstract In last decades urban heritage areas in Latin America have been the scenario of public and private interventions in order to conserve their heritage and increase tourist attraction. These actions have generated processes of gentrification and dispossession, whose ethical analysis is approached in this paper through the construction of a reference ethical framework applied to a specific case: Cuenca, in Ecuador. It begins with the theoretical review of gentrification and debates about its study in Latin America, specifically in heritage areas, where the role of tourism is highlighted. We then proceed with the description of Cuenca case and close with its ethical analysis.

Resumen En las últimas décadas las áreas urbanas patrimoniales en América Latina han experimentado intervenciones públicas y privadas con el fin de conservar su patrimonio y acrecentar su atractivo turístico. Estas actuaciones han desencadenado procesos de gentrificación y desposesión cuyo análisis ético se aborda en este artículo, mediante la construcción de un marco ético de referencia aplicado a un caso específico: Cuenca, en Ecuador. Se inicia con la revisión teórica de la gentrificación y los debates sobre su estudio en América Latina -específicamente en áreas patrimoniales donde se resalta el papel del turismo-, se describe el caso cuencano y se cierra con su análisis ético.

BACKGROUND: Consumers worldwide have recently become more aware that their consumption preferences and habits influence not only the environment, but also other people's lives. These 'ethical' consumers are therefore said to consider the moral features of the product or service in their consumption decision. The most prominent ethical consumption label is the Fair Trade label, which was established to enhance the living and working conditions of those working on small-scale farm cooperatives in developing countries. AIM: This paper aims to determine wine tourists' willingness to pay (WTP) for improved working and living conditions for wine farm workers SETTING: The research was conducted at the largest wine festival in South Africa, the Wacky Wine Festival in Robertson in the Western Cape, an area renowned for its wine and fruit products. METHOD: The concept of a socially acceptable logo on the wine bottle - signalling fair wages to the farm workers - was assessed by using a double-bounded contingent valuation approach. Wine tourists completed 397 questionnaires during the festival in June 2017. RESULTS: The results indicate that 80% of wine tourists are willing to pay more for socially responsible wines. The responsible wine consumer is typically younger and a premium of R11 per bottle of wine would be accepted if it signals fair treatment of workers. CONCLUSION: The socially responsible wine tourist in South Africa is more concerned about quality and the moral implications of the wine than the price. There is support for the implementation of a socially responsible label for wine products.

Abstract: The Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve (CHBR), is the largest one in Chile, and the only one that integrates marine and terrestrial ecosystems. It includes three national parks (NP): Cape Horn NP, Alberto de Agostini NP, and Yendegaia NP. The CHBR, is immersed within the Magellanic sub-Antarctic ecoregion, which has been identified as one of the last pristine areas left in the world. Nonetheless, it is not free from local and global threats, such as invasive exotic species, climate change, massive tourism and other economic activities that do not value biological and cultural diversity. To contribute towards an appreciation of the values of biocultural diversity, the scientific team at Omora Park (Navarino Island, 55°S), has developed the Field Environmental Philosophy (FEP) methodological approach, which integrates ecological sciences, arts, and environmental ethics through four interrelated steps: 1) interdisciplinary research, 2) poetic communication through the composition of metaphors, 3) design of field activities with an ethical and ecological orientation, and 4) in situ conservation, to contribute to biocultural conservation. We present the methods and results of a multidisciplinary work focused on invertebrates and freshwater ecosystems of the CHBR, with the aim to contribute: a) to a better understanding of the possible responses of aquatic insects to climate change in the long-term, and b) generate tools for research and education to ecologically and ethically value freshwater invertebrates and ecosystems. The conceptual foundations are based on the Land Ethics of Aldo Leopold, and the biocultural ethics of Ricardo Rozzi. Through the praxis of the FEP we generate concrete actions for the conservation of the natural and cultural heritage. Finally, we propose new research methodologies that include valuing of the invertebrates’ lives. FEP provides a methodology that contributes towards the transformation of the prevalent way in which global society understands, values and relates to freshwater ecosystems and their co-inhabitants, fostering more respectful and sustainable life habits in the short and long term.

Resumen: La Reserva de la Biosfera Cabo de Hornos (RBCH) es la más grande de Chile e integra ecosistemas marinos y terrestres, e incluye tres parques nacionales (PN): PN Cabo de Hornos, PN Alberto de Agostini y PN Yendegaia. Se encuentra inmersa dentro de la ecorregión subantártica de Magallanes, que ha sido identificada como una de últimas áreas prístinas del planeta. Sin embargo, no se encuentra libre de amenazas locales y globales, tales como las especies exóticas invasoras, el cambio climático, el turismo masivo y otras actividades económicas que no valoran su diversidad biológica y cultural. Para contribuir a la valoración de la diversidad biocultural, el Parque Omora (isla Navarino, 55°S), ha desarrollado la Filosofía Ambiental de Campo (FILAC), una aproximación metodológica que integra las ciencias ecológicas, las artes y la ética ambiental a través de cuatro pasos interrelacionados: 1) investigación interdisciplinaria, 2) comunicación poética a través de la composición de metáforas y relatos simples, 3) diseño de actividades de campo guiadas con un sentido ético y ecológico y 4) conservación in situ; para contribuir a la conservación biocultural. Presentamos los métodos y resultados de un trabajo multidisciplinario enfocado en los invertebrados y ecosistemas dulceacuícolas de la RBCH, con el fin de: a) contribuir a entender mejor las posibles respuestas al cambio climático por parte de insectos acuáticos en el largo plazo, y b) generar herramientas de investigación y educación que contribuyan a valorar ecológica y éticamente a los invertebrados acuáticos. Las bases conceptuales se fundan en la ética de la tierra de Aldo Leopold y en la ética biocultural de Ricardo Rozzi. A través de la práctica de la FILAC proponemos actividades concretas para la conservación del patrimonio natural y cultural. La valoración ética de los insectos puede contribuir a generar percepciones positivas e incentivar acciones de conservación por parte de la comunidad local, regional, nacional e internacional. Finalmente, exploramos nuevas metodologías de investigación y observación que contemplan el respeto y valoración de la vida de los invertebrados. La FILAC aporta así una metodología que contribuye a transformar la forma prevaleciente en que la sociedad global comprende, valora y se relaciona con los ecosistemas dulceacuícolas y sus co-habitantes y fomenta hábitos de vida más respetuosos y sustentables en el corto y largo plazo.

RESUMEN Este artículo de investigación analiza los riesgos y responsabilidades de los operadores del turismo médico internacional desde una perspectiva teórico-crítica. A través de un método cualitativo-descriptivo se determinan las causas y consecuencias de la incertidumbre que genera la industria a partir de la escasez de información, su propia asimetría y la limitada institucionalidad internacional, que permite la actuación no regulada de los operadores. Se encuentra que la acreditación internacional en procesos médicos y administrativos, así como la estandarización de protocolos internacionalmente aceptados para la captación de pacientes extranjeros puede limitar las distorsiones propias de una industria mixta en crecimiento. CLASIFICACIÓN JEL: F10, I15.

ABSTRACT This article investigates the risks and responsibilities of international medical agents from a theoretical-critical perspective. Through a qualitative-descriptive method, the causes and consequences of the uncertainty generated by the industry are determined based on the scarcity of information, the asymmetry of the information, and the limited international institutionality that allows an unregulated dynamic actions. It is found that international accreditation in medical and administrative processes, as well as the standardization of internationally accepted protocols for the recruitment of foreign patients can limit the distortions typical of a growing mixed industry. JEL CODES: F10, I15.

Neste estudo é explicado um modelo teórico de cinco dimensões - Rest (1986) processo de tomada de decisão ética; Jones (1991) intensidade moral; necessidade de cognição; atributos pessoais e informações financeiras - com o objetivo de compreender as condições que levam os legisladores a manipular informações e a compreender as questões éticas na tomada de decisões que conduzem ou não a uma contabilidade mais útil. A amostra, por conveniência, composta por 442 indivíduos e o presente estudo empírico foram realizados através de um questionário online. A recolha de dados foi efetuada utilizando o software SurveyMonkey e o modelo foi analisado pelo método de Análise de Equações Estruturais. Foi obtido um modelo estrutural, que parece indicar que o processo de decisão ética e de intensidade moral está associado à necessidade individual de cognição. A utilidade da contabilidade, preparação e apresentação das demonstrações financeiras estão positivamente relacionadas com o nível educacional. Nesse sentido, os resultados e a rentabilidade do capital influenciam a intensidade moral, parecendo possível concluir sobre a influência positiva da intenção ética académica e da utilidade da contabilidade

In this study a theoretical model of five dimensions is explained - Rest (1986) ethical decision making process; Jones (1991) moral intensity; need for cognition; personal attributes and financial information - in order to understand the conditions that lead policymakers to manipulate information and to understand the ethical issues in decision-making that lead or not, to a more useful accounting. The sample, by convenience, consisting of 442 individuals and this empirical study was conducted through a survey by an online questionnaire. Data collection was performed using SurveyMonkey software and the model analysed by Structural Equation Analysis method. A structural model was obtained, seeming to indicate that the process of ethical and moral intensity decisions is associated with the individual need for cognition. The utility of accounting, preparation and presentation of financial statements are positively related to the educational level. In this sense, the results and the profitability of capital influence the moral intensity, it seems possible to conclude about the positive influence of academic ethics intention and accounting utility

Abstract: Business growth at the national and international level after the industrial revolution and the gradual process of globalization and internationalization have been dynamic and exponential until today. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) in the hotel industry has its origins in practices that initially had a sense of ethics, which has recently become instrumental due to the pressure that the entry of a significant number of international chains has meant. The management model that dominates in the hotels of Colombian micro, small and medium-sized companies (MSMEs) has internalized the quality-based concepts, mainly due to the existence of industry-specialized technical standards and the good acceptance that total quality represented. This article presents the views of the social actors regarding CSR in the hotel industry in Colombia, taking the leading regulations and the humanist radical perspective as a reference and using the experience of the Hotel la Mansión. A qualitative methodology was applied, seeking to emphasize the diversity of conceptualizations and practices that emanate from the perspectives of the internal social actors. The results suggest that the Hotel La Mansión has developed a solid position with broad recognition in the market with tenets that combine the application of a humanist-based management and which in the matter of CSR has translated into actions framed by a sense of ethics.

Resumen: El crecimiento empresarial a nivel nacional e internacional luego de la revolución industrial y el gradual proceso de globalización e internacionalización ha sido dinámico y exponencial hasta hoy en día. La Responsabilidad Social Empresarial (RSE) hotelera se origina en prácticas que inicialmente tenían un sentido ético y que recientemente se ha tornado instrumental por la presión que ha significado el ingreso de un importante número de cadenas internacionales. El modelo de gestión que impera en los hoteles de la micro, pequeña y mediana empresa (MIPYMES) colombianos ha interiorizado los conceptos que se derivan de la calidad, ello principalmente por la existencia de normas técnicas sectoriales especializadas para el sector y la buena aceptación que representó la calidad total. Este trabajo artículo presenta las visiones de los actores sociales en relación con la RSE hotelera en Colombia, tomando como referencia la regulación preponderante y la perspectiva radical humanista, a partir de la experiencia del Hotel La Mansión. Se aplicó una metodología cualitativa buscando resaltar la diversidad de conceptualizaciones y prácticas que emanan de las perspectivas de los actores sociales internos. Los resultados sugieren que el Hotel La Mansión ha logrado consolidarse con amplio reconocimiento en el mercado por los postulados que combinan la aplicación de una gestión de corte humanista y que en materia de RSE se ha traducido en acciones enmarcadas en el sentido ético.