Abstract (Introduction): Vinasse is generated as a residue in the production of ethanol by fermentation-distillation of molasses/sugar cane juice, at a rate of 13 L/L of ethanol. It is an acid liquid, brown in color, characterized by high mineralization and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) values of up to 150 000 mg/L, being highly polluting. (Objective): The objective of this research was to evaluate a vinasse treatment process with hydrogen peroxide as a source of hydroxyl radicals at laboratory scale. (Methodology): The vinasse samples, from different distilleries in the province of Tucumán, were characterized following standardized techniques of Standard Methods. The oxidation tests were carried out with different peroxide/vinasses ratios, in a semi-batch reactor, under ambient conditions, measuring COD as an indicator parameter of the treatment. (Results): After 5 days, an 85 % decrease in COD and an increase in the Biodegradability Index were achieved. The kinetics of the oxidative reaction was first order with respect to COD, with an apparent rate constant of 0.3694 1/day. (Conclusions): Although the COD values allowed by local regulations (250 mg/L) were not reached, the proposed treatment is encouraging due to its simplicity, representing a potential option to the environmental challenge represented by vinaze in Latin America.

Resumen (Introducción): La vinaza se genera como residuo en la producción de etanol por fermentación-destilación de melazas/jugos de caña de azúcar, a razón de 13 L/L de etanol. Es un efluente líquido, ácido caracterizado por una elevada mineralización y valores de demanda química de oxígeno (DQO) de hasta 150 000 mg/L, siendo altamente contaminante. (Objetivo): Ealuar un proceso de tratamiento de vinazas con peróxido de hidrógeno, como fuente de radicales hidroxilos, en escala laboratorio. (Metodología): Las muestras de vinazas, de destilerías de la provincia de Tucumán, se caracterizaron según técnicas normalizadas de Standard Methods. Los ensayos de oxidación se realizaron con distintas relaciones de peróxido/vinaza, en un reactor semibatch, en condiciones ambientales, midiendo DQO como parámetro indicador del tratamiento. (Resultados): Al cabo de cinco días se logró una disminución de DQO del 85 % y un aumento del Índice de Biodegradabilidad. La cinética de la reacción oxidativa fue de primer orden respecto de DQO, con una constante aparente de velocidad de 0.3694 1/día. (Conclusiones): Si bien no se lograron los valores de DQO permitidos por la normativa local (250 mg/L), el tratamiento propuesto es alentador por su simpleza, representando una opción potencial al desafío ambiental que representan las vinazas en América Latina.

In the Amazon, Euterpe oleracea Mart. (açaí), is part of the identity of traditional communities, and the fruit is integrated into their everyday sociocultural dynamics. Hydrolysis and pyrolysis of residual biomass can be alternatives to yield sugars, ethanol, biochar and bio-oil. The açaí seeds subjected to oxidative pretreatment followed by acid hydrolysis increased cellulose to fermentable sugars (reaching 23.5%) and second-generation ethanol production (17.441 L t−1). Açaí oil (ca. 30%) was extracted using a Soxhlet apparatus (using hexane as solvent) and detected through gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS), where acids accounted for 82.43% of the total composition, while alcohols comprised only 13.15%. For pyrolysis, temperatures (500 and 550 °C), time (20 and 30 min), and activation temperature (750 and 800 °C) were evaluated, resulting in yields of ca. 22% for biochar and 30% for bio-oil. For the bio-oil, the main compounds detected by GC-MS were acids (16.3%), aldehydes (13.08%), amides (12.19%), alcohols (6.72%), and phenols (4.64%). The obtained biochar displayed surface area values of 553.7 m2 g−1 and 10% crystallinity, indicating its more amorphous nature. Amazon Mart açaí, , (açaí) communities dynamics biooil. biooil bio oil. bio-oil reaching 23.5% 235 23 5 secondgeneration second generation 17.441 17441 17 441 (17.44 t−1. t1 t t−1 . 1 t−1) ca (ca solvent GCMS, GCMS GC MS (GC-MS) 8243 82 43 82.43 composition 1315 13 15 13.15% 500 (50 55 °C, C °C 20 (2 3 min, min min) 750 (75 80 evaluated 22 biooil, oil, 16.3%, 163 16.3% 16 (16.3%) 13.08%, 1308 13.08% 08 (13.08%) 12.19%, 1219 12.19% 12 19 (12.19%) 6.72%, 672 6.72% 6 72 (6.72%) 4.64%. 464 4.64% 4 64 (4.64%) 5537 553 7 553. m g1 g g− 10 crystallinity nature (açaí 23.5 2 17.44 1744 44 (17.4 t− (GC-MS 824 8 82.4 131 13.15 50 (5 ( 75 (7 16.3 (16.3% 130 13.08 0 (13.08% 121 12.19 (12.19% 67 6.72 (6.72% 46 4.64 (4.64% 23. 17.4 174 (17. 82. 13.1 16. (16.3 13.0 (13.08 12.1 (12.19 6.7 (6.72 4.6 (4.64 17. (17 13. (16. (13.0 12. (12.1 6. (6.7 4. (4.6 (1 (16 (13. (12. (6. (4. (13 (12 (6 (4

Analysis of variance (ANOVA)-simultaneous component analysis (ASCA) is a method of choice for factorial design studies of environmental impacts on plant metabolomes and can be used to quantitatively carry out this comparative analysis. The impacts of seven mixture design extractor systems made up of ethanol, dichloromethane, and hexane and their 1:1 binary and 1:1:1 ternary solvents for several replicate experiments (n = 3, 4, 5) were assessed using ASCA models determined from Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), near-infrared (NIR), and UV-Vis spectroscopic measurements on yerba mate leaf extracts. This analysis considered two-factor effects: secondary sexual dimorphism (male and female plants) and cultivation systems (monoculture and agroforestry), as well as their interaction effect. The three binary solvents were found to be more efficient extractor systems for all four detectors as they found 83 main and interaction effects significant at or above the 95% confidence level compared with only 47 for the pure solvent extracts. Binary solvent extracts resulted in averages between 44.04 and 86.61% for the ASCA total effect variances compared with 40.62 to 71.07% for pure extractors. Of the 60 significant effects found for experiments with 5 repetitions 53 or 88% were obtained with only triplicate determinations. The choice of spectroscopic technique and solvent system have large impacts on metabolomic analysis results. ANOVAsimultaneous ANOVA simultaneous (ASCA ethanol dichloromethane 11 1 1: 111 1:1: n 3 4 Fouriertransform Fourier transform FTIR, FTIR , (FTIR) nearinfrared near NIR, NIR (NIR) UVVis UV Vis twofactor two factor male plants monoculture agroforestry, agroforestry agroforestry) 8 95 4404 44 04 44.0 8661 86 61 86.61 4062 40 62 40.6 7107 71 07 71.07 extractors 6 88 determinations results (FTIR (NIR 9 440 0 44. 866 86.6 406 40. 710 7 71.0 86. 71.

In the water/triethanolamine/ethanol system, TiCl4 aqueous solution is used as the precursor to regulate the conversion rate of TiCl4 by changing the reaction temperature, water volume, pH value, and ethanol amount. The experiment uses a single-factor method to investigate the dynamic relationship between Ti4+ concentration and time under various factors, thereby achieving controllable TiO2 production. The experimental results showed that under a single factor, the conversion rate showed a trend of first steep and then slow growth within 180 min. After 180 min, the conversion rate tended to stabilize. Considering various factors, it was found that VTiCl4:VC6H15NO3:VH2O:VC2H5OH = 1:6:15:30, pH = 7, reaction time at room temperature was 4 h, and the hydrolysis effect was good. The final conversion rate was 90.46%, and the hydrolysis reaction conforms to the first-order reaction equation. Kinetic parameters: pre-factor (A) = 0.107, activation energy (Ea) = 4488.65 J mol-1. watertriethanolamineethanol triethanolamine system TiCl volume value amount singlefactor factor Ti4 Ti factors TiO production 18 min stabilize VTiCl4VC6H15NO3VH2OVC2H5OH VTiClVCHNOVHOVCHOH VTiCl4 VC6H15NO3 VH2O VC2H5OH VTiCl VC H NO VH O OH 161530, 161530 1 6 15 30, 30 1:6:15:30 7 h good 9046 90 46 90.46% firstorder order equation parameters prefactor pre A (A 0107 0 107 0.107 Ea (Ea 448865 4488 65 4488.6 mol1. mol1 mol 1. mol-1 OVC VCHNO VC6H15NO VHO VCHOH 16153 3 1:6:15:3 904 9 90.46 010 10 0.10 44886 448 4488. mol- 1615 1:6:15: 90.4 01 0.1 44 161 1:6:15 90. 0. 16 1:6:1 1:6: 1:6 1:

In order to extract hesperidin from Citrus aurantium L. through green and efficient ways, a novel method based on deep eutectic solvent (DES) assisted extraction has been developed. Compared to known alkali extraction and acid precipitation or organic solvent (ethanol, methanol) extraction, this new DES system of choline chloride/diethanolamine (DES-14) method exhibited excellent extraction efficiency for hesperidin. Under optimal conditions, the extraction yield of hesperidin reached 6.26 ± 0.05%. Further studies with infrared spectroscopy, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, and density functional theory showed the DES-14 was formed mainly through the interaction of H-bond and van der Waals forces. In addition, scanning electron microscopy and density functional theory revealed the strong dissolving capacity, and the H-bond formation between DES-14 and hesperidin, as well as van der Waals forces all contributed to efficient extraction of hesperidin. The results provide a new strategy for efficient extraction and utilization of hesperidin in Citrus. L ways (DES developed ethanol, ethanol (ethanol methanol chloridediethanolamine chloride diethanolamine DES14 14 (DES-14 conditions 626 6 26 6.2 005 0 05 0.05% spectroscopy H resonance DES-1 Hbond bond addition capacity DES1 1 (DES-1 62 2 6. 00 0.05 DES- (DES- 0.0 0.

Cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum Schum.) is an Amazonian fruit rich in antioxidants potential due to its phenolic compounds. Its seeds produce cupulate, a chocolate-like product, and the residue remains rich in biocompounds. This study aimed to optimize and compare microwave-assisted (MAE) and high pressure/temperature extraction (HPTE) of polyphenolic and flavonoid compounds from cupuaçu seed by-products. A Box-Behnken 33 factorial design assessed the influence of extraction time, solid/liquid ratio, and ethanol concentration. Responses included total polyphenol content, total flavonoid content, and anti-radical power via the ABTS (2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) method. In optimum conditions, MAE had the highest total polyphenol content and HPTE for flavonoids. Optimal conditions for both methods were 65% (m/v) ethanol concentration, 45 min extraction time, and 0.03 g mL−1 solid/liquid ratio. MAE and HPTE achieved greater recovery of (−)-epicatechin and (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate compared to percolation. Both techniques proved viable for recovering polyphenols from cupuaçu seed by-products, in less time and with less solvent. Thus, cupuaçu by-products can be a sustainable and functional food source, with MAE and HPTE providing high yields and quality extracts rich in polyphenols. Theobroma Schum. Schum cupulate chocolatelike chocolate like product biocompounds microwaveassisted microwave assisted (MAE pressuretemperature pressure temperature (HPTE byproducts. byproducts by products. products BoxBehnken Box Behnken 3 solidliquid solid liquid ratio concentration antiradical anti radical 2,2azinobis3ethylbenzothiazoline6sulphonic 22azinobis3ethylbenzothiazoline6sulphonic azinobisethylbenzothiazolinesulphonic 2,2 azino bis ethylbenzothiazoline 6 sulphonic 2 acid method flavonoids 65 m/v mv m v (m/v 4 003 0 03 0.0 mL1 mL 1 mL− −epicatechin epicatechin − −epigallocatechin3gallate epigallocatechin3gallate epigallocatechingallate epigallocatechin gallate percolation byproducts, products, solvent Thus source 2azinobis3ethylbenzothiazoline6sulphonic azinobis 22 2, 00 0.

Seeking a viable alternative to fossil fuels as the primary energy source, bioethanol has emerged as a promising second-generation fuel derived from lignocellulosic biomass. With Brazil ranking pineapple as the third most produced fruit in temporary crops, this study aims to assess the impact of chemical pretreatment techniques, specifically organosolv and diluted acid, on the residual biomass of Pérola pineapple peel to enhance bioethanol production. Employing an experimental design that incorporates temperature, reaction time, and varying concentrations of organic solvent, the study examines their effects on the susceptibility of the substrate to saccharification for future bioethanol generation. Factors such as alphacellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin were evaluated in triplicate and subjected to statistical analysis using the Tukey test with a confidence level of 95%. Upon application of the pretreatment methods, it was observed that the organosolv solvent approach (utilizing water and ethanol) with sulfuric acid exhibited superior sugar conversion, yielding the highest concentration of xylose at 9.13 g L-1. Additionally, the pretreated biomass contained 1.38 g L 1 of cellobiose, 3.11 g L-1 of arabinose, and 3.76 g L-1 of glucose. This technique demonstrates promising potential for obtaining fermentable sugars crucial for bioethanol production. source secondgeneration second generation crops techniques production temperature time alphacellulose hemicellulose 95 95% methods utilizing ethanol conversion 913 9 13 9.1 L1. L1 1. Additionally 138 38 1.3 cellobiose 311 3 11 3.1 L- arabinose 376 76 3.7 glucose 91 9. 31 3. 37 7

ABSTRACT Coelogyne pandurata L., an orchid native to Indonesia, has medicinal properties and potential for lowland cultivation. This study assessed the phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity of the leaves, bulbs, and flowers in the vegetative and generative phases of C. pandurata. The total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were measured using colorimetric methods. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Plant parts (leaves, bulbs, and flowers) were analyzed across two phenological phases (vegetative and generative) with three replicates for each combination. Each experimental unit comprised five biological replicates. The extracts were prepared via ultrasonic extraction using methanol, ethanol, and n-hexane. The range of TPC was 2.51-11.44 mg gallic acid equivalent per g dry weight (DW), that of TFC was 6.05-38.16 mg quercetin equivalents per g DW, that of the DPPH antioxidant activity was 0.21-1.41 µmol Trolox equivalent (TE) per g DW, and that of the FRAP capacity was 15.63-80.70 µmol TE g−1 DW. Ethanol extracts, particularly from preflowering bulbs, exhibited the highest TPC, TFC, and antioxidant activity, underscoring its superior extraction efficiency for C. pandurata. L L. Indonesia cultivation leaves bulbs C (TPC (TFC methods 2,2diphenyl1picrylhydrazyl 22diphenyl1picrylhydrazyl diphenylpicrylhydrazyl 2,2 diphenyl 1 picrylhydrazyl 2 (DPPH ferricreducing ferric reducing (FRAP assays (leaves combination methanol ethanol nhexane. nhexane n hexane. hexane n-hexane 2.5111.44 2511144 2.51 11.44 51 11 44 2.51-11.4 DW , (DW) 6.0538.16 6053816 6.05 38.16 6 05 38 16 6.05-38.1 0.211.41 021141 0.21 1.41 0 21 41 0.21-1.4 (TE 15.6380.70 15638070 15.63 80.70 15 63 80 70 15.63-80.7 g1 g− 2diphenyl1picrylhydrazyl 22 2, 5111 2.5111.4 251114 251 2.5 1144 11.4 5 4 2.51-11. (DW 0538 6.0538.1 605381 605 6.0 3816 38.1 3 6.05-38. 211 0.211.4 02114 021 0.2 141 1.4 0.21-1. 6380 15.6380.7 1563807 1563 15.6 8070 80.7 8 7 15.63-80. 511 2.5111. 25111 25 2. 114 11. 2.51-11 053 6.0538. 60538 60 6. 381 38. 6.05-38 0.211. 0211 02 0. 14 1. 0.21-1 638 15.6380. 156380 156 15. 807 80. 15.63-80 2.5111 2511 2.51-1 6.0538 6053 6.05-3 0.211 0.21- 15.6380 15638 15.63-8 2.511 2.51- 6.053 6.05- 15.638 15.63-

RESUMO Coelogyne pandurataL., uma orquídea nativa da Indonésia, possui propriedades medicinais e potencial para cultivo em áreas de baixa altitude. Este estudo avaliou os teores de fenólicos e flavonoides, bem como a atividade antioxidante das folhas, bulbos e flores nas fases vegetativa e generativa deC. pandurata. O teor total de fenólicos (TPC) e o teor total de flavonoides (TFC) foram medidos usando métodos colorimétricos. A atividade antioxidante foi avaliada utilizando ensaios de sequestro de radicais 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazila (DPPH) e de poder antioxidante redutor de ferro (FRAP). As partes da planta (folhas, bulbos e flores) foram analisadas em duas fases fenológicas (vegetativa e generativa) com três réplicas para cada combinação. Cada unidade experimental foi composta por cinco réplicas biológicas. Os extratos foram preparados via extração ultrassônica utilizando metanol, etanol e n-hexano. A faixa de TPC variou de 2,51-11,44 mg de equivalente de ácido gálico por g de peso seco (DW), a de TFC foi de 6,05-38,16 mg de equivalentes de quercetina por g DW, a atividade antioxidante pelo método DPPH foi de 0,21-1,41 µmol de equivalente Trolox (TE) por g DW, e a capacidade FRAP variou de 15,63-80,70 µmol TE g−1 DW. Os extratos etanólicos, particularmente de bulbos antes da floração, exibiram os maiores valores de TPC, TFC e atividade antioxidante, destacando sua superior eficiência de extração paraC. pandurata. pandurataL pandurataL. Indonésia altitude folhas deC pandurata (TPC (TFC colorimétricos 2,2difenil1picrilhidrazila 22difenil1picrilhidrazila difenilpicrilhidrazila 2,2 difenil 1 picrilhidrazila 2 (DPPH FRAP. . (FRAP) (folhas combinação biológicas metanol nhexano. nhexano n hexano. hexano n-hexano 2,5111,44 2511144 2,51 11,44 51 11 44 2,51-11,4 DW , (DW) 6,0538,16 6053816 6,05 38,16 6 05 38 16 6,05-38,1 0,211,41 021141 0,21 1,41 0 21 41 0,21-1,4 (TE 15,6380,70 15638070 15,63 80,70 15 63 80 70 15,63-80,7 g1 g− etanólicos floração paraC 2difenil1picrilhidrazila 22 2, (FRAP 5111 2,5111,4 251114 251 2,5 1144 11,4 5 4 2,51-11, (DW 0538 6,0538,1 605381 605 6,0 3816 38,1 3 6,05-38, 211 0,211,4 02114 021 0,2 141 1,4 0,21-1, 6380 15,6380,7 1563807 1563 15,6 8070 80,7 8 7 15,63-80, 511 2,5111, 25111 25 114 11, 2,51-11 053 6,0538, 60538 60 6, 381 38, 6,05-38 0,211, 0211 02 0, 14 1, 0,21-1 638 15,6380, 156380 156 15, 807 80, 15,63-80 2,5111 2511 2,51-1 6,0538 6053 6,05-3 0,211 0,21- 15,6380 15638 15,63-8 2,511 2,51- 6,053 6,05- 15,638 15,63-

Abstract Introduction. In Mexico, 85 % of the crops are white maize, 10 % white yellow and 5 % other colors. Biochemical studies of pigmented native maize have been carried out, but there is little information on colour-improved maize. Objective. To evaluate the phytochemical content and antimicrobial capacity of two pigmented maize hybrids grown at the Tecnológico Nacional de México-Valle del Yaqui. Materials and methods. Extraction of biocompounds from a portion of the maize grains grown in southern Sonora, Mexico, during the summer-winter 2020 cycle was performed on red and purple maize hybrids. A thirty-part solution of ethanol, acetic acid and water was used. Proximal composition, anthocyanin, polyphenol and flavonoid content were determined by standardized methods. Antioxidant capacity was determined by ABTS (2,2’-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)) and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) methodologies. In addition, antimicrobial capacity and minimum inhibitory concentration were determined. Results. Purple maize showed higher content of anthocyanins (340.98±5.21 mg/100 g) and polyphenols (173.68±24.23 mg gallic acid/100 g) compared to red maize. Flavonoids are more abundant in purple maize (575.10±27.88 mg quercetin/100 g). Both maize hybrids exhibited more than 50 % antioxidant capacity against ABTS and DPPH radicals. Regarding antimicrobial activity, higher inhibition was observed for Escherichia coli and Salmonella (18 % and 47 %), and lower for Staphylococcus aureus and Shigella (19 % and 34 %) compared to gentamicin. Conclusion. Purple maize showed higher content of anthocyanins, polyphenols and flavonoids. Both hybrids had an antioxidant capacity higher than 50 %. Antimicrobial activity was higher against E. coli and Salmonella, than against S. aureus and Shigella.

Resumen Introducción. En México, el 85 % de las siembras son maíces blancos, el 10 % amarillo blancos y el 5 % de otros colores. Se han realizado estudios bioquímicos de maíces nativos pigmentados, pero existe poca información en maíces mejorados en color. Objetivo. Evaluar el contenido de fitoquímicos y capacidad antimicrobiana de dos híbridos de maíz pigmentado cultivados en el Tecnológico Nacional de México, Valle del Yaqui. Materiales y métodos. En granos de híbridos de maíz de color rojo y morado se realizaron las extracciones de biocompuestos a partir de una porción del maíz cultivado en el sur de Sonora, México, durante el ciclo verano-invierno 2020. Se utilizó una solución de etanol, ácido acético y agua en una proporción de treinta partes. La composición proximal, contenido de antocianinas, polifenoles y flavonoides se determinaron mediante métodos estandarizados. La capacidad antioxidante se evaluó mediante las metodologías ABTS (2,2’-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)) y DPPH (2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidracilo). Además, se determinó la capacidad antimicrobiana y la concentración mínima inhibitoria. Resultados. El maíz morado presentó mayor contenido de antocianinas (340,98±5,21 mg/100 g) y polifenoles (173,68±24,23 mg de ácido gálico/100 g), en comparación con el maíz rojo. Los flavonoides son más abundantes en el maíz morado (575,10±27,88 mg de quercetina/100 g). Ambos híbridos de maíz exhibieron una capacidad antioxidante superior al 50 % frente a los radicales ABTS y DPPH. Respecto a la actividad antimicrobiana, se observó mayor inhibición para Escherichia coli y Salmonella (18 % y 47 %), y menor para Staphylococcus aureus y Shigella (19 % y 34 %) en comparación con la gentamicina. Conclusión. El maíz morado mostró mayor contenido de antocianinas, polifenoles y flavonoides. Ambos híbridos tuvieron una capacidad antioxidante mayor al 50 %. La actividad antimicrobiana fue mayor contra E. coli y Salmonella, que contra S. aureus y Shigella.

Abstract Introduction: The mangrove is one of the most important ecosystems on the planet, due to the ecological role it plays on coastlines, it provides development, protection, and feeding areas for various species. Objective: To determine the diversity and annual fluctuation of the cerambycid community, as well as the vertical distribution of species richness associated with the edge and interior of a mangrove in Tabasco, Mexico. Methods: The sampling was carried out from August 2016 to July 2017. The capture of insects was performed with interception traps baited with ethanol 70 % at 1.5, 6, and 12 m height, on the edge and interior of the mangrove. Results: A total of 382 specimens were collected, belonging to three subfamilies, 25 genera, and 36 species; Laminae was the subfamily most diverse with 24 species, followed by Cerambycinae with 11 species. At the edge of the mangrove 31 species were captured, and 21 in the interior. The 1D index determined that the edge was 2.51 more diverse than the interior, with a similarity of 61 %, sharing 16 species. The fluctuation of the communities on the edge and interior presented remarkable differences during the sampling year. On the edge, the greatest species richness was recorded at 6 m height and in the interior at 1.5 m and 6 m. Conclusions: Studies related to the vertical distribution of this group of insects, together with the increase in collection time and using complementary techniques, could give better results to inventory a larger number of species in the ecosystems.

Resumen Introducción: El manglar es uno de los ecosistemas más importantes del planeta, debido al papel ecológico que desempeña en las costas, ya que es el hábitat, o bien el área de refugio y alimentación para diversas especies. Objetivo: Determinar la diversidad y fluctuación anual de la comunidad de cerambícidos, así como la distribución vertical de la riqueza de especies asociadas al borde e interior de un manglar en Tabasco, México. Métodos: El muestreo se realizó de agosto 2016 a julio 2017. La captura de insectos se realizó con trampas de intercepción cebadas con alcohol etílico al 70 % a 1.5, 6 y 12 m de altura, en el borde e interior del manglar. Resultados: Se recolectaron un total de 382 especímenes de tres subfamilias, pertenecientes a 36 especies de 25 géneros; Laminae fue la subfamilia más diversa con 24 especies, seguida de Cerambycinae con 11. En el borde del manglar se capturaron 31 especies y en el interior 21. El índice 1D, determinó que el borde fue 2.51 más diverso que el interior, con una similitud del 61 %, al compartir 16 especies. La fluctuación de las comunidades en el borde e interior presentó notables diferencias durante el año de muestreo. En el borde, la mayor riqueza de especie se registró a los 6 m de altura y en el interior a 1.5 m y 6 m. Conclusión: Los estudios relacionados con la distribución vertical de este grupo de insectos, aunado al incremento del tiempo de recolecta y utilizando técnicas complementarias, podrían dar mejores resultados para inventariar el mayor número de especies en los ecosistemas.

SUMMARY: Drinking alcohol while pregnant can cause several diseases, belonging to an umbrella of disorders known as Fetal Alcohol spectrum disorders. Alcohol exposure during pregnancy is linked to reduced birth weights, shorter bones, delayed bone growth, decreased bone resilience, and delayed ossification of the bones. However, the specific effects on the craniofacial bones, particularly the mandible, remain less explored. This study aims to fill this gap by examining the impact of gestational alcohol consumption on mandibular structure. Time-mated pregnant Sprague Dawley dams were divided into an ethanol group (n=6) and a saline control group (n=6). The ethanol group was given 0.015ml/g of 25.2% ethanol, while the control group received 0.9% saline for the first 19 days of gestation. The presence of a vaginal plug indicated the first day of gestation. After birth, the pups were euthanized at three weeks of age, and their mandibles were harvested and analyzed using a 3D-mCT scanner to assess bone ratio, trabecular thickness, number, and spacing. Osteometric measurements for mandibular length and height were also taken. The study found no significant differences in trabecular morphometric parameters between the groups. However, one parameter for mandibular length (Cd-Bi) and two parameters for mandibular height (Cd-Ag and Cr-Ag) were significantly smaller in the ethanol group than in the controls. The study reveals that gestational alcohol consumption can significantly affect the development of the mandible, with potential implications for understanding the mechanisms behind alcohol-induced teratogenicity. The findings highlight the need for further research to explore the intricate interactions between embryological, biological, genetic, and epigenetic factors that contribute to the varied effects of alcohol exposure during pregnancy on different skeletal systems.

RESUMEN: Beber alcohol durante el embarazo puede causar varias enfermedades, pertenecientes a un conjunto de trastornos conocidos como trastornos del espectro alcohólico fetal. La exposición al alcohol durante el embarazo está relacionada con un peso reducido al nacer, huesos más cortos, retraso en el crecimiento óseo, disminución de la resistencia ósea y retraso en la osificación de los huesos. Sin embargo, los efectos específicos sobre los huesos craneofaciales, particularmente la mandíbula, siguen siendo menos analizados. Este estudio tiene como objetivo llenar este vacío examinando el impacto del consumo de alcohol gestacional en la estructura mandibular. Las madres preñadas Sprague Dawley apareadas en el tiempo, se dividieron en un grupo de etanol (n=6) y un grupo control de solución salina (n=6). El grupo de etanol recibió 0,015 ml/g de etanol al 25,2 %, mientras que el grupo control recibió solución salina al 0,9 % durante los primeros 19 días de gestación. La presencia de un tapón vaginal indicó el primer día de gestación. Después del nacimiento, las crías fueron sacrificadas a las tres semanas de edad, y sus mandíbulas fueron extraídas y analizadas utilizando un escáner 3D-mCT para evaluar la proporción ósea, el grosor trabecular, el número y el espaciado. También se tomaron medidas osteométricas de longitud y altura mandibular. El estudio no encontró diferencias significativas en los parámetros morfométricos trabeculares entre los grupos. Sin embargo, un parámetro para la longitud mandibular (Cd-Bi) y dos parámetros para la altura mandibular (Cd-Ag y Cr-Ag) fueron significativamente menores en el grupo de etanol que en los controles. El estudio revela que el consumo de alcohol gestacional puede afectar significativamente el desarrollo de la mandíbula, con implicaciones potenciales para comprender los mecanismos detrás de la teratogenicidad inducida por el alcohol. Los hallazgos resaltan la necesidad de realizar más investigaciones para explorar las intrincadas interacciones entre factores embriológicos, biológicos, genéticos y epigenéticos que contribuyen a los diversos efectos de la exposición al alcohol durante el embarazo en diferentes sistemas esqueléticos.

Drug poisoning is an important area of study in South Africa as a treatable cause of mortality. While research has been conducted on poisoning, there is a paucity of literature on the availability of antidotes in South Africa. The objectives of this study were to assess the availability of antidotes in selected teaching hospitals in the Southern Gauteng City-Region and to explore doctors' experiences of antidote supply. The availability of antidotes in the emergency departments (EDs) and pharmacies was assessed and recorded using a data sheet that was completed in person at each of the teaching hospitals. A questionnaire exploring experiences of antidote supply was distributed to 126 doctors working in the EDs. Our results indicate that N-acetylcysteine, atropine, diazepam, clonazepam, sodium bicarbonate, vitamin K, calcium gluconate, naloxone, ethanol, and pyridoxine were present in all EDs; activated charcoal was present in 80%; lorazepam, glycopyrrolate, and calcium chloride in 60%; freeze-dried plasma in 40%; glucagon and desferrioxamine in 20%; and fresh frozen plasma, hydroxocobalamin, sodium nitrite, sodium thiosulfate, sodium calcium edetate, and intralipid were not present in any of the EDs. Doctors reported organophosphate poisoning and paracetamol overdose as the most common drug poisonings (81.7% and 14.3% of 126 respondents, respectively). Most doctors experienced no supply issues for N-acetylcysteine, calcium gluconate, sodium bicarbonate, or pyridoxine (85.7%, 83.3%, 87.3%, and 75.4% of 126 respondents, respectively). The antidotes to the most common poisonings reported by doctors were present in all EDs. However, concerns were raised about consistency of supply, which will be an important avenue for further research. SIGNIFICANCE: • These findings highlight the lack of uniform availability of antidotes to common and critical drug poisonings in emergency departments. • The experiences of doctors in Gauteng concerning the most commonly encountered poisonings contrast with existing literature from South Africa, suggesting regional differences within the country.

ABSTRACT Purpose To evaluate the morphological and stereological parameters of the testicles in mice exposed to bisphenol S and/or high-fat diet-induced obesity. Material and Methods Forty adult male C57BL/6 mice were fed a standard diet (SC) or high-fat diet (HF) for a total of 12 weeks. The sample was randomly divided into 4 experimental groups with 10 mices as follows: a) SC - animals fed a standard diet; b) SC-B - animals fed a standard diet and administration of BPS (25 μg/kg of body mass/day) in drinking water; c) HF: animals fed a high-fat diet; d) HF-B - animals fed a high-fat diet and administration of BPS (25 μg/Kg of body mass/day) in drinking water. BPS administration lasted 12 weeks, following exposure to the SC and HF diets. BPS was diluted in absolute ethanol (0.1%) and added to drinking water (concentration of 25 μg/kg body weight/day). The animals were euthanized, and the testes were processed and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) for morphometric and stereological parameters, including density of seminiferous tubules per area, length density and total length of seminiferous tubules, height of the tunica albuginea and the diameter of the seminiferous tubules. The images were captured with an Olympus BX51 microscope and Olympus DP70 camera. The stereological analysis was done with the Image Pro and Image J programs. Means were statistically compared using ANOVA and the Holm-Sidak post-test (p<0.05). Results The seminiferous tubule density per area reduced in all groups when compared with SC samples (p<0.001): HF (40%), SC-B 3(2%), and HF-B (36%). Length density was reduced significantly (p<0.001) in all groups when compared with SC group: HF (40%), SC-B (32%), and HF-B (36%). The seminiferous tubule total length was reduced (p<0.001) when compared to f HF (28%) and SC-B (26%) groups. The tubule diameter increased significantly (p<0.001) only when we compared the SC group with SC (54%) an SC-B (25%) groups and the tunica thickness increased significantly only in HF group (117%) when compared with SC-B (20%) and HF-B 31%. Conclusion Animals exposed to bisphenol S and/or high-fat diet-induced obesity presented important structural alterations in testicular morphology. andor highfat high fat dietinduced induced C57BL6 CBL C57BL 6 C BL C57BL/ (SC (HF 1 weeks follows b SCB B (2 μgkg μg kg mass/day massday mass day c d HFB μgKg Kg diets 0.1% 01 0 (0.1% concentration 2 weight/day. weightday weight/day . weight weight/day) euthanized H&E HE H E (H&E BX BX5 DP DP7 camera programs HolmSidak Holm Sidak posttest post test p<0.05. p005 p p<0.05 05 (p<0.05) p<0.001 p0001 001 40%, 40 40% , (40%) 32%, 32 3 2% 3(2%) 36%. 36 36% (36%) (p<0.001 32% (32%) 28% 28 (28% 26% 26 (26% 54% 54 (54% 25% (25% 117% 117 (117% 20% 20 (20% 31 31% morphology ( 0.1 (0.1 p00 p<0.0 (p<0.05 p<0.00 p000 00 (40% 3(2% (36% (p<0.00 (32% (28 (26 5 (54 11 (117 (20 0. (0. p0 p<0. (p<0.0 (40 3(2 (36 (32 (5 (11 (0 p<0 (p<0. (4 3( (3 (1 p< (p<0 (p< (p

Abstract The selection of promising microorganisms that meet the requirements of a fermentation process is the most important stage in the development of microbiological starters. With the objective of selecting potential strains to be integrated as microbiological starters in cocoa fermentations, which promote biochemical dynamics, improving their sensory quality, the resistance of six yeasts (GRAS), isolated from cocoa fermenting masses in the departments, was evaluated. from Tolima, Huila and Antioquia, two commercial yeasts ATCC 28253 and ATCC 36633 selected for their aromatic production, subjecting them to resistance tests, at different concentrations of soluble solids (10, 15 and 20 °Brix), ethanol (5, 10%), acetic acid (pH 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7) and temperature (30, 40 and 50 °C), which simulated the biochemical dynamics of cocoa fermentation, quantifying its resistance expressed in viable cells. Aromatic production was measured by sensory evaluation. The yeasts Wickerhamomyces anomalus and Pichia kudriavzevii were selected for their ability to transform substrate into products of interest during the fermentation of cocoa pulp, production of specific aromas and resistance to adverse biochemical conditions typical of cocoa fermentation.

Resumen La selección de microrganismo promisorios que atiendan los requerimientos de un proceso fermentativo es la etapa más importante en el desarrollo de iniciadores microbiológicos. Con el objetivo de seleccionar las cepas potenciales para ser integradas como iniciadores microbiológicos en fermentaciones de cacao, que promuevan la dinámica bioquímica, mejorando su calidad sensorial, se evaluó la resistencia de seis levaduras (GRAS), aisladas de masas fermentantes de cacao en los departamento del Tolima, Huila y Antioquia, dos levaduras comerciales ATCC 28253 y ATCC 36633 seleccionadas por su producción aromática, sometiéndolas a pruebas de resistencia, a diferentes concentraciones de sólidos solubles (10, 15 y20 °Brix), etanol (5, 10 %), ácido acético (pH 3, 4, 5, 6, y 7) y temperatura (30, 40 y 50 oC), que simularon la dinámica bioquímica de la fermentación del cacao, cuantificando su resistencia expresada en células viables. La producción aromática fue medida mediante evaluación sensorial. Se seleccionaron las levaduras Wickerhamomyces anomalus y Pichia kudriavzevii por su capacidad de transformar sustrato en productos de interés durante la fermentación de pulpa de cacao, producción de aromas específicos y resistencia a condiciones bioquímicas adversas propias de la fermentación del cacao.

Abstract Introduction: The use of antimicrobials is a permanent challenge as it is constantly confronted with the ability of bacteria to develop resistance mechanisms. Objective: The objective of this research was to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of polyphenolic extracts present in Ananas comosus crown. Materials and Methods: 3.5 kg of Ananas comosus pineapple crown leaves were collected and taken to a tray dryer to reduce humidity, then, they were milled until a fine flour was obtained, for the extraction process of the oleaginous extract a Soxhlet equipment was used, using 70% ethanol as solvent, The identification of phenolic compounds was carried out by ultra-high resolution liquid chromatography with an Orbitrap mass detector. The microbiological analysis was evaluated by the standardized method of diffusion with discs using Mueller-Hinton agar, for which the Staphylococcus aureus strain (ATCC 25923) was used, using oxacillin as a positive control and DMSO as a negative control. Results: from the drying obtained, the humidity was reduced by 50%, with which the dry matter obtained was ground and used to carry out the extraction process of the oleaginous extract, obtaining 63 ml of which 27 phenolic compounds were identified. As for the microbiological analysis carried out, inhibition halos varying between 4.5 mm and 6.0 mm were observed. Conclusion: Finally, it was concluded that the polyphenols present in the extract of Ananas comosus showed antibacterial activity on Staphylococcus aureus, with a greater inhibition effect observed when a higher concentration of the extract was applied.

Resumen Introducción: La utilización de antimicrobianos es un desafío permanente ya que se enfrenta en todo momento a la capacidad de las bacterias para desarrollar mecanismos de resistencia. Objetivo: el objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el efecto antimicrobiano de los extractos polifenolicos presentes en la corona Ananas comosus. Materiales y Métodos: se recolectaron 3,5 kg de hojas de coronas de piña Ananas comosus para ello se llevaron a un secador de charolas, para reducir humedad, posteriormente, se realizó la molienda hasta obtener una harina fina, para el proceso de extracción del extracto oleaginoso se utilizó un equipo Soxhlet utilizando etanol al 70 % como solvente, la identificación de compuestos fenólicos se realizó por cromatografía líquida de ultra-alta resolución con detector de masas Orbitrap,el análisis microbiológico se evaluó mediante el método estandarizado de difusión con discos utilizando agar Mueller-Hinton, para lo cual se utilizó la cepa Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), utilizando como control positivo oxacilina y como control negativo (DMSO). Resultados: del secado obtenido se disminuyó la humedad en 50 %, con el cual la materia seca obtenida fue molida y utilizada para realizar el proceso de extracción del extracto oleaginoso obteniendo 63ml del cual se identificaron de 27 compuestos fenólicos. En cuanto al análisis microbiológico realizado, se observaron halos de inhibición variables entre 4,5 mm y 6,0 mm. Conclusión: finalmente se concluyó que los polifenoles presentes en el extracto de Ananas comosus presentaron actividad antibacteriana en Staphylococcus aureus observándose mayor efecto de inhibición al aplicar de mayor concentración del extracto.