Livestock farms in Kenya face pressure to increase productivity amid rising global population. Cattle farming dominates, but small to medium-sized farms struggle with cattle insemination. Currently, visual observation is used for heat detection, with farmers maintaining farm journals. Modern methods utilizing sensors to improve estrus prediction are time-consuming, costly and need constant internet connection. This research proposes a novel approach-the use of an on-controller machine learning algorithm- for estrus prediction in cattle. Motion and temperature data was collected from two zero-grazed multiparous Holstein Friesian cows in Kiambu County, Kenya for 11 months. The data was cleaned and stored. Movement intensity profiles were derived by root-mean-squaring directional accelerometer values and averaging this over time. Validation was performed by observing cow behavior for indicators such as restlessness, mounting, and vulva swelling, with farmer predictions documented in their records. The collected data was then used to train a machine learning algorithm, with several models tested, and a neural network emerged as the best fit. The TensorFlow library facilitated the implementation of the algorithm on a microcontroller, allowing for the development of an animal tag featuring the ML algorithm. Results demonstrated 83.9% sensitivity, 89.0% specificity and 89.5% accuracy in detecting estrus, compared to farmer's visual observation, which had only 37% sensitivity. These findings underscore the potential to integrate machine learning into Precision Livestock Farming for estrus prediction, with prediction occurring directly on the animal tag offline. This integration holds promise for farmers, notably heightened insemination success rates, without necessitating significant financial investment.

Abstract Sustainability - the new hype of the 21st century has brought discomfort for the government and society. Sustainable agriculture is essential to face our most concerning challenges: climate change, food security, and the environmental footprint, all of which add to consumers' opinions and choices. Improvements in reproductive indexes can enhance animal production and efficiency, guaranteeing profit and sustainability. Estrus detection, artificial insemination (AI), embryo transfer (ET), estrus synchronization (ES), and multiple ovulations are some strategies used to improve animal reproduction. This review highlights how reproductive strategies and genetic selection can contribute to sustainable ruminant production. Improved reproductive indices can reduce the number of nonproductive cows in the herd, reducing methane emissions and land use for production while preserving natural resources. st society challenges change security footprint consumers choices efficiency sustainability detection AI, AI , (AI) ET, ET (ET) ES, ES (ES) reproduction herd resources (AI (ET (ES

Abstract An estrous-detection patch was used to determine the optimum timing for STAI and the necessity of GnRH at STAI on a 7-day CO-Synch+CIDR protocol. Crossbred beef cows (n=216) were stratified into the following treatment groups: CTRL=TAI (n=67) at 72 h post CIDR removal, or TRT=STAI (n=149) at 72 or 84 h post CIDR removal. All females received GnRH (100 mcg) plus a CIDR on d0, PGF2α, CIDR removal, and an Estrotect estrous-detector patch on d7. At 72 h post-CIDR removal, a patch score was assigned (PS1<50% removed; PS2>50% removed) to all females. Cows in the CTRL group were administered a second GnRH (100 mcg) at 72 h TAI. Cows in the TRT group with PS2 were not administered GnRH. At 84 h, the remaining TRT group cows were given a second PS; cows with PS1 received a GnRH (100 mcg), and cows with PS2 were not administered. Results: The TAI pregnancy rates were similar (P=0.81) between the CTRL (45.6%) and TRT (44.8%) groups. Pregnancy rates tended to be higher (P=0.07) for cows with PS2 (50.3%) than for those with PS1 (29.4%). However, by extending TAI to 84 h in unresponsive cows, 82.0% of TRT cows did not receive a second injection of GnRH at TAI. It was concluded that the estrous detector patches reduced the percentage of cows that required GnRH at TAI without compromising pregnancy rates. The estrous detector patches significantly reduced the number of cows that received a second GnRH injection at TAI. estrousdetection detection 7day day 7 COSynch+CIDR COSynchCIDR CO Synch+CIDR Synch protocol n=216 n216 n 216 (n=216 groups CTRLTAI n=67 n67 67 (n=67 removal TRTSTAI n=149 n149 149 (n=149 8 100 (10 mcg d0 d PGF2α PGFα PGF α estrousdetector d7 postCIDR PS1<50% PS150 PS 50 (PS1<50 removed PS250 PS2>50 mcg, , Results P=0.81 P081 P 0 81 (P=0.81 45.6% 456 45 6 (45.6% 44.8% 448 44 (44.8% P=0.07 P007 07 (P=0.07 50.3% 503 3 (50.3% 29.4%. 294 29.4% . 29 4 (29.4%) However 820 82 82.0 COSynch SynchCIDR n=21 n21 21 (n=21 n=6 n6 (n=6 n=14 n14 14 (n=14 10 (1 PS1<50 PS15 5 (PS1<5 PS25 PS2>5 P=0.8 P08 (P=0.8 45.6 (45.6 44.8 (44.8 P=0.0 P00 (P=0.0 50.3 (50.3 29.4 2 (29.4% 82. n=2 n2 (n=2 n= (n= n=1 n1 1 (n=1 ( PS1<5 (PS1< PS2> P=0. P0 (P=0. 45. (45. 44. (44. 50. (50. 29. (29.4 (n PS1< (PS1 P=0 (P=0 (45 (44 (50 (29. (PS P= (P= (4 (5 (29 (P (2

Resumo Um adesivo de detecção de estro foi usado como ferramenta para determinar o momento ideal para a inseminação artificial em tempo dividido (STAI) e a necessidade de injeção de hormônio liberador de gonadotrofinas (GnRH) no 7º dia do protocolo CO-Sinc + CIDR sem comprometer as taxas de prenhez. As vacas eram cruzadas, multíparas e lactantes (Angus x Charolês, n=216) e foram estratificadas por idades (5,9 2.5 anos), BW (581 67kg), BCS (5,3 0,8; 1-9), intervalo entre partos (78,5 15,5 dias). O grupo de tratamento CTRL = IAT (n=67) foi inseminado após 72 h após a remoção do CIDR; já no grupo tratamento TRT= IATP (n=149) as vacas foram inseminadas 72 ou 84 h após a remoção do CIDR. Todas as fêmeas receberam GnRH (100 mcg I.M.), mais um CIDR (1,38 g de progesterone) no D0, no D7 foi realizado a retirada do CIDR, aplicação de PGF2α (25 mcg I.M.) e colocação do adesivo detector de cio. Após 72 h da remoção do CIDR, uma pontuação foi atribuída ao adesivo (OS1<50% removido; OS2> 50% removido) de todas as fêmeas. As vacas do grupo CTRL receberam a segunda injeção de GnRH (100 mcg I.M.) às 72 h na IAT. Vacas do grupo TRT com OS2 não receberam GnRH. Às 84 h as vacas restantes do grupo TRT receberam um segundo OS, aquelas com OS1 receberam GnRH (100 mcg I.M.) e as vacas com OS2 não receberam GnRH. Amostras de sangue para concentração de progesterona foram coletadas nos D-11 e D-0 para determinar o percentual de vacas ciclando. Os dados foram analisados utilizando-se o Proc Genmod, tendo o tratamento e o técnico de IA como efeitos fixos, o touro como efeito aleatório e o BW, BCS, idade e IBP como covariáveis. Resultados: as taxas de gravidez da IAT foram semelhantes (P= 0,81) entre os grupos CTRL (45,6%) e TRT (44,8%). As taxas de prenhez tenderam a ser maiores (P=0,07) para vacas com OS2 (50,3%) do que para aquelas com OS1 (29,4%). No entanto, ao estender a IAT para 84 horas em vacas não responsivas, 82,0% das vacas TRT não receberam uma segunda aplicação de GnRH na IAT. Concluiu-se que os adesivos detectores de estro reduziram a porcentagem de vacas que necessitaram de GnRH na IAT sem comprometer as taxas de prenhez. Os adesivos de detecção de estro reduziram significativamente o número de vacas que receberam uma segunda injeção de GnRH na IAT. STAI (STAI (GnRH º COSinc CO Sinc cruzadas Angus Charolês n=216 n216 n 216 5,9 59 5 9 (5, 25 2 2. anos, anos , anos) 581 (58 67kg, 67kg kg 67kg) 5,3 53 3 0,8 08 0 8 19, 19 1 1-9) 78,5 785 78 (78, 155 15 15, dias. dias . dias) n=67 n67 67 (n=67 7 n=149 n149 149 (n=149 100 (10 I.M., IM I.M. I M 1,38 138 38 (1,3 progesterone D0 D PGFα PGF α (2 cio OS1<50% OS150 OS 50 (OS1<50 removido D11 11 D-1 D- ciclando utilizandose utilizando se Genmod fixos covariáveis Resultados P= P (P 0,81 081 81 45,6% 456 45 6 (45,6% 44,8%. 448 44,8% 44 (44,8%) P=0,07 P007 07 (P=0,07 50,3% 503 (50,3% 29,4%. 294 29,4% 29 4 (29,4%) entanto responsivas 820 82 82,0 Concluiuse Concluiu n=21 n21 21 5, (5 58 0, 1-9 78, (78 n=6 n6 (n=6 n=14 n14 14 (n=14 10 (1 I.M 1,3 13 (1, ( OS1<50 OS15 (OS1<5 D1 45,6 (45,6 44,8 (44,8% P=0,0 P00 (P=0,0 50,3 (50,3 29,4 (29,4% 82, n=2 n2 1- (7 n= (n= n=1 n1 (n=1 1, OS1<5 (OS1< 45, (45, 44, (44,8 P=0, P0 (P=0, 50, (50, 29, (29,4 (n OS1< (OS1 (45 (44, P=0 (P=0 (50 (29, (OS (4 (44 (29

RESUMO O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar características espermáticas in vitro e a taxa de concepção (TC) de sêmen convencional e sexado em um programa de IATF tradicional de vacas Nelore pós-parto. Todas a vacas (n=348) foram submetidas ao mesmo protocolo de IATF à base de estradiol e de progesterona. Após 48 horas da retirada do implante, foi determinada a expressão de estro dos animais e a IA foi realizada com sêmen convencional e sexado de dois touros Angus. As seguintes características espermáticas foram avaliadas: análise computadorizada do sêmen, teste hiposmótico, morfometria espermática e estrutura cromatínica por meio da coloração com azul de toluidina. A TC foi menor (P<0,001) para sêmen sexado comparado ao convencional, em vacas que expressaram estro (27 vs. 47%) e que não apresentaram estro (11 vs. 37%). A integridade da membrana plasmática (Touro 1: 30,3±9,6 vs. 52,3±12,4%, P=0,010; Touro 2: 24,5±3,0 vs. 48,7±1,6%, P=0,006) e a concentração espermática (Touro 1: 23,2±0,6 vs. 43,0±0,8x10⁶sperm/mL, P<0,001; Touro 2: 25,1±2,8 vs. 42,1±0,7x10⁶sperm/mL, P<0,001) foram menores no sêmen sexado comparado ao convencional, para ambos os touros. Motilidades total e progressiva foram menores no sêmen sexado comparado ao convencional para o Touro 1 (MT: 49,7±15,9 vs. 94,9±1,9%, P=0,007; MP: 16,7±3,4 vs. 44,1±13,2%, P=0,009), enquanto diferenças não foram detectadas no Touro 2 (MT: 45,0±17,5 vs. 68,2±19,1%, P=0,098; MP: 12,8±4,7 vs. 30,0±13,0%, P=0,065). Elipticidade espermática do sêmen sexado foi menor do que do sêmen convencional no Touro 2 (0,306±0,01 vs. 0,342±0,02, P=0,020), mas não houve diferença no Touro 1 (0,332±0,01 vs. 0,330±0,01, P=0,552). Reduzida fertilidade in vivo foi observada para o sêmen sexado em relação ao convencional, independentemente da expressão de cio das vacas. A qualidade seminal in vitro do sêmen sexado foi comprometida para ambos os touros, mas diferentemente afetada para cada reprodutor.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to assess in vitro sperm characteristics and pregnancies/AI (P/AI) of conventional and sex-sorted semen at timed-AI of suckled, multiparous Nelore cows. All cows (n=348) were submitted to a traditional estradiol/progesterone(P4)-based protocol. At 48h after P4-device removal, the estrous behavior was recorded, and AI was performed with conventional or sex-sorted semen from two bulls. The following sperm assessments were performed: CASA, Hyposmotic Test, sperm morphometry and chromatin structure by TB staining. P/AI were reduced (P<0.001) for sex-sorted compared to conventional semen in cows expressing estrus (27vs47%) or not (11vs.37%). Membrane integrity (Bull1: 30.3±9.6 vs. 52.3±12.4%, P=0.01; Bull2: 24.5±3.0 vs. 48.7±1.6%, P=0.006) and sperm concentration (Bull1: 23.2±0.6 vs. 43.0±0.8x10⁶sperm/mL, P<0.001; Bull2: 25.1±2.8 vs. 42.1±0.7x10⁶sperm/mL; P<0.001) were reduced in sex-sorted compared to conventional semen, for both bulls. Total and progressive motility were reduced in sex-sorted semen for Bull1 (TM: 49.7±15.9 vs. 94.9±1.9%, P=0.007; PM: 16.7±3.4 vs. 44.1±13.2%, P=0.009) and no differences were detected for Bull2 (TM: 45.0±17.5 vs. 68.2±19.1%, P=0.098; PM: 12.8±4.7 vs. 30.0±13.0%, P=0.065). Sperm ellipticity from sex-sorted was lower than conventional semen for Bull2 (0.306±0.01 vs. 0.342±0.02, P=0.02) and no difference was detected for Bull1 (0.332±0.01 vs. 0.330±0.01, P=0.55). Reduced in vivo fertility was observed for sex-sorted semen, regardless of estrous behavior. In vitro sperm quality of sex-sorted semen was compromised for both bulls, but differently affected for each sire.

Abstract Lab animals, such as Guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus), are crucial for scientific development, as they play an important role in the development and quality control chain of vaccines and drugs distributed by the Brazilian public health system. Investigating their biological and physiological parameters is fundamental to raise and keep these animals, so the handling of the facilities that hold them can be updated whenever new information comes up, with the well-being of the animals and alignment with the 3 Rs in mind. In the search for understanding reproductive aspects of Guinea pigs, the present study had the main goal of studying puberty by means of estrous cycle analysis in short-haired Guinea pigs. Guinea pigs have a vaginal occlusive membrane that covers the vaginal orifice. Its rupture takes place gradually and naturally, moments before labor and during estrus. The present study followed 42 females as for the presentation of the vaginal occlusive membrane. Once the membranes ruptured spontaneously, a swab was collected to study vaginal cytology. Membrane rupture was observed in 39 females; six females showed membrane rupture with less than 21 days of age (17 to 21 days). Twenty-three females were characterized as being in estrus due to cytology showing a prevalence of anucleated superficial cells. One of these females was younger than 21 days old. The opening of the vaginal occlusive membrane took place most frequently in intervals between 17 and 18 days, and the membrane remained open between one and three consecutive days. It was possible to follow three cycles of membrane opening on six females. The present study showed the need to adapt handling guidelines for C. porcellus kept in research animal facilities. The early age of puberty imposes the need of separate the female daughters from their fathers at 16 days old.

RESUMO: Os teratomas são tumores raros nas espécies domésticas, sobretudo em bovinos. Esses tumores são caracterizados por crescimento rápido e origem durante a vida fetal, o que justifica seu diagnóstico frequente em animais jovens. O presente trabalho relata um caso de teratoma ovariano em uma novilha. No exame físico, os principais sinais identificados foram apatia, distensão e tensão abdominal, rúmen vazio e diarreia pastosa. Durante a palpação retal, uma massa foi identificada na região pélvica. Ao exame ultrassonográfico, a massa era sugestiva de cistos. O animal foi submetido a laparotomia, seguido de eutanásia devido ao mau prognóstico. Na necropsia foi observado um tumor de 54 x 43 x 52 cm (comprimento x largura x espessura) no ovário direito com múltiplas áreas císticas, além de massas associadas à múltiplas aderências das alças intestinais e peritonite. Na histopatologia foram identificados no ovário acometido a presença de tecidos muscular, cartilaginoso, ósseo, nervoso e epitelial, com glândulas, pelos e folículos. Havia inflamação mista e focos de necrose com ausência completa de arquitetura ovariana em ambos os ovários. Infiltrações foram identificadas em linfonodos e vasos mesentéricos. Ductos glandulares foram vistos desde a serosa até mucosa intestinal. Diagnosticou-se um teratoma ovariano localmente infiltrativo e expansivo. Considera-se que este tumor pode induzir distensão abdominal e ausência de estro em novilhas previamente sadias e não gestantes.

ABSTRACT: Teratomas rarely occur in domestic species, especially in cattle. These tumors originate in fetal life and are characterized by rapid growth, which justifies their frequent detection in young animals. This study reported a case of ovarian teratoma in a heifer. On physical examination, the main signs identified were apathy, abdominal distention and tension, empty rumen, and mushy diarrhea. During rectal palpation, a mass was identified in the pelvic region, which was suggestive of cysts on ultrasound examination. The animal underwent laparotomy, followed by euthanasia due to a poor prognosis. At necropsy, a 54 x 43 x 52 cm (length x width x thickness) tumor was observed in the right ovary with multiple cystic areas, in addition to masses associated with multiple adhesions of the intestinal loops and peritonitis. On histopathology, muscle, cartilage, bone, nervous and epithelial tissue, glands, hair with follicles, were identified in the affected ovary. There was mixed inflammation and foci of necrosis observed with a complete absence of ovarian architecture in both the ovaries. Infiltrations were identified in the lymph nodes and mesenteric vessels. Glandular ducts were seen from the serosa to the intestinal mucosa. A locally infiltrative and expansile ovarian teratoma was diagnosed accordingly. It is considered that this kind of tumor can induce abdominal distension and absence of estrus in previously healthy, non-pregnant heifers.

Abstract The pregnancy rate (PR) is nowadays the most informative reproductive parameter, as it encompasses the proportion of cows that become pregnant from the total number of cows eligible for insemination in each estrous cycle. In the international scientific literature, there are several analyses concerning PR change effects on the profitability of dairy herds. In this study, the economic consequences of PR changes in a dairy herd under intensive management was calculated. We developed a mathematical model, based on the Monte Carlo simulation model, to estimate herd performance and economic utility using different pregnancy rates (between 15 and 30). The simulation was done using a fixed conception percentage of 30, so the increment in pregnancy rate only depended on the efficiency of estrus detection (EED) increase. In the generated model scenarios, PR increase had a positive effect on the annual cow income per year; however, the extra income had a quadratic trend with a revenue decline, when PR reached 20 %. So for every percentage point, where PR was increased from 15 to 20 %, an additional cow income of USD 40.46 per year was generated. Furthermore, the additional income for every percentage point, when the PR was increased from 20 to 25 % was USD 21; and USD 6.88, when the increase was from 25 to 30 %. We can conclude that any changes in herd management to increase the EED and thereby the PR should have lower costs compared with the expected benefits; otherwise, they will diminish their usefulness.

Abstract Introduction: The low fertility is one of the greatest problems in mare reproduction. Preovulatory follicle diameter could be used as estrus predictor. Methods: Forty-three mares, 550 ± 34 kg live weight, 6.00 ± 2.30 years old, and 4.42 ± 0.39 body condition score (CC), without reproductive or sanitary problems were used to study the evolution of follicle diameter (DF) during an estrus cycle. The estrus detection and measurement of DF were done daily, mares with DF > 38 mm were inseminated, pregnancy was tested 16 d post insemination. Variables evaluated were estrus length (Dcelo) and estrus cycle (Dciclo); DF at 21 d (DF21), at start of estrus (DFcelo), and at artificial insemination (DFIA); corpora luteum diameter lúteo (DCL); and pregnancy rate (TP16). The fixed effects included in the model were age of mare, CC, Dcelo, Dciclo, number of follicles, time to estrus appearance after day 21 (Celoh), DFcelo, and DF21. The statistical analyses were carried out with the MIXED and GLIMMIX procedures of SAS. Results: Age (p ≤ 0.0221) and Dcelo (p ≤ 0.036) were significant for most of the variables analyzed. Mares 9-11 years old had the greatest Dciclo, DCL, and DF. DFcelo was significant (p ≤ 0.0056) for DCL and DF21; while DF21 was (p ≤ 0.0001) for Celoh, DFcelo, and DFIA. The follicle growth showed a cubic trend, with a reduction in growth rate days before ovulation. Conclusion: Age of mare, DF21, and DFcelo, help to predict estrus appearance. Knowledge of ovarian dynamics helps to breed mares at the right time.

Resumen Introducción: La baja fertilidad es una de las mayores dificultades que enfrenta la reproducción equina. El diámetro folicular preovulatorio puede utilizarse como predictor del celo. Métodos: Se estudió la evolución del diámetro folicular (DF) durante un ciclo estral en 43 yeguas, con 550 ± 34 kg PV, edad 6.00 ± 2.30 años y 4.42 ± 0.39 de condición corporal (CC), sin problemas reproductivos o sanitarios. Los celos se detectaron y los DF se midieron diariamente; las yeguas con DF > 38 mm se inseminaron, y la preñez se diagnosticó 16 d post inseminación. Las variables evaluadas fueron: duración del celo (Dcelo) y del ciclo estral (Dciclo); DF al día 21 (DF21), al inicio del celo (Dfcelo) y a la inseminación artificial (DFIA); diámetro del cuerpo lúteo (DCL), y tasa de preñez (TP16). Los efectos fijos incluidos en el modelo fueron: edad de la yegua, CC, Dcelo, Dciclo, número de folículos, tiempo que tardó en presentarse el celo después del día 21 (Celoh), Dfcelo, y DF21. Los análisis estadísticos se realizaron con los procedimientos MIXED y GLIMMIX de SAS. Resultados: La edad (p ≤ 0.0221) y el Dcelo (p ≤ 0.036) fueron significativas para la mayoría de las variables de respuesta analizadas. Las yeguas de 9-11 años tuvieron los mayores Dciclo, DCL y DF. La covariable Dfcelo fue significativa (p ≤ 0.0056) para DCL y DF21; mientras que DF21 lo fue (p ≤ 0.0001) para Celoh, Dfcelo y DFIA. El crecimiento folicular mostró una tendencia cúbica, con una reducción en la tasa de crecimiento días previos a la ovulación. Conclusión: La edad de la yegua, DF21 y Dfcelo, ayudan a predecir la presentación del celo. El conocimiento de la dinámica ovárica ayuda al apareamiento al tiempo correcto en yeguas.

ABSTRACT The aim of the study was to compare three doses of eCG associated with a short heat synchronization protocol in hair sheep. A total of 48 ewes were oestrous synchronized with intravaginal sponges impregnated with medroxyprogesterone acetate inserted for a period of six days. Upon removal of the sponge, a prostaglandin F2α analogue was applied. The animals were randomly divided into four groups: Control (without eCG) and T1, T2 and T3 with the application of 100, 250 and 400 IU of eCG, respectively. Oestrous detection and mating were made with four males of recognized fertility. The pregnancy diagnosis was made on day 60 after mating by transrectal ultrasound. The interval to heat and the rates of presentation of oestrous, pregnancy and prolificacy were determined. The interval of the onset of oestrous was shorter in T3 (37.1 ± 12.0 h) compared to the other treatments (T2: 60.8 ± 25.0 h; T1: 52.01 ± 17.0 h and control: 58.3 ± 10.0 h) (p <0.05). The oestrous presentation and pregnancy rate were 100% in T3, being lower in the other groups (p<0.05). The prolificacy rate was significantly higher in T3 (2.3 lambs per female), compared to T2 (1.2), T1 (1.3) and control (1.25). It is concluded that the application of 400 IU of eCG in the short heat synchronization protocol improves the reproductive performance in hair sheep.

RESUMEN El objetivo del estudio fue comparar tres dosis de eCG asociadas a un protocolo corto de sincronización del celo en ovejas de pelo. Se trabajó con 48 hembras sincronizadas con esponjas intravaginales impregnadas con acetato de medroxiprogesterona insertadas por un periodo de seis días. Al retiro de la esponja se aplicó un análogo de prostaglandina F2α. Los animales fueron divididos aleatoriamente en cuatro grupos: Control (sin eCG) y T1, T2 y T3 con la aplicación de 100, 250 y 400 UI de eCG, respectivamente. La detección de celo y apareamiento se hizo con cuatro machos de reconocida fertilidad. El diagnóstico de gestación fue realizado al día 60 del apareamiento por ultrasonografía transrectal. Se determinó el intervalo al inicio del celo y las tasas de presentación de celo, preñez y prolificidad. El intervalo del inicio del celo fue menor en T3 (37.1 ± 12.0 h) comparado con los demás tratamientos (T2: 60.8 ± 25.0 h; T1: 52.01 ± 17.0 h y control: 58.3 ± 10.0 h) (p<0.05). La tasa de presentación de celo y de preñez fue de 100% en T3, siendo menor en los demás grupos (p<0.05). La tasa de prolificidad fue significativamente mayor en el T3 (2.3 crías por hembra), comparada con T2 (1.2), T1 (1.3) y control (1.25). Se concluye que la aplicación de 400 UI de eCG en el protocolo corto de sincronización del celo mejora el comportamiento reproductivo en ovejas de pelo.

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the reproductive performance of sows inseminated with semen doses preserved at 15-18 °C for up to seven days in long-term extender (Duragen®). Parity one (PO1) to PO7 sows were randomly assigned to the following groups: AI1-3 (n=190), insemination with semen doses stored between one and three days; and AI5-7 (n=124), insemination with semen doses stored between five and seven days. Sows were submitted to estrus detection twice a day. Post-cervical insemination according to weaning-to-estrus interval was performed. The farrowing rate (FR) did not differ between the groups (AI1-3=83.2%; AI5-7=82.2%; p>0.05) nor did the total number of piglets born (TPB; AI1-3=14.2±0.3; AI5-7=14.5±0.3; p>0.05). Considering the semen dose most likely responsible for fertilization according to its storage time (1, 2-3, 5, and 6-7 days), the FR (72.7%, 87.8%, 85.7%, and 79%, respectively) and TPB (14.4, 14.0, 14.9, and 13.5, respectively) were similar among the groups (p>0.05). In conclusion, the use of semen doses extended with long-term extender stored for up to seven days did not impair the reproductive performance of sows. Therefore, it’s using could optimize production efficiency and logistics of semen dose deliveries to sow farms.

Abstract Deer are sensitive to stressful stimuli by handling and their reproductive physiology could be altered by these procedures, making it necessary to develop less invasive protocols for ART. Melengestrol acetate (MGA), a synthetic progestin administered orally, appears as an alternative for estrous synchronization protocols (ESP), such as reported in cattle. Firstly, we compared two MGA doses (0.5 and 1.0 mg/day/animal), which would have suppression effect in estrous behavior (EB). Eight females were randomly and equally distributed in Group 1 (G1) and Group 2 (G2), which received 0.5 and 1.0 mg/day/animal respectively for 15 days (D1 to D15). Two cloprostenol (CP) applications were performed on D0 and D11. Estrus detection (ED) was performed every day. All females from G1 displayed estrus during treatment period, whereas all females from G2 displayed estrus after treatment, suggesting a suppressive effect of 1.0 mg in the EB. Once the suppressive MGA dose (1.0 mg) was defined, we used this dose for assessing ESP. The same eight females received 1.0 mg/animal for eight days (D-8 to D-1), followed by 0.25 mg of estradiol benzoate on D-8 and 265 μg of CP on D0. Feces for fecal progesterone metabolites (FPM) measurement were collected from D0 until seven days after the last day of estrus. Seven females displayed estrus between 12 and 72 h after CP application, which was followed by a significant increase in FPM levels (except female MG6), suggesting the formation of corpus luteum. After ED, females were placed with a fertile male to assess the fertility of the protocol. Pregnancy was confirmed by ultrasound 30 days after mating in 3/6 individuals. Although the low effectiveness of MGA protocol, it should be considered as a promising alternative in deer ESP since this protocol has less stressful effect on the animal during reproductive management when compared to other ESP.

Resumen Antecedentes: La pulpa de café tiene un alto contenido de antioxidantes capaces de modificar el estado oxidativo en pequeños rumiantes. Sin embargo, a dosis elevadas y por un tiempo prolongado puede reducir la fertilidad. Objetivo: Determinar el efecto de dos niveles de inclusión de pulpa de café durante la sincronización del estro en variables reproductivas y el estado oxidativo de ovejas primerizas. Métodos: Se utilizaron 60 ovejas primalas Suffolk x Dorset fueron distribuidas en tres tratamientos en un diseño completamente al azar; T0: (n=20) con 1,5 kg de dieta integral, T1: (n=20) con 1,5 kg de dieta integral y 5% de pulpa de café, T2: (n=20) con 1,5 kg de dieta integral y 10% de pulpa de café. La suplementación se realizó por 16 días, previo a la sincronización del estro y hasta el empadre. El progestágeno (CIDR®) se insertó en las ovejas por 11 días y se aplicó una dosis de PGF2α dos días antes de su retiro. La detección de estro comenzó a las 12 horas post-retiro del CIDR®. Se obtuvieron muestras sanguíneas durante el periodo de suplementación para medir estado oxidativo, capacidad antioxidante, glucosa e insulina, y hasta 9 días posteriores al empadre para determinar las concentraciones de progesterona. El diagnóstico de gestación se realizó a los 30 y 60 días post-monta. Se realizaron análisis de medidas repetidas utilizando un modelo de efectos mixtos, además de análisis de frecuencias. Resultados: La inclusión de pulpa por un periodo corto previo al empadre no afectó los parámetros reproductivos ni las concentraciones de progesterona, glucosa o insulina (p>0,05); sin embargo, la capacidad antioxidante se incrementó, mientras que la oxidación lipídica siguió una tendencia inversa (p<0,05). Conclusión: La inclusión hasta de 10% de pulpa de café en la dieta de ovejas por 16 días previo al empadre mejora el estado oxidativo sin ocasionar efectos adversos en el porcentaje de preñez, estro o prolificidad.

Abstract Background: Coffee pulp has a high content of antioxidants capable of modifying the oxidative status in small ruminants. However, high amounts for a prolonged time can reduce fertility. Objective: To determine the effect of two inclusion levels of coffee pulp during estrous synchronization on reproductive variables and oxidative status of primiparous ewes. Methods: Sixty Suffolk x Dorset primiparous ewes were distributed into three treatments in a completely randomized design; T0: (n=20) 1.5 kg balanced diet, T1: (n=20) 1.5 kg balanced diet and 5% coffee pulp, T2: (n=20) 1.5 kg balanced diet and 10% coffee pulp. Supplementation was given for 16 days before estrus synchronization and until the beginning of the breeding season. A progestogen (CIDR®) was inserted for 11 days and a dose of PGF2α was applied two days prior to its withdrawal. Estrus detection started 12 hours after CIDR withdrawal. Blood samples were obtained during the supplementation period to measure oxidative status, antioxidant capacity, glucose and insulin, and up to 9 days after breeding to determine progesterone concentration. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed at 30 and 60 days post-breeding. An analysis of repeated measures of mixed effects and frequency analysis were carried out. Results: Inclusion of coffee pulp for a short period prior to breeding did not affect reproductive parameters, nor progesterone, glucose or insulin concentrations (p>0.05); however, antioxidant capacity increased, while lipid oxidation showed an opposite trend (p<0.05). Conclusion: Inclusion of up to 10% coffee pulp in the diet of ewe lambs for 16 days prior to breeding improves oxidative status without causing adverse effects on pregnancy, estrus or prolificacy.

Resumo Antecedentes: A polpa de café tem alto conteúdo de antioxidantes capazes de modificar o estado oxidativo em pequenos ruminantes; no entanto, em doses elevadas e por um tempo prolongado reduz a fertilidade. Objetivo: Determinar o efeito de diferentes níveis de inclusão de polpa de café durante a sincronização do estro em diferentes variáveis reprodutivas e estado oxidativo das ovelhas primíparas. Métodos: Sessenta ovelhas primíparas dos cruzamentos Suffolk x Dorset foram distribuídas em três tratamentos em um design completamente aleatório; T0: (n=20) com 1,5 kg de dieta completa, T1: (n=20) com 1,5 kg de dieta completa contendo 5% de polpa de café, T2: (n=20) com 1,5 kg de dieta completa contendo 10% de polpa de café. A suplementação realizou-se por 16 dias, antes do início da sincronização de estros e até o momento do acasalamento. O progestogênio (CIDR) foi inserido nas ovelhas durante 11 dias e uma dose de PGF2α foi aplicada dois dias antes da sua retirada. Doze horas após a retirada do CIDR iniciou-se a detecção de estros. Foram obtidas amostras de sangue durante o período de suplementação, para medição do estado oxidativo, capacidade antioxidante, glicose e insulina e até 9 dias posteriores ao início da estação de monta para determinar as concentrações de progesterona. O diagnostico de gestação realizou-se aos 30 e 60 dias post-monta. Uma análise de medidas repetidas de efeitos mistos e análise de freqüência foi realizada. Resultados: A inclusão de polpa por um período curto antes da estação de monta não afetou os parâmetros reprodutivos nem as concentrações de progesterona, glicose e insulina (p>0,05); porém, a capacidade antioxidante nas ovelhas foi aumentada, enquanto a oxidação lipídica seguiu uma tendência inversa (p<0,05). Conclusão: Inclusão de polpa de café na dieta de ovelha até 10% durante 16 dias antes do acasalamento melhora o estado oxidativo, sem causar efeitos adversos na porcentagem de gravidez, estro e prolificidade.

Resumen: El objetivo del trabajo fue determinar la eficiencia de tres herramientas para la detección de celo en vaquillonas Holando. Treinta y cuatro vaquillonas Holando (sincronizadas en celo con dos dosis de Prostaglandina F2α, administradas con un intervalo de 11 días) fueron evaluadas. Se registraron todos los comportamientos de celo (COMPORTAMIENTO) y el porcentaje de desgaste de las etiquetas detectoras de monta (PARCHE) tres veces al día, durante 30 minutos, por una semana. Simultáneamente, la actividad de los animales fue monitoreada a través de collares que miden actividad y rumia (COLLAR). Se extrajo una muestra de sangre de cada animal el día del celo y a los 10 días de detectado el mismo para determinación de la concentración de progesterona sérica (prueba de oro). Se calculó la sensibilidad, especificidad, exactitud, valor predictivo positivo y probabilidad de falsos positivos de las tres herramientas (COMPORTAMIENTO, PARCHE y COLLAR). Los tres métodos de detección de celo presentaron una sensibilidad similar a la prueba de oro (COMPORTAMIENTO = 96,6 %, COLLAR = 100 %, PARCHE = 83,3 %) pero la observación de comportamiento y los collares resultaron en mayor probabilidad de falsos positivos (COMPORTAMIENTO = 12,1 %, COLLAR =12,5 %, PARCHE = 3,8 %). Cualquiera de las tres herramientas fue eficiente en detectar vaquillonas en celo.

Summary: The aim of this work was to determine the efficiency of three tools for heat detection in Holstein heifers. Thirty-four Holando heifers (synchronized in heat with two doses of Prostaglandin F2α, administered with an interval of 11 days) were evaluated. All the estrus behaviors (BEHAVIOR) and the percentage of wear of the detector tags (PATCH) were recorded three times a day, for 30 minutes each, during a week. Simultaneously, the activity of the animals was monitored through necklaces that measure activity and rumination (COLLAR). A blood sample was taken from each animal on the day of the heat, and 10 days after, for the determination of serum progesterone concentration (gold standard). Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value and probability of false positives of the three tools (BEHAVIOR, PATCH and COLLAR) were calculated. The three heat detection methods showed similar sensitivity (BEHAVIOR = 96.6%, COLLAR = 100%, PATCH = 83.3%) with respect to the gold standard, but the probability of false positives was greater for behavioral observation and neck collar than patch (BEHAVIOR = 12.1%, COLLAR = 12.5%, PATCH = 3.85%). The three tools were efficient in detecting heifers in heat.

RESUMO: A inseminação artificial em tempo fixo (IATF) surge como uma biotecnologia para definir o melhor momento para realizar uma única IA, reduzindo o número de células espermáticas por fêmea inseminada. Os protocolos de IATF podem se basear na detecção do estro ou na data de desmame e têm como objetivo sincronizar a ovulação a partir do uso de indutores da ovulação. Protocolos baseados na detecção de estro comumente utilizam o hormônio luteinizante suíno (pLH) como indutor e, de maneira geral, resultados satisfatórios têm sido observados quanto à performance reprodutiva. No caso dos protocolos baseados na data de desmame, os principais hormônios utilizados são os análogos do hormônio liberador de gonadotrofina: triptorelina e buserelina. Independentemente do protocolo, o número de nascidos totais normalmente não é afetado pelo uso da IATF. Porém, um possível comprometimento na taxa de parto deve ser considerado. Já a aplicação da IATF em leitoas requer o fornecimento de um progestágeno, para sincronização do estro, aumentando o manejo e o custo do protocolo. A IATF pode proporcionar diversos benefícios para a indústria suinícola, uma vez que é possível reduzir o número de doses de sêmen produzidas, melhorar o planejamento de coberturas e, consequentemente, otimizar a mão de obra. No entanto, essa biotecnologia apresenta limitações devendo ser considerado a redução nos dados de fertilidade, uma vez que a taxa de parto pode ser comprometida em alguns casos e, o custo do protocolo e a dificuldade de estimar todos os benefícios conceituais da IATF quando aplicada sob condições comerciais. O objetivo dessa revisão é abordar o desempenho reprodutivo dos mais recentes protocolos de IATF, considerando os benefícios e as limitações dessa tecnologia na produção de suínos.

ABSTRACT: Fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) is a reproductive technology that aids in obtaining an appropriate time to perform single artificial insemination (AI), thus reducing the number of inseminations per sow bred. FTAI protocols can either be based on estrus detection or day of weaning, aiming to synchronize ovulation using ovulation inducers. The protocols involving estrus detection usually employ porcine luteinizing hormone (pLH) as an inducer and, in general, satisfactory reproductive performance is observed. For protocols based on weaning day, the main hormone used is analog of gonadotropin-releasing hormone such as triptorelin and buserelin. Regardless of the protocol, the number of piglets born is usually not affected by FTAI. However, a possible compromise in the farrowing rate should be considered. The FTAI in gilts requires progestogen treatment for estrus synchronization, increasing the labor requirement and cost of protocol. Some of the benefits of FTAI are a reduced number of semen doses required, advantage of planning the breeding time and; consequently, optimizing labor involved. However, the limitations include a slight reduction in the fertility index due to the compromised farrowing rate in some cases, costs incurred by following the protocol, and difficulty in measuring all the conceptual benefits under commercial conditions. The aim of this review is to approach the reproductive performance of the current protocols of FTAI, considering the benefits and limitations of this technology in swine production.

ABSTRACT Fifty-seven multiparous Awassi ewes in the breeding season were used to compare the effects of controlled internal drug release (CIDR) reuse on hormone profiles, reproductive performance, and economic production. Ewes were randomly allotted to one of three CIDR treatments: new (control), once-used, and twice-used; treatment lasted 12 days. Blood samples were collected from all groups at the time of CIDR insertion, three and six days following insertion, at withdrawal time, and at insemination. Serum estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) concentrations were measured. Timed insemination was performed 48 h post CIDR withdrawal in all groups. Pregnancy was diagnosed by ultrasonography at day 23 post insemination. No significant differences were detected among groups in pregnancy rate/ewes in heat, twinning rate, fecundity, abortion rate, and prolificacy. However, estrus detection rate was significantly higher in control (100%) than in other groups. The P4 concentration was significantly higher in control than in other groups during treatment period; at insemination, P4 concentration was significantly higher in control than in other groups; at insemination time, E2 concentration was significantly higher in control than in the other groups; and the net profit was higher in once-used than in other groups. One-time reuse of CIDR for the long term (12 days) can synchronize estrus in ewes efficiently with higher net profit than the new or twice-used CIDR.