RESUMO O conteúdo de água no solo é um fator-chave na avaliação nas áreas agrícola e ecológica. O objetivo deste trabalho foi explorar a combinação de informações multisatélites para abordar a questão da baixa precisão na recuperação do conteúdo de água do solo a partir de informações de banda única e fonte única, e estabelecer um modelo para estimativa do conteúdo de água do solo baseado no método multiespectral simulado. Foi realizado um experimento de determinação hiperespectral de amostras de solo (Latossolos) com valores variáveis de teor de água. A reflectância de oito sensores de satélite multiespectral foi remapeada com base nas funções de resposta espectral. Os índices de vegetação (VIs) foram estabelecidos combinando todas as bandas de sensores disponíveis. Os VIs significativos e a reflectância da banda foram extraídos pelos métodos de coeficiente de correlação e análise de importância de dados out-of-bag (OOB), e em seguida modelos lineares e não lineares foram estabelecidos para a estimativa do conteúdo de água no solo. Correlação significativa foi obtida entre refletância multiespectral simulada, VIs e teor de água no solo. Os modelos não lineares apresentaram melhor desempenho que o modelo linear. A combinação do modelo OOB e Random Forest (OOB-RF) obteve a maior acurácia de predição, com R2 calibração e R2 predição de 0,852 e 0,834, respectivamente. De forma geral, verificou-se que o método de modelagem OOB-RF baseado em sensoriamento remoto multiespectral foi viável para estimar o teor de água no solo.

ABSTRACT The soil water content is a key evaluation factor in the agricultural and ecological fields. The objective of this study was to explore the combination of multi-satellite information to address the issue of low accuracy in soil water content retrieval from single-band, single-source information and to establish a model for the estimation of the soil water content based on a simulated multi-spectral method. An experiment involving the hyperspectral determination of soil samples (Oxisols) with varying values of the water content was conducted. The reflectance of eight multi-spectral satellite sensors was resampled based on the spectral response functions. The vegetation indices (VIs) were established by pairing all available sensor bands. The significant VIs and band reflectance were extracted using the correlation coefficient and out-of-bag (OOB) data importance analysis methods, and then linear models and nonlinear models were established for soil water content estimation. A significant correlation was achieved between the simulated multi-spectral reflectance, VIs, and soil water content. The nonlinear models had a better performance than the linear model. The combined OOB and random forest (OOB-RF) model achieved the highest prediction accuracy, with R2 calibration and R2 prediction values of 0.852 and 0.834, respectively. Overall, it was verified that the OOB-RF modeling method based on multi-spectral remote sensing was feasible for estimating the soil water content.

Abstract The purpose of this study is to estimate the impact of the Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja (UTPL) and Related Legal Persons (RLP) on the economy of Loja for the year 2023. The simplified ACE method was used, and data was collected from surveys of students and official institutional records. The results show that the total expenses associated with these institutions in the local economy are 75.8 million dollars, which represents 4.84% of the provincial GVA of Loja and 6.49% of the Cantonal GVA; The UTPL and the RLP generate 5,398 direct and indirect jobs, their relative importance in relation to those employed in the private sector of the province, canton and city of Loja is 10.6 %, 14.8 % and 16.5 %, respectively. This demonstrates the significant contribution of the UTPL to the local economy and its significant impact on regional development.

Resumen El propósito de este estudio es estimar el impacto de la Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja (UTPL) y de las Personas Jurídicas Relacionadas (PJR) en la economía de Loja en el año 2023. Se utilizó el método ACE simplificado, y se recopilaron datos por medio de encuestas a estudiantes y de registros institucionales oficiales. Los resultados evidencian que, el total de gastos asociados a estas instituciones en la economía local es 75,8 millones de dólares, lo que representa el 4,84 % del VAB provincial de Loja y el 6,49 % del VAB Cantonal; la UTPL y las PJR generan 5.398 empleos directos e indirectos, su importancia relativa en relación con los ocupados del sector privado de la provincia, cantón y ciudad de Loja es 10,6 %, 14,8 % y 16,5 %, respectivamente. Esto evidencia la significativa contribución de la UTPL a la economía local y su importancia e incidencia en el desarrollo regional.

Resumo A cana-de-açúcar ocupa grande escala territorial no mundo e busca constantemente por mecanismos para monitorar os nutrientes no ciclo de produção da cultura, utilizando métodos não destrutivos. O estudo com objetivo estimar o teor de nitrogênio na folha da cana-de-açúcar foi desenvolvido na safra 2021/2022 sobre dois talhões comerciais de sequeiro cultivares (RB867515 = 50,75 ha) e (CVSP7870 = 48,56 ha) na Usina Energética Serranópolis-Goiás, avaliando a eficiência dos índices bioquímicos de vegetação Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (fAPAR) e Canopy Chlorophyll Content (CCC) processados utilizando modelo de transferência de radiação RTM PROSAIL, comparados aos índices Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) e Green Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (GNDVI), processados utilizando modelos matemáticos e razão de bandas. Ambos, baseados em série temporal de dados Sentinel-2 como variáveis de entrada. A validação do Agro-Modelo ocorreu através de análise de tecido foliar coletada em sete avaliações intercaladas durante o período de permanência da cultura no campo. Foi evidenciado a funcionalidade dos quatro índices, destacando o índice bioquímico fAPAR sob a ótica da estatística descritiva (R² = 0,970 e RMSE = 0,46) para o cultivar RB867515 e (R² = 0,940 e RMSE = 0,69) para o cultivar CVSP7870.

Abstract Sugarcane occupies a large territorial scale in the world and is constantly searching for mechanisms to monitor nutrients in the crop production cycle, using non-destructive methods. The study aimed to estimate the nitrogen content in the sugarcane leaf was developed in the 2021/2022 harvest on two commercial fields of dryland cultivars (RB867515 = 50.75 ha) and (CVSP7870 = 48.56 ha) at the Serranópolis-Goiás mill, evaluating the efficiency of the biochemical vegetation indices Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (fAPAR) and Canopy Chlorophyll Content (CCC) processed using the radiation transfer model RTM PROSAIL, compared to the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Green Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (GNDVI), processed using mathematical band ratio models. Both were based on a time series of Sentinel-2 data as input variables. The validation of the Agro-Model occurred through analysis of leaf tissue collected in seven interspersed evaluations during the period the crop remained in the field. The functionality of the four indexes was evidenced, highlighting the biochemical index fAPAR from the perspective of descriptive statistics (R² = 0.970 and RMSE = 0.46) for the cultivar RB867515 and (R² = 0.940 and RMSE = 0.69) for the cultivar CVSP7870.

Selecting ground motion prediction models (GMPM) is crucial in assessing seismic hazard levels in a specific region. This study investigates the influence of ground motion model (GMM) selection on seismic hazard assessment in Johannesburg, South Africa. Most seismic events affecting Johannesburg are related to mining activities and water ingress into the underground mine voids. The most seismically active regions in South Africa include areas around Klerksdorp, Welkom, and Carletonville. These regions experience a significant number of earthquakes, with mining activities being a major factor contributing to seismic events. Ten ground motion prediction equations were selected from regions of similar tectonics setting and were assessed to see if they correspond to the available local data. Six of these were also compared to the ground motions produced by the earthquake of 14 August 2014, which occurred in the Orkney area, one of the mining areas in South Africa. Sensitivity analyses were also carried out to assess the influence of ground motion prediction equations (GMPE) on the seismic hazard of Johannesburg. The results indicate that the choice of GMPM significantly affects the estimation of seismic hazard levels in Johannesburg. Different GMM can lead to varying ground shaking intensity predictions, impacting risk assessments and engineering design considerations. The findings highlight the importance of carefully selecting appropriate GMM tailored to Johannesburg's specific geological and tectonic characteristics. Understanding how different models perform in this region is essential for accurate seismic risk mitigation strategies.

Abstract The Fundamental Sampling Error (FSE) is the main error defined by Pierre Gy’s Theory of Sampling (Gy, 1967; 1979; 1992) and is related to the constitution or intrinsic heterogeneity (IH) of the ore. Even if a sampling procedure is considered ideal, this error can never be eliminated. To calculate the FSE for a certain sample taken from a certain fragmented lot, crushed to a certain size, the intrinsic heterogeneity of the lot (IHL) must be estimated, which can be done theoretically applying the Gy’s factors, or experimentally performing heterogeneity tests. FSE calculation allows the optimization of sampling protocols, the calculation of minimum sample masses, as well as the estimation of the precision of a sampling procedure or equipment. FSE represents the zero-dimensional heterogeneity of a lot and it is of upmost importance to calculate it. However, there is another type of heterogeneity related to one-dimensional lots, i.e., the material flow on conveyor belts or in pipelines. This one-dimensional heterogeneity can be characterized with variography, by estimating the Heterogeneity Fluctuation Error (HFE). Obtaining reliable information on ore grades at the plant feed is a great challenge for mining operations. When the precision of the plant feed grade is low, incorrect decisions can be made and may decrease the process yield. In order to estimate both FSE and HFE for a Brazilian niobium ore, a sampling campaign was carried out at the plant feed. Results indicated that the 5-minute sampling interval was appropriate, resulting in a low relative standard deviation of HFE, i.e., 2.26% for Nb2O5, considering a 95% confidence interval. This article shows how to estimate the zeroand one-dimensional heterogeneities of ores and how important it is to define the precision associated with the grade estimates for process control, metallurgical accounting and reconciliation purposes.

QUANTUM COMPUTING IN CHEMISTRY. Quantum computing offers transformative potential for quantum chemistry, enabling the exploration of complex molecular simulations with unprecedented accuracy. By leveraging qubits and powerful quantum algorithms like the variational quantum eigensolver (VQE) and quantum phase estimation (QPE), quantum computing provides a novel approach to unraveling the intricacies of electronic structures and properties of molecules. While challenges persist in qubit stability and error mitigation, continuous innovation is fostered by collaborative efforts between the quantum computing and chemistry communities. These collaborations pave the way for groundbreaking advancements in drug discovery and materials science. This research employed quantum computing simulators to investigate the potential energy surface (PES) of the H2 molecule at the CCSD/STO-3G level of theory. These simulators, leveraging qubits and sophisticated algorithms, facilitated the acquisition of detailed information regarding the electronic structure, bonding mechanisms, and spectroscopic properties of the diatomic molecules.

ABSTRACT Purpose: The volume of the vitreous chamber varies with the size of the eye. The space created in the vitreous cavity by a vitrectomy is called the vitrectomized space. The volume of the vitrectomized space is strongly correlated with the axial length of the eye. This study aims to present guidelines for estimating the using participants stratified by axial length, sex, and history of cataract surgery. Methods: This retrospective, observational, cross-sectional study included 144 randomly selected participants who underwent vitrectomies between 2013 and 2023. Before surgery, the axial lengths of participants' eyes were measured using optical biometrics. The axial lengths of the eyes in our sample were between 20-32 mm. In all cases, a complete vitrectomy was performed, followed by complete fluid-air exchange and injection of a balanced saline solution. The volume infused was recorded. Results: The median (interquartile range; range) volume of the vitrectomized space was 6.1 (3.8; 3.1-11.3) mL in men and 6.1 (3.3; 3.2-11.2) mL in women (p = 0.811). The median volume of the vitrectomized space was 5.9 (3.6; 3.1-11.2) mL in patients with phakic lenses and 6.25 (3.6; 3.3-11.3) mL in those with pseudophakic lenses (p=0.533). A positive correlation was found between the axial length and the volume of the vitrectomized space in this sample (r=0.968; p<0.001). In a cubic polynomial regression, the coefficient of determination was 0.948. Similar results were observed in both sexes and in both phakic and pseudophakic patients. The estimated cubic polynomial regression equation for this sample was VVS = 0.000589052857847605 × AL 3 − 0.025114926401582700 × AL 2 + 0.685961117595624000 × AL − 5.088226672620790000 Conclusion: We developed this axial length estimation of the volume of vitrectomized space as a guideline for the determination of vitrectomized space volume using axial length.

Resumo Neste estudo, os princípios da climatologia complexa foram aplicados para delinear os topoclimas nas montanhas do leste de Cuba. Um modelo meteorológico numérico regional, alimentado por dados de reanálise, foi utilizado para obter padrões de temperatura com resolução de 0,6 km. Técnicas de aprendizado de máquina não supervisionadas foram posteriormente utilizadas para identificar tipos de clima com base na temperatura durante períodos chuvosos e menos chuvosos, bem como na localização geográfica. Esta análise foi complementada com dados históricos de precipitação e geográficos para identificar 23 topoclimas na área de estudo. Os métodos permitiram estimar erros de identificação topoclimática e proporcionaram um melhor entendimento sobre a representatividade das estações meteorológicas de superfície para a área de estudo. Os resultados mostraram que a distribuição das chuvas dos topoclimas identificados é consistente com a dos fatores formadores do clima local e de pesquisas anteriores. Além disso, foram identificados novos conhecimentos sobre as características climatológicas das chuvas nas alturas baixas e médias das montanhas no leste de Cuba.

Abstract In this study, the principles of complex climatology were applied to delineate topoclimates in the mountains of eastern Cuba. A regional numerical weather model, driven by reanalysis, was used to obtain temperature patterns at a resolution of 0.6 km. Unsupervised machine learning techniques were then utilized to identify weather types based on temperature during rainy and less rainy periods, as well as geographical location. This analysis was supplemented with historical precipitation and geographical data to identify 23 topoclimates in the study area. The methods allowed for the estimation of topoclimate identification errors and provided insights into the representativeness of surface meteorological stations for the study area. The results showed that the rainfall distribution of the identified topoclimates was consistent with that of local climate-forming factors and previous research. Furthermore, new insights into the climatological rainfall characteristics of the lower and middle heights of the mountains in eastern Cuba were identified.

Objetivo: demonstrar o dimensionamento do pessoal de enfermagem em terapia intensiva estimado por dois cálculos, utilizando o Nursing Activities Score como um dos seus componentes centrais. Método: estudo descritivo, retrospectivo, que compilou as pontuações do Nursing Activities Score de pacientes de cinco Unidades de Terapia Intensiva de um hospital do sul do Brasil. Dois cálculos foram empregados para dimensionar o quadro de enfermagem. Além de outros componentes, o cálculo I converteu o escore do Nursing Activities Score em minutos e horas; e o cálculo II utilizou este escore sobre um denominador correspondente a um profissional de enfermagem/dia, tendo em vista duas modalidades de turnos de trabalho. Em ambas as equações, respeitou-se a proporção de 52% de enfermeiros. Resultados: nas 9.610 avaliações, a média do Nursing Activities Score foi de 85,9% (80,8% a 96,4%). Enquanto o cálculo I estimou 164 profissionais, o cálculo II projetou 176 e 140 trabalhadores para cinco e quatro turnos, respectivamente. A diferença de enfermeiros entre métodos chegou a 18 profissionais. Conclusão: a escolha do cálculo e o número de turnos de trabalho interferem substancialmente na estimativa de pessoal de enfermagem intensivista. Isso pode fundamentar revisão metodológica na normatização do dimensionamento de enfermagem desta área.

Objective: to demonstrate the sizing of intensive care nursing staff estimated by two calculations, using the Nursing Activities Score as one of its central components. Method: descriptive, retrospective study that compiled the Nursing Activities Score scores of patients in five Intensive Care Units of a hospital in southern Brazil. Two calculations were used to size the nursing staff. In addition to other components, calculation I converted the Nursing Activities Score into minutes and hours; and calculation II used this score on a denominator corresponding to one nursing professional/day, considering two types of work shifts. In both equations, the proportion of 52% of nurses was respected. Results: in the 9,610 evaluations, the mean of Nursing Activities Score was 85.9% (80.8% to 96.4%). While calculation I estimated 164 professionals, calculation II projected 176 and 140 workers for five and four shifts, respectively. The difference in nurses between the methods was 18 professionals. Conclusion: the choice of the calculation and the number of work shifts substantially interfere in the estimation of intensive care nursing staff. This may support a methodological review in the standardization of nursing sizing in this area.

Objetivo: demostrar el dimensionamiento del personal de enfermería en cuidados intensivos estimado mediante dos cálculos, utilizando el Nursing Activities Score como uno de sus componentes centrales. Método: estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, que recopiló los puntajes del Nursing Activities Score de pacientes de cinco Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos de un hospital del sur de Brasil. Se utilizaron dos cálculos para dimensionar el personal de enfermería. Además de otros componentes, el cálculo I convirtió la puntuación del Nursing Activities Score en minutos y horas; y el cálculo II utilizó este puntaje sobre un denominador correspondiente a un profesional de enfermería/día, considerando dos tipos de turnos de trabajo. En ambas ecuaciones se respetó la proporción del 52% de enfermeros. Resultados: en las 9.610 evaluaciones, la puntuación media del Nursing Activities Score fue del 85,9% (80,8% a 96,4%). Mientras el cálculo I estimó 164 profesionales, el cálculo II proyectó 176 y 140 trabajadores para cinco y cuatro turnos, respectivamente. La diferencia de enfermeros entre métodos llegó a 18 profesionales. Conclusión: la elección del cálculo y el número de turnos de trabajo interfieren sustancialmente en la estimación del personal de enfermería de cuidados intensivos. Esto puede fundamentar una revisión metodológica en la estandarización del dimensionamiento de enfermería en esta área.

Resumo A irradiância descendente de onda longa DLF é uma das principais componentes do balanço de radiação à superfície (SRB, Surface Radiation Balance); porém, sua medição não é frequente. A cobertura de nuvens modula o seu comportamento e o fluxo de céu claro DLF0 tem peso predominante no valor final de DLF. O presente trabalho mostra que, nas atmosferas tropical e de latitudes médias, DLF0 pode ser representado como as contribuições em três intervalos espectrais específicos: R1 (λ < 7.5 µm), R2 (7.5 a 14 µm) e R3 (λ > 14 µm). R1 e R3 são descritos em boa aproximação pelo espectro de corpo negro à temperatura de abrigo (Tscr), enquanto R2 possui emissividade média que depende principalmente da água precipitável (w). Apresenta-se um modelo simples e fisicamente consistente (OLD0 no que segue), apropriado para estimar DLF0 à superfície. A validação de OLD0 com dados de superfície (21 estações em escala mundial) mostra acurácia com viés MBE inferior a 6 W.m-2 e dispersão (desvio padrão STD) menor que 12 W.m-2 para valores típicos DLF0 ~ 300-400 W.m-2 compatíveis com a precisão dos pirgeômetros). O algoritmo proposto mostra desempenho superior ao dos usuais, exibindo uma média dos desvios absolutos MAE ~ 2.8 W.m-2. Em contraste, outros algoritmos frequentemente usados exibem MAE entre 8.1 e 15.9 W.m-2.

Abstract Downward longwave irradiance DLF is one of the main components of the surface radiation balance (SRB), but its direct measurement is currently limited. Clouds modulate its behavior, and clear-sky DLF0 is predominant in composition of the final DLF value. It is shown that in mid-latitude and tropical atmospheres, DLF0 can be represented as the sum of fluxes from three distinct spectral regions: R1 (λ < 7.5 µm), R2 (7.5 to 14 µm), and R3 (λ > 14 µm). R1 and R3 are closely described by blackbody radiation at screen temperature (Tscr), while R2 exhibits a mean emissivity that primarily depends on total precipitable water (w). It is presented a simple yet consistent physically-based model (hereafter denoted by OLD0), suitable for estimation of DLF0 at ground level. Validation of OLD0 with ground-based data of a worldwide set of 21 stations shows fair accuracy with bias MBE lower than 6 W.m-2 and spread (standard deviation STD) lower than 12 W.m-2 for typical values DLF0 ~ 300-400 W.m-2, compatible with surface pyrgeometer measures. The proposed algorithm outperforms existing methods, achieving a mean bias error (in module |MBE|) of approximately 2.8 W.m-2. In contrast, other widely used algorithms typically exhibit |MBEs| ranging from 8.1 to 15.9 W.m-2.

RESUMO Para determinação das medidas corporais em ovinos, geralmente é utilizado o método clássico de medição. No entanto, as medições realizadas utilizando métodos clássicos são geralmente difíceis, demoradas e muitas vezes produzem resultados questionáveis. Neste estudo foram investigadas as possibilidades de utilização de Métodos de Processamento de Imagens para mensuração das dimensões corporais de ovinos Turkgeldi. Para tanto, as medidas corporais de ovelhas Turkgeldi foram determinadas utilizando Tecnologia de Processamento de Imagens. No estudo, as medições de 11 ovelhas Turkgeldi de quatro anos de idade criadas na Fazenda de Pesquisa e Aplicação da Universidade Namik Kemal foram obtidas usando o método de medição tradicional e métodos de processamento de imagem, e então os dois métodos foram comparados. Para a obtenção das medidas pelo Método de Processamento de Imagens, foi colocada nos animais como ponto de referência uma escala com diâmetro de 12 centímetros, dividida em cores diferentes para cada centímetro. Os coeficientes de correlação entre os métodos para medidas corporais foram calculados em 0,92 (P<0,01) para altura na cernelha (WH), 0,84 (P<0,01) para altura do dorso (BH), 0,82 (P<0,01) para altura da garupa (RH) , 0,83 (P<0,01) para altura da garupa (BRH), 0,61 (P<0,05) para profundidade do peito (CD), 0,93 (P<0,01) para comprimento do tronco (CT) e 0,94 (P<0,01) para comprimento total comprimento do corpo (BL).

ABSTRACT For the determination of body measurements in sheep the classical measurement method is generally used. However, measurements taken using classical methods are generally difficult, time-consuming, and often yield questionable results. In this study, the possibilities of using Image Processing Methods for measuring the body dimensions of Turkgeldi sheep were investigated. For this purpose, the body measurements of Turkgeldi sheep were determined using Image Processing Technology. In the study, measurements of 11 four-year-old Turkgeldi sheep raised at Namik Kemal University Research and Application Farm were obtained using both the traditional measurement method and image processing methods, and then the two methods were compared. To obtain measurements using the Image Processing Method, a scale with a diameter of 12 centimeters, divided into different colors for each centimeter, was placed on the animals as a reference point. The correlation coefficients between the methods for body measurements were calculated as 0.92 (P<0.01) for withers height (WH), 0.84 (P<0.01) for back height (BH), 0.82 (P<0.01) for rump height (RH), 0.83 (P<0.01) for back rump height (BRH), 0.61 (P<0.05) for chest deep (CD), 0.93 (P<0.01) for trunk length (TL), and 0.94 (P<0.01) for overall body length (BL).

ABSTRACT Water application to cultivated soil is often done without careful consideration in irrigated agriculture, leading to inefficient or suboptimal water usage. In many instances, the intricate relationship between soil, water, and plants, as well as the potential and limitations of irrigation systems, is overlooked. Sustainable irrigated agriculture necessitates the development of a soil moisture monitoring system that curtails water loss and enhances overall efficiency. This study aimed to develop and assess the efficiency of an intelligent system for monitoring soil moisture. The system comprises two stations: the first collects data on apparent soil moisture parameters using sensors, while the second transmits this data to a central processing station. The system precisely determines current soil moisture values, enabling estimation of the required irrigation water volume to meet the crop’s water demand based on field capacity. Results from the calibration curve of the sensors indicate that the system can measure current soil moisture precisely, aiding in irrigation management. For irrigated areas under unsaturated soil conditions, it is recommended to use tensiometers due to their higher reliability between field capacity and permanent wilting point, ensuring more accurate irrigation practices. usage instances plants systems overlooked stations station values crops crop s management conditions point practices

RESUMO Na agricultura irrigada, é comum a aplicação de água no solo cultivado sem critério, resultando em uso ineficiente ou não otimizado da água. Em muitos casos, a relação solo-água-planta, bem como as potencialidades e limitações dos sistemas de irrigação são ignoradas. A agricultura irrigada sustentável requer o desenvolvimento de um sistema de monitoramento da umidade do solo que evite a perda de água e melhore a eficiência do uso. O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver e avaliar a eficiência de um sistema inteligente de monitoramento da umidade do solo. O sistema é composto por duas estações: a primeira coleta os dados sobre parâmetros de umidade aparente do solo usando sensores, enquanto a segunda transmite esses dados para uma estação de processamento central. O sistema determina precisamente os valores atuais de umidade do solo, permitindo estimar o volume de água de irrigação necessário para atender à demanda hídrica da cultura com base na capacidade de campo. Os resultados da curva de calibração dos sensores indicam que o sistema pode medir com precisão a umidade do solo atual, auxiliando no manejo da irrigação. Para áreas irrigadas em condições de solo não saturado, recomenda-se o uso de tensiômetros devido à sua maior confiabilidade entre a capacidade de campo e o ponto de murcha permanente, garantindo práticas de irrigação mais precisas. critério casos soloáguaplanta, soloáguaplanta planta, planta solo-água-planta ignoradas estações central atual saturado recomendase recomenda se permanente precisas

This study offers a comprehensive analysis of how governance capacities in developing countries respond to the challenges that COVID-19 posed. We established a theoretical framework to delve into the multifaceted nature of governance capacities, exploring two distinct aspects of governance: the Weberian one, which focuses on material and organizational capacities, and the Tocquevillian one, which focuses on coordination and associational capacities. We examined these four governance dimensions to illustrate how these distinct skills influence the effectiveness of governance. Our analysis quantifies the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic using such metrics as confirmed cases and deaths. We employ standard and dynamic panel data methodologies to mitigate potential omitted variable bias. Our research findings indicate that countries with robust governance capacities, as assessed by the Bertelsmann Stiftung's Transformation Governance Index, are better equipped to respond effectively to pandemic crises. By applying several models and rigorous robustness tests, we demonstrate efficient resource utilization, the ability to guide and prioritize decision-making within the government, and commitment to cooperation and coordination with other nations and international organizations are the primary drivers of improved outcomes. Our findings remain robust even when controlling for relevant variables and employing estimation techniques that account for potential biases arising from unobservable confounding factors. COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 posed one deaths bias Stiftungs Stiftung s Index crises tests utilization decisionmaking decision making government outcomes factors COVID1 1 COVID-

ABSTRACT The estimation of evapotranspiration (ET) and crop water requirements are crucial for the proper management and allocation of water resources in terms of quantity, quality, and timeliness. Therefore, remote sensing estimation of ET using the SEBAL algorithm (Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land) can provide spatio-temporal, non-punctual data, unlike traditional calculations relying on the nearest meteorological station. This research analyzed ET using SEBAL, based on ten Landsat 8 satellite images processed with a program developed in the Model Builder of ArcGis® version 10.2. The analysis was conducted during the vegetative period of starchy corn from May to October 2016. Validation of the results happened with a drainage lysimeter installed in a monitoring plot. Additionally, the statistical indices - such as percentage relative error (PRE) (0,09), root mean square error (RMSE) (0,30), R2 (0,92), and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NASH) (0,91) - indicated a good correlation of ET for starchy corn in the central highlands of Peru. The ET identified at ten monitoring points ranged from 1,05 to 7,79 mm d-1. (ET quantity quality timeliness Therefore Surface Land spatiotemporal, spatiotemporal spatio temporal, temporal spatio-temporal nonpunctual non punctual data station ArcGis 102 10 2 10.2 2016 plot Additionally PRE (PRE 0,09, 009 0,09 , 0 09 (0,09) RMSE (RMSE 0,30, 030 0,30 30 (0,30) R 0,92, 092 0,92 92 (0,92) NashSutcliffe Nash Sutcliffe NASH (NASH 0,91 091 91 (0,91 Peru 105 1 05 1,0 779 7 79 7,7 d1. d1 d 1. d-1 10. 201 00 0,0 (0,09 03 0,3 3 (0,30 0,9 9 (0,92 (0,9 1, 77 7, d- 20 0, (0,0 (0,3 (0, (0 (

RESUMO: O estudo das relações genotípicas entre índices de tolerância à seca e caracteres agronômicos de interesse no melhoramento de trigo é útil para traçar estratégias de seleção. Objetivou-se com este trabalho investigar as relações de causa e efeito entre características agronômicas e índices de tolerância à seca via análise de correlações canônicas. Dois ensaios (controle e estresse) foram conduzidos no inverno de 2020 em Viçosa, MG, Brasil. Foram avaliados os caracteres (dias para o espigamento, altura da planta, massa e número de grãos por espiga, massa de cem grãos e rendimento de grãos). Os dados de produtividade dos ensaios de controle e estresse foram utilizados para construir cinco índices de tolerância à seca. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de modelos mistos para estimação dos parâmetros genéticos e predição dos valores genotípicos (REML/BLUP), em seguida, os valores genotípicos foram utilizados para calcular os coeficientes de correlação entre os caracteres. Dois grupos de caracteres foram estabelecidos para o estudo das correlações canônicas, sendo o primeiro grupo constituído pelas variáveis agronômicas e o segundo pelos índices de tolerância à seca. Houve efeito significativo de genótipo para todas as características avaliadas. Os pares canônicos foram significativos, o que indicou a existência de dependência entre os grupos. O caráter dias para o espigamento pode ser utilizado na seleção indireta de genótipos de trigo para tolerância à seca. RESUMO Objetivouse Objetivou se canônicas 202 Viçosa MG Brasil planta espiga grãos. . grãos) REML/BLUP, REMLBLUP REML/BLUP , REML BLUP (REML/BLUP) seguida avaliadas significativos 20 (REML/BLUP 2

ABSTRACT: The study of genotypic relationships between drought tolerance indices and agronomic traits of interest in wheat breeding is useful for designing selection strategies. The objective of this research was to investigate the cause-and-effect relationships between agronomic traits and drought tolerance indices through the analysis of canonical correlations. Two trials (control and stress) were conducted in winter 2020 in Viçosa, MG, Brazil. The traits evaluated were: (days for heading, plant height, mass and number of grains per spike, mass of one hundred grains, and grain yield). Grain yield data from the control and stress conditions were used to construct five drought tolerance indices. The data were subjected to mixed model analysis for estimation of genetic parameters and prediction of genotypic values (REML/BLUP), and then the genotypic values were used to calculate the correlation coefficients between the traits. Two groups of traits were established for the study of canonical correlations, the first group consisting of agronomic traits and the second by drought tolerance indices. There was a significant genotype effect for all evaluated traits. The canonical pairs were significant, which indicated the existence of dependence between the groups. Days to heading trait can be used in the indirect selection of wheat genotypes for drought tolerance. ABSTRACT strategies causeandeffect cause correlations 202 Viçosa MG Brazil days height spike yield. . yield) REML/BLUP, REMLBLUP REML/BLUP , REML BLUP (REML/BLUP) 20 (REML/BLUP 2