Abstract Introduction: A recent revision of the generic classification of the Trochilidae based on DNA sequences revealed many inconsistencies with the current generic classification, largely based on plumage characters subject to homoplasy, especially in the Trochilini, the largest tribe. A thorough generic reorganization brought the classification into accord with the phylogeny, but due to lack of genetic data, two species remained unclassified. One of these was the Mangrove Hummingbird, “Amazilia” boucardi, endemic to Costa Rica and included in the IUCN red list of threatened species. Objective: To obtain molecular evidence to clarify the generic relationships of “A.” boucardi. Methods: We isolated DNA from tissues of this species and amplified 4 nuclear and 4 mitochondrial fragments and compared these with homologous fragments from 56 species in the Trochilini, constructing phylogenetic trees with maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods. Results: Our phylogenetic analyses confirmed the placement of boucardi in the Trochilini and definitely excluded it from Amazilia but placed it with high confidence in the genus Chrysuronia Bonaparte, 1850, within which its closest relative is C. coeruleogularis, which also inhabits mangroves. Conclusions: Our genetic data based on nuclear and mitochondrial regions clearly indicate the relationship of A. boucardi and L. coeruleogularis. Moreover, it is also supported by their habitat distribution in the mangroves of the Pacific coast of Costa Rica and Western Panama. Therefore, we suggested to exclude A. boucardi as “incertae sedis”.

Resumen Introducción: Una revisión reciente de la clasificación de la familia Trochilidae con base en secuencias de ADN demostró muchas incongruencias con la clasificación genérica previa, que había sido hecho con base en caracteres del plumaje muy sujetos a homoplasia, especialmente en la tribu más grande, Trochillini. Una reorganización de los géneros logró llevar su clasificación genérica a la concordancia con la filogenia, pero debido a la ausencia de datos genéticos, dos especies permanecieron sin clasificar. Una de estas fue el colibrí de manglar Amazilia boucardi, una especie endémica de Costa Rica, considerada como amenazada en la lista roja de la UICN. Objetivo: Obtener evidencia molecular para esclarecer las relaciones genéricas de A. boucardi. Métodos: Se aisló ADN de tejidos de esta especie y se amplificaron 4 fragmentos de ADN del núcleo y 5 de la mitocondria, y se compararon con fragmentos homólogos de 56 especies en la tribu Trochillini, generando árboles filogenéticos con métodos de máxima verosimilitud y bayesiano. Resultados: Los análisis filogénticos obtenidos confirmaron la ubicación de boucardi en Trochilini y definitivamente la excluyó del género Amazilia, pero la ubicó con un alto grado de confianza en el género Chrysuronia Bonaparte, 1850, dentro los cuales su pariente más cercano es C. coeruleogularis, que también habita manglares. Conclusiones: Nuestros datos genéticos basados en regiones nucleares y mitocondriales indican claramente la relación entre A. boucardi and L. coeruleogularis. Es más, lo anterior se sustenta por su distribución en los manglares de la costa Pacífica de Costa Rica y oeste de Panamá. Por lo tanto, sugerimos excluir a A. boucardi como “incertae sedis”.

Abstract Background: Lobelia villaregalis is an endemic and endangered species in Jalisco, Mexico. Knowing the structure and genetic diversity of populations of species at risk can contribute to improving strategies for their conservation. This information has not been generated for L. villaregalis. Questions: 1) Does L. villaregalis present low levels of genetic diversity?, 2) Are there genetic differences between its populations?. Studied species: Lobelia villaregalis T.J. Ayers (Campanulaceae: Lobelioideae), herbaceous perennial. Study site and dates: During 2018-2020, field work was carried out in El Bosque La Primavera Natural Protected Area, in Zapopan, Jalisco, in order to locate new populations of the species and collect leaf material. Methods: The diversity and genetic structure of 87 individuals in five populations were evaluated using ISSR molecular markers. Results: The average genetic diversity of L. villaregalis is low (He = 0.057, P = 48.17 %, I = 0.110) as well as the total diversity (HT = 0.069). Molecular analysis of variance showed that most of the genetic variation (92 %) occurred within populations. The Mantel test indicates that there is no correlation between the genetic distances and the geographical distances for the five populations of the species (R = 0.64, P = 0.18). With the genetic assignment analysis, 4 groups were identified, however there is no genetic structure (GST = 0.060). Conclusions: Lobelia villaregalis requires urgent actions of conservation to maintain the genetic diversity present in all its populations, giving the highest priority to three of them.

Resumen Antecedentes: Lobelia villaregalis es una especie endémica y en peligro de extinción en Jalisco, México. Conocer la estructura y diversidad genética de las poblaciones de especies en riesgo puede contribuir a mejorar las estrategias para su conservación. Esta información no se ha generado para L. villaregalis. Preguntas: 1) ¿Presenta L. villaregalis niveles bajos de diversidad genética?, 2) ¿Existen diferencias genéticas entre sus poblaciones? Especies de estudio: Lobelia villaregalis T.J. Ayers (Campanulaceae: Lobelioideae), herbácea perenne. Sitio y años de estudio: Durante 2018-2020 se realizó trabajo de campo en el Área Natural Protegida Bosque La Primavera, Zapopan, Jalisco, para localizar nuevas poblaciones de la especie y recolectar material foliar. Métodos: Se evaluó la diversidad y estructura genética de 87 individuos en cinco poblaciones utilizando marcadores moleculares ISSR. Resultados: La diversidad genética promedio de L. villaregalis es baja (He = 0.057, P = 48.17 %, I = 0.110) así como la diversidad total (HT = 0.069). El análisis de varianza molecular mostró que la mayor parte de la variación genética (92 %) ocurrió dentro de las poblaciones. La prueba de Mantel indica que no hay correlación entre las distancias genéticas y las distancias geográficas para las cinco poblaciones estudiadas (R = 0.64, P = 0.18). Con el análisis de asignación genética se identificaron 4 grupos, sin embargo, no existe estructura genética (GST = 0.060). Conclusiones: Lobelia villaregalis requiere acciones urgentes de conservación para mantener la diversidad genética de todas sus poblaciones, dando máxima prioridad a tres de ellas.

Abstract: Background: One specimen collected in Yoloxóchitl (San Luis Acatlán, Guerrero, Mexico) was initially reviewed by Michael Nee, who suggested that it could be a new species of the genus Cestrum, and commissioned to the first author to describe it. Questions: Do Cestrum populations from San Luis Acatlán, Guerrero, correspond to a new species for science? Studied species: Cestrum sp. nov. Study site and dates: Yoloxóchitl, Municipality of San Luis Acatlán, Guerrero; 2023-2024. Methods: The specialized bibliography on the genus Cestrum was examined, from which a list of species with similar morphology to the studied species was compiled, all of which were examined using high resolution digital photographs. A botanical exploration was carried out, locating three populations. A morphological analysis was conducted with the collected material. Results: Cestrum amithii is defined as a new species for science. This new species presents many differences in terms of floral and foliar characters from the other species of the genus. The most outstanding is its spathaceous calyx, which is markedly asymmetrical and large, with evident ribs and two to three lobes. C. amithii is known only from Yoloxóchitl, Guerrero, where it grows in sub-deciduous tropical forest vegetation, at elevations of 530-630 m asl. It is associated with seasonal streams and creeks. Conclusions: With this new discovery, the number of Cestrum species in the flora of Guerrero state increases to 16.

Resumen: Antecedentes: Un ejemplar colectado en Yoloxóchitl (San Luis Acatlán, Guerrero, México) fue anteriormente revisado por Michael Nee, quien sugirió que podría tratarse de una nueva especie del género Cestrum, y concedió al primer autor su descripción. Preguntas: Las poblaciones de Cestrum de San Luis Acatlán, Guerrero, corresponden a una nueva especie para la ciencia? Especies de estudio: Cestrum sp. nov. Sitio y años de estudio: Yoloxóchitl, Municipio de San Luis Acatlán, Guerrero; 2023-2024. Métodos: Se examinó bibliografía especializada en el género, obteniendo una lista de especies con morfología similar a la especie en estudio, las cuales se examinaron por medio de fotografías digitales de alta resolución. Se realizó una exploración botánica, ubicando tres poblaciones. Se realizó un análisis morfológico con el material colectado. Resultados: Se define a Cestrum amithii como una especie nueva para la ciencia, endémica de la comunidad de Yoloxóchitl, Guerrero. La nueva especie presenta diversas diferencias en cuanto a caracteres florales y foliares respecto a las otras especies del género, la más destacada es el cáliz espatáceo, éste es marcadamente asimétrico, de grandes dimensiones, con costillas evidentes y dos o tres lóbulos. C. amithii es endémica de México, distribuida en vegetación de bosque tropical subcaducifolio, en elevación de 530-630 m snm, sobre arroyos y corrientes estacionales. Conclusiones: Con este nuevo descubrimiento, en la flora del estado de Guerrero se contabilizan 16 especies del género Cestrum.

Abstract Leishmaniasis is a disease caused by a flagellated protozoan of the genus Leishmania. Its clinical presentation and global distribution vary depending on the Leishmania species. There are three classic clinical forms: cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral, the most serious form. In Chile, its not an endemic disease, so a high clinical suspicion must be had. The diagnosis can be confirmed by detection of amastigotes in clinical samples, culture and molecular techniques. There are multiple therapeutic options, both systemic and local. The case of a 60-year-old woman who traveled to Spain and developed cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishamnia infantum, being the first case reported in Chile, treated successfully with miltefosine,

Resumen La leishmaniasis es una enfermedad causada por un protozoo flagelado del género Leishmania. Su presentación clínica y distribución mundial varían dependiendo de las especies de Leishmania. Existen tres formas clínicas clásicas: cutánea, mucocutánea y visceral, la forma más grave. En Chile no es una enfermedad endémica, por lo que se debe tener una alta sospecha clínica. El diagnóstico se puede confirmar por la detección de amastigotes en muestras clínicas, cultivo o técnicas moleculares. Existen múltiples opciones terapéuticas, tanto sistémicas como locales. Se presenta el caso de una mujer de 60 años con antecedentes de un viaje a España y que desarrolló una leishmaniasis cutánea por Leishmania infantum. Es el primer caso de esta especie reportado en Chile, tratado exitosamente con miltefosina.

SUMMARY: Owing to extensive overexploitation and continuous habitat loss in recent decades, Dalbergia stevensonii has become endangered in Central America and its place of origin. Genetic diversity is essential for ensuring the long-term survival of the species and is vital in breeding programs. However, knowledge of the genetic diversity of D. stevensonii is limited, as no study has been conducted to estimate the population variability in Guatemala. This study is the first to determine the genetic diversity and structure of wild populations of D. stevensonii in Guatemala using molecular markers. The genetic diversity of 90 wild D. stevensonii trees from six populations located in their natural range is currently being evaluated. Genetic diversity was moderate, with an average of 5.83 alleles per locus, a mean Shannon index value of 1.42, and observed and expected heterozygosity of 0.32 and 0.37, respectively. AMOVA indicated that only 6 % of the genetic variation was between populations, and genetic distance values (pairwise FST) suggested moderate differentiation between populations. STRUCTURE and DAPC analyses revealed the existence of three clusters for the 90 samples, while the genetic differentiation among populations is attributed more to genetics than to geographic distance. Conservation of the genetic diversity of D. stevensonii is critical to ensure its long-term survival, and the success of breeding programs focused on improving the traits and characteristics of the species, such as growth rate, wood quality, and resistance to pests and diseases. These findings provide a crucial genetic basis for conservation, management, and restoration of this endemic species.

RESUMEN: Debido a la sobreexplotación y continua pérdida de hábitats en las últimas décadas, Dalbergia stevensonii está en peligro de extinción en América Central, su lugar de origen. La diversidad genética es un factor esencial para garantizar la supervivencia de la especie a largo plazo y es vital en los programas de mejoramiento. Sin embargo, el conocimiento sobre la diversidad genética de D. stevensonii es limitado, ya que no se ha realizado ningún estudio para estimar la variabilidad de las poblaciones en Guatemala. Este es el primer estudio realizado en Guatemala para determinar la diversidad genética y la estructura de las poblaciones silvestres de D. stevensonii utilizando marcadores moleculares. Actualmente, se está evaluando la diversidad genética de 90 árboles silvestres de D. stevensonii procedentes de seis poblaciones situadas en su área de distribución natural. La diversidad genética es moderada, con una media de 5,83 alelos por locus, un valor medio del índice de Shannon de 1,42 y una heterocigosidad observada y esperada de 0,32 y 0,37 respectivamente. El análisis AMOVA mostró que solamente el 6 % de la variación genética se presenta entre poblaciones, y los valores de distancia genética (FST por pares) sugieren una diferenciación moderada entre poblaciones. Los análisis STRUCTURE y DAPC revelaron la existencia de tres conglomerados para las 90 muestras, mientras que las diferenciaciones genéticas entre poblaciones se atribuyeron más a la distancia genética que a la geográfica. La conservación de la diversidad genética de D. stevensonii es fundamental para garantizar su supervivencia a largo plazo y el éxito de los programas de mejoramiento centrados en la mejora de los rasgos y características de la especie, como la tasa de crecimiento, la calidad de la madera y la resistencia a plagas y enfermedades. Estos hallazgos proporcionan una base genética crucial para la conservación, gestión y restauración de esta especie endémica.

Abstract Background: Previous phylogenetic analyses suggested that Aechmea bracteata is not a monophyletic species, being each variety an individual lineage within the Aechmea bracteata complex. Hypothesis: A phylogenetic analysis based on molecular data and a morphological analysis will provide evidence to support the taxonomic recognition of A. bracteata var. pacifica as a distinct species. Studies species: A. bracteata var. bracteata, A. bracteata var. pacifica and related species. Study site and dates: Mexico to Northern South America; 17 populations from Southeastern and Western Mexico. Analyses were performed between 2021 and 2023. Methods: A linear morphometric analysis was conducted with 85 herbarium specimens testing 28 quantitative and three qualitative variables. Potential diagnostic traits were reviewed in living specimens. A phylogenetic analysis was performed with two nDNA markers (ETS and g3pdh) and one cpDNA marker (trnL-F). A total of 373 records were projected into biogeographical provinces of the Neotropics. Results: The morphometric analysis allowed to separate each variety into a group, also, nine of the evaluated traits resulted statistically significant through a univariate analysis. Five additional diagnostic traits from the inflorescence and leaves were recognized. According to nDNA both taxa present reciprocal monophyly, however, cpDNA groups A. bracteata var. pacifica with Central American species, showcasing a potential hybrid origin. Geographically, the Sierra Madre del Sur acts as a barrier between both taxa. Conclusions: Due to the gathered evidence is possible to recognize A. bracteata var. pacifica as an endemic species to Mexico, reestablishing the basionym A. laxiflora.

Resumen Antecedentes: Análisis filogenéticos previos sugirieron que Aechmea bracteata no es una especie monofilética, siendo cada variedad un linaje individual dentro del complejo Aechmea bracteata. Hipótesis: Un análisis filogenético basado en datos moleculares y un análisis morfológico proporcionarán evidencia para respaldar el reconocimiento taxonómico de A. bracteata var. pacifica como una especie distinta. Especies estudiadas: A. bracteata var. bracteata, A. bracteata var. pacifica y especies relacionadas. Sitio de estudio y fechas: México hasta el norte de Sudamérica; 17 poblaciones del sureste y occidente de México. Los análisis se realizaron entre 2021 y 2023. Métodos: Se realizó un análisis morfométrico lineal con 85 especímenes de herbario evaluando 28 variables cuantitativas y tres cualitativas. Se revisaron potenciales caracteres diagnósticos en especímenes vivos. Se realizó un análisis filogenético con dos marcadores de ADNn (ETS y g3pdh) y uno de ADNcp (trnL-F). Se proyectaron un total de 373 registros en provincias biogeográficas del Neotrópico. Resultados: El análisis morfométrico permitió separar cada taxón en un grupo, además, nueve de los caracteres evaluados resultaron estadísticamente significativos mediante un análisis univariado. Se reconocieron cinco caracteres diagnósticos adicionales de la inflorescencia y las hojas. Según el ADNn ambas variedades presentan monofilia recíproca, sin embargo, el ADNcp agrupa a A. bracteata var. pacifica con especies centroamericanas, mostrando un potencial origen híbrido. Geográficamente, la Sierra Madre del Sur actúa como una barrera entre ambos taxones. Conclusiones: Debido a la evidencia recopilada es posible reconocer a A. bracteata var. pacifica como especie endémica de México, restableciendo el basiónimo A. laxiflora.

Abstract: Background: Through field work in the municipality of Altotonga, Veracruz, populations of a species of the genus Matelea with a small flower were located. This entity did not match with the species reported for Mexico, but it is morphologically similar to M. anomala, which is endemic to Bolivia. Questions: Do the Altotonga Matelea populations correspond to a new species for science or it is a disjunct distribution of M. anomala? Studied species: Matelea sp. nov. Study site and dates: Pancho Poza River Reserve, Altotonga, Veracruz, Mexico. Methods: A morphological comparison was made with Mexican species of Matelea and with M. anomala, using the cohesive species concept. Results: Matelea lilliputiana is described as a new species to science, endemic to the municipality of Altotonga, Veracruz. It differs from M. anomala in having a 5-lobed gynostegial crown with bifurcate apices (vs. crown not clearly lobed and fimbriate margins in M. anomala), angular stipe (vs. cylindrical) and a densely pubescent-hirsute calyx (vs. glabrescent). Additionally, M. lilliputiana is endemic to Mexico and grows in pine-oak forest with mesophyll elements, while M. anomala is endemic to Bolivia and grows in seasonally dry scrub. Conclusions: With the present discovery, the state of Veracruz reaches 126 species of Apocynaceae, with five endemics. Worldwide, it is the second species of the genus with corollas less than 5 mm long and the first in Mexico.

Resumen: Antecedentes: En el trabajo de campo realizado en el municipio de Altotonga, Veracruz, se localizaron poblaciones de una especie del género Matelea con flor sobresalientemente pequeña, que no coincidía con las especies reportadas para México, sino que es morfológicamente similar a M. anomala, especie endémica de Bolivia. Preguntas: ¿las poblaciones de la Matelea de Altotonga corresponden a una especie nueva para la ciencia o a una distribución disjunta de M. anomala? Especies de estudio: Matelea sp. nov. Sitio y años de estudio: Reserva del Río Pancho Poza, Altotonga, Veracruz, México. Métodos: Se realizó comparación morfológica con las especies mexicanas de Matelea y con M. anomala, empleando el concepto cohesivo de especie. Resultados: Se describe a Matelea lilliputiana como especie nueva para la ciencia, endémica del municipio de Altotonga, Veracruz. Se diferencia de M. anomala por presentar una corona ginostegial 5-lobada con ápices bifurcados (vs. corona no claramente lobada y márgenes fimbriados en M. anomala), estípite anguloso (vs. cilíndrico) y cáliz densamente pubescente-hirsuto (vs. glabrescente). Adicionalmente, M. lilliputiana es endémica de México y crece en bosque de pino-encino con elementos de mesófilo, mientras que M. anomala es endémica de Bolivia y crece en matorral estacionalmente seco. Conclusiones: Con el presente descubrimiento, el estado de Veracruz alcanza 126 especies de Apocynaceae, con cinco endémicas. A nivel mundial, es la segunda especie del género en presentar corolas menores a 5 mm de largo y la primera para México.

Abstract Background: Hechtia is characterized by its terrestrial, succulent rosettes, dioecy, and unisexual, dimorphic flowers, mainly fragrant. The paucity and fragmentary herbarium material limit the species recognition but living material reveals diagnostic characters to delimitate them. Hypothesis: Hechtia species are circumscribed by a combination of vegetative and floral characters of both sexes. If the new taxon does not share morphological characters with other species, it will be described as new. Taxon: Hechtia. Study site and dates: Chamela-Cuixmala Biosphere Reserve, Jalisco, 1985-2023. Methods: Field collected, cultivated as well as herbarium material of the new taxon were analyzed and compared to other species from the Pacific Lowlands and adjacent areas, particularly flowers of both sexes, fruits, and seeds. Conservation status using IUCN criteria is reported for the new species. Results: Specimens of Hechtia chamelensis have been misidentified as H. laevis and H. reticulata (both described from fruiting, fragmentary specimens) but the fruit and seed features of both taxa do not match those of the new species. H. chamelensis is known from the Chamela-Cuixmala Biosphere Reserve and it is characterized by strict sympodial growth pattern, green leaves with red hues, shiny and glabrous above, white lepidote below, panicles usually simple to (rarely staminate ones) 2-divided, staminate flowers pinkish to pale white, pistillate with pale green to white petals. Conclusions: Vegetative and reproductive features as well as geographical distribution allow the recognition of H. chamelensis as a new species native from Jalisco, Mexico.

Resumen Antecedentes: Hechtia está caracterizado por sus rosetas suculentas, terrestres, dioicismo y flores unisexuales, dimórficas, generalmente fragantes. El escaso y fragmentario material de herbario, dificulta la delimitación de especies, pero el material vivo revela caracteres diagnósticos para delimitarlas. Hipótesis: Especies de Hechtia están circunscritas por una combinación de caracteres vegetativos y florales de ambos sexos. Si un taxón no comparte caracteres morfológicos y vegetativos con otras especies del género será descrito como nuevo. Taxón: Hechtia. Sitio y fechas de estudio: Reserva de la Biósfera Chamela-Cuixmala, Jalisco, 1985-2023. Métodos: Se analizó material recolectado, cultivado y herborizado del nuevo taxón y se comparó con el de otras especies de las Tierras Bajas del Pacífico y de áreas adyacentes, se analizaron y caracterizaron flores de ambos sexos, frutos y semillas. Se reporta el estado de conservación de la nueva especie utilizando los criterios de la UICN. Resultados: Ejemplares de Hechtia chamelensis se han identificado erróneamente como H. laevis y H. reticulata (descritas de especímenes con frutos), pero características de frutos y semillas de ambos taxones no coinciden con los del nuevo taxón. H. chamelensis es conocida hasta ahora de la Reserva de la Biósfera Chamela-Cuixmala, se caracteriza por crecimiento simpodial, hojas verdes con tintes rojizos, glabras y brillantes adaxialmente, blanco lepidotas abaxialmente, panículas simples a (raramente las estaminadas) 2 divididas, flores estaminadas con pétalos rosado a blanco pálido, en pistiladas verde pálido a blanco. Conclusiones: Características vegetativas y reproductivas, y la distribución geográfica, permiten reconocer a H. chamelensis como una nueva especie nativa de Jalisco, México.

Abstract Background: The terrestrial bromeliad Puya ctenorhyncha is a near-threatened endemic species that grows between 2,500-4,050 m asl. Hypotheses: Hummingbirds are the most important visitors of this plant given its morphological and floral traits. Study site: The study was carried out along the “Death Road”, located in the Yungas montane cloud forest, La Paz, Bolivia. Methods: We monitored an average of 216 individuals monthly for two years (2018-2019). Besides we conducted direct observations of focal plants to quantify the visits of animals. Results: The reproductive season lasted from April to August in the first year and from May to June in the second. The mean nectar volume was 8.09 ± 1.59 μL per flower and its composition included fructose, glucose, and 86 % of water. With 341 hours of observations, we determined that Coeligena torquata (Trochilidae) is the main visitor and putative pollinator, followed by C. violifer. Males of both species were more frequent visitors than females. Coeligena torquata showed the highest activity during the afternoon while C. violifer was more active in the morning. Conclusions: Floral phenology seems to be annual and unimodal. Although the main pollinators seem to be hummingbirds, the nectar concentration and composition is more similar to bromeliad species of other genera which are pollinated by bats or passerine birds. It is important to evaluate, in future studies, the dependence of both hummingbirds and their behavioural response towards the plant.

Resumen: Antecedentes: La bromelia terrestre Puya ctenorhyncha es una especie endémica casi amenazada que crece entre los 2,500-4,050 m snm. Hipótesis: Los colibríes son los visitantes más importantes de esta planta dadas sus características morfológicas y florales. Sitio de estudio: El estudio se realizó en el “Camino de la Muerte”, situado en el bosque nublado montano de los Yungas, La Paz, Bolivia. Métodos: Monitoreamos un promedio de 216 individuos mensuales durante dos años (2018-2019), mediante observaciones de su biología fenológica. Asimismo, realizamos observaciones directas en plantas focales para cuantificar las visitas de animales. Resultados: La época reproductiva duró de abril a agosto en el primer año y de mayo a junio en el segundo. El volumen medio de néctar fue de 8,09 ± 1,59 μL por flor y su composición incluía fructosa, glucosa y 86 % de agua. Con 341 horas de observaciones, determinamos que Coeligena torquata (Trochilidae) es el principal visitante y polinizador putativo, seguido por C. violifer. Los machos de ambas especies fueron visitantes más frecuentes que las hembras. Coeligena torquata mostró la mayor actividad durante la tarde mientras que C. violifer fue más activa por la mañana. Conclusiones: La fenología floral parece ser anual y unimodal. Aunque los principales polinizadores parecen ser los colibríes, la concentración y composición del néctar es más similar a especies de bromelias de otros géneros que son polinizadas por murciélagos o aves paseriformes. Es importante evaluar, en estudios futuros, la dependencia de ambos colibríes y su respuesta de comportamiento a la planta.

Abstract Background: Field trips were carried out to Puebla, where a climbing plant of Gonolobus was found that did not coincide with the morphological description of any other species in the genus. Here a new species is proposed and compared with the species G. cuajayote and G. jaliscensis. Questions: Are the Gonolobus plants collected in the Sierra del Tentzo, Puebla, new to science? How do they differ from other species of the genus? What is its distribution and conservation status? Studied species: Gonolobus sp. nov. Study site and dates: Sierra del Tentzo State Park, Puebla State, México. Methods: A description and morphological analysis was carried out based on the material collected. A comparison with related taxa and an identification key was generated following the cohesive species concept. Conservation status was assessed following IUCN criteria. Results: Gonolobus volcanicus is proposed as a new species for Mexico. The species is recognized from other morphologically similar species by the dense pubescence of the corolla and corona, the shape of the dorsal appendages of the anthers, and its distribution. The morphological description of the new species, images of the taxa treated, a map of geographic distribution, and conservation status are provided. A key to the Gonolobus species registered in Puebla is presented, including similar species. Conclusions: Gonolobus volcanicus is recognized as a new species. This discovery increases to 46 the number of Gonolobus species recorded for Mexico, and represents the first endemic Gonolobus to Puebla.

Resumen Antecedentes: Se realizaron salidas de campo a Puebla y se encontró una planta trepadora perteneciente a Gonolobus que no coincidía morfológicamente con ninguna otra especie del género. Aquí se propone una nueva especie y se compara con las especies de G. cuajayote y G. jaliscensis. Preguntas: ¿Son nuevas para la ciencia las plantas de Gonolobus colectadas en la Sierra de Tentzo, Puebla? ¿Cómo se distinguen de otras especies del género, cuál es su distribución y estado de conservación? Especies de estudio: Gonolobus sp. nov. Sitio y años de estudio: Parque Estatal Sierra del Tentzo, estado de Puebla, México. Métodos: Se realizó la descripción y análisis morfológico de las plantas. Con base en el concepto cohesivo de especie se comparó con taxones afines y se generó la clave de identificación. Se estableció una categoría de vulnerabilidad para la especie. Resultados: Gonolobus volcanicus se propone como una especie nueva para México. La especie se distingue por la densa pubescencia de la corola y anillo faucial, la forma de los apéndices dorsales de las anteras, así como por su distribución. Se proporciona la descripción morfológica de la especie nueva, imágenes, mapa de distribución geográfica y estado de conservación. Se incluye una clave de las especies de Gonolobus presentes en Puebla, junto con las especies similares. Conclusiones: Gonolobus volcanicus se reconoce como una especie nueva para la ciencia. Este descubrimiento incrementa a 46 el número de especies de Gonolobus registradas para el país y representa la primera especie del género endémica de Puebla.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to contribute with methodologies to recover mauri (Trichomycterus dispar) populations and to the diversification of aquaculture in the Puno, Peru region. In total, 300 mauri specimens were used from the artificial reproduction of Villa Santiago - Pomata, in Puno, Peru. A culture system was conditioned and the acceptance of microsphere balanced food for the mauri was evaluated from the larval stage to 60 days of culture. Likewise, the growth of the fish was determined for 365 days. The incubation and obtaining of fingerlings were carried out at the facilities of the Peruvian Sea Institute (IMARPE), Puno headquarters. During stomach dissection at 45 days, less than 50% pellets were observed in the stomach contents; however, after 60 days, this percentage increased to more than 50%, even reaching 100%. This occurred when the fish had an average size and weight of 2.14 cm and 0.061 g, respectively. This stage was considered the beginning of the use of balanced food. At the end of the study (365 days) the mauri had an average size and weight of 4.87 cm and 0.712 g, respectively. The specific growth rate (SGR) was between 0.83 and 1.5, while the feed conversion factor was between 1 to 1.5. The study shows that the species has potential for cultivation in an intensive system, as well as for repopulation in the juvenile stage.

RESUMEN El objetivo del trabajo fue aportar con metodologías para recuperar las poblaciones de mauri (Trichomycterus dispar) y a la diversificación de la acuicultura en la región Puno - Perú. Se utilizaron 300 ejemplares de mauri provenientes de la reproducción artificial de Villa Santiago - Pomata, en Puno, Perú. Se acondicionó un sistema de cultivo y se evaluó el consentimiento de alimento balanceado microesferizado para el mauri desde la etapa larval hasta 60 días de cultivo. Asimismo, se determinó el crecimiento de los peces durante 365 días. Durante la disección de estómago a los 45 días, se observó menos del 50% de pellets en el contenido del estómago; sin embargo, a los 60 días, este porcentaje aumentó a más del 50%, llegando incluso al 100%. Esto ocurrió cuando los peces tenían una talla y peso promedio de 2.14 cm y 0.061 g, respectivamente. Esta etapa se consideró como el inicio del uso de alimento balanceado. Al término del estudio (365 días) el mauri presentó una talla y peso promedio de 4.87 cm y 0.712 g, respectivamente. La tasa de crecimiento específico (TCE) fue entre 0.83 y 1.5, en tanto que el factor de conversión alimenticia estuvo entre 1 a 1.5. El estudio demuestra que la especie posee un potencial para el cultivo en sistema intensivo, así como para realizar repoblamientos en la etapa juvenil.

Resumo Gobionellus stomatus, uma espécie de peixe endêmica do Brasil, tinha ocorrência conhecida apenas do estado do Piauí ao estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Apresentamos aqui o primeiro registro desta espécie para o estado do Maranhão, mais especificamente para a ilha Upaon-Açu, estendendo sua distribuição mais a oeste, até a zona costeira da região Amazônica. Esta espécie habita ecossistemas estuarinos suscetíveis a pressões ambientais, tais como poluição e introdução de espécies não nativas. Embora G. stomatus seja classificada como de menor preocupação para a conservação, é crucial destacar os riscos potenciais associados às atividades humanas nesses ambientes, ressaltando a importância de medidas de preservação para mitigar impactos futuros nas populações desta espécie, assim como de outros gobídeos estuarinos. Brasil Sul Maranhão UpaonAçu, UpaonAçu Upaon Açu, Açu Upaon-Açu oeste Amazônica ambientais nativas G conservação ambientes

Abstract Gobionellus stomatus, a fish species endemic to Brazil, was previously known to occur from the State of Piauí to the State of Rio Grande do Sul. Here we present the first record of this species for the State of Maranhão, specifically for the Upaon-Açu island, extending its distribution further west, to the coastal zone of the Amazon region. This species inhabits estuarine ecosystems susceptible to environmental pressures, such as pollution and the introduction of non-native species. Despite G. stomatus being classified as of least concern for conservation, it is crucial to highlight potential risks associated with human activities in these environments, emphasizing the importance of preservation measures to mitigate future impacts on the populations of this species, as well as of other estuarine gobies. Brazil Sul Maranhão UpaonAçu Upaon Açu island west region pressures nonnative non native G conservation environments gobies

Resumo A região de Souss em Marrocos é conhecida nacional e internacionalmente pelo seu conhecimento essencial da medicina tradicional à base de plantas e pela herança cultural da nutrição. A espécie endêmica Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels é uma importante planta crucial utilizada pela população local para tratar muitas doenças e preparar alguns alimentos autênticos. Para identificar os usos terapêuticos da árvore de argan [Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels] e seus benefícios na preparação de alimentos autênticos, a pesquisa foi realizada por meio de questionários semiestruturados. Conseguimos 450 entrevistas com profissionais de saúde tradicionais e aldeões experientes na região de Chtouka Aït Baha e Tiznit (Anti-Atlas Ocidental). Paralelamente a esta pesquisa, coletamos alguns manuscritos locais antigos de praticantes convencionais da região. Os dados obtidos foram analisados por meio de índices etnobotânicos específicos, como Valor de Uso (UV), Nível de Fidelidade (FL) e Frequência Relativa de Citação (RFC). Paralelamente, analisamos o valor nutricional de alguns alimentos autênticos derivados do óleo de argan (Amlou, Tagoulla e Labsis). Todos os 450 entrevistados utilizam o óleo de argan na alimentação ou para o preparo de seus autênticos alimentos derivados (Amlou, Tagoulla e Labsis); entre eles, 100 pessoas utilizam o argan, além da alimentação, no tratamento de diversas doenças com UV e RFC a 1,94 e 0,22, respectivamente. Entre oito doenças tratadas pela árvore de argan, o tratamento de doenças de pele e subcutâneas teve um valor muito significativo do índice FL (98%). Da mesma forma, a análise dos manuscritos coletados na área de estudo revelou um antigo uso terapêutico da árvore de argan. Os resultados também mostram que o óleo de argan extraído da semente é utilizado para preparar alimentos autênticos com valor nutricional significativo, especialmente Amlou.

Abstract The Souss region in Morocco is known nationally and internationally for its essential knowledge of traditional herbal medicine and the cultural heritage of nutrition. The endemic species Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels is an important crucial plant used by the local population to treat many diseases and prepare some authentic foods. To identify the therapeutic uses of the Argan tree [Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels] and their benefits in preparing authentic foods, the survey was conducted using semi-structured questionnaires. We have achieved 450 interviews with traditional health practitioners and knowledgeable villagers. In the region of Chtouka Aït Baha and Tiznit (Western Anti-Atlas). In parallel with this survey, we collected some old local manuscripts from conventional practitioners in the region. The data obtained were analyzed using specific ethnobotanical indices such as Use Value (UV), Fidelity Level (FL), and Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC). In parallel, we analyzed the nutritional value of some authentic foods derived the argan oil (Amlou, Tagoulla, and Labsis). All 450 interviewees use the argan oil in food or for the preparation of their authentic foods derived (Amlou, Tagoulla, and Labsis); among them, 100 persons use Argan, in addition to food, in the treatment of various diseases with UV and RFC at 1.94 and 0.22, respectively. Among eight treated diseases by argan tree, the treatment of skin and subcutaneous diseases had a very highly significant value of the FL index (98%). Similarly, the analysis of the manuscripts collected in the study area revealed an ancient therapeutic use of the argan tree. The results also show that the Argan oil extracted from the seed is used to prepare authentic foods with significant nutritional value, especially Amlou.

Resumo Diversos ecossistemas aquáticos apresentam condições propícias para o estabelecimento de populações de gastrópodes de água doce no Maranhão (Brasil). Entretanto, as pesquisas acerca desses moluscos, nesse estado brasileiro, estão mais direcionadas para a Baixada Maranhense, área endêmica da esquistossomose no Maranhão. Considerando a necessidade de ampliar informações sobre a ocorrência de gastrópodes límnicos no Maranhão, realizou-se um estudo qualitativo na Microrregião dos Lençóis Maranhenses. As coletas ocorreram entre junho de 2016 e novembro de 2019. Foram obtidos 3.244 espécimes de gastrópodes de água doce: 2.372 exemplares de Biomphalaria straminea (Dunker, 1848); 17 exemplares de Biomphalaria schrammi (Crosse, 1864); 19 exemplares de Drepanotrema lucidum (Pfeiffer, 1939); 115 exemplares de (Hydrobiidae; Rissooidea); 24 exemplares de Physa marmorata Guilding, 1828; 73 exemplares de Pomacea maculata (Perry, 1810); 613 exemplares de Pomacea sp. (Perry, 1810). Foram encontradas também 11 conchas de Biomphalaria glabrata (Say, 1818). A maior riqueza de moluscos foi observada em Tutóia. A espécies mais abundante durante o estudo foi B. straminea (73,45%). Pomacea sp. foi a espécie mais representativa e com frequência constante (57, 15%) na Microrregião dos Lençóis Maranhenses, presente em ecossistemas lênticos e lóticos. Os mapas de previsão sinalizam a possibilidade de ocorrência e estabelecimento de espécies de gastrópodes de água doce em toda a região investigada. A presença de gastrópodes hospedeiros de parasitos representa um risco para a saúde humana, principalmente na área dos Lençóis Maranhenses que é um dos destinos turísticos do Brasil. Estudos sobre a ocorrência e distribuição de gastópodes límnicos possuem grande relevância para a compreensão do estado de conservação das espécies existentes. Além disso, são necessários para monitorar moluscos que atuam como hospedeiros de parasitos. Brasil . (Brasil) Entretanto brasileiro Maranhense realizouse realizou se 201 2019 3244 3 244 3.24 2372 2 372 2.37 Dunker, Dunker (Dunker 1848 1848) 1 Crosse, Crosse (Crosse 1864 1864) Pfeiffer, Pfeiffer (Pfeiffer 1939 1939) Hydrobiidae (Hydrobiidae Rissooidea Rissooidea) Guilding 1828 7 Perry, Perry (Perry 1810 1810) 61 sp 1810. Say, Say (Say 1818. 1818 1818) Tutóia B 73,45%. 7345 73,45% 45 (73,45%) 57, 57 (57 15% 15 lóticos investigada humana existentes disso (Brasil 20 324 3.2 237 37 2.3 184 186 193 182 181 6 734 73,45 4 (73,45% 5 (5 32 3. 23 2. 18 73,4 (73,45 ( 73, (73,4 (73, (73 (7

Abstract Several aquatic ecosystems present favorable conditions for the establishment of freshwater gastropod populations in Maranhão (Brazil). However, research on these snails in this Brazilian state is more focused on Baixada Maranhense, an endemic area for schistosomiasis in Maranhão. Considering the need to expand information on the occurrence of limnic gastropods in Maranhão, a qualitative study was carried out in the Microregion of Lençóis Maranhenses. The capture of freshwater snails was carried out between June 2016 and November 2019. Were obtained 3,244 specimens of freshwater gastropods: 2,372 specimens of Biomphalaria straminea (Dunker, 1848); 17 specimens of Biomphalaria schrammi (Crosse, 1864); 19 specimens of Drepanotrema lucidum (Pfeiffer, 1939); 115 specimens of (Hydrobiidae; Rissooidea); 24 specimens of Physa marmorata Guilding, 1828; 73 specimens of Pomacea maculata (Perry, 1810); 613 specimens of Pomacea sp. (Perry, 1810). Were also found 11 shells of Biomphalaria glabrata (Say, 1818). The greatest richness of snails was observed in Tutóia. The most abundant species during the study was B. straminea (73,45%). Pomacea sp. was the most representative species with constant frequency (57,15%) in the Lençóis Maranhenses Microregion, present in lentic and lotic ecosystems. The forecast maps indicate the possibility of occurrence and establishment of freshwater gastropods species throughout the investigated region. The presence of gastropods that are hosts of parasites represents a risk to human health, especially in the Lençóis Maranhenses area, which is one of Brazil's tourist destinations. Studies on the occurrence and distribution of limnic gastropods are of great relevance for understanding the conservation status of existing species. Furthermore, they are necessary to monitor snails that act as parasite hosts. Brazil. Brazil . (Brazil) However Maranhense 201 2019 3244 3 244 3,24 2372 2 372 2,37 Dunker, Dunker (Dunker 1848 1848) 1 Crosse, Crosse (Crosse 1864 1864) Pfeiffer, Pfeiffer (Pfeiffer 1939 1939) Hydrobiidae (Hydrobiidae Rissooidea Rissooidea) Guilding 1828 7 Perry, Perry (Perry 1810 1810) 61 sp 1810. Say, Say (Say 1818. 1818 1818) Tutóia B 73,45%. 7345 73,45% 45 (73,45%) 57,15% 5715 57 15 (57,15% region health Brazils s destinations Furthermore (Brazil 20 324 3,2 237 37 2,3 184 186 193 182 181 6 734 73,45 4 (73,45% 57,15 571 5 (57,15 32 3, 23 2, 18 73,4 (73,45 57,1 (57,1 73, (73,4 57, (57, (73, (57 (73 (5 (7 (

ABSTRACT Java cardamom is a species of herbal medicinal plant endemic to West Java, Indonesia, that has been used for a long time in traditional medicine. The effects of shading and nitrogen doses on the Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) profile, total phenolic and flavonoid contents, and antioxidant activity in the ethanol extract of Java cardamom leaves were investigated in this study. The experiment was conducted using a split-plot scheme with three replicates. The main plot constituted shading (without, 25, 50, and 75%), and the sub-plot comprised nitrogen doses (control, 0.9, and 1.36 g nitrogen fertilizer per polybag). GC-MS analysis found 27 compounds in the ethanol extract of Java cardamom leaves. The compounds 1.8-Cineole (36.87%) and 5-Hydroxy-3,7,4’-trimethoxyflavone (18.83%) had the highest concentrations in the combination of 25% shade with 0.9 g N fertilizer per polybag and 50% shade with 1.36 g N fertilizer per polybag. The highest total phenolic content (1.26 mg gallic acid equivalent g-1 dry weight), flavonoid content (3.42 mg quercetin equivalent g-1 dry weight), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) antioxidant activity (5.80 μmol Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity g-1 dry weight) were found with 75% shade. Metabolites 1-Methyl-4-isopropyl-cis-3-hydroxycyclohex-1-ene-6-one, 4-propoxy-catechol, cyclohexane, tert-pentyl-, cis-p-Menth-2,8-dienol, cis-carveol, and cis-p-mentha-1(7),8-dien-2-ol were responsible for antioxidant activity in the ethanol extract of Java cardamom leaves. Shade of 75% is recommended to produce optimal antioxidant activity and phenolic and flavonoid content from Java cardamom leaf extract. Indonesia medicine ChromatographyMass Chromatography Mass GCMS GC MS (GC-MS profile contents study splitplot split replicates without, without (without 25 50 75%, 75 , 75%) subplot sub control, control (control 09 0 9 136 1 36 1.3 . polybag) 2 1.8Cineole 18Cineole Cineole 1.8 8 36.87% 3687 87 (36.87% 5Hydroxy3,7,4trimethoxyflavone 5Hydroxy374trimethoxyflavone Hydroxytrimethoxyflavone 5 Hydroxy 3,7,4 trimethoxyflavone 3 7 4 18.83% 1883 18 83 (18.83% 0. 1.26 126 26 (1.2 g1 g- weight, weight 3.42 342 42 (3.4 FRAP (FRAP 5.80 580 80 (5.8 1Methyl4isopropylcis3hydroxycyclohex1ene6one, 1Methyl4isopropylcis3hydroxycyclohex1ene6one Methylisopropylcishydroxycyclohexeneone Methyl isopropyl cis hydroxycyclohex ene 6 one, one 1-Methyl-4-isopropyl-cis-3-hydroxycyclohex-1-ene-6-one 4propoxycatechol, 4propoxycatechol propoxycatechol propoxy catechol, catechol 4-propoxy-catechol cyclohexane tertpentyl, tertpentyl tert pentyl tert-pentyl- cispMenth2,8dienol, cispMenth28dienol cispMenthdienol p Menth 2,8 dienol, dienol cis-p-Menth-2,8-dienol ciscarveol, ciscarveol carveol, carveol cis-carveol cispmentha17,8dien2ol cispmentha178dien2ol cispmenthadienol mentha ,8 dien ol 13 1. 8Cineole 36.87 368 (36.87 5Hydroxy3 4trimethoxyflavone 374 3,7, 18.83 188 (18.83 1.2 12 (1. 3.4 34 (3. 5.8 58 (5. isopropylcis tert-pentyl cispMenth2 8dienol cispMenth cispMenth2,8dienol 28 2, cispmentha17 8dien2ol cispmentha 36.8 (36.8 5Hydroxy 37 3,7 18.8 (18.8 (1 3. (3 5. (5 cispmentha1 36. (36. 3, 18. (18. ( (36 (18

RESUMO O cardamomo de Java é uma espécie de planta medicinal herbácea endêmica de Java Ocidental, na Indonésia, que tem sido usada há muito tempo na medicina tradicional. Os efeitos do sombreamento e das doses de nitrogênio no perfil de cromatografia gasosa-espectrometria de massas (GC-MS), teores de fenólicos e flavonoides totais e atividade antioxidante em extrato etanólico de folhas de cardamomo de Java foram investigados neste estudo. O experimento foi conduzido em esquema de parcelas subdivididas com três repetições. A parcela principal foi constituída de sombreamento (sem, 25, 50 e 75%) e as subparcelas foram compostas por doses de nitrogênio (testemunha, 0.9 e 1.36 g de nitrogênio por saco). A análise GC-MS encontrou 27 tipos de compostos no extrato etanólico das folhas de cardamomo de Java. Os compostos 1,8-Cineol (36.87%) e 5-Hidroxi-3,7,4’-trimetoxiflavona (18.83%) apresentaram as maiores concentrações na combinação de 25% de sombreamento com 0.9 g saco poli-1 de fertilizante N e 50% sombreamento com 1.36 g saco poli-1 de fertilizante N. O maior teor de fenólicos totais (1.26 mg de ácido gálico equivalente g-1 peso seco), flavonóides (3.42 mg de quercetina equivalente g-1 peso seco) e atividade antioxidante de poder antioxidante redutor férrico (FRAP) (5.80 μmol Trolox capacidade antioxidante aquivalente g-1 peso seco) foram encontrados na sombra de 75%. Verificou-se que 1-Metil-4-isopropil -cis-3-hidroxiciclohex-1-eno-6-ona, 4-propoxi-catecol, ciclohexano, terc-pentil-, cis-p-Menth-2,8-dienol, cis-carveol, dan cis-p-mentha -1(7),8-dien-2-ol foram os metabólitos responsáveis pela atividade antioxidante no extrato etanólico das folhas de cardamomo de Java. O sombreamento de 75% é recomendado para produzir maior teor fenólico e flavonóide e ótima atividade antioxidante do extrato de folhas de cardamomo de Java. Ocidental Indonésia tradicional gasosaespectrometria gasosa espectrometria GCMS, GCMS GC MS , (GC-MS) estudo repetições sem, sem (sem 25 5 75 testemunha, testemunha (testemunha 09 0 9 0. 136 1 36 1.3 saco. . saco) 2 1,8Cineol 18Cineol Cineol 1,8 8 36.87% 3687 87 (36.87% 5Hidroxi3,7,4trimetoxiflavona 5Hidroxi374trimetoxiflavona Hidroxitrimetoxiflavona Hidroxi 3,7,4 trimetoxiflavona 3 7 4 18.83% 1883 18 83 (18.83% poli1 poli poli- 1.26 126 26 (1.2 g1 g- seco, seco 3.42 342 42 (3.4 FRAP (FRAP 5.80 580 80 (5.8 Verificouse Verificou se 1Metil4isopropil Metilisopropil Metil isopropil cis3hidroxiciclohex1eno6ona, cis3hidroxiciclohex1eno6ona cishidroxiciclohexenoona cis hidroxiciclohex eno 6 ona, ona -cis-3-hidroxiciclohex-1-eno-6-ona 4propoxicatecol, 4propoxicatecol propoxicatecol propoxi catecol, catecol 4-propoxi-catecol ciclohexano tercpentil, tercpentil terc pentil terc-pentil- cispMenth2,8dienol, cispMenth28dienol cispMenthdienol p Menth 2,8 dienol, dienol cis-p-Menth-2,8-dienol ciscarveol, ciscarveol carveol, carveol cis-carveol cispmentha mentha 17,8dien2ol 178dien2ol ,8 dien ol (GC-MS 13 1. 8Cineol 1, 36.87 368 (36.87 5Hidroxi3 4trimetoxiflavona 374 3,7, 18.83 188 (18.83 1.2 12 (1. 3.4 34 (3. 5.8 58 (5. terc-pentil cispMenth2 8dienol cispMenth cispMenth2,8dienol 28 2, 17 8dien2ol 36.8 (36.8 5Hidroxi 37 3,7 18.8 (18.8 (1 3. (3 5. (5 36. (36. 3, 18. (18. ( (36 (18