ABSTRACT This article proposes to reflect on the relevance of the militarization process in educational centers in Honduras, in its relationship with the paradigm of peace education. Considering a documentary review and the analysis of data on the events following the 2009 coup d'état from a content analysis, militarization is approached as a more subtle phenomenon that is not only based on the imposition of force, but also occurs invisibly in society. This perspective raises significant concerns, such as the possible worsening of social inequalities and the erosion of fundamental rights. The connection between the military and education poses an ethical dilemma since it can put children's rights at risk and limit opportunities to develop spaces for democratic learning and harmonious coexistence. The vision of militarizing society continues to occupy and invade spaces in multiple Honduran social settings.

RESUMEN Este artículo propone reflexionar sobre la relevancia del proceso de militarización en los centros educativos de Honduras, en su relación con el paradigma de la educación para la paz. Considerando una revisión documentaria y el análisis de los datos sobre los acontecimientos posteriores al golpe de Estado de 2009 desde un análisis de contenido, se aborda la militarización como un fenómeno más sutil que no solo se basa en la imposición de la fuerza, sino que también se presenta de manera invisible en la sociedad. Esta perspectiva plantea preocupaciones significativas, como el posible recrudecimiento de las desigualdades sociales y la erosión de los derechos fundamentales. La conexión entre lo militar y lo educativo plantea un dilema ético, ya que puede poner en riesgo los derechos de la niñez y limitar las oportunidades de desarrollar espacios de aprendizaje democrático y de convivencia armoniosa. La visión de militarizar la sociedad continúa ocupando e invadiendo espacios en múltiples escenarios sociales hondureños.

In this paper we develop a physics-based model for lining erosion in steel ladles. The model predicts the temperature evolution in the liquid slag, steel, refractory bricks, and outer steel shell of the ladle. The flow of slag and steel is due to forced convection induced by inert gas injection, vacuum treatment (extreme bubble expansion), natural convection, and waves caused by the gas stirring. The lining erosion takes place by dissolution of refractory elements into the steel or slag. The mass and heat transfer coefficients inside the ladle during gas stirring are modelled based on wall functions which take the distribution of wall shear velocities as a critical input. The wall shear velocities are obtained from computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations for a sample of scenarios, spanning out the operational space, and a model is developed using curve fitting. The model is capable of reproducing both thermal and erosion evolution well. Deviations between model predictions and industrial data are discussed. The model is fast and has been tested successfully in a 'semi-online' application. The model source code is available to the public at [https://github.com/SINTEF/refractorywear].

A methodology for building pragmatic physics-based models is here adapted to predict the erosion of ladle linings in the steel industry, in order to support operators when deciding whether the lining can be used safely for another heat. A defective lining may allow 140 t of molten steel to spill, with disastrous consequences for workers and plant. The adopted work flow for the development, challenges faced, and some model results are presented. One key learning outcome is that model development should allow time for maturing the process understanding, as well as for many iterations by 'questions-responses and actions' at various stages in the model development. Good interaction between the development team and industry case owner is an important success factor. Combining or extending the model with the use of machine learning and cognition-related methods, such as knowledge graphs and self-adaptive algorithms, is discussed.

Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar o efeito de um aditivo orgânico-mineral quelatado que inclui Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Co, Se e I sobre o desempenho de criação de juvenis de bagre-africano (Clarias gariepinus) em condições de RAS. Foram formados quatro grupos de peixes (n=50): um grupo controle (recebendo ração padrão) e três grupos experimentais (recebendo ração padrão com elementos biogênicos compostos quelatos em diferentes concentrações). Ao final do experimento (30 dias), a condição fisiológica dos peixes foi avaliada pela taxa de crescimento, condição dos órgãos internos, índices bioquímicos séricos sanguíneos e exame histológico do intestino médio. A taxa de sobrevivência dos peixes nos grupos experimentais foi de 96-98%. De acordo com os resultados, o aumento absoluto foi de 14,30% no grupo III, 11,13% no grupo II e 6,71% no grupo I, em relação ao controle. No entanto, o uso de compostos quelatados em altas concentrações pode causar necrose e erosão da parte apical das vilosidades (grupos II e III). A análise bioquímica do sangue de peixes (grupo II e III) que receberam concentrações médias e altas de compostos quelatados mostrou alta atividade de ALT, que foi 23,02% (p<0,05) e 45,19% (p<0,05) maior comparado ao controle, respectivamente. Compostos mineral-quelatos, da composição estudada, na concentração de 0,5 g/kg, afetam positivamente a estrutura histológica do intestino médio de Clarias gariepinus. Esta dosagem do aditivo alimentar investigado pode ser recomendada para a aplicação prática de criação de Clarias gariepinus em instalações de água fechadas.

Abstract Growing fish in a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) involves various stress factors that directly affect their physiological condition. This study aimed to investigate the effect of a chelated organic-mineral additive including Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Co, Se and I; on the rearing performance of juvenilecatfish (Clariasgariepinus) under RAS conditions. Four groups of fish (n=50) were formed: a control group (receiving standard feed) and three experimental groups (receiving standard feed with biogenic elements chelate compounds in different concentrations). At the end of the experiment (30 days), the physiological condition of the fish was evaluated by the growth rate, internal organs condition, blood serum biochemical indices and histological examination of the middle intestine. The survival rate of fish in the experimental groups was 96-98%. According to the results, the absolute increase was 14,30% in group III, 11,13% in group II and 6,71% in group I, compared to the control. However, the use of chelated compounds in high concentrations can cause necrosis and erosion of the apical part of the villi (groups II and III). Blood biochemical analysis of fish (group II and III) receiving medium and high concentrations of chelated compounds showed high ALT activity, which was 23,02% (p<0,05) and 45,19% (p<0,05) higher compared to control, respectively. Mineral-chelate compounds, of the studied composition, at a concentration of 0,5 g/kg positively affect the histological structure of the midgut of Clarias gariepinus. This dosage of the investigated feed additive can be recommended for the practical application of rearing Clariasgariepinus in closed water installations.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to model nutrient losses in an Oxisol under varied soil properties and vegetation cover. The experimental area was located at the Paraná Rural Development Institute, in Santa Tereza do Oeste, Paraná, Brazil. The treatments consisted of six cover crops in summer, six cover crops in winter, and management systems no-tillage (NT) traditional (control), NT with gypsum, and NT with scarification. Nutrient data were collected at each natural rainfall through sample collection from collection troughs. The design was completely randomized, and the data were adjusted using an exponential function of two variables, as a function of soil density, macroporosity, straw dry mass, green cover, and rainfall. Greater losses of Mg and Ca was related to higher soil density and lower macroporosity. Lower losses of Mg, Ca, K, and P were associated with lower straw dry mass and higher green cover. K and P losses were stable for all soil density values, but they decreased with an increase in macroporosity.

The valgus knee is less common than the neutral or varus aligned knees in primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA). TKA is technically more challenging in the valgus knee because of the relative difficulty of restoring the joint line, correcting limb alignment, ensuring stability and correcting patellofemoral tracking. Consequently, TKA outcomes are poorer in the valgus knee. The valgus deformity may be intra- or extra-articular or a combination of both, with bony and soft tissue changes resulting in alteration of the rotational profile of the lower limb. Bony changes in the femur include hypoplasia of the distal femur lateral condyle and erosion of the posterior aspect of the lateral condyle. Bony changes in the tibia include remodelling of the lateral tibia plateau and metaphyseal bone. Soft tissue structures on the lateral aspect of the knee may be contracted or tightened with attenuation of the medial stabilising structures. These features contribute to a change in the rotational profile of the knee resulting in external rotation of the tibia and lateral subluxation of the patella with maltracking. Clinical examination should be thorough in both standing and supine positions and must the include the foot and ankle as hindfoot alignment affects the mechanical axis of the weight-bearing lower limb. Neurovascular assessment of the limb should document peroneal nerve integrity as this nerve is at risk of damage at the time of deformity correction. Radiological assessment should, ideally, include long limb weight-bearing views in multiple planes. Computer tomography scanning may be appropriate in cases of severe bony deformities or poorly appreciated anatomical landmarks on standard radiographs. This review delves into the various classification systems for valgus knees and finally, focuses on surgical approaches, appropriate implant choices and technological advancements in the management of the valgus knee. A clear understanding of the pathoanotomy of the valgus knee together with a thorough clinical assessment and appropriate use of technology should help improve outcomes of TKA in the valgus knee. Level of evidence: Level 5

Resumen Objetivo: Evaluar la importancia del azufre como un mineral esencial en la gestión agroecológica de los sistemas agropecuarios. Materiales y Métodos: Para desarrollar esta investigación se consultaron más de 80 publicaciones científicas que tratan sobre el azufre y el caldo sulfocálcico en los sistemas agropecuarios. Se documentó la función fundamental que desempeñan estos elementos en el suelo, su uso por las plantas para la prevención de las plagas, así como su efecto en ácaros y garrapatas que se hospedan en animales; además de su valor en la nutrición de rumiantes. También se estudiaron artículos que abordan en el contexto actual, los efectos del cambio climático, la condición del suelo como base de todos los sistemas y la importancia de la gestión agroecológica en la agricultura y la ganadería. Resultados: El azufre se puede utilizar de diversas maneras, como reductor del pH del suelo, fertilizante, pesticida y medicamento para plantas y animales. También se contempla su uso en la fabricación del ácido sulfúrico y en la nutrición de rumiantes. Además, cuando se combina con calcio como caldo sulfocálcico, el azufre es efectivo como insecticida, fungicida, y medicamento contra ácaros y garrapatas. También es necesario su uso debido a que el 33 % de los suelos en Cuba presentan un estado de degradación que va desde moderada hasta alta. Esto se debe a diversos factores como la erosión, la salinización, la compactación, la acidificación y la contaminación química, lo cual también provoca la pérdida de biodiversidad. Conclusiones: La utilización de azufre o caldo sulfocálcico es esencial en el manejo agroecológico del suelo, debido al elevado porcentaje de áreas con diversas afectaciones, a lo que se adicionan sus múltiples aplicaciones en plantas y animales. En Cuba la utilización de esta sustancia es un desafío por las cantidades disponibles y las pequeñas dosis que se utilizan. No obstante, con su aplicación se facilita la producción de alimentos sanos y abundantes a costo bajo, sin causar daños al medioambiente, y contribuir significativamente al bienestar humano.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the importance of sulfur as an essential mineral in the agroecological management of agricultural systems. Materials and Methods: To develop this research, more than 80 scientific publications dealing with sulfur and sulfocalcic broth in agricultural systems were consulted. The fundamental role of these elements in the soil, their use by plants for pest prevention, as well as their effect on mites and ticks hosted by animals, and their value in ruminant nutrition were documented. Papers were also studied that address in the current context, the effects of climate change, the condition of the soil as the basis of all systems and the importance of agroecological management in agriculture and animal husbandry. Results: Sulfur can be used in a variety of ways, as a soil pH reducer, fertilizer, pesticide and medicine for plants and animals. Its use in the manufacture of sulfuric acid and in ruminant nutrition is also contemplated. In addition, when combined with calcium as a sulfocalcic broth, sulfur is effective as an insecticide, fungicide, and medicine against mites and ticks. Its use is also necessary because 33 % of the soils in Cuba show a state of degradation ranging from moderate to high. This is due to various factors such as erosion, salinization, compaction, acidification and chemical contamination, which also causes the loss of biodiversity. Conclusions: The use of sulfur or sulfocalcic broth is essential in agroecological soil management, due to the high percentage of areas with diverse affectations, to which its multiple applications in plants and animals are added. In Cuba, the use of this substance is a challenge due to the available quantities and the small doses that are used. However, their application facilitates the production of healthy and abundant food at low cost, without causing damage to the environment, and contributes significantly to human welfare.

Abstract In the community of Santiago Ecatlán, Jonotla, Puebla, located in a cultural region inhabited by Totonacos, the residents take advantage of various plant species with different uses. Among the edible species, some of the Begonia genus (Begoniaceae) stand out, valued mainly for their cultural importance. The petioles of these begonias are consumed as "quelites" and are appreciated both for their flavor and for the economic income they generate through their sale. Factors such as cultural erosion, climate change, the exchange of species between communities from different states, in addition to advances in taxonomic studies, can modify the existing information from previous works about plants. Therefore, the objective of this work was to update the information on edible begonias, their propagation and form of consumption in the community of Ecatlán, through an ethnobotanical study. The information was collected through participant observation, open and semi-structured interviews, and the collection of botanical samples. The following species were identified: Begonia thiemei and B. manicata as the most used, B. heracleifolia with two variants, a probable hybrid between B. heracleifolia and B. manicata, which had possibly been reported by other authors as B. barkeri or B. aff. barkeri and another identified only to the genus, whose morphological characteristics suggest that it could be a new species for science. Regarding the species mentioned by other authors as edible in the area, there was agreement on the use of Begonia heracleifolia, B. manicata and the probable hybrid mentioned above. However, no evidence was found of the presence and/or use of B. fusca, B. incarnata and B. glabra, reported in previous works. Finally, it was recorded that B. nelumbonifolia is not appreciated as food by the local inhabitants. The identified species were found in family gardens, coffee plantations, "ranches" and along roads. Based on the information collected, it was found that the propagation of begonias is carried out in two ways: 1) through the rhizomes and 2) in the case of B. thiemei, by cutting the mature leaf, approximately 2 -3 cm below the leaf blade, and its subsequent planting in soil. These species are available throughout the year, and the preparation of the traditional dish includes various ingredients, including species from the Apiaceae and Piperaceae families.

Resumen En la comunidad de Santiago Ecatlán, Jonotla, Puebla, ubicada en una región cultural habitada por totonacos, los pobladores aprovechan diversas especies vegetales con distintos usos. Entre las especies comestibles, destacan algunas del género Begonia (Begoniaceae), valoradas principalmente por su importancia cultural. Los peciolos de estas begonias se consumen como "quelites" y son apreciados tanto por su sabor como por los ingresos económicos que generan a través de su venta. Factores como la erosión cultural, el cambio climático, el intercambio de especies entre comunidades de diferentes estados, además de los avances en los estudios taxonómicos, pueden modificar la información existente de trabajos anteriores acerca de las plantas. Por lo anterior, el objetivo de este trabajo fue actualizar la información sobre las begonias comestibles, su propagación y forma de consumo en la comunidad de Ecatlán, a través de un estudio etnobotánico. La información se recopiló mediante la observación participante, entrevistas abiertas y semiestructuradas y la recolección de muestras botánicas. Se identificaron las siguientes especies: Begonia thiemei y B. manicata como las más utilizadas, B. heracleifolia con dos variantes, un probable híbrido entre B. heracleifolia y B. manicata, que posiblemente había sido reportado por otros autores como B. barkeri o B. aff. barkeri y otra identificada solamente a género, cuyas características morfológicas hacen suponer que podría ser una especie nueva para la ciencia. En cuanto a las especies mencionadas por otros autores como comestibles en la zona, se coincidió en el uso de Begonia heracleifolia, B. manicata y el probable híbrido mencionado anteriormente. Sin embargo, no se encontraron indicios de la presencia y/o uso de B. fusca, B. incarnata y B. glabra, reportadas en trabajos anteriores. Por último, se registró que B. nelumbonifolia no es apreciada como alimento por los habitantes de la localidad. Las especies identificadas se encontraron en huertos familiares, cafetales, "ranchos" y a lo largo de los caminos. Con base en la información recopilada se encontró que la propagación de las begonias se lleva a cabo de dos formas: 1) a través de los rizomas y 2) en el caso de B. thiemei, mediante el corte de la hoja madura, aproximadamente 2-3 cm por debajo de la lámina foliar, y su posterior plantación en tierra. Estas especies están disponibles durante todo el año, y la preparación del platillo tradicional incluye diversos ingredientes, entre ellos, especies de las familias Apiaceae y Piperaceae.

ABSTRACT: Agriculture plays a leading role in the economic growth and development process. Ensuring the continuity of production depends on the purchasing power of the producers. The sustainability of production and the development of the rural welfare index in favor of the producers will increase the driving role of the agricultural sector, which is also a resource for other sectors. This study determined the variables affecting the Domestic Terms of Trade of the greenhouse tomato producers in Antalya, Türkiye. The product price has been determined as the major factor affecting the Domestic Terms of Trade. In addition, it was concluded that a one-unit increase in the product price increases the Domestic Terms of Trade by 34.99 units. Interviews revealed that the continuity of consumption needs is more important than the continuity of production. It has been determined that the high and variable input costs cause erosion in the incomes of the producers. Agricultural policies will be more effective both in the short and long term when the aim is to improve the welfare and purchasing power of producers, rather than intervening in agricultural prices or reducing prices.

RESUMO: A agricultura tem um papel preponderante no processo de crescimento e desenvolvimento econômico. Garantir a continuidade da produção depende do poder de compra dos produtores. A sustentabilidade da produção e o desenvolvimento do índice de bem-estar rural em favor dos produtores aumentarão o protagonismo do setor agropecuário, que também é um recurso para outros setores. O objetivo principal deste estudo é determinar as variáveis que afetam os Termos de Comércio Domésticos dos produtores de tomate de estufa em Antalya, Turquia. O preço do produto foi determinado como o principal fator que afeta os Termos de Comércio Domésticos. Além disso, concluiu-se que um aumento de uma unidade no preço do produto aumenta os Termos de Troca Domésticos em 34,99 unidades. As entrevistas revelaram que a continuidade das necessidades de consumo é mais importante do que a continuidade da produção. Constatou-se que os altos e variáveis custos dos insumos causam erosão na renda dos produtores. As políticas agrícolas serão mais eficazes, tanto no curto quanto no longo prazo, quando o objetivo for melhorar o bem-estar e o poder de compra dos produtores, em vez de intervir nos preços agrícolas ou reduzir os preços.

This study assessed the impact of climate change on food security and natural resource management on crop farming systems. Forty-five respondents were interviewed using an open-ended, and structured questionnaire. The open-ended questions allowed respondents to share their thoughts and experiences in their own words, while the structured questions helped to ensure that all respondents were asked the same questions and that the data collected was consistent. The results of this study showed that smallholder farmers perceived an increase in hot days (51.1%), a decrease in rainfall (51.1%), and a decrease in flood occurrence (71.1%). In addition, 95.2% of the respondents indicated that climatic conditions have influenced their farming systems. Natural resource changes noticed by farmers because of climate change include reduced grazing feedlot for livestock farmers (85%), reduced herbaceous cover (80%), decline in volume of water (57.8%), and increased tree damage and land degradation (11.1%). Increased soil erosion (6.7%) and increased bush encroachment (2.2%) were some of the natural resource challenges facing smallholder farmers. Some signs of climate change experienced by farmers included increases in crop pests (71%) and crop disease (8,9%). The adaptation strategies applied included the following: use of water harvesting, use of little soil disturbance techniques, adjusted fertiliser use, application of different planting dates techniques, use of different crop varieties, use of drought tolerant seeds, applied crop diversification, use of techniques that shortened growth length, planting new trees and avoiding planting on sloppy areas, and applied soil conservation techniques. Agriculture extension advisors should address vulnerable systems, including agricultural water and natural resources. In addition, it is important for agriculture extension advisors to strengthen the link between climate change adaptation and key climate change policy processes to improve their effectiveness and ability to deal with the effects of climate change. This will help overcome shortcomings along the food value chain and ensure food security.

Abstract This paper focuses on the actions and partnerships established between members of the State Secretariats of Health and Social Assistance in Rio de Janeiro and other organizations in the health and assistance areas to respond to the health emergency triggered by the congenital Zika virus syndrome between 2015 and 2018. Some characteristics of the context were: a severe economic crisis, the erosion of the governance capacities of the state political authorities as well and scarce technical-scientific knowledge about the epidemic. The study was grounded on an analysis of documents related to the topic, 17 semi-structured interviews with managers and professionals from the two secretariats. Interview scripts focused on intersectoral actions and processes of cooperation and coordination within and between organizations. The analytical grid included aspects of the interpersonal, informational, and decision-making roles of managers and technicians. The results show that, despite the political and economic crisis, the Secretariat actors managed to create a flow of care for patients. Informal cooperation and coordination mechanisms were crucial for the creation of long-term intersectoral strategies.

Resumo Este trabalho analisa as ações e parcerias estabelecidas entre os integrantes das Secretarias Estaduais de Saúde e da Assistência Social do Rio de Janeiro e outras organizações da área da saúde e assistência para atender à emergência sanitária desencadeada pela síndrome congênita do vírus Zika entre os anos de 2015 e 2018. O contexto caracterizava-se por acentuada crise econômica, erosão da capacidade de governança das autoridades políticas no estado, e reduzido conhecimento técnico-científico sobre a epidemia. Além de análise de documentos relativos ao tema, foram feitas 17 entrevistas com gestores e profissionais das duas secretarias. Roteiros semiestruturados focalizaram ações intersetoriais e processos de cooperação e coordenação inter e intraorganizacional. A grade analítica contemplou aspectos dos papéis interpessoais, informacionais e de tomada de decisão dos gestores e técnicos. Os resultados mostram que, apesar da crise política e econômica, os atores das secretarias conseguiram criar um fluxo de atenção aos pacientes. Observou-se que mecanismos informais de cooperação e coordenação foram fundamentais para a criação de estratégias intersetoriais de longo prazo.

Resumen Se presenta en este artículo problemas de remoción en masa ocasionados por excesivas lluvias en la Ruta Nacional 40, tramo San Carlos de Bariloche-El Bolsón en el sudoeste de la provincia de Río Negro, en la Patagonia, Argentina, en el sector que bordea el lago Guillelmo. La zona en cuestión presenta copiosas precipitaciones que afectan cerros, cuyas laderas han sufrido incendios forestales que las han dejado sin vegetación y susceptibles a la erosión. Los problemas citados motivaron a que Vialidad Nacional hiciera un pedido a la Escuela de Ingeniería de Caminos de Montaña para solucionar este problema que se está haciendo crónico y cuya gravedad aumenta con cada evento climático. En efecto, luego de cada lluvia, grandes volúmenes de detritos se acumulan sobre la calzada cortando la ruta, dejando incomunicadas a las ciudades de San Carlos de Bariloche y El Bolsón, generando un sinnúmero de inconvenientes a la región. En este trabajo se proponen, en primer lugar, medidas tendientes a paliar este problema a corto plazo y otras acciones con el objetivo de lograr una solución a mediano y largo plazo para este serio problema en forma definitiva.

Abstract In this paper are presented mass removal problems caused by excessive rains on National Road 40, San Carlos de Bariloche-El Bolsón section, in the southwest of the province of Río Negro, in Patagonia, Argentina, bordering Guillelmo Lake. The zone in question presents copious precipitations that affect hills, whose slopes have suffered forest fires, leaving them without vegetation and susceptible to erosion. The aforementioned problems, obliged Vialidad Nacional to ask the School of Mountain Roads Engineering to solve this problem that is becoming chronic and whose severity increases with each climatic event. Actually, after each rain, large volumes of debris accumulate on the road, cutting the route and cutting off the link between the cities of San Carlos de Bariloche and El Bolsón, generating a great number of difficulties to the region. Firstly, procedures tending to alleviate this problem in the short term are proposed, as well as further actions to achieve a fundamental solution to solve this serious problem definitely.

Summary: The continuous changes in the use of soil for agricultural and livestock activities, as well the geographical location on sites affected by continuous wind currents, have caused changes in soil characteristics in a period of 40 years. To identify such changes, this study was performed in the north of the state of Zacatecas. The results of soil from 300 samples obtained in the laboratory analysis in 1976 were compared against an equal number of samples obtained in 2016. “Raster” images were generated by georeferencing the sampling sites and interpolating with “kriging”. The coinciding determinations between databases showed the differences between them by overlapping both images. The wind erosion was estimated and the levels of erosion associated with the sites where the changes occurred. The image analysis shows a matching area where sand content and soil pH increased. Such surface represents 401 907 ha of 2 118 000 ha covered by the images, where calcium has decreased in 98% of the surface, as well as potassium (59%), organic matter (58%), magnesium (49%) and sodium (35%) in 40 years, identifying areas of accumulation and soil loss associated with values of wind erosion. The prevailing SW winds that cause wind erosion were identified with values from 8 to 32 Mg ha-1 in 100 209 ha of accumulation and 233 587 ha of losses in 40 years. Of the total identified, 199 753 ha are agricultural areas and 202 154 are for livestock use. The identification of areas should help define plans and public policies for technological intervention.

Resumen: Los cambios continuos en el uso del suelo en actividades agrícolas y pecuarias, así como, la ubicación geográfica en sitios afectados por corrientes continuas de viento, han provocado cambios en las características del suelo en un periodo de 40 años. Para identificar tales cambios, se llevó a cabo el presente estudio en la región norte del estado de Zacatecas. Se utilizaron resultados de análisis de laboratorio de 300 muestras obtenidas en 1976 que fueron comparadas contra un número igual de muestras obtenidas en 2016. Al ubicar los sitios de muestreo se generaron imágenes “raster”, por interpolación con “kriging”. Se encontraron diferencias de las determinaciones coincidentes entre ambas bases de datos, al sobreponer ambas imágenes. Se estimó la erosión eólica de 2016 y se asoció los niveles de erosión con los sitios donde se presentaron los cambios. El traslape de imágenes muestra un área de coincidencia donde se incrementó el contenido de arena y el pH del suelo. Tal superficie representa 401 907 ha, de un total de 2 118 000 ha cubiertas por las imágenes. En ella se encontró que en 40 años ha disminuido el calcio en 98% de la superficie, así como, el potasio (59%), la materia orgánica (59%), magnesio (49%) y sodio (35%) con lo que se identificaron áreas de acumulación y pérdidas de suelo asociadas a valores altos de erosión eólica. Se identificaron los vientos predominantes del suroeste que provocan la erosión eólica con valores de 8 a 32 Mg ha-1 en 100 209 ha de acumulación y 233 587 ha de pérdidas en 40 años. Del total identificado 199 753 ha son áreas agrícolas y 202 154 son de uso pecuario. La identificación de áreas ayudará a definir planes y políticas públicas de intervención tecnológica.

Resumen: El modelado de la línea de costa es indicativo de las tendencias a las que está sometido el sistema costero, ya que es la zona de contacto de la transición continente-océano. En este contexto, los arcos de las playas de Restinga de Marambaia y Macumba/Recreio-Barra da Tijuca (SE de Brasil) fueron evaluados en cuanto a la respuesta de la línea de costa a los forzamientos meteoceanográficos en las escalas temporales de largo y medio plazo, así como se mapearon sus grados de vulnerabilidad. En la escala de largo plazo (1986-2018), se utilizaron imágenes satelitales Landsat, datos de reanálisis de olas del modelo WaveWatch3, registros meteorológicos y mediciones del nivel medio del mar. En la escala de mediano plazo (2016-2018), se levantaron once perfiles topográficos, con muestreo de sedimentos, en las playas de Macumba/Recreio-Barra, además del análisis de registros de boyas oceanográficas en aguas profundas y poco profundas. Por último, estas informaciones permitieron la elaboración de un Índice de Vulnerabilidad de la Costa a la erosión y a las inundaciones. En general, el 18% de la línea de costa está erosionada, el 52% está estable y el 30% avanza. En el periodo analizado, se contabilizaron unos 400 eventos de tormentas, que durante los años de La Niña fueron más enérgicos y culminaron en una erosión más severa. El nivel del mar en la región muestra una tendencia al aumento (1,93 mm/año). La combinación de estos resultados y el grado de ocupación urbana de las playas estudiadas muestran una baja vulnerabilidad en el sector occidental de Marambaia, mientras que los sectores centrales y extremo oriental son altamente vulnerables. En Macumba, el sector oeste presenta una baja vulnerabilidad, en contraste con el sector este que es muy vulnerable. En el arco Recreio-Barra, la vulnerabilidad aumenta de oeste a este. Esto indica que la influencia humana desempeña un papel importante en las zonas que son naturalmente propensas a una alta vulnerabilidad, lo que requiere una mayor comprensión de las condiciones naturales asociadas a las intervenciones humanas.

Abstract: The coastline pattern is indicative of the trends to which the coastal system is subjected, since it is the contact interface of the continent-ocean transition. In this context, the Restinga da Marambaia and the Macumba/Recreio-Barra da Tijuca beach arcs (SE Brazil) were evaluated as to shoreline response to meteo-oceanographic forcings at the long and medium term time scales, as well as their vulnerability degrees were mapped. On the long-term scale (1986-2018), Landsat satellite imagery, wave reanalysis data from the WaveWatch3 model, meteorological records, and mean sea level measurements were used. At the medium-term scale (2016-2018), eleven topographic profiles were surveyed, with sediment sampling, at Macumba/Recreio-Barra beaches, in addition to the analysis of oceanographic buoy records in deep and shallow waters. Finally, this information allowed the elaboration of a Coastal Vulnerability Index to erosion and flooding. In general, 18% of the coastline is eroded, 52% is stable, and 30% is advancing. In the analyzed period, about 400 storm events were accounted for, which during the La Niña years were more energetic and culminated in more severe erosion. The sea level in the region shows a tendency to increase (1.93 mm/year). The combination of these results and the degree of urban occupation of the studied beaches show low vulnerability in the western sector of Marambaia, while the central and extreme eastern sectors are highly vulnerable. In Macumba the western sector exhibits low vulnerability, in contrast with the eastern sector that is very vulnerable. In the Recreio-Barra arc, vulnerability increases from west to east. These are indicative that human influence plays an important role in areas that are naturally prone to high vulnerability, requiring a greater understanding of the natural conditions associated with human interventions.

Resumo: O comportamento da linha de costa é um indicativo das tendências à que o sistema costeiro está submetido, pois é a interface de contato da transição continente-oceano. Neste sentido, a Restinga da Marambaia e os arcos praiais Macumba/Recreio-Barra da Tijuca (SE do Brasil) foram avaliados quanto à resposta da linha de costa às forçantes meteo-oceanográficas nas escalas temporais de longo e médio prazo, bem como foram mapeados seus graus de vulnerabilidade. Na escala de longo prazo (1986-2018), foram utilizadas imagens de satélite Landsat, dados de reanálise de ondas do modelo WaveWatch3, registros meteorológicos e medições do nível médio do mar. Na escala de médio prazo (2016-2018), foram levantados onze perfis topográficos, com coleta de amostras de sedimentos, nas praias Macumba/Recreio-Barra, além da análise dos registros de boias oceanográficas em águas profundas e rasas. Por fim, estas informações permitiram elaborar um Índice de Vulnerabilidade Costeira à erosão e inundação. De modo geral, 18% da linha de costa encontra-se sob erosão, 52% encontra-se estável e 30% está avançando. No período analisado, foram contabilizados cerca de 400 eventos de tempestade, que durante os anos de La Niña foram mais energéticos e culminaram em uma erosão mais severa. O nível do mar na região apresenta tendência de aumento (1,93 mm/ano). O reflexo destes resultados, somado aos graus de ocupação urbana nas praias estudadas, exibem baixa vulnerabilidade no setor oeste da Marambaia, enquanto que os setores central e extremo leste configuram-se como altamente vulneráveis. Na Macumba o setor oeste exibe baixa vulnerabilidade, em contraste com o setor leste que é muito vulnerável. No arco Recreio-Barra nota-se o aumento da vulnerabilidade de oeste para leste. Estes resultados indicam que a influência antrópica tem um papel importante em áreas que são naturalmente propensas à alta vulnerabilidade, exigindo uma maior compreensão das condições naturais associadas às intervenções antrópicas.

Resumen Antecedentes: El estudio científico de la cestería tradicional de Andalucía se ha realizado por primera vez a principios del siglo XXI y desde la perspectiva etnobotánica. Preguntas: ¿Qué plantas se han utilizado para cestería en Andalucía y para qué? ¿Siempre las mismas? ¿Qué se sabe de ellas y cómo es el saber? ¿Han variado los saberes tradicionales de especies para cestería en las zonas de Andalucía en el período entre ambos milenios? ¿Siguen vigentes? ¿Dónde y por qué? Especies de estudio: Flora para cestería. Sitio y años de estudio: Andalucía, España: 1989-2020 Métodos: La información sobre el conocimiento y usos de plantas para cestería, se obtuvo de entrevistas abiertas y semiestructuradas a informantes locales a largo plazo. El análisis de datos se realizó con índices etnobotánicos: etnobotanicidad de la etnoflora de cestería (EIBi), uso etnoflorístico cestero de la etnoflora (BEUEi) y etnoflora cestera tradicional (BEi). Resultados: Se registraron 172 especies de plantas vasculares para cestería en Andalucía. Se encontró continuidad de usos, conocimiento y léxico basada en datos activos y pasivos de informantes. Los índices etnobotánicos para cestería aquí propuestos (EIBi, BEUEi, BEi), permitieron conocer reservorios y establecer niveles de continuidad y pérdida de saberes entre 1989 y 2020. Conclusiones: Elevado número de especies con potencial cestero en Andalucía. Sus saberes tradicionales, solo vigentes en algunas, sufren erosión creciente. Las consecuencias de la COVID-19 predicen un desenlace peor.

Abstract Background: Scientific research about traditional basketry of Andalusia was carried for first time at the beginning of the 21st century and from an ethnobotanical perspective. Questions: Which plants have been used for basketry and what for? Have they always been the same? What do we know about them and to what extent? Has the traditional knowledge of species for basketry changed in the areas of Andalusia in the period between both millennia? Are they still valid? Where and why? Studied species: Basketry Flora. Study site and dates: Andalusia, Spain: 1989-2020. Methods: Information about knowledge and uses of plants for basketry was obtained through opened and semiestructured interviews to local inhabitants for a long time. Data analysis was carried out with ethnobotanical indexes: ethnobotanicity of basketry ethnoflora (EIBi), basketry ethnofloristic use of ethnoflora (BEUEi) and traditional basketry ethnoflora (BEi). Results: We registered 172 vascular plant species and their uses for basketry in Andalusia. Continuity of uses, knowledge and lexic based on active and passive data from the informants was found. The ethnobotanical indexes here proposed for basketry (EIBi, BEUEi, BEi) allowed us to discover knowledge reservoirs and set levels of continuity and loss of knowledge between 1989 and 2020. Conclusions: A high number of species have a potential use for basketry in Andalusia. Traditional knowledge is only valid for some of them and it suffers from increasing erosion. The COVID-19´s consequences predict a worse outcome.