Abstract Purpose: To adapt and validate in Sonora the scale to measure Attitudes towards Transgender People in University Students (EATU), which measures the inclusion of trans people in Higher Education Institutions (HEIS). Methodological design: Quantitative, cross-sectional and non-experimental study. 860 participants were selected among three HEIS, with non-probabilistic and intentional sampling. A 4-point Likert-type scale survey was applied that evaluates transinclusive attitudes. Reliability was obtained with Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega. For validity, the sample was randomly divided into two; In subsample 1, an Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was carried out and in subsample 2, the model resulting from the EFA was tested using a Structural Equation Model (SEM). Results: The EFA yielded a final solution EATU of 32 items grouped into 3 dimensions called sensitivity, coexistence and cisexist stigma, with values that demonstrate validity and reliability. The SEM generated a model with indices of fitness in a final solution of 17 items and 3 correlated dimensions with acceptable coefficients. Research limitations: The measurement of transinclusion attitudes in a society where it has been documented that such construct is barely being developing, and the failure to collect demographic data on the sample about their religious beliefs. Findings: A measurement instrument on transinclusive attitudes for key social actors interested in promoting the inclusion of trans people, their human rights and substantive equality.

Resumen Objetivo: Adaptar y validar en el contexto sonorense la Escala para medir Actitudes hacia las Personas Transgénero en Estudiantes Universitarios (EATU) que mide la inclusión de personas trans en Instituciones de Educación Superior (IES). Diseño metodológico: Es un estudio cuantitativo, transversal y no experimental. De tres IES, participaron 860 personas seleccionadas con muestreo no probabilístico e intencional. Se aplicó una escala tipo Likert de 4 puntos que evalúa actitudes transincluyentes. La fiabilidad se obtuvo con alfa de Cronbach y omega de McDonald. Para la validez la muestra se dividió al azar en dos; en la submuestra 1 se llevó a cabo un Análisis Factorial Exploratorio (AFE) y en la submuestra 2 se probó el modelo resultante del AFE mediante un Modelo de Ecuaciones Estructurales (MEE). Resultados: El AFE arrojó una solución final de la EATU de 32 ítems agrupados en 3 dimensiones denominadas sensibilidad, convivencia y estigma cisexista, con valores de fiabilidad superiores a .90 y de cargas factoriales superiores a .36. El MEE generó un modelo con índices de bondad de ajuste en una solución final de 17 ítems y 3 dimensiones correlacionadas con coeficientes superiores a .46. Limitaciones de la investigación: La medición de actitudes de transinclusión en una sociedad donde se ha documentado que tal constructo está en desarrollo y el no recabar datos demográficos en la muestra sobre sus creencias religiosas. Hallazgos: Un instrumento de medida sobre actitudes transincluyentes para actores sociales clave interesados en la promoción de la inclusión de las personas trans, sus derechos humanos y la igualdad sustantiva.

Abstract Introduction. Cocoa cultivation in tropical areas is a commercially viable agroecological alternative that allows for productive diversification and sustainable soil management through the use of organic fertilization. Objective. To evaluate the development of four cocoa varieties (INIFAP 4, INIFAP 8, INIFAP 9, and Almendra Blanca) under the climatic conditions of the Úrsulo Galván region, Veracruz, Mexico. Materials and methods. An experiment was conducted between winter (December 2021) and summer (June 2022), using a completely randomized design with four treatments and ten replications. Conventional agronomic management was employed, with the addition of 10 kg of compost per tree, followed by 3 kg of vermicompost. At four months into the study, 50 g of urea, 50 g of ammonium diphosphate, and 50 g of potassium chloride were incorporated. The study included analysis of variance and Tukey’s tests (α 0.05). Results. Statistical equality was found for height, diameter, and number of branches. The cocoa’s response to temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, and wind showed that these factors influenced the expression of its productive potential, as well as its morphology and yield, without adapting to the climatic conditions under study. Conclusion. The development of the studied varieties was homogeneous based on the climatic conditions of the Ursulo Galvan region, with the Almendra Blanca variety standing out.

Resumen Introducción. El cultivo del cacao en las zonas tropicales es una alternativa comercial de interés agroecológico, que permite la diversificación productiva y el manejo sustentable de los suelos al emplear abonado orgánico. Objetivo. Evaluar el desarrollo de cuatro variedades de cacao (INIFAP 4, INIFAP 8, INIFAP 9 y Almendra Blanca) en las condiciones climatológicas de la región de Úrsulo Galván, Veracruz, México. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un experimento, entre invierno (diciembre 2021) y verano (junio 2022), bajo un diseño completamente al azar, distribuido en cuatro tratamientos y diez repeticiones. El manejo agronómico fue convencional, se agregaron 10 kg de composta por árbol, seguidos de 3 kg de vermicompost. A los cuatro meses del estudio se incorporaron 50 g de urea, 50 g de difosfato de amonio y 50 g de cloruro de potasio. El estudio incluyó análisis de varianza y pruebas de Tukey (α 0,05). Resultados. Se encontró igualdad estadística para altura, diámetro y número de ramas. La respuesta del cacao a temperatura, precipitación, humedad relativa y viento, demostró que afectaron la expresión de su potencial productivo, así como su morfología y rendimiento, no adaptándose a las condiciones climáticas en estudio. Conclusión. El desarrollo de las variedades en estudio fue homogéneo, con base en las condiciones climatológicas de la región Úrsulo Galván, destacándose la variedad Almendra Blanca.

Abstract This article proposes to think about Latin American legal foundations for the freedom to learn and teach in the contemporary context of prohibitions of content or methodologies labeled as political-ideological indoctrination or implementation of what became known as “gender ideology”. Based on the proposal of a Latin American Ius Constitutionale Commune, some judgments and advisory opinions relevant to the topic of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, the Constitutional Court of Colombia and the Federal Supreme Court of Brazil are analyzed in order to articulate interpretative parameters on freedom of expression, protection of childhood, right to equality and education in an attempt to demonstrate the freedom to learn and teach in basic education as a protected category in inter-American law. politicalideological political ideological gender ideology. ideology . ideology” Commune InterAmerican Inter Rights expression childhood interAmerican inter law

Resumo Neste artigo propõe-se pensar fundamentos jurídicos latino-americanos para a liberdade de aprender e ensinar no contexto contemporâneo de proibições de conteúdos ou metodologias rotulados de doutrinação político-ideológica ou de implementação do que ficou conhecido como “ideologia de gênero”. A partir da proposta de um Ius Constitutionale Commune latinoamericano, analisam-se alguns julgados e opiniões consultivas pertinentes ao tema da Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos, da Corte Constitucional da Colômbia e do Supremo Tribunal Federal do Brasil para articular parâmetros interpretativos sobre a liberdade de expressão, a proteção da infância, o direito à igualdade e à educação na tentativa de demonstrar a liberdade de aprender e ensinar na educação básica como uma categoria protegida no direito interamericano. propõese propõe se latinoamericanos latino americanos políticoideológica político ideológica ideologia gênero. gênero . gênero” latinoamericano analisamse analisam Humanos expressão infância interamericano

Abstract Storytelling as a method for knowledge production has long been introduced and adopted in legal settings, particularly by critical legal scholars. The contributions of the method have been acknowledged, but it has also been criticized. The present paper is interested in one criticism: the idea that the verifiability of personal stories is impossible and, hence, that storytelling-based legal arguments are unacceptable or weak. This paper does not offer one final answer to this criticism, but it provisionally suggests that, if storytelling-based legal arguments are analyzed in a holistic manner, we can see that even if the stories that, at their core, cannot be verified- or, in the limit, even if they are not true -the broader social claims that derive from them and that anchor the legal argument, can - and should. settings scholars acknowledged criticized criticism hence storytellingbased storytelling based weak manner core verified limit argument should

Resumo Storytelling como método de produção de conhecimento há muito tempo foi introduzido e adotado em ambientes jurídicos, particularmente por estudiosos críticos. As contribuições do método foram reconhecidas, mas o método também foi muito criticado. O presente artigo se interessa por uma crítica: a ideia de que a verificabilidade de histórias pessoais é impossível e, portanto, de que os argumentos jurídicos baseados em storytelling são inaceitáveis ou fracos. Este artigo não oferece uma resposta final a essa crítica, mas sugere provisoriamente que, se os argumentos jurídicos baseados em storytelling forem analisados de maneira holística, podemos ver que, mesmo que as histórias que, em seu cerne, não possam ser verificadas - ou, no limite, ainda que não sejam verdadeiras - as reivindicações sociais mais amplas que delas derivam e que ancoram a argumentação jurídica, podem - e devem. críticos reconhecidas criticado crítica portanto fracos holística cerne limite jurídica devem

Abstract The government of the State of Mexico implemented the Gender Equality Curricular Strategy (Estrategia Curricular en Igualdad de Género -ECIG) initiative starting in the 2022-2023 school year, in both basic and upper secondary education, in response to the gender-based violence recorded in the state. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), in agreement with the Secretariat of Education of the State of Mexico, participated in defining the curricular contents and in the first stage of implementing the strategy. This paper analyzes the context in which the ECIG is incorporated into the state’s educational system, the curricular components that make it up, and the results obtained in the application of the pedagogical approach in the classroom. The objective is to assess the contribution of the ECIG to gender equality, human rights and a culture of peace, for the education of compulsory education students, in order to recognize the results of this experience and, thereby, inspire other federal entities in the country to generate a cultural change from the perspective of human rights and peace education.

Resumen El gobierno del Estado de México implementó la iniciativa Estrategia Curricular en Igualdad de Género (ECIG) a partir del ciclo escolar 2022-2023, tanto en educación básica como en media superior, como respuesta a la violencia por razón de género registrada en la entidad. La Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura (UNESCO), en convenio con la Secretaría de Educación del Estado de México, participó en la definición de los contenidos curriculares y en la primera etapa de la implementación de la estrategia. El presente trabajo analiza el contexto en el que se incorpora la ECIG al sistema educativo estatal, los componentes curriculares que la integran y los resultados obtenidos en la aplicación del enfoque pedagógico en aula. El objetivo es valorar la contribución de la ECIG con respecto a la igualdad de género, los derechos humanos y la cultura para la paz, para la formación de estudiantes de educación obligatoria, a fin de reconocer los resultados de esta experiencia y, con ello, inspirar a otras entidades federativas del país a generar un cambio cultural desde el enfoque de los derechos humanos y la educación para la paz.

Abstract This work examines proposals for inclusive education and the notion of vulnerability from a perspective of positive peace, arguing that building a culture of peace begins in the educational sphere, specifically through inclusive education. The latter is grounded in principles of social justice and human rights; however, its full implementation is hindered by the exclusion of certain individuals whose full participation is not deemed legitimate. This is because their social position and assigned status marginalize them from full participation in social life. In the school context, some identities are relegated to positions of inferiority due to categories such as special educational needs or learning difficulties, reinforcing their ontological and political exclusion. This production of ignorance perpetuates inequality and hinders recognition and social justice. Thus, there is a need to overcome these barriers to advance towards genuine inclusive education that promotes peace and equality.

Resumen Este trabajo examina las propuestas de educación inclusiva y la noción de vulnerabilidad desde una perspectiva de paz positiva, argumentando que la construcción de una cultura de paz comienza en el ámbito educativo, en específico a través de la educación inclusiva. Esta última se fundamenta en principios de justicia social y derechos humanos, sin embargo, su implementación plena es obstaculizada por la exclusión de ciertos individuos cuya participación plena no es considerada legítima. Esto se debe a que su posición social y el estatus asignado los marginan de la participación plena en la vida social. En el contexto escolar, algunas identidades son relegadas a posiciones de inferioridad debido a categorías como necesidades educativas especiales o problemas de aprendizaje, lo que refuerza su exclusión ontológica y política. Esta producción de ignorancia perpetúa la desigualdad y dificulta el reconocimiento y la justicia social. Así, se plantea la necesidad de superar estas barreras para avanzar hacia una educación inclusiva genuina que promueva la paz y la igualdad.

ABSTRACT The study is aimed at understanding to meet the inclusion needs of students with visual disability during the practice of futsal in Physical Education classes, to reduce their fear of sport, improve their self-esteem and raise awareness among the family and teaching staff in their radius of action and that they are accepted in each of their training sessions. The objective focuses on developing a methodology for teaching-learning of adapted futsal, for students with visual disability who, from an education inclusive guarantees a better quality of life; in this way, their performance is improved and their physical and mental well-being is promoted. During the research, documentary review, scientific observation and interviews were used as empirical methods, which allowed to gain in-depth knowledge of the background, current and prospective state of the problem, as well as to design the possible solution. The results obtained are oriented towards a transformation from the curricular adjustments of the psychological, social, communicative and physical needs of the students; thus, the methodology makes it clear how to work from the different contexts, the methodological recommendations and the requirements to take into account, based on the visual disability presented and the way of evaluating. Such efforts favor equality of opportunities and cooperation as social beings in the educational environment where he/she is developed.

RESUMO O estudo tem como objetivo compreender como atender as necessidades de inclusão dos alunos com deficiência visual durante a prática do futsal nas aulas de Educação Física, diminuir o medo da prática esportiva, melhorar sua autoestima e conscientizar a família e o corpo docente. raio de atuação e que sejam aceitos em cada uma de suas sessões de treinamento. O objetivo centra-se no desenvolvimento de uma metodologia de ensino-aprendizagem do futsal adaptado, para alunos com deficiência visual que, através da educação inclusiva, garanta uma melhor qualidade de vida; Desta forma, o seu desempenho melhora e o seu bem-estar físico e mental é promovido. Durante a investigação foram utilizados como métodos empíricos a revisão documental, a observação científica e as entrevistas, que nos permitiram conhecer a fundo o contexto, o estado atual e prospectivo do problema, bem como desenhar a possível solução. Os resultados obtidos orientam-se para uma transformação a partir dos ajustes curriculares das necessidades psicológicas, sociais, comunicativas e físicas dos alunos; Assim, a metodologia deixa claro como trabalhar a partir dos diferentes contextos, as recomendações metodológicas e os requisitos a ter em conta, com base na deficiência visual apresentada e na forma de avaliar. Tais esforços favorecem a igualdade de oportunidades e a cooperação como seres sociais no ambiente educacional onde atuam.

RESUMEN El estudio está dirigido a la comprensión para atender las necesidades de inclusión de estudiantes con discapacidad visual durante la práctica del futsal en las clases de Educación Física, poder disminuir su miedo hacia el deporte, mejorar su autoestima y sensibilizar a la familia y al personal docente en su radio de acción y que sean aceptados en cada uno de sus entrenamientos. El objetivo se centra en elaborar una metodología para la enseñanza-aprendizaje del futsal adaptado, para estudiantes con discapacidad visual que desde una educación inclusiva garantice una mejor calidad de vida; de esta forma se mejora su rendimiento y se promueve su bienestar físico y mental. Durante la investigación se utilizaron como métodos empíricos la revisión documental, la observación científica y la entrevista que permitieron conocer a profundidad los antecedentes, el estado actual y prospectivo del problema, así como diseñar la posible solución. Los resultados obtenidos están orientados hacia una transformación desde los ajustes curriculares de las necesidades psicológicas, sociales, comunicativas y físicas de los estudiantes; así, la metodología deja claro cómo trabajar desde los diferentes contextos, las recomendaciones metodológicas y los requisitos a tener en cuenta, a partir de la discapacidad visual presentada y la manera de evaluar. Tal empeño favorece la igualdad de oportunidades y cooperación como seres sociales en el contorno educacional donde se desenvuelven.

Abstract This article aims to investigate how new intermediaries of expression - such as online media platforms and social networks - regulate speech, through content moderation and promotion of opinions expressed by users, and how this performance influences the debate on freedom of expression. The jurisprudential analysis methodology is used to define the problem, as well as literature review and data collection, to identify new intermediaries of expression, analyzing their main characteristics, modes of action, online content curation and possibilities of censorship by private actors. The research presents the following results: a) large access platforms and social networks, in practice, control freedom of expression, through prior censorship, collection of personal data and control of information flow; b) there has not yet been an internationally coordinated and effective institutional response, mainly due to the difficulty of transposing local rules to companies with global operations; c) the State takes on the role of central actor to protect, in the digital world, the free circulation of thought, intimacy/privacy, equality, the truth of the content inserted and, consequently, the health of democracy in the 21st century. speech users problem characteristics action actors results a practice flow b response operations c protect world thought intimacyprivacy intimacy privacy intimacy/privacy equality consequently st century

Resumo O presente artigo tem o objetivo de investigar como os novos intermediários da expressão, a exemplo das plataformas de mídia online e das redes sociais, realizam a regulação do discurso, a partir da moderação de conteúdo e impulsionamento de opiniões emitidas pelos usuários, e como essa atuação influencia o debate sobre a liberdade de expressão. Utiliza-se a metodologia análise jurisprudencial, para delimitar o problema, bem como revisão de literatura e levantamento de dados, para identificar os novos intermediários da expressão, com análise suas principais características, modos de atuação, curadoria de conteúdo online e possibilidades de censura por atores privados. A pesquisa apresenta os seguintes resultados: a) as grandes plataformas de acesso e as redes sociais, na prática, controlam a liberdade de expressão, pela censura prévia, coleta de dados pessoais e controle do fluxo informacional; b) ainda não houve resposta institucional internacionalmente coordenada e efetiva, sobretudo em razão da dificuldade de transposição de regras locais a empresas com atuação mundial; c) o Estado passa a ocupar o papel de ator central para proteger, no mundo digital, a livre circulação do pensamento, a intimidade/privacidade, a isonomia, a verdade do conteúdo inserido e, por conseguinte, a higidez da democracia no século XXI. expressão sociais discurso usuários Utilizase Utiliza se jurisprudencial problema características privados resultados prática prévia informacional b efetiva mundial c proteger digital pensamento intimidadeprivacidade intimidade privacidade intimidade/privacidade isonomia conseguinte XXI

Science investments should benefit everyone; however, research still predominantly lacks gender integration, resulting in incomplete findings and inequitable outcomes. Moreover, despite some progress, gender disparities persist in the research workforce. Research funders, including science granting councils, are pivotal in driving gender transformation through shaping knowledge production and research infrastructure. We report on key findings from the Science Granting Councils Initiative (SGCI) in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) Gender Equality and Inclusivity (GEI) Project - a multi-year participatory intervention aimed at strengthening the capacities of councils to integrate GEI across their functions. Participating councils were located in 13 African countries, and their actions spanned four domains: building organisational GEI infrastructure; reshaping norms, practices, and power relations that perpetuate gender inequality; implementing targeted measures to address women's unequal access to resources and research opportunities; and promoting collective ownership of efforts to advance GEI in the research and innovation ecosystem. SIGNIFICANCE: • Achieving gender transformation in research and innovation hinges on addressing two intertwined challenges: structural gender inequality in higher education and research institutions, and a lack of gender integration in research content and design. • Grant-makers influence decisions about who conducts and participates in research, the types of research approaches and topics prioritised, and the populations that benefit from research findings. Adopting a GEI lens in these decisions enhances research quality and promotes equity. • Our findings pinpoint entry points for leveraging grant-making practices to advance gender transformation and underscore the importance of rooting such interventions in context.

ABSTRACT Social determinants of health are non-medical factors that have a significant impact on the health of populations. These determinants, ranging from socioeconomic conditions to the physical and social environment, influence access to health care and health outcomes. In this academic text, the theory of social determinants of health, furthermore, the importance of the concept of health equity is highlighted, differentiating it from equality, and the reflection on the positive transition from a biomedical paradigm to one with a holistic approach. Finally, the need to carry out studies of territorial relevance to promote better health in local communities is argued.

RESUMEN Los determinantes sociales de la salud son factores no médicos que tiene un impacto significativo en la salud de las poblaciones. Estos determinantes, que abarcan desde condiciones socioeconómicas hasta el entorno físico y social, influyen en el acceso a la atención médica y en los resultados de salud. En este texto académico, se explora la teoría de los determinantes sociales de la salud, además, se subraya la importancia del concepto de equidad en salud, diferenciándolo de la igualdad, y la reflexión sobre el positivo tránsito de un paradigma biomédico a uno de enfoque holístico. Finalmente, se argumenta la necesidad de realizar estudios de pertinencia territorial para promover una mejor salud en las comunidades locales.

The intention of this article is to underscore the significance of using digital technologies to tackle inequities in assessment at higher education institutions. It is imperative to be mindful about the barriers that students with disabilities encounter when assessed and identify the potential of technology to overcome these barriers. This becomes an obstacle for safeguarding equal opportunities to access and gain from digital technologies. Furthermore, a qualitative approach, with key informant interviews prevailing as data instruments were employed. With its rapid succession of innovations, Information and Communication Technology, provides opportunities and brings comfort to students to be involved in assessment. The concern to ensure equity and equality in assessment is evidenced in the findings. Several noteworthy findings such as social exclusion, impairment issues and assistive educational technology were deliberated on. This was in response to the research questions posed. It is therefore, proposed that digital technology for students with disabilities needs to be addressed by policymakers and researchers. Students with disabilities should have the same rights to participate in assessment as other students.

Abstract For centuries, there has been gender inequality in Mexico, particularly in indigenous communities, where women depend economically on men. We report forms of participation and expectations of the founding members and later joiners of a women’s cooperative formed by splitting off from a social and solidarity economy entrepreneurship of male and female members. We analyze the case of the Junpajal O'tanil cooperative integrated by 96 Tseltal women, comparing differences in the perception of the founding members and those who joined later. Our hypothesis is that entrepreneurship exclusively formed by women, where they actively participate in decision-making, is a field that allows their empowerment and leadership, as well as the balance between caretaking tasks and income-related activities. During a field visit, we gathered information on the last five years from the splitting process to date. We find the women's cooperative makes the elements mentioned in the hypothesis possible. We identified that the decision to split off is related to the need to participate in strategic decision-making. We conclude that in this case, a women-only space can lower inhibiting factors for female empowerment and leadership, leading later to substantive inclusion and equality. This quasi-experimental research contributes to the empowerment of women from similar contexts, as well as to set grounds of participation for their full integration later. We contribute to filling a gap in studies on gender equality in the context of entrepreneurship in indigenous communities.

Resumen Durante siglos ha habido desigualdad de género en México, particularmente en comunidades indígenas, donde existe dependencia económica de las mujeres. Reportamos las formas de participación y expectativas de las socias fundadoras y de incorporación posterior en una cooperativa de mujeres formada por escisión de un emprendimiento mixto de economía social y solidaria. Analizamos el caso de Junpajal O’tanil, integrada por 96 mujeres tseltales, comparando diferencias en la percepción de las socias fundadoras y de incorporación posterior. Como hipótesis planteamos que este emprendimiento exclusivo de mujeres, donde participan activamente en la toma de decisiones, es un espacio que permite su empoderamiento y liderazgo, así como el equilibrio entre los trabajos de cuidado y las actividades generadoras de ingresos. Realizamos una visita de campo para obtener información de los cinco años desde el proceso de escisión hasta la fecha. Encontramos que la cooperativa de mujeres posibilita los elementos planteados en la hipótesis. Identificamos que la decisión de escisión está relacionada con la necesidad de participar en la toma de decisiones estratégicas. Concluimos que, en este caso, un espacio exclusivo de mujeres reduce los factores inhibidores del empoderamiento y liderazgo femeninos y puede ir llevando a la inclusión e igualdad sustantivas. Esta investigación cuasiexperimental puede contribuir al empoderamiento de mujeres de contextos similares, abriendo caminos de participación para su plena integración posterior. Contribuimos a llenar un vacío en cuanto a estudios sobre la igualdad de género en el contexto de los emprendimientos en comunidades indígenas.

Abstract The relationship between the right to health and the right to adequate medical care has always been a problem. There is no doubt as to the existence of the right, but there are provisions, such as Article 26 of the ACHR, that relativize the scope of the State's obligations in this area. It is generally stated that it is not possible to fully satisfy this right. With this starting point, the international regulation of the matter is explored, and then moves on to the study of the Uruguayan Constitution and the existing health insurance. In short, for the case under study, the moderation of Article 26 is questioned, and it is concluded that the State must take charge of medicines when the individual cannot afford them.

Resumen La relación entre el derecho a la salud y a recibir una asistencia médica adecuada siempre ha sido un problema. No hay duda en cuanto a la existencia del derecho, pero hay disposiciones, como el artículo 26 de la Convención Americana de Derechos Humanos (CADH), que relativizan el alcance de las obligaciones del Estado en esta materia. En general se afirma que no es posible satisfacer este derecho en forma completa. Con este punto de partida, se explora la regulación internacional de la salud, para pasar luego al estudio de la Constitución uruguaya y del seguro médico existente. En definitiva, para el caso en estudio, se cuestiona la mesura del artículo 26 y se concluye en que el Estado debe hacerse cargo de los medicamentos cuando el individuo no pueda afrontar su costo.

Abstract Away from a formal conception of equality, the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, and therefore, also Chilean legislation, builds a notion of substantive equality that is necessary to consider for the analysis of all the norms inserted in the right of disability. In this context, reasonable accommodations are incorporated as an essential notion and practice for the achievement of that substantive equality.

Resumen Alejándose de una concepción formal de igualdad, la Convención Internacional de los Derechos de las personas con Discapacidad, y como consecuencia de ella, también la legislación chilena, construye una noción de igualdad sustantiva que resulta necesaria considerar para el análisis de todas las normas insertas en el derecho de la discapacidad. En ese contexto, se incorporan los ajustes razonables como una noción y práctica indispensable para el logro de esa igualdad sustantiva en el ámbito de la discapacidad.

Abstract The way in which a society manages and provides the necessary care for its survival and reproduction is not gender neutral. This organization works, for the most part, due to the large amount of unpaid work carried out by women in the family sphere, thus affecting their equality, freedom, and dignity. This document identifies, first, the components that make up the current social organization of care in Latin America based on three dimensions of analysis: (a) sociocultural; (b) political and (c) economic. And, secondly, it proposes a selection of mechanisms that could contribute to transforming the components of that organization. The theoretical proposal of “implosion of care regimes” by Juliana Martínez Franzoni (2021) is taken as a starting point to propose a series of strategies that would contribute to dismantling the current social organization of care in the region. The work finds that, in an articulated way, these three analytical categories show the way in which women are held responsible as primary caregivers; certain public policies contribute to crystallizing gender roles that specialize women in care work and relegate them to the domestic world; and finally, it shows that the logic of the labor market responds, mainly, to a male provider model without family responsibilities, which contributes to maintaining and reproducing inequality against women.

Resumen La forma en la cual una sociedad gestiona y provee los cuidados necesarios para su supervivencia y reproducción no es neutral al género. Dicha organización funciona, en gran parte, debido a la enorme cantidad de trabajo no remunerado que realizan las mujeres en el ámbito familiar, afectando así su igualdad, libertad y dignidad. Este documento identifica, en primer lugar, los componentes que conforman la organización social de los cuidados en América Latina a partir de tres dimensiones de análisis: (a) sociocultural; (b) política y (c) económica. Y, en segundo lugar, propone una selección de mecanismos que podrían contribuir a transformar los componentes que conforman esa organización. Se toma como punto de partida la propuesta teórica de “implosión de los regímenes de cuidados” de Juliana Martínez Franzoni (2021) para proponer una serie de estrategias que contribuirían a desmontar la actual organización social de los cuidados en la región. El trabajo encuentra que, en forma articulada, estas tres categorías analíticas evidencian la forma bajo la cual se responsabiliza a las mujeres como cuidadoras primarias; ciertas políticas públicas contribuyen a cristalizar roles de género que especializan a las mujeres en el trabajo de cuidados y las relega al mundo doméstico; y finalmente, pone en evidencia que la lógica del mercado laboral responde, principalmente, a un modelo de hombre proveedor sin responsabilidades familiares, lo que contribuye a mantener y reproducir la desigualdad en contra de las mujeres.