Resumen Antecedentes: Los musgos epífitos son uno de los grupos más comunes en ambientes forestales, pero de los más desatendidos de México. Preguntas: ¿Cuál es la riqueza, recambio y composición de la comunidad de musgos epífitos en los bosques de México? Especies de estudio: Musgos epífitos. Sitios y años de estudio: Bosque húmedo de montaña, de pino-encino y tropical perennifolio. Periodo de estudio: 2015-2021. Métodos: Mediante una revisión bibliográfica y trabajo de campo recopilamos datos de musgos epífitos en tres tipos de bosques de México. Evaluamos los datos mediante análisis de diversidad alfa y beta, especies indicadoras y composición de la comunidad. Además, exploramos la influencia de la altitud y el tipo de bosque en los patrones de diversidad observados. Resultados: Reportamos una riqueza de 147 especies de musgos epífitos para tres tipos de bosques de México. El bosque húmedo de montaña es el mejor muestreado y con la mayor riqueza de musgos. El recambio de especies es similar entre los bosques estudiados. Constatamos que la elevación y el tipo de bosque están relacionados con la riqueza de musgos epífitos. Conclusiones: Los musgos epífitos estudiados aquí representan más del 15 % de la riqueza de musgos de México. El tipo de bosque y la elevación parecen ser los impulsores de esta riqueza ampliamente distribuida. Finalmente, continuar la exploración de los bosques estudiados aquí, así como de aquellos en otras latitudes incluyendo variables como la humedad y rasgos de los árboles hospederos, es urgente para mejorar el conocimiento de esta flora mexicana.

Abstract Background: Epiphytic mosses are one of the most common groups in forest environments but among the most neglected by researchers in Mexico. Questions: What is the epiphytic mosses diversity, measured in richness, turnover, and community composition in Mexican forests? Species of study: Epiphytic mosses. Study site and years: Humid mountain forest, pine-oak and tropical evergreen forests. Study period: 2015 to 2021. Methods: Through a literature review and field work we compiled data on epiphytic mosses in three forest types in Mexico. We assessed the data using alpha and beta diversity analysis, indicator species, and community composition. Additionally, we explored the influence of elevation and forest type on the observed diversity patterns. Results: We report a richness of 147 species of epiphytic mosses across three types of Mexican forests. The humid mountain forest was the best sampled forest with the highest moss species richness. Although species richness is different for the forests studied, species turnover is similar among them. We demonstrated that elevation and forest type are highly correlated with species richness of epiphytic mosses. Conclusions: The epiphytic mosses studied here collectively represent over 15 % of the moss richness of Mexico. Forest type and elevation seem to be the drivers of this widely distributed richness. Finally, we call for more in-depth studies of the forests presented here, as well as those in other latitudes including variables such as humidity and host traits, to provide a more complete picture of an overlooked Mexican flora.

Resumen Antecedentes: Utricularia jamesoniana es una pequeña planta epífita que se encuentra en bosques tropicales húmedos. Destaca por su hábito carnívoro, su intrincado sistema de trampas y sus pequeñas pero complejas flores. A pesar de su amplia distribución geográfica y sus curiosas adaptaciones, esta especie sigue estando relativamente poco estudiada. Objetivo: Nuestro objetivo es dilucidar la composición de las comunidades bacterianas y fúngicas asociadas tanto en los utrículos como en las hojas de Utricularia jamesoniana, facilitando la comprensión de la fisiología y la dinámica ecológica de esta especie carnívora. Métodos: Empleamos la secuenciación de los marcadores 16S ARNr e ITS para comparar las comunidades procariotas y fúngicas dentro de hojas y trampas de U. jamesoniana. Resultados: El análisis de las variantes de secuencia de amplicones (ASVs) reveló notables diferencias en la composición de la comunidad dependiendo del tejido vegetal y del tipo de microorganismo. Las comunidades procariotas estaban compuestas predominantemente por Proteobacteria y Actinobacteriota, incluyendo los géneros Acidocella, Bradyrhizobium, Ferritrophicum y Ferrovum. Las comunidades fúngicas estaban dominadas por Ascomycota y Basidiomycota, con representantes de Dothideomycetes, Sordariomycetes, Eurotiomycetes y Agaricomycetes; así como ASVs relacionados con Mycosphaerellaceae, Colletotrichum, Aspergillus y Thanatephorus. La diversidad procariota es más alta en los utrículos con respecto a las hojas, pero las comunidades fúngicas fueron más diversas en las hojas que en los utrículos Conclusiones: Este estudio arroja luz sobre las comunidades microbianas asociadas a esta epífita carnívora y proporciona valiosos conocimientos sobre las intrincadas relaciones entre la planta y los habitantes microbianos asociados a sus diferentes tejidos.

Abstract Background: Utricularia jamesoniana, a small epiphytic plant found in wet tropical forests, stands out for its carnivorous habit, intricate trap system, and small but beautiful and complex flowers. This species remains relatively understudied despite its wide geographical distribution and curious adaptations. Questions: Our aim is to elucidate the composition of bacterial and fungal communities inhabiting both the bladders and leaves of Utricularia jamesoniana, facilitating the comprehension of the physiology and ecological dynamics of this carnivorous species. Methods: In this study, we employed 16S rRNA and ITS sequencing to compare the prokaryotic and fungal communities within leaves and traps of U. jamesoniana. Results: The analysis of amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) unveiled notable differences in community composition depending on the plant tissue and type of microorganism. Prokaryotic communities predominantly comprised Proteobacteria and Actinobacteriota, featuring genera such as Acidocella, Bradyrhizobium, Ferritrophicum, and Ferrovum. Fungal communities were dominated by Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, encompassing representatives of Dothideomycetes, Sordariomycetes, Eurotiomycetes, and Agaricomycetes, as well as ASVs related to Mycosphaerellaceae, Colletotrichum, Aspergillus, and Thanatephorus. We determined that the prokaryotic diversity was higher in the bladders with respect to the leaves. Fungal communities, in turn, were more diverse in leaves than in bladders. Conclusions: This study sheds light on the microbial communities associated with this carnivorous epiphyte and provides valuable insights into the intricate relationships between the plant and its microbial inhabitants across different tissues.

Resumen Introducción y Objetivos: Los inventarios briológicos en los espacios protegidos cubanos apoyan la actualización de los planes de manejos al inventariar las especies, detectar sus amenazas y diseñar acciones para su conservación. El objetivo de esta investigación es caracterizar la brioflora presente en las Reservas Florísticas Manejadas La Caoba y Charrascales de Mícara, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba. M&M: En la recolecta de los especímenes se exploraron los hábitats adecuados para la instalación de los briófitos siguiendo el método del Muestro Florístico del Hábitat. En la determinación de los taxones se consultó la bibliografía especializada y las bases de datos. Todo el material colectado fue depositado en la colección Bryophyta del herbario BSC. Resultados: Se registraron para las Reservas Florísticas Manejadas La Caoba y Charrascales de Mícara 49 taxones infragenéricos de antocerotas, hepáticas y musgos. La reserva La Caoba fue la más diversa (73,5% del total) y los musgos la división mejor representada (55,1%). El sustrato epífito es el más diverso y el Bosque semideciduo mesófilo la formación vegetal mejor representada (83,3%). La totalidad de los taxones amenazados se registraron en la Reserva Florística Manejada La Caoba. Conclusiones: En las Reservas Florísticas Manejadas La Caoba y Charrascales de Mícara la brioflora se caracteriza por la presencia de taxones de amplia plasticidad ecológica y distribución geográfica. Las condiciones presentes en la reserva Charrascales de Mícara limitan el desarrollo de los briófitos. La diversidad briológica en La Caoba está amenazada por la fragmentación del hábitat debido a las alteraciones del paisaje.

Summary Background and aims: Bryological inventories in Cuban protected areas support the updating of management plans by inventorying species, detecting threats and designing actions for their conservation. The aim of this research is to characterize the bryoflora present in the Managed Floristic Reserves La Caoba and Charrascales de Mícara, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba. M&M: In the collection of the specimens, suitable habitats for the establishment of the bryophytes were explored following the method of Floristic Habitat Sampling. Specialised literature and databases were consulted in the determination of taxa. All collected material was deposited in the Bryophyta collection of the BSC herbarium. Results: For the Managed Floristic Reserves La Caoba and Charrascales de Mícara 49 infrageneric taxa of hornworts, liverworts and mosses were recorded. The La Caoba reserve was the most diverse (73.5% of the total) and mosses the best represented division (55.1%). The epiphytic substrate is the most diverse and the mesophyll semi-deciduous forest the best represented plant formation (83.3%). All threatened taxa were recorded in the La Caoba Managed Floristic Reserve. Conclusions: In the Managed Floristic Reserves La Caoba and Charrascales de Mícara the bryoflora is characterised by the presence of taxa with a wide ecological plasticity and geographical distribution. The conditions present in the Charrascales de Mícara reserve limit the development of bryophytes. The bryological diversity in La Caoba is threatened by habitat fragmentation due to landscape alterations.

Resumen Exploramos la utilización de árboles y los patrones de germinación de la orquídea epífita, Psychilis kraenzlinii. Encontramos que P. kraenzlinii crece en un subconjunto de las especies de árboles disponibles y muestra preferencia por la endémica Machaonia portoricensis. La orquídea prefiere árboles con corteza lisa y alta capacidad de sostener agua y baja capacidad de retención de agua. Las condiciones microclimáticas bajo las cuáles los embriones empienzan etapas pre-germinacíon, reflejan los de la orquídea adulta, pero las condiciones bajo las cuáles los embriones llegan a etapas de germinación no. Lo que sugiere que los sitios de germinación adecuados no son necesariamente los lugares donde mejor se producirá el desarrollo a etapas más avanzadas de la germinación.

Abstract We explore phorophyte suitability for germination and establishment of the epiphytic orchid, Psychilis kraenzlinii. We found that the orchid grows on a subset of the available tree species and shows preference for the endemic Machaonia portoricensis (Rubiaceae). The orchid preferred trees with smoother bark, high water holding capacity and low water retention capacity. Microclimatic conditions under which embryos began pre-germination stages mirrored that of the adult orchid, but germination did not, suggesting that suitable germination sites are not necessarily the best sites for later stages of development.

Resumen A pesar de la alta diversidad de epífitas vasculares (EV) reportadas en Perú, no existe un listado actualizado que esté acorde con las nuevas delimitaciones taxonómicas y los nuevos conceptos de epífitas. En este trabajo actualizamos el listado de EV de Perú, a partir de una búsqueda bibliográfica y visitas a herbarios locales. Se actualizaron los nombres de las especies según World Flora Online, se confirmó su presencia en la EpiList, su distribución altitudinal y por departamento, su categoría de riesgo y endemismo; y finalmente, se estimó el coeficiente epífito. Encontramos 2462 especies, pertenecientes a 18 órdenes, 25 familias y 249 géneros. Las familias con mayor riqueza fueron Orchidaceae (1606), Bromeliaceae (201) y Piperaceae (139 spp.); el 85 % de las especies estaban en la EpiList (2088 spp.). El departamento con mayor riqueza fue Amazonas (709) y los de menor fueron Ica y Tacna (2 spp.). El rango altitudinal con mayor riqueza se ubica entre los 1501 - 2000 m (649); 689 especies son endémicas y 220 se encuentran en alguna categoría de riesgo; el cociente epífito es de 13.12. Esta actualización representa un incremento aproximado del 40%, lo que posiciona a Perú como el tercer país con mayor diversidad de EV. Se obtuvo un listado más completo y acorde con el concepto de epifitismo; con lo que se hace evidente la necesidad de incluir 384 especies a la EpiList, lo que ayudaría a complementar el listado global de EV en el mundo.

Abstract Despite the high diversity of vascular epiphytes (VE) reported in Peru, there is no updated checklist that is in line with the new taxonomic delimitations and the new concepts of epiphytes. In this study, we update the list of VE in Peru, based on a bibliographic search and visits to local herbaria. Species names were updated according to the World Flora Online, their presence in the EpiList was confirmed, as well as their altitudinal distribution and distribution by department, risk category, and endemism. Finally, the epiphyte coefficient was estimated. We found 2462 species, belonging to 18 orders, 25 families, and 249 genera. The families with the highest richness were Orchidaceae (1606), Bromeliaceae (201), and Piperaceae (139 spp.); 85% of the species were in the EpiList (2088 spp.). The department with the highest richness was Amazonas (709) and the lowest were Ica and Tacna (2 spp.). The altitudinal range with the highest richness is between 1501 - 2000 m (649); 689 species are endemic and 220 are in some risk category; the epiphyte quotient is 13.12. This update represents an approximate 40% increase, positioning Peru as the third country with the highest VE diversity. A more comprehensive list was obtained, in line with the concept of epiphytism, highlighting the need to include 384 species in the EpiList, which would help complement the global list of VE worldwide.

Resumen Tillandsia takizawae Ehlers & H. Luther es una bromelia epífita microendémica de México de inflorescencias vistosas con brácteas de color rosa que contrastan con las flores de color verde. Estos atributos le otorgan potencial como planta ornamental. La conservación de la especie y aprovechamiento comercial requiere de sistemas de propagación eficientes que eviten la extracción de plantas de su hábitat natural. Los objetivos de esta contribución fueron establecer las condiciones óptimas para la germinación in vitro de semillas y la regeneración de plantas por organogénesis. Semillas se sembraron en medio de Murashige y Skoog (MS) con la mitad de concentración de sales adicionado con bencil adenina (BA) y ácido naftalenacético (ANA). Para el alargamiento y enraizamiento de brotes se avaluó el ácido giberélico (AG3) y el ácido indolbutírico (AIB), respectivamente. En todos los tratamientos se obtuvo una germinación promedio de 97%. La combinación de BA y ANA favorecieron la inducción de brotes en las plántulas recién germinadas. La mayor cantidad de brotes por explante fue de 41.4 con 1 mg L-1 de BA y 0.25 mg L-1 de ANA a las 12 semanas de cultivo. El alargamiento de los brotes se logró en el medio MS completo con 1 mg L-1 de AG3 después de ocho semanas. La mejor respuesta de enraizamiento fue con 1 mg L-1 de AIB que indujo la formación promedio de 7.7 raíces en todos los brotes a las cuatro semanas. En la aclimatación de plantas la supervivencia fue de 95 % después de cuatro semanas.

Abstract Tillandsia takizawae Ehlers & H. Luther is an epiphytic bromeliad microendemic from Mexico with showy inflorescences with pink bracts that contrast with the green flowers. These attributes give it potential as an ornamental plant. The conservation of the species and commercial use requires efficient propagation systems that avoid the extraction of plants from their natural habitat. The objectives of this contribution were to establish the optimal conditions for in vitro seed germination and plant regeneration by organogenesis. Seeds were stablished in Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) with half the concentration of salts added with benciladenine (BA) and naftalen acetic acid (NAA). In the elongation and rooting of shoots, the gibberellic acid (GA3) and the indol butiric acid (IBA) were evaluated, respectively. In all treatments an average germination of 97% was obtained. The combination of BA and NAA promoted the induction of shoots in recently germinated seedlings. The highest number of shoots per explant was 41.4 with 1 mg L-1 of BA and 0.25 mg L-1 of NAA after 12 weeks of culture. Shoots elongation was achieved in the complete MS medium with 1 mg L-1 of GA3 after eight weeks. The best rooting response was with 1 mg L-1 of IBA, which induced the average formation of 7.7 roots in all shoots at four weeks. In the acclimatization of plants the survival was 95 % after four weeks.

Abstract This study presents a synopsis of the Orchidaceae species in Iguaçu National Park (ParNa Iguaçu), one of the largest Atlantic Forest remnants in the state of Paraná. Orchidaceae is represented in the area by 65 species, distributed in 41 genera, the most representative being Gomesa (7 spp.) and Acianthera (6 spp.). Representatives of three subfamilies are present: Vanilloideae (2 spp.), Orchidoideae (12 spp.) and Epidendroideae (51 spp.) which, as expected, presents the greatest richness (78% of the total). Among the species found, five are considered endemic to Brazil, 23 are endemic to the Atlantic Forest (36%) and one is endemic to Paraná. Thirty-one new records were found for the area. The areas of Mixed Ombrophilous Forest (MOF) had 29 exclusive species, the Semideciduous Seasonal Forest (SSF) had 20, while 16 species occur in both phytophysiognomies. A new occurrence was recorded for MOF. Regarding habit, exclusively epiphytic was the most representative (39 spp.), followed by exclusively terricolous (15 spp.), two vines and one mycoheterotrophic species. Among the families already inventoried in ParNa Iguaçu, Orchidaceae is among the richest and the findings of the present study reinforce the importance of floristic studies for cataloging the local flora. , Iguaçu) Paraná 6 4 genera 7 ( spp. spp spp.. . 2 spp., 12 (1 51 (5 which expected 78% 78 (78 total. total total) Brazil 36% 36 (36% Thirtyone Thirty MOF (MOF SSF (SSF 20 1 phytophysiognomies habit 39 (3 15 flora 5 3 (36

Resumo Este estudo apresenta a sinopse de Orchidaceae no Parque Nacional do Iguaçu (ParNa Iguaçu), um dos maiores remanescentes de Floresta Atlântica no estado do Paraná. Orchidaceae é representada na área por 65 espécies, distribuídas em 41 gêneros, sendo os mais representativos Gomesa (sete spp.) e Acianthera (seis spp.). Representantes de três subfamílias estão presentes: Vanilloideae (duas spp.), Orchidoideae (12 spp.) e Epidendroideae (51 spp.) que, como esperado, apresenta maior riqueza (78% do total). Entre as espécies encontradas, cinco são consideradas endêmicas do Brasil, 23 são endêmicas da Floresta Atlântica (36%) e uma é endêmica do Paraná. Foram encontrados 31 novos registros para a área. As áreas de Floresta Ombrófila Mista (FOM) tiveram 29 espécies exclusivas, as de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual (FES) tiveram 20, enquanto 16 espécies ocorreram em ambas fitofisionomias. Nova ocorrência foi registrada para FOM. Com relação ao hábito, espécies exclusivamente epífitas foram as mais representativas (39 spp.), seguidas de exclusivamente terrícolas (15 spp.), duas trepadeiras e uma micoheterotrófica. Entre as famílias já inventariadas no ParNa Iguaçu, Orchidaceae está entre as mais ricas e os achados no presente estudo reforçam a importância de estudos florísticos para catalogação da flora local. , Iguaçu) Paraná 6 4 gêneros sete spp. spp seis spp.. . presentes spp., 12 (1 51 (5 que esperado 78% 78 (78 total. total total) encontradas Brasil 2 36% 36 (36% 3 FOM (FOM exclusivas FES (FES 20 1 fitofisionomias hábito 39 (3 15 micoheterotrófica local ( 5 7 (7 (36

Abstract We present a key to identify and an annotated list of lycophytes and ferns of the Immediate Geographical Region of São Luís, Maranhão State, which has ecotonal characteristics of Amazonian Forest, Cerrado, and Coastal Vegetation. Specimens were collected monthly between April 2020 and September 2022 in the 13 municipalities of this region. A total of 64 species were identified, including 61 species of ferns, in 18 families and 38 genera, and three species of lycophytes, in two genera and one family. The most representative families were Pteridaceae (18 species) and Polypodiaceae (nine species). The most recorded substrate of occurrence was terrestrial with 35 species (54.6%), followed by epiphytic with 15 species (23.4%), aquatic with four species (6.2%), rupicolous with three species (4.6%), and hemiepiphytic with two species (3.1%). Five species (7.8%) had more than one life form. This study expands the knowledge about the geographic distribution of fern and lycophyte species in the central region of Northern Maranhão, in Northeastern Brazil, which until now had several sampling gaps. Maranhão has a diversity that is still poorly reported and known compared to other states in South and Southeast Brazil. Therefore, floristic surveys are essential to increase what is known about the flora, especially in areas under anthropic pressure and places with few collections, such as the ecotonal areas in Maranhão. Luís State Forest Cerrado Vegetation 202 1 6 identified 3 family (1 nine species. . 54.6%, 546 54.6% , 54 (54.6%) 23.4%, 234 23.4% 23 4 (23.4%) 6.2%, 62 6.2% 2 (6.2%) 4.6%, 46 4.6% (4.6%) 3.1%. 31 3.1% (3.1%) 7.8% 78 7 8 (7.8% form Brazil gaps Therefore flora collections 20 ( 54.6 5 (54.6% 23.4 (23.4% 6.2 (6.2% 4.6 (4.6% 3.1 (3.1% 7.8 (7.8 54. (54.6 23. (23.4 6. (6.2 4. (4.6 3. (3.1 7. (7. (54. (23. (6. (4. (3. (7 (54 (23 (6 (4 (3 (5 (2

Resumo Apresentamos uma chave para a identificação e uma lista com detalhes das licófitas e samambaias da Região Geográfica Imediata de São Luís, Estado do Maranhão, que possui características ecotonais da Floresta Amazônica, Cerrado e Vegetação Litorânea. Os dados foram coletados mensalmente entre abril de 2020 e setembro de 2022 nos 13 municípios dessa região. Foram identificadas 64 espécies, incluindo 61 espécies de samambaias, em 18 famílias e 38 gêneros, e três espécies de licófitas, em dois gêneros e uma família. As famílias mais representativas foram Pteridaceae (18 espécies) e Polypodiaceae (nove espécies). O substrato de ocorrência mais registrado foi o terrestre com 35 espécies (54,6%), seguido do epifítico com 15 espécies (23,4%), aquático com quatro espécies (6,2%), rupícola com três espécies (4,6%) e hemiepifítico com duas espécies (3,1%). Cinco espécies (7,8%) apresentaram mais de uma forma de vida. Este estudo amplia o conhecimento sobre a distribuição geográfica de espécies de samambaias e licófitas na região central do norte do Maranhão, no Nordeste do Brasil, que até então possuía várias lacunas de amostragem. O Maranhão possui uma diversidade ainda pouco relatada e conhecida em comparação com outros estados das regiões Sul e Sudeste do Brasil. Portanto, levantamentos florísticos são essenciais para aumentar o conhecimento sobre a flora, principalmente em áreas sob pressão antrópica e locais com poucas coletas, como as áreas ecotonais do Maranhão. Luís Amazônica Litorânea 202 1 6 3 família (1 nove espécies. . 54,6%, 546 54,6% , 54 (54,6%) 23,4%, 234 23,4% 23 4 (23,4%) 6,2%, 62 6,2% 2 (6,2%) 4,6% 46 (4,6% 3,1%. 31 3,1% (3,1%) 7,8% 78 7 8 (7,8% vida Brasil amostragem Portanto flora coletas 20 ( 54,6 5 (54,6% 23,4 (23,4% 6,2 (6,2% 4,6 (4,6 3,1 (3,1% 7,8 (7,8 54, (54,6 23, (23,4 6, (6,2 4, (4, 3, (3,1 7, (7, (54, (23, (6, (4 (3, (7 (54 (23 (6 (3 (5 (2

Resumo As epífitas representam cerca de 10% das plantas vasculares, ou 25.000 espécies distribuídas em 84 famílias. O déficit hídrico é o maior problema enfrentado pelas epífitas, resultando em estratégias anatômicas que buscam maximizar o uso da água, bem como minimizar sua perda. Este estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar a anatomia da lâmina foliar de 40 espécies de epífitas vasculares que ocorrem em uma mini floresta nebular da Floresta Atlântica brasileira e avaliar se e de que maneira a anatomia foliar está relacionada à forma de vida epífita. As amostras foram coletadas e fixadas, desidratadas com etanol e incluídas em parafina para seccionamento em micrótomo ou à mão livre. Algumas amostras foram dissociadas para observação da epiderme. Uma análise de agrupamento (através do UPGMA) foi realizada usando uma matriz de presença e ausência de 16 caracteres anatômicos. Os resultados mostraram que as espécies deste grupo funcional apresentam diferentes caracteres anatômicos foliares que podem ou não ser adaptativos ao epifitismo. Entretanto, apesar da ocorrência de alguns caracteres como estômatos no mesmo nível das demais células epidérmicas, cutícula espessa, fibras, hipoderme e parênquima clorofiliano homogêneo em 50% ou mais das espécies, não há um conjunto de caracteres anatômicos que possa ser utilizado para definir uma epífita. 10 25000 25 000 25.00 8 famílias água perda 4 epífita fixadas livre epiderme através UPGMA 1 epifitismo Entretanto epidérmicas espessa fibras 50 2500 2 00 25.0 5 250 0 25.

Abstract Epiphytes represent approximately 10% of vascular plants, or 25,000 species distributed across 84 families. Water deficit is the greatest challenge faced by epiphytes, resulting in anatomical strategies aimed at maximizing water usage and minimizing water loss. This study aimed to characterize the leaf blade anatomy of 40 species of vascular epiphytes occurring in a cloud forest of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest and assess how leaf anatomy is related to the epiphytic life form. Samples were collected, fixed, dehydrated with ethanol, and embedded in paraffin for sectioning using a microtome or freehand technique. Some samples were dissociated for epidermal observation. A clustering analysis (using UPGMA) was conducted using a presence/absence matrix of 16 anatomical characters. The results showed that species within this functional group exhibit different leaf blade anatomical characteristics, which may or may not be adaptive to epiphytism. However, despite the occurrence of some characteristics such as stomata at the same level as other epidermal cells, thick cuticle, fibers, hypodermis, and homogeneous chlorophyllous parenchyma in 50% or more of the species, there is no set of anatomical characteristics that can be used to define an epiphyte. 10 plants 25000 25 000 25,00 8 families loss 4 form collected fixed ethanol technique observation UPGMA presenceabsence presence absence 1 characters epiphytism However cells cuticle fibers hypodermis 50 epiphyte 2500 2 00 25,0 5 250 0 25,

Resumo O gênero Sinningia compreende cerca de 80 espécies e é reconhecido, dentre as Gesneriaceae, pelo hábito herbáceo ou às vezes subarbustivo, e uma estrutura tuberosa, perene na base do caule. Neste trabalho, apresentamos o tratamento taxonômico de Sinningia para o estado do Paraná, com descrições das espécies, chave dicotômica, distribuição, ilustrações e dados fenológicos de florescimento e frutificação. Sinningia é o maior gênero de Gesneriaceae no estado do Paraná, com 18 espécies ocorrendo principalmente em áreas de Floresta Ombrófila Densa e Mista, Campo ou Cerrado, como plantas rupícolas, terrestres, ou epifíticas. 8 reconhecido subarbustivo tuberosa caule trabalho Paraná dicotômica distribuição frutificação 1 Mista Cerrado rupícolas terrestres epifíticas

Abstract The genus Sinningia comprises about 80 species and can be recognized, among Gesneriaceae, by its herbaceous or sometimes subshrubby habit and tuberous, perennial structure at the base of the stem. This work is a taxonomic treatment of Sinningia in the state of Paraná. Descriptions, a dichotomous key, illustrations, and information about the distribution and phenological data on flowering and fruiting are provided. Sinningia is the largest genus of Gesneriaceae in the state of Paraná, where there are 18 species that occur mainly in rainforest, grasslands or Cerrado and are rupicolous, terrestrial, or epiphytic plants. 8 recognized tuberous stem Paraná Descriptions key illustrations provided 1 rainforest rupicolous terrestrial plants

Resumo O presente estudo compreende o levantamento florístico das angiospermas da Reserva Ecológica Olho d’Água das Onças (REODO), Picuí, semiárido da Paraíba, Brasil, objetivando fornecer a base para projetos conservacionistas na área. Foram realizadas 15 incursões durante o período de agosto de 2022 e abril de 2024, seguindo os métodos usuais de coleta e herborização de material botânico. A coleção obtida foi incorporada ao Herbário Manuel de Arruda Câmara (HACAM), pertencente à Universidade Estadual da Paraíba (UEPB), Campus I. Verificaram-se as conexões da flora da área estudada com outras áreas do semiárido paraibano por meio de uma análise de similaridade com base no índice de Jaccard, considerando outros 15 estudos florísticos. Nós encontramos 250 espécies distribuídas em 168 gêneros e 50 famílias de angiospermas pertencentes aos hábitos: herbáceo (74 spp.), subarbustivo (60 spp.), arbustivo (48 spp.), trepador (45 spp.), arbóreo (17 spp.), epifítico (3 spp.) e parasita (3 spp.). As famílias mais representativas foram: Fabaceae (38 spp.), Euphorbiaceae (24 spp.), Convolvulaceae (19 spp.), Malvaceae (18 spp.), Asteraceae (11 spp.) e Poaceae (11 spp.), e dentre os gêneros, Ipomoea L. (8 spp.), Croton L. (7 spp.), Sida L. (7 spp.), Chamaecrista (L.) Moench (6 spp.) e Mimosa L. (5 spp.) foram os mais numerosos. Heteropterys arcuata C. Pessoa & Amorim (Malpighiaceae) e Solanum fernandesii V.S. Samp. & R. Moura (Solanaceae) são registradas pela primeira vez para o Estado da Paraíba, e Urvillea stipitata Radlk (Sapindaceae) é um novo registro para a Caatinga. A análise de similaridade evidenciou que a flora da REODO é mais similar às das áreas protegidas no Estado da Paraíba, demonstrando a importância do seu reconhecimento como área prioritária para a conservação. Em suma, evidenciamos que a área de estudo apresenta uma expressiva riqueza florística especialmente no contexto da Caatinga, contando com 30 espécies endêmicas deste domínio. dÁgua d Água REODO, , (REODO) Picuí Brasil 1 202 2024 botânico HACAM, HACAM (HACAM) UEPB, UEPB (UEPB) I Verificaramse Verificaram se Jaccard florísticos 25 16 5 hábitos 74 spp., spp spp. 60 48 (4 45 17 (1 3 ( spp.. . 38 24 (2 19 18 11 L 8 7 (L. 6 numerosos C Malpighiaceae (Malpighiaceae VS V S V.S Samp R Solanaceae (Solanaceae Sapindaceae (Sapindaceae Caatinga conservação suma domínio (REODO 20 (HACAM (UEPB 2 4 (L

Abstract We present here a floristic survey of the angiosperms found in the Reserva Ecológica Olho d’Água das Onças (REODO) in the semiarid region of Paraíba State, Brazil, to provide a basis for proactive conservation projects there. Fifteen excursions were carried out between August/2022 and April/2024 employing traditional methods of collecting and herborization of botanical material. The collections obtained were incorporated into the Manuel de Arruda Câmara Herbarium (HACAM) at the State University of Paraíba (UEPB), Campus I. We examined the floristic relationships between the study area and 15 other floristic surveys throughout the semiarid region of Paraíba State using a similarity analysis based on the Jaccard index. Two hundred and fifty species distributed among 168 genera and 50 families of angiosperms were identified with the following growth forms: herbaceous (74 spp.), subshrub (60 spp.), shrub (48 spp.), climber (45 spp.), arboreal (17 spp.), epiphytic (3 spp.), and parasitic (3 spp.). The most representative families were Fabaceae (38 spp.), Euphorbiaceae (24 spp.), Convolvulaceae (19 spp.), Malvaceae (18 spp.), Asteraceae (11 spp.), and Poaceae (11 spp.). The most representative genera were Ipomoea L. (8 spp.), Croton L. (7 spp.), Sida L. (7 spp.), Chamaecrista (L.) Moench (6 spp.), and Mimosa L. (5 spp.). Heteropterys arcuata C. Pessoa & Amorim (Malpighiaceae) and Solanum fernandesii V.S. Samp. & R. Moura (Solanaceae) were recorded for the first time in Paraíba State; Urvillea stipitata Radlk (Sapindaceae) represents a new record for the Caatinga. Similarity analysis revealed that the flora of REODO is more closely related to that of protected areas throughout the semiarid region of Paraíba State, underscoring its conservation priority. The study area was therefore found to contain significant floristic richness, especially within the context of the Caatinga, with 30 species endemics to this domain. dÁgua d Água (REODO Brazil there August2022 August 2022 August/202 April2024 April 2024 April/202 material HACAM (HACAM UEPB, UEPB , (UEPB) I 1 index 16 5 forms 74 spp., spp spp. spp.) 60 48 (4 45 17 (1 3 ( spp.. . 38 24 (2 19 18 11 L 8 7 (L. 6 C Malpighiaceae (Malpighiaceae VS V S V.S Samp R Solanaceae (Solanaceae Sapindaceae (Sapindaceae Caatinga priority richness domain August202 202 August/20 April202 April/20 (UEPB 4 2 (L August20 20 August/2 April20 April/2 August2 August/ April2 April/

Abstract The structure and water availability in the understory of the humid forest of Chapada do Araripe, Northeastern Brazil, are very heterogeneous. This environment is affected by the mono-dominance of babassu palms (Attalea speciosa) and other forms of anthropogenic disturbance. The objective of this work was to examine the use of bryophytes as indirect bioindicators of environmental quality in this forest. Epiphytic bryophytes were collected in localities with distinct levels of babassu dominance and springs/streams. Additionally, proxies for anthropogenic disturbances, humidity and light conditions were evaluated. Functional groups and the species composition were investigated. Our results demonstrated that the region has a high level of environmental heterogeneity. Anthropogenic disturbance was the main driver shaping species composition and abiotic conditions mediated the effects on species. Sites with higher levels of disturbance and greater abundance of babassu palms and canopy opening further limited the distribution of species that require high levels of humidity and shade specialists and favored sun specialists and generalists compared to environments with greater water availability. Therefore, abiotic and anthropic factors are important to understanding the relationships between bryophyte ecology and the environment, helping to predict changes in these assemblages driven by changes in the environment. Araripe Brazil heterogeneous monodominance mono Attalea speciosa springsstreams springs streams springs/streams Additionally disturbances evaluated investigated heterogeneity Therefore

Resumen Introducción: Cattleya crispa es una orquídea epífita ornamental con distribución geográfica restringida a la Mata Atlántica brasileña. Debido al extractivismo depredador y a la pérdida de hábitat inducida por el hombre, esta especie aparece en la Lista Roja de la Flora Brasileña. Objetivo: Caracterizar aspectos morfoanatómicos de la germinación y desarrollo inicial de semillas de C. crispa; así como estudiar el efecto de la criopreservación de estas semillas. Métodos: Utilizamos microscopía óptica, microscopía electrónica de barrido y microscopía electrónica de transmisión para describir la microestructura en 100 semillas maduras. Evaluamos la viabilidad de la semilla, la germinación de la semilla, la tasa de supervivencia y el peso de los protocormos en el material criopreservado y no criopreservado, con cuatro réplicas por tratamiento de 20 mg de material vegetal. Resultados: Las semillas son fusiformes, amarillo blanquecinas, con una longitud de 700 a 900 µm y un contenido de agua del 5 %. La germinación comenzó siete días después de la siembra, la formación del protocormo globular a los 30 días y la formación de la plántula a los 150 días. La cubierta de semilla persistente puede comprimir el protocormo y provocar su colapso. Las semillas criopreservadas presentaron 87.15 % de viabilidad, 78.32 % de germinación, 8.48 % de supervivencia y protocormos con 104.27 mg a los cinco meses de la siembra. Los datos no fueron diferentes a las semillas no criopreservadas. Conclusiones: La capacidad criogénica de las semillas muestra que la crioconservación puede utilizarse para la conservación a largo plazo. Los resultados de este trabajo contribuyen a la biología general de C. crispa y a la propagación y almacenamiento de material genético con fines de conservación.

Abstract Introduction: Cattleya crispa is an ornamental epiphytic orchid with geographic distribution restricted to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Due to predatory extractivism and human-induced habitat loss, this species appears on the Red List of Brazilian Flora. Objective: To characterize morpho-anatomical aspects regarding germination and post-seminal development from C. crispa seeds; as well as studying the effect of cryopreservation on these seeds. Methods: We used light microscopy and electron microscopy to describe the microstructure of a 100 ripe seeds. We evaluated seed viability, seed germination, survival rate and protocorm weight in cryopreserved and non-cryopreserved material, with four replicas per treatment using 20 mg of plant material. Results: The seeds are fusiform, whitish yellow with a length from 700 to 900 µm and a water content of 5 %. Germination began seven days after sowing, the formation of the globular protocorm at 30 days and the formation of the seedling occurred 150 days. The persistent seed coat can compress the protocorm and cause it to collapse. The cryopreserved seeds presented 87.15 % viability, 78.32 % germination, 8.48 % survival and protocorms with 104.27 mg five months after sowing. Data wasn't different to non-cryopreserved seeds. Conclusions: The cryocapability of the seeds shows that cryopreservation can be used for long-term conservation. The results of this work contribute to the overall biology of C. crispa and to the propagation and storage of genetic material for conservation purposes.

Resumen (Introducción): Las epífitas representan hasta el 10 % de la diversidad mundial y hasta un 30 % de la diversidad de plantas en los bosques andinos, con las familias Orchidaceae, Bromeliaceae, Araceae y Gesneriaceae como las más importantes. Sus formas, colores y tamaños, así como su interacción con aves, insectos y otros invertebrados, han cautivado a especialistas, así como también a un amplio público en todo el mundo. El turismo de naturaleza se consolida en lugares que ofrecen experiencias únicas, y es un sector creciente de la economía en varios países tropicales. Las plantas epífitas se encuentran dentro de los atractivos locales con mayor potencial de avistamiento en los trópicos. (Objetivo): Presentar una metodología para documentar epífitas en fincas, reservas naturales y áreas protegidas, cuyo propósito sea mejorar la información biológica acerca de ellas, facilitar la guianza y ampliar la experiencia de los visitantes. (Metodología): Con base en años de práctica en el campo, se han adaptado algunos métodos y se han propuesto otros nuevos para mejorar la experiencia de los visitantes, con un enfoque de turismo de naturaleza. (Resultados): Se proponen cinco métodos: (transectos semidetallados, estaciones de observación, recorridos libres, árboles caídos y parcelas permanentes), y un método de conservación in situ (colección viva) para completar la caracterización. Igualmente, se presenta un análisis de las bondades, tiempos, costos y prioridades de cada uno. (Conclusiones): Estos métodos, junto con la edición de guías ilustradas de la flora y la capacitación del recurso humano local, constituyen los ejes centrales para el turismo de naturaleza, el empoderamiento comunitario y el fortalecimiento de los procesos de conservación.

Abstract (Introduction): Epiphytes represent up to 10 % of global diversity and up to 30 % of Andean forests. Orchidaceae, Bromeliaceae, Araceae and Gesneriaceae are among the most important. Their shapes, colors, and sizes, as well as their interaction with insects, birds and invertebrates have captivated specialists, but also a wide audience around the world. Nature tourism is consolidated in places that offer unique experiences and is a growing economic sector in several tropical countries. Epiphytic plants are among the local attractions with the greatest potential for sightings in the tropics. (Objective): To present a methodology to document epiphytes on farms, natural reserves, and protected areas, to improve biological information about them, facilitate guidance, and broaden the visitor experience. (Methodology): Several years of field work have allowed us to adapt some methods and propose new ones to strengthen the experience of visitors with a focus on nature tourism. (Results): Five methods are proposed (semi-detailed transects, sighting stations, ad libitum trails, fallen trees and permanent plots), and a in situ conservation method (living collection) to complete the characterization. Likewise, an analysis of the benefits, times, costs, and priorities of each one is presented. (Conclusions): These methods, along with illustrated flora guides and trained local human resources, constitute the central axes for nature tourism, community empowerment and the strengthening of the conservation processes.

RESUMEN: La contaminación del aire en zonas urbanas debido a las emisiones automotrices e industriales es un problema global, incluyendo la ciudad de Quito- Ecuador. En este contexto, estudios previos han señalado el uso efectivo de bioindicadores de la calidad del aire utilizando criptógamas epífitas (briofitas y líquenes), que son organismos sensibles a los contaminantes porque absorben agua y nutrientes del ambiente. En este estudio, determinamos por primera vez los cambios en la riqueza y composición de criptógamas epífitas en el árbol hospedador Schinus molle comparando zonas de alto, medio y bajo tráfico de vehículos. Para ello, registramos la frecuencia y la cobertura de líquenes y briófitos con una cuadrícula de 10 x 50 cm, dividida en veinte cuadrados de 5 x 5 cm sobre árboles de Schinus molle. Se registraron 30 especies (23 líquenes y 7 briofitas). La riqueza, la cobertura y la diversidad no indicaron cambios en relación con el tráfico de vehículos, sin embargo, la composición de las comunidades indicó ligeros cambios en relación con el tráfico de vehículos. La composición de las especies indicó cambios en relación con el tráfico de vehículos, donde las especies de los géneros Leptogium y Teloschistes eran dominantes en las zonas con poco tráfico, por el contrario, las especies de los géneros Candelaria, Physcia y Frullania se observaron en zonas con más tráfico que son tolerantes a la contaminación. Schinus molle es una especie muy importante como refugio para la diversidad de criptógamas epífitas en zonas urbanas.

ABSTRACT: Air pollution in urban areas due to automotive and industrial emissions is a global problem, including the city of Quito- Ecuador. In this context, previous studies have pointed out the effective use of bioindicators of air quality using epiphytic cryptogams (bryophytes and lichens), which are pollutant-sensitive organisms because they absorb water and nutrients from the environment. In this study, we determined for the first time the changes in the richness and composition epiphytic cryptogams in the host tree Schinus molle comparing areas of high, medium, and low vehicular traffic. For this purpose, we registered the frequency and coverage of lichens and bryophytes with a grid of 10 x 50 cm, divided into twenty squares of 5 x 5 cm on Schinus molle trees. We recorded 30 species (23 lichens and 7 bryophytes). Richness, cover and diversity did not indicate changes in relation to vehicular traffic, however, the composition of the communities indicated slight changes in relation to vehicular traffic. Species composition indicated changes in relation to vehicular traffic, where species of the genera Leptogium and Teloschistes were dominant in low traffic areas, conversely species of genera Candelaria, Physcia and Frullania was observed in areas with higher traffic that are tolerant to pollution. Schinus molle is a very important species as a refuge for diversity of epiphytic cryptogams in urban areas.