Abstract Background: Epiphytic mosses are one of the most common groups in forest environments but among the most neglected by researchers in Mexico. Questions: What is the epiphytic mosses diversity, measured in richness, turnover, and community composition in Mexican forests? Species of study: Epiphytic mosses. Study site and years: Humid mountain forest, pine-oak and tropical evergreen forests. Study period: 2015 to 2021. Methods: Through a literature review and field work we compiled data on epiphytic mosses in three forest types in Mexico. We assessed the data using alpha and beta diversity analysis, indicator species, and community composition. Additionally, we explored the influence of elevation and forest type on the observed diversity patterns. Results: We report a richness of 147 species of epiphytic mosses across three types of Mexican forests. The humid mountain forest was the best sampled forest with the highest moss species richness. Although species richness is different for the forests studied, species turnover is similar among them. We demonstrated that elevation and forest type are highly correlated with species richness of epiphytic mosses. Conclusions: The epiphytic mosses studied here collectively represent over 15 % of the moss richness of Mexico. Forest type and elevation seem to be the drivers of this widely distributed richness. Finally, we call for more in-depth studies of the forests presented here, as well as those in other latitudes including variables such as humidity and host traits, to provide a more complete picture of an overlooked Mexican flora.

Resumen Antecedentes: Los musgos epífitos son uno de los grupos más comunes en ambientes forestales, pero de los más desatendidos de México. Preguntas: ¿Cuál es la riqueza, recambio y composición de la comunidad de musgos epífitos en los bosques de México? Especies de estudio: Musgos epífitos. Sitios y años de estudio: Bosque húmedo de montaña, de pino-encino y tropical perennifolio. Periodo de estudio: 2015-2021. Métodos: Mediante una revisión bibliográfica y trabajo de campo recopilamos datos de musgos epífitos en tres tipos de bosques de México. Evaluamos los datos mediante análisis de diversidad alfa y beta, especies indicadoras y composición de la comunidad. Además, exploramos la influencia de la altitud y el tipo de bosque en los patrones de diversidad observados. Resultados: Reportamos una riqueza de 147 especies de musgos epífitos para tres tipos de bosques de México. El bosque húmedo de montaña es el mejor muestreado y con la mayor riqueza de musgos. El recambio de especies es similar entre los bosques estudiados. Constatamos que la elevación y el tipo de bosque están relacionados con la riqueza de musgos epífitos. Conclusiones: Los musgos epífitos estudiados aquí representan más del 15 % de la riqueza de musgos de México. El tipo de bosque y la elevación parecen ser los impulsores de esta riqueza ampliamente distribuida. Finalmente, continuar la exploración de los bosques estudiados aquí, así como de aquellos en otras latitudes incluyendo variables como la humedad y rasgos de los árboles hospederos, es urgente para mejorar el conocimiento de esta flora mexicana.

Abstract Background: Utricularia jamesoniana, a small epiphytic plant found in wet tropical forests, stands out for its carnivorous habit, intricate trap system, and small but beautiful and complex flowers. This species remains relatively understudied despite its wide geographical distribution and curious adaptations. Questions: Our aim is to elucidate the composition of bacterial and fungal communities inhabiting both the bladders and leaves of Utricularia jamesoniana, facilitating the comprehension of the physiology and ecological dynamics of this carnivorous species. Methods: In this study, we employed 16S rRNA and ITS sequencing to compare the prokaryotic and fungal communities within leaves and traps of U. jamesoniana. Results: The analysis of amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) unveiled notable differences in community composition depending on the plant tissue and type of microorganism. Prokaryotic communities predominantly comprised Proteobacteria and Actinobacteriota, featuring genera such as Acidocella, Bradyrhizobium, Ferritrophicum, and Ferrovum. Fungal communities were dominated by Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, encompassing representatives of Dothideomycetes, Sordariomycetes, Eurotiomycetes, and Agaricomycetes, as well as ASVs related to Mycosphaerellaceae, Colletotrichum, Aspergillus, and Thanatephorus. We determined that the prokaryotic diversity was higher in the bladders with respect to the leaves. Fungal communities, in turn, were more diverse in leaves than in bladders. Conclusions: This study sheds light on the microbial communities associated with this carnivorous epiphyte and provides valuable insights into the intricate relationships between the plant and its microbial inhabitants across different tissues.

Resumen Antecedentes: Utricularia jamesoniana es una pequeña planta epífita que se encuentra en bosques tropicales húmedos. Destaca por su hábito carnívoro, su intrincado sistema de trampas y sus pequeñas pero complejas flores. A pesar de su amplia distribución geográfica y sus curiosas adaptaciones, esta especie sigue estando relativamente poco estudiada. Objetivo: Nuestro objetivo es dilucidar la composición de las comunidades bacterianas y fúngicas asociadas tanto en los utrículos como en las hojas de Utricularia jamesoniana, facilitando la comprensión de la fisiología y la dinámica ecológica de esta especie carnívora. Métodos: Empleamos la secuenciación de los marcadores 16S ARNr e ITS para comparar las comunidades procariotas y fúngicas dentro de hojas y trampas de U. jamesoniana. Resultados: El análisis de las variantes de secuencia de amplicones (ASVs) reveló notables diferencias en la composición de la comunidad dependiendo del tejido vegetal y del tipo de microorganismo. Las comunidades procariotas estaban compuestas predominantemente por Proteobacteria y Actinobacteriota, incluyendo los géneros Acidocella, Bradyrhizobium, Ferritrophicum y Ferrovum. Las comunidades fúngicas estaban dominadas por Ascomycota y Basidiomycota, con representantes de Dothideomycetes, Sordariomycetes, Eurotiomycetes y Agaricomycetes; así como ASVs relacionados con Mycosphaerellaceae, Colletotrichum, Aspergillus y Thanatephorus. La diversidad procariota es más alta en los utrículos con respecto a las hojas, pero las comunidades fúngicas fueron más diversas en las hojas que en los utrículos Conclusiones: Este estudio arroja luz sobre las comunidades microbianas asociadas a esta epífita carnívora y proporciona valiosos conocimientos sobre las intrincadas relaciones entre la planta y los habitantes microbianos asociados a sus diferentes tejidos.

Summary Background and aims: Bryological inventories in Cuban protected areas support the updating of management plans by inventorying species, detecting threats and designing actions for their conservation. The aim of this research is to characterize the bryoflora present in the Managed Floristic Reserves La Caoba and Charrascales de Mícara, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba. M&M: In the collection of the specimens, suitable habitats for the establishment of the bryophytes were explored following the method of Floristic Habitat Sampling. Specialised literature and databases were consulted in the determination of taxa. All collected material was deposited in the Bryophyta collection of the BSC herbarium. Results: For the Managed Floristic Reserves La Caoba and Charrascales de Mícara 49 infrageneric taxa of hornworts, liverworts and mosses were recorded. The La Caoba reserve was the most diverse (73.5% of the total) and mosses the best represented division (55.1%). The epiphytic substrate is the most diverse and the mesophyll semi-deciduous forest the best represented plant formation (83.3%). All threatened taxa were recorded in the La Caoba Managed Floristic Reserve. Conclusions: In the Managed Floristic Reserves La Caoba and Charrascales de Mícara the bryoflora is characterised by the presence of taxa with a wide ecological plasticity and geographical distribution. The conditions present in the Charrascales de Mícara reserve limit the development of bryophytes. The bryological diversity in La Caoba is threatened by habitat fragmentation due to landscape alterations.

Resumen Introducción y Objetivos: Los inventarios briológicos en los espacios protegidos cubanos apoyan la actualización de los planes de manejos al inventariar las especies, detectar sus amenazas y diseñar acciones para su conservación. El objetivo de esta investigación es caracterizar la brioflora presente en las Reservas Florísticas Manejadas La Caoba y Charrascales de Mícara, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba. M&M: En la recolecta de los especímenes se exploraron los hábitats adecuados para la instalación de los briófitos siguiendo el método del Muestro Florístico del Hábitat. En la determinación de los taxones se consultó la bibliografía especializada y las bases de datos. Todo el material colectado fue depositado en la colección Bryophyta del herbario BSC. Resultados: Se registraron para las Reservas Florísticas Manejadas La Caoba y Charrascales de Mícara 49 taxones infragenéricos de antocerotas, hepáticas y musgos. La reserva La Caoba fue la más diversa (73,5% del total) y los musgos la división mejor representada (55,1%). El sustrato epífito es el más diverso y el Bosque semideciduo mesófilo la formación vegetal mejor representada (83,3%). La totalidad de los taxones amenazados se registraron en la Reserva Florística Manejada La Caoba. Conclusiones: En las Reservas Florísticas Manejadas La Caoba y Charrascales de Mícara la brioflora se caracteriza por la presencia de taxones de amplia plasticidad ecológica y distribución geográfica. Las condiciones presentes en la reserva Charrascales de Mícara limitan el desarrollo de los briófitos. La diversidad briológica en La Caoba está amenazada por la fragmentación del hábitat debido a las alteraciones del paisaje.

Abstract Urban ecosystems could jeopardize the existence of vascular epiphytes (VE) given that their occurrence is linked to phorophyte availability and particular climatic conditions. Despite reports of VE in cities, nothing is known about their demography. A first step in this direction is to describe their population structures (PS). We established the PS of VE present in urban parks in Oaxaca City (Mexico), addressing the following questions: 1) what is their demographic status? and 2) are there differences in the structure of populations growing in native versus exotic phorophytes? During 2021, we censused all the trees in six urban parks, recording their origin (native or exotic), the epiphytic species found on them and the development stages present in each VE population. Overall, five VE species were documented: Tillandsia ionantha, T. makoyana, T. sp., T. schiedeana and T. recurvata (Bromeliaceae); the first three with only one individual and the latter two with 95 and 5,694, respectively. A MANOVA test indicated significant differences in PS between T. recurvata (type I structure, suggesting a growing population) and T. schiedeana (type III structure, suggesting a senile population) (Wilkes' λ= 0.821, F-Radio= 11.96 P<0.001). PS showed no differences related to tree origin. Our results indicate that it is necessary to conduct demographic studies to have a more accurate idea of the current condition of vascular epiphytes in cities. For instance, even though we found five VS species, only one of them seems to have viable populations in Oaxaca city. (VE conditions cities demography PS. . (PS) Mexico, Mexico , (Mexico) questions 1 status 2 phorophytes 2021 exotic, exotic) Overall documented ionantha T makoyana sp sp. Bromeliaceae (Bromeliaceae) 9 5694 5 694 5,694 respectively type Wilkes (Wilkes λ 0821 0 821 0.821 FRadio= FRadio F Radio= Radio F-Radio 1196 11 96 11.9 P<0.001. P0001 P P<0.001 001 P<0.001) instance city (PS (Mexico 202 (Bromeliaceae 569 69 5,69 082 82 0.82 119 11. P000 P<0.00 00 20 56 6 5,6 08 8 0.8 P00 P<0.0 5, 0. P0 P<0. P<0 P<

Resumo Ecossistemas urbanos podem comprometer a existência de epífitas vasculares (EV), dado que sua ocorrência está ligada à disponibilidade de forófitos e condições climáticas particulares. Apesar dos relatos de EV nas cidades, nada se sabe sobre sua demografia. Um primeiro passo nessa direção é descrever suas estruturas populacionais (PS). Estabelecemos o PS dos EV presentes nos parques urbanos da cidade de Oaxaca (Mexico), abordando as seguintes questões: 1) qual é a sua situação demográfica? e 2) existem diferenças na estrutura das populações crescendo em forófitos nativos versus exóticos? Durante o ano de 2021, realizamos o censo de todas as árvores em seis parques urbanos, registrando sua origem (nativa ou exótica), as espécies epífitas encontradas nelas e os estágios de desenvolvimento presentes em cada população de EV. Ao todo, cinco espécies de EV foram documentadas: Tillandsia ionantha, T. makoyana, T. sp, T. recurvata e T. schiedeana; as três primeiras com apenas um indivíduo e as duas últimas com 5.694 e 95, respectivamente. Um teste MANOVA indicou diferenças significativas no PS entre T. recurvata (estrutura tipo I, sugerindo uma população crescente) e T. schiedeana (estrutura tipo III, sugerindo uma população senil) (Wilkes' λ= 0,821, F-Radio= 11,96 e P < 0,001). PS não apresentou diferenças relacionadas à origem da árvore. Os resultados do presente trabalho indicam a necessidade de se realizar estudos demográficos para se ter uma ideia mais precisa da condição atual das epífitas vasculares nas cidades. Embora tenhamos encontrado cinco espécies de VS, apenas uma delas parece ter populações viáveis na cidade de Oaxaca. EV, , (EV) particulares cidades demografia PS. . (PS) Mexico, Mexico (Mexico) questões 1 demográfica 2 exóticos 2021 nativa exótica, exótica exótica) todo documentadas ionantha T makoyana sp 5694 5 694 5.69 95 respectivamente I crescente III senil Wilkes (Wilkes λ 0821 0 821 0,821 FRadio= FRadio F Radio= Radio F-Radio 1196 11 96 11,9 0,001. 0001 0,001 001 0,001) árvore VS (EV (PS (Mexico 202 569 69 5.6 9 082 82 0,82 119 11, 000 0,00 00 20 56 6 5. 08 8 0,8 0,0 0,

Abstract We present a key to identify and an annotated list of lycophytes and ferns of the Immediate Geographical Region of São Luís, Maranhão State, which has ecotonal characteristics of Amazonian Forest, Cerrado, and Coastal Vegetation. Specimens were collected monthly between April 2020 and September 2022 in the 13 municipalities of this region. A total of 64 species were identified, including 61 species of ferns, in 18 families and 38 genera, and three species of lycophytes, in two genera and one family. The most representative families were Pteridaceae (18 species) and Polypodiaceae (nine species). The most recorded substrate of occurrence was terrestrial with 35 species (54.6%), followed by epiphytic with 15 species (23.4%), aquatic with four species (6.2%), rupicolous with three species (4.6%), and hemiepiphytic with two species (3.1%). Five species (7.8%) had more than one life form. This study expands the knowledge about the geographic distribution of fern and lycophyte species in the central region of Northern Maranhão, in Northeastern Brazil, which until now had several sampling gaps. Maranhão has a diversity that is still poorly reported and known compared to other states in South and Southeast Brazil. Therefore, floristic surveys are essential to increase what is known about the flora, especially in areas under anthropic pressure and places with few collections, such as the ecotonal areas in Maranhão. Luís State Forest Cerrado Vegetation 202 1 6 identified 3 family (1 nine species. . 54.6%, 546 54.6% , 54 (54.6%) 23.4%, 234 23.4% 23 4 (23.4%) 6.2%, 62 6.2% 2 (6.2%) 4.6%, 46 4.6% (4.6%) 3.1%. 31 3.1% (3.1%) 7.8% 78 7 8 (7.8% form Brazil gaps Therefore flora collections 20 ( 54.6 5 (54.6% 23.4 (23.4% 6.2 (6.2% 4.6 (4.6% 3.1 (3.1% 7.8 (7.8 54. (54.6 23. (23.4 6. (6.2 4. (4.6 3. (3.1 7. (7. (54. (23. (6. (4. (3. (7 (54 (23 (6 (4 (3 (5 (2

Resumo Apresentamos uma chave para a identificação e uma lista com detalhes das licófitas e samambaias da Região Geográfica Imediata de São Luís, Estado do Maranhão, que possui características ecotonais da Floresta Amazônica, Cerrado e Vegetação Litorânea. Os dados foram coletados mensalmente entre abril de 2020 e setembro de 2022 nos 13 municípios dessa região. Foram identificadas 64 espécies, incluindo 61 espécies de samambaias, em 18 famílias e 38 gêneros, e três espécies de licófitas, em dois gêneros e uma família. As famílias mais representativas foram Pteridaceae (18 espécies) e Polypodiaceae (nove espécies). O substrato de ocorrência mais registrado foi o terrestre com 35 espécies (54,6%), seguido do epifítico com 15 espécies (23,4%), aquático com quatro espécies (6,2%), rupícola com três espécies (4,6%) e hemiepifítico com duas espécies (3,1%). Cinco espécies (7,8%) apresentaram mais de uma forma de vida. Este estudo amplia o conhecimento sobre a distribuição geográfica de espécies de samambaias e licófitas na região central do norte do Maranhão, no Nordeste do Brasil, que até então possuía várias lacunas de amostragem. O Maranhão possui uma diversidade ainda pouco relatada e conhecida em comparação com outros estados das regiões Sul e Sudeste do Brasil. Portanto, levantamentos florísticos são essenciais para aumentar o conhecimento sobre a flora, principalmente em áreas sob pressão antrópica e locais com poucas coletas, como as áreas ecotonais do Maranhão. Luís Amazônica Litorânea 202 1 6 3 família (1 nove espécies. . 54,6%, 546 54,6% , 54 (54,6%) 23,4%, 234 23,4% 23 4 (23,4%) 6,2%, 62 6,2% 2 (6,2%) 4,6% 46 (4,6% 3,1%. 31 3,1% (3,1%) 7,8% 78 7 8 (7,8% vida Brasil amostragem Portanto flora coletas 20 ( 54,6 5 (54,6% 23,4 (23,4% 6,2 (6,2% 4,6 (4,6 3,1 (3,1% 7,8 (7,8 54, (54,6 23, (23,4 6, (6,2 4, (4, 3, (3,1 7, (7, (54, (23, (6, (4 (3, (7 (54 (23 (6 (3 (5 (2

Abstract Tillandsia takizawae Ehlers & H. Luther is an epiphytic bromeliad microendemic from Mexico with showy inflorescences with pink bracts that contrast with the green flowers. These attributes give it potential as an ornamental plant. The conservation of the species and commercial use requires efficient propagation systems that avoid the extraction of plants from their natural habitat. The objectives of this contribution were to establish the optimal conditions for in vitro seed germination and plant regeneration by organogenesis. Seeds were stablished in Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) with half the concentration of salts added with benciladenine (BA) and naftalen acetic acid (NAA). In the elongation and rooting of shoots, the gibberellic acid (GA3) and the indol butiric acid (IBA) were evaluated, respectively. In all treatments an average germination of 97% was obtained. The combination of BA and NAA promoted the induction of shoots in recently germinated seedlings. The highest number of shoots per explant was 41.4 with 1 mg L-1 of BA and 0.25 mg L-1 of NAA after 12 weeks of culture. Shoots elongation was achieved in the complete MS medium with 1 mg L-1 of GA3 after eight weeks. The best rooting response was with 1 mg L-1 of IBA, which induced the average formation of 7.7 roots in all shoots at four weeks. In the acclimatization of plants the survival was 95 % after four weeks.

Resumen Tillandsia takizawae Ehlers & H. Luther es una bromelia epífita microendémica de México de inflorescencias vistosas con brácteas de color rosa que contrastan con las flores de color verde. Estos atributos le otorgan potencial como planta ornamental. La conservación de la especie y aprovechamiento comercial requiere de sistemas de propagación eficientes que eviten la extracción de plantas de su hábitat natural. Los objetivos de esta contribución fueron establecer las condiciones óptimas para la germinación in vitro de semillas y la regeneración de plantas por organogénesis. Semillas se sembraron en medio de Murashige y Skoog (MS) con la mitad de concentración de sales adicionado con bencil adenina (BA) y ácido naftalenacético (ANA). Para el alargamiento y enraizamiento de brotes se avaluó el ácido giberélico (AG3) y el ácido indolbutírico (AIB), respectivamente. En todos los tratamientos se obtuvo una germinación promedio de 97%. La combinación de BA y ANA favorecieron la inducción de brotes en las plántulas recién germinadas. La mayor cantidad de brotes por explante fue de 41.4 con 1 mg L-1 de BA y 0.25 mg L-1 de ANA a las 12 semanas de cultivo. El alargamiento de los brotes se logró en el medio MS completo con 1 mg L-1 de AG3 después de ocho semanas. La mejor respuesta de enraizamiento fue con 1 mg L-1 de AIB que indujo la formación promedio de 7.7 raíces en todos los brotes a las cuatro semanas. En la aclimatación de plantas la supervivencia fue de 95 % después de cuatro semanas.

Abstract Epiphytes represent approximately 10% of vascular plants, or 25,000 species distributed across 84 families. Water deficit is the greatest challenge faced by epiphytes, resulting in anatomical strategies aimed at maximizing water usage and minimizing water loss. This study aimed to characterize the leaf blade anatomy of 40 species of vascular epiphytes occurring in a cloud forest of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest and assess how leaf anatomy is related to the epiphytic life form. Samples were collected, fixed, dehydrated with ethanol, and embedded in paraffin for sectioning using a microtome or freehand technique. Some samples were dissociated for epidermal observation. A clustering analysis (using UPGMA) was conducted using a presence/absence matrix of 16 anatomical characters. The results showed that species within this functional group exhibit different leaf blade anatomical characteristics, which may or may not be adaptive to epiphytism. However, despite the occurrence of some characteristics such as stomata at the same level as other epidermal cells, thick cuticle, fibers, hypodermis, and homogeneous chlorophyllous parenchyma in 50% or more of the species, there is no set of anatomical characteristics that can be used to define an epiphyte. 10 plants 25000 25 000 25,00 8 families loss 4 form collected fixed ethanol technique observation UPGMA presenceabsence presence absence 1 characters epiphytism However cells cuticle fibers hypodermis 50 epiphyte 2500 2 00 25,0 5 250 0 25,

Resumo As epífitas representam cerca de 10% das plantas vasculares, ou 25.000 espécies distribuídas em 84 famílias. O déficit hídrico é o maior problema enfrentado pelas epífitas, resultando em estratégias anatômicas que buscam maximizar o uso da água, bem como minimizar sua perda. Este estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar a anatomia da lâmina foliar de 40 espécies de epífitas vasculares que ocorrem em uma mini floresta nebular da Floresta Atlântica brasileira e avaliar se e de que maneira a anatomia foliar está relacionada à forma de vida epífita. As amostras foram coletadas e fixadas, desidratadas com etanol e incluídas em parafina para seccionamento em micrótomo ou à mão livre. Algumas amostras foram dissociadas para observação da epiderme. Uma análise de agrupamento (através do UPGMA) foi realizada usando uma matriz de presença e ausência de 16 caracteres anatômicos. Os resultados mostraram que as espécies deste grupo funcional apresentam diferentes caracteres anatômicos foliares que podem ou não ser adaptativos ao epifitismo. Entretanto, apesar da ocorrência de alguns caracteres como estômatos no mesmo nível das demais células epidérmicas, cutícula espessa, fibras, hipoderme e parênquima clorofiliano homogêneo em 50% ou mais das espécies, não há um conjunto de caracteres anatômicos que possa ser utilizado para definir uma epífita. 10 25000 25 000 25.00 8 famílias água perda 4 epífita fixadas livre epiderme através UPGMA 1 epifitismo Entretanto epidérmicas espessa fibras 50 2500 2 00 25.0 5 250 0 25.

Resumo Este estudo apresenta a sinopse de Orchidaceae no Parque Nacional do Iguaçu (ParNa Iguaçu), um dos maiores remanescentes de Floresta Atlântica no estado do Paraná. Orchidaceae é representada na área por 65 espécies, distribuídas em 41 gêneros, sendo os mais representativos Gomesa (sete spp.) e Acianthera (seis spp.). Representantes de três subfamílias estão presentes: Vanilloideae (duas spp.), Orchidoideae (12 spp.) e Epidendroideae (51 spp.) que, como esperado, apresenta maior riqueza (78% do total). Entre as espécies encontradas, cinco são consideradas endêmicas do Brasil, 23 são endêmicas da Floresta Atlântica (36%) e uma é endêmica do Paraná. Foram encontrados 31 novos registros para a área. As áreas de Floresta Ombrófila Mista (FOM) tiveram 29 espécies exclusivas, as de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual (FES) tiveram 20, enquanto 16 espécies ocorreram em ambas fitofisionomias. Nova ocorrência foi registrada para FOM. Com relação ao hábito, espécies exclusivamente epífitas foram as mais representativas (39 spp.), seguidas de exclusivamente terrícolas (15 spp.), duas trepadeiras e uma micoheterotrófica. Entre as famílias já inventariadas no ParNa Iguaçu, Orchidaceae está entre as mais ricas e os achados no presente estudo reforçam a importância de estudos florísticos para catalogação da flora local. , Iguaçu) Paraná 6 4 gêneros sete spp. spp seis spp.. . presentes spp., 12 (1 51 (5 que esperado 78% 78 (78 total. total total) encontradas Brasil 2 36% 36 (36% 3 FOM (FOM exclusivas FES (FES 20 1 fitofisionomias hábito 39 (3 15 micoheterotrófica local ( 5 7 (7 (36

Abstract This study presents a synopsis of the Orchidaceae species in Iguaçu National Park (ParNa Iguaçu), one of the largest Atlantic Forest remnants in the state of Paraná. Orchidaceae is represented in the area by 65 species, distributed in 41 genera, the most representative being Gomesa (7 spp.) and Acianthera (6 spp.). Representatives of three subfamilies are present: Vanilloideae (2 spp.), Orchidoideae (12 spp.) and Epidendroideae (51 spp.) which, as expected, presents the greatest richness (78% of the total). Among the species found, five are considered endemic to Brazil, 23 are endemic to the Atlantic Forest (36%) and one is endemic to Paraná. Thirty-one new records were found for the area. The areas of Mixed Ombrophilous Forest (MOF) had 29 exclusive species, the Semideciduous Seasonal Forest (SSF) had 20, while 16 species occur in both phytophysiognomies. A new occurrence was recorded for MOF. Regarding habit, exclusively epiphytic was the most representative (39 spp.), followed by exclusively terricolous (15 spp.), two vines and one mycoheterotrophic species. Among the families already inventoried in ParNa Iguaçu, Orchidaceae is among the richest and the findings of the present study reinforce the importance of floristic studies for cataloging the local flora. , Iguaçu) Paraná 6 4 genera 7 ( spp. spp spp.. . 2 spp., 12 (1 51 (5 which expected 78% 78 (78 total. total total) Brazil 36% 36 (36% Thirtyone Thirty MOF (MOF SSF (SSF 20 1 phytophysiognomies habit 39 (3 15 flora 5 3 (36

Abstract The genus Sinningia comprises about 80 species and can be recognized, among Gesneriaceae, by its herbaceous or sometimes subshrubby habit and tuberous, perennial structure at the base of the stem. This work is a taxonomic treatment of Sinningia in the state of Paraná. Descriptions, a dichotomous key, illustrations, and information about the distribution and phenological data on flowering and fruiting are provided. Sinningia is the largest genus of Gesneriaceae in the state of Paraná, where there are 18 species that occur mainly in rainforest, grasslands or Cerrado and are rupicolous, terrestrial, or epiphytic plants. 8 recognized tuberous stem Paraná Descriptions key illustrations provided 1 rainforest rupicolous terrestrial plants

Resumo O gênero Sinningia compreende cerca de 80 espécies e é reconhecido, dentre as Gesneriaceae, pelo hábito herbáceo ou às vezes subarbustivo, e uma estrutura tuberosa, perene na base do caule. Neste trabalho, apresentamos o tratamento taxonômico de Sinningia para o estado do Paraná, com descrições das espécies, chave dicotômica, distribuição, ilustrações e dados fenológicos de florescimento e frutificação. Sinningia é o maior gênero de Gesneriaceae no estado do Paraná, com 18 espécies ocorrendo principalmente em áreas de Floresta Ombrófila Densa e Mista, Campo ou Cerrado, como plantas rupícolas, terrestres, ou epifíticas. 8 reconhecido subarbustivo tuberosa caule trabalho Paraná dicotômica distribuição frutificação 1 Mista Cerrado rupícolas terrestres epifíticas

Resumo O presente estudo compreende o levantamento florístico das angiospermas da Reserva Ecológica Olho d’Água das Onças (REODO), Picuí, semiárido da Paraíba, Brasil, objetivando fornecer a base para projetos conservacionistas na área. Foram realizadas 15 incursões durante o período de agosto de 2022 e abril de 2024, seguindo os métodos usuais de coleta e herborização de material botânico. A coleção obtida foi incorporada ao Herbário Manuel de Arruda Câmara (HACAM), pertencente à Universidade Estadual da Paraíba (UEPB), Campus I. Verificaram-se as conexões da flora da área estudada com outras áreas do semiárido paraibano por meio de uma análise de similaridade com base no índice de Jaccard, considerando outros 15 estudos florísticos. Nós encontramos 250 espécies distribuídas em 168 gêneros e 50 famílias de angiospermas pertencentes aos hábitos: herbáceo (74 spp.), subarbustivo (60 spp.), arbustivo (48 spp.), trepador (45 spp.), arbóreo (17 spp.), epifítico (3 spp.) e parasita (3 spp.). As famílias mais representativas foram: Fabaceae (38 spp.), Euphorbiaceae (24 spp.), Convolvulaceae (19 spp.), Malvaceae (18 spp.), Asteraceae (11 spp.) e Poaceae (11 spp.), e dentre os gêneros, Ipomoea L. (8 spp.), Croton L. (7 spp.), Sida L. (7 spp.), Chamaecrista (L.) Moench (6 spp.) e Mimosa L. (5 spp.) foram os mais numerosos. Heteropterys arcuata C. Pessoa & Amorim (Malpighiaceae) e Solanum fernandesii V.S. Samp. & R. Moura (Solanaceae) são registradas pela primeira vez para o Estado da Paraíba, e Urvillea stipitata Radlk (Sapindaceae) é um novo registro para a Caatinga. A análise de similaridade evidenciou que a flora da REODO é mais similar às das áreas protegidas no Estado da Paraíba, demonstrando a importância do seu reconhecimento como área prioritária para a conservação. Em suma, evidenciamos que a área de estudo apresenta uma expressiva riqueza florística especialmente no contexto da Caatinga, contando com 30 espécies endêmicas deste domínio. dÁgua d Água REODO, , (REODO) Picuí Brasil 1 202 2024 botânico HACAM, HACAM (HACAM) UEPB, UEPB (UEPB) I Verificaramse Verificaram se Jaccard florísticos 25 16 5 hábitos 74 spp., spp spp. 60 48 (4 45 17 (1 3 ( spp.. . 38 24 (2 19 18 11 L 8 7 (L. 6 numerosos C Malpighiaceae (Malpighiaceae VS V S V.S Samp R Solanaceae (Solanaceae Sapindaceae (Sapindaceae Caatinga conservação suma domínio (REODO 20 (HACAM (UEPB 2 4 (L

Abstract We present here a floristic survey of the angiosperms found in the Reserva Ecológica Olho d’Água das Onças (REODO) in the semiarid region of Paraíba State, Brazil, to provide a basis for proactive conservation projects there. Fifteen excursions were carried out between August/2022 and April/2024 employing traditional methods of collecting and herborization of botanical material. The collections obtained were incorporated into the Manuel de Arruda Câmara Herbarium (HACAM) at the State University of Paraíba (UEPB), Campus I. We examined the floristic relationships between the study area and 15 other floristic surveys throughout the semiarid region of Paraíba State using a similarity analysis based on the Jaccard index. Two hundred and fifty species distributed among 168 genera and 50 families of angiosperms were identified with the following growth forms: herbaceous (74 spp.), subshrub (60 spp.), shrub (48 spp.), climber (45 spp.), arboreal (17 spp.), epiphytic (3 spp.), and parasitic (3 spp.). The most representative families were Fabaceae (38 spp.), Euphorbiaceae (24 spp.), Convolvulaceae (19 spp.), Malvaceae (18 spp.), Asteraceae (11 spp.), and Poaceae (11 spp.). The most representative genera were Ipomoea L. (8 spp.), Croton L. (7 spp.), Sida L. (7 spp.), Chamaecrista (L.) Moench (6 spp.), and Mimosa L. (5 spp.). Heteropterys arcuata C. Pessoa & Amorim (Malpighiaceae) and Solanum fernandesii V.S. Samp. & R. Moura (Solanaceae) were recorded for the first time in Paraíba State; Urvillea stipitata Radlk (Sapindaceae) represents a new record for the Caatinga. Similarity analysis revealed that the flora of REODO is more closely related to that of protected areas throughout the semiarid region of Paraíba State, underscoring its conservation priority. The study area was therefore found to contain significant floristic richness, especially within the context of the Caatinga, with 30 species endemics to this domain. dÁgua d Água (REODO Brazil there August2022 August 2022 August/202 April2024 April 2024 April/202 material HACAM (HACAM UEPB, UEPB , (UEPB) I 1 index 16 5 forms 74 spp., spp spp. spp.) 60 48 (4 45 17 (1 3 ( spp.. . 38 24 (2 19 18 11 L 8 7 (L. 6 C Malpighiaceae (Malpighiaceae VS V S V.S Samp R Solanaceae (Solanaceae Sapindaceae (Sapindaceae Caatinga priority richness domain August202 202 August/20 April202 April/20 (UEPB 4 2 (L August20 20 August/2 April20 April/2 August2 August/ April2 April/

Resumen (Introducción): Las epífitas representan hasta el 10 % de la diversidad mundial y hasta un 30 % de la diversidad de plantas en los bosques andinos, con las familias Orchidaceae, Bromeliaceae, Araceae y Gesneriaceae como las más importantes. Sus formas, colores y tamaños, así como su interacción con aves, insectos y otros invertebrados, han cautivado a especialistas, así como también a un amplio público en todo el mundo. El turismo de naturaleza se consolida en lugares que ofrecen experiencias únicas, y es un sector creciente de la economía en varios países tropicales. Las plantas epífitas se encuentran dentro de los atractivos locales con mayor potencial de avistamiento en los trópicos. (Objetivo): Presentar una metodología para documentar epífitas en fincas, reservas naturales y áreas protegidas, cuyo propósito sea mejorar la información biológica acerca de ellas, facilitar la guianza y ampliar la experiencia de los visitantes. (Metodología): Con base en años de práctica en el campo, se han adaptado algunos métodos y se han propuesto otros nuevos para mejorar la experiencia de los visitantes, con un enfoque de turismo de naturaleza. (Resultados): Se proponen cinco métodos: (transectos semidetallados, estaciones de observación, recorridos libres, árboles caídos y parcelas permanentes), y un método de conservación in situ (colección viva) para completar la caracterización. Igualmente, se presenta un análisis de las bondades, tiempos, costos y prioridades de cada uno. (Conclusiones): Estos métodos, junto con la edición de guías ilustradas de la flora y la capacitación del recurso humano local, constituyen los ejes centrales para el turismo de naturaleza, el empoderamiento comunitario y el fortalecimiento de los procesos de conservación.

Abstract (Introduction): Epiphytes represent up to 10 % of global diversity and up to 30 % of Andean forests. Orchidaceae, Bromeliaceae, Araceae and Gesneriaceae are among the most important. Their shapes, colors, and sizes, as well as their interaction with insects, birds and invertebrates have captivated specialists, but also a wide audience around the world. Nature tourism is consolidated in places that offer unique experiences and is a growing economic sector in several tropical countries. Epiphytic plants are among the local attractions with the greatest potential for sightings in the tropics. (Objective): To present a methodology to document epiphytes on farms, natural reserves, and protected areas, to improve biological information about them, facilitate guidance, and broaden the visitor experience. (Methodology): Several years of field work have allowed us to adapt some methods and propose new ones to strengthen the experience of visitors with a focus on nature tourism. (Results): Five methods are proposed (semi-detailed transects, sighting stations, ad libitum trails, fallen trees and permanent plots), and a in situ conservation method (living collection) to complete the characterization. Likewise, an analysis of the benefits, times, costs, and priorities of each one is presented. (Conclusions): These methods, along with illustrated flora guides and trained local human resources, constitute the central axes for nature tourism, community empowerment and the strengthening of the conservation processes.

Resumen Introducción: Cattleya crispa es una orquídea epífita ornamental con distribución geográfica restringida a la Mata Atlántica brasileña. Debido al extractivismo depredador y a la pérdida de hábitat inducida por el hombre, esta especie aparece en la Lista Roja de la Flora Brasileña. Objetivo: Caracterizar aspectos morfoanatómicos de la germinación y desarrollo inicial de semillas de C. crispa; así como estudiar el efecto de la criopreservación de estas semillas. Métodos: Utilizamos microscopía óptica, microscopía electrónica de barrido y microscopía electrónica de transmisión para describir la microestructura en 100 semillas maduras. Evaluamos la viabilidad de la semilla, la germinación de la semilla, la tasa de supervivencia y el peso de los protocormos en el material criopreservado y no criopreservado, con cuatro réplicas por tratamiento de 20 mg de material vegetal. Resultados: Las semillas son fusiformes, amarillo blanquecinas, con una longitud de 700 a 900 µm y un contenido de agua del 5 %. La germinación comenzó siete días después de la siembra, la formación del protocormo globular a los 30 días y la formación de la plántula a los 150 días. La cubierta de semilla persistente puede comprimir el protocormo y provocar su colapso. Las semillas criopreservadas presentaron 87.15 % de viabilidad, 78.32 % de germinación, 8.48 % de supervivencia y protocormos con 104.27 mg a los cinco meses de la siembra. Los datos no fueron diferentes a las semillas no criopreservadas. Conclusiones: La capacidad criogénica de las semillas muestra que la crioconservación puede utilizarse para la conservación a largo plazo. Los resultados de este trabajo contribuyen a la biología general de C. crispa y a la propagación y almacenamiento de material genético con fines de conservación.

Abstract Introduction: Cattleya crispa is an ornamental epiphytic orchid with geographic distribution restricted to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Due to predatory extractivism and human-induced habitat loss, this species appears on the Red List of Brazilian Flora. Objective: To characterize morpho-anatomical aspects regarding germination and post-seminal development from C. crispa seeds; as well as studying the effect of cryopreservation on these seeds. Methods: We used light microscopy and electron microscopy to describe the microstructure of a 100 ripe seeds. We evaluated seed viability, seed germination, survival rate and protocorm weight in cryopreserved and non-cryopreserved material, with four replicas per treatment using 20 mg of plant material. Results: The seeds are fusiform, whitish yellow with a length from 700 to 900 µm and a water content of 5 %. Germination began seven days after sowing, the formation of the globular protocorm at 30 days and the formation of the seedling occurred 150 days. The persistent seed coat can compress the protocorm and cause it to collapse. The cryopreserved seeds presented 87.15 % viability, 78.32 % germination, 8.48 % survival and protocorms with 104.27 mg five months after sowing. Data wasn't different to non-cryopreserved seeds. Conclusions: The cryocapability of the seeds shows that cryopreservation can be used for long-term conservation. The results of this work contribute to the overall biology of C. crispa and to the propagation and storage of genetic material for conservation purposes.

Resumen: Antecedentes: La reproducción asexual en briofitas puede ser afectada por la lluvia y características de sus colonias. Preguntas y / o Hipótesis: Se investigó i) cómo difiere la producción de yemas en dos musgos epífitos tropicales con estrategias reproductivas diferentes; ii) cómo es el patrón de producción de yemas en un año; iii) si la lluvia y las características de las colonias (densidad de tallos, número de tallos gemíferos y estructuras sexuales) están correlacionadas con la producción de yemas por tallo y área (cm2). Especies de estudio / Descripción de datos / Modelo matemático: Calymperes afzelii Sw. y Syrrhopodon incompletus Schwägr. Sitio y años de estudio: El muestreo fue realizado cada dos meses durante un año en el Parque Estatal Agua Blanca, Tabasco, Mexico. Métodos: Se registraron las yemas por tallo y cm2, el número de tallos gemíferos y con estructuras sexuales. Los valores de precipitación fueron obtenidos de una estación meteorológica. Se analizaron los efectos de la lluvia y las características de las colonias sobre la producción de yemas por tallo y cm2 usando modelos lineares generalizados. Resultados: C. afzelii produjo yemas más constantemente que S. incompletus. La producción de yemas fue mayor durante los meses con alta precipitación. La lluvia y los tallos gemíferos son estimadores adecuados de la production de yemas. Conclusiones: Los resultados ejemplifican cómo la producción de propágulos asexuales difiere en dos musgos con diferentes estrategias reproductivas en un ambiente tropical. Esta información es esencial para comprender la dinámica de poblaciones de musgos tropicales.

Abstract Background: For some bryophytes, asexual reproduction may be the primary means of population survival, which can be affected by rainfall and moss colony features. Questions and / or Hypotheses: We investigated i) how gemma output differed in two tropical epiphytic mosses with mainly asexual and sexual-asexual reproduction; ii) how is the pattern of gemma production through an annual interval; and iii) whether gemma production in both species is correlated with rainfall and colony features (shoot density, number of gemmiferous shoots, and sexual structures) per shoot and area (cm2). Studied species / data description /Mathematical model: Calymperes afzelii Sw. and Syrrhopodon incompletus Schwägr. Study site and dates: The sampling was conducted every two months for a year at Agua Blanca State Park in Tabasco, Mexico. Methods: Squares were used to record the gemma production per shoot and cm2, the number of gemmiferous shoots, and shoots with sexual structures. Daily mean precipitation was obtained from a meteorological station. We analysed the effect of rainfall and colony features on gemmae production at the shoot and cm2 levels using generalized linear models. Results: C. afzelii produced gemmae more constantly than S. incompletus. Gemma production is higher during months of high rainfall. The rainfall and number of gemmiferous shoots are suitable predictors of gemma production. Conclusions: Our results exemplify how rainfall and gemmiferous shoots influence the production of asexual propagules in two mosses with different reproductive strategies in the same tropical environment. This information is essential to understand the population dynamics of tropical mosses.

Abstract: Background: Lichen diversity in the Mexican state of Aguascalientes has historically been neglected. Lichen species in all vegetation types, except for the arid zones, remain underexplored. Hypotheses: Lichenized fungi richness reported for Aguascalientes will increase due to exploration and collecting activities in vegetation types other than xerophilous scrubs. This will allow finding species of interest for conservation purposes, including Mexican endemics and/or threatened taxa. Data description: Lichenized fungi, vegetation types, substrates. Study site and dates: Mexican state of Aguascalientes, 2018 to 2021. Methods: Revision and taxonomic identification of lichenized fungi specimens deposited at the HUAA herbarium. Once the endemic species were detected, the Extent of Occurrence (EOO) and the Area of Occupancy (AOO) were calculated to assess their conservation status according to the IUCN Red List. Results: 162 new records were found for Aguascalientes. Chrysothrix insulizans R.C. Harris & Ladd, Hertelidea botryosa (Fr.) Kantvilas & Printzen, and Sarcogyne novomexicana H. Mag., were new records for the country. The epiphytic substrate and the foliose growth form were dominant. Parmotrema acutatum had an EOO = 192,141 km2, while Phaeophyscia sonorae had a EOO = 18,285 km2. Conclusions: The number of lichenized fungi species recorded for Aguascalientes increased to 218. We suggest publication of Parmotrema acutatum Kurok. as Least Concern (LC) and Phaeophyscia sonorae Essl. as Vulnerable (VU) in the IUCN Red List.

Resumen Antecedentes: La diversidad liquénica en el estado de Aguascalientes ha sido históricamente desatendida. Excepto por las investigaciones efectuadas en sus zonas áridas, los demás tipos de vegetación permanecen inexplorados. Hipótesis: La riqueza de hongos liquenizados registrados para el estado de Aguascalientes aumentará con la exploración y colecta en los tipos de vegetación presentes en el estado. Con esto, se encontrarán especies de interés para la conservación de los ecosistemas, incluyendo especies endémicas de México y/o amenazadas. Descripción de datos: Hongos liquenizados, tipos de vegetación, sustratos. Sitio y años de estudio: Estado de Aguascalientes, 2018 a 2021. Métodos: Revisión e identificación taxonómica de la colección de hongos liquenizados del herbario HUAA. Una vez detectadas las especies endémicas, se calcularon la Extensión de Ocurrencia (EOO) y el Área de ocupación (AOO) para evaluar el estado de conservación según la Lista Roja de la UICN. Resultados: Se presentaron 162 registros nuevos para el estado de Aguascalientes. Chrysothrix insulizans R.C. Harris & Ladd, Hertelidea botryosa (Fr.) Kantvilas & Printzen y Sarcogyne novomexicana H. Magn., fueron registros nuevos para el país. Los líquenes epífitos y la forma de crecimiento foliosa fueron dominantes. Parmotrema acutatum ocupó un EOO = 192,141 km2, mientras Phaeophyscia sonorae resultó en EOO = 18,285 km2. Conclusiones: El número de especies de hongos liquenizados para el estado de Aguascalientes asciende a 218. Se sugiere la publicación en la Lista Roja de la UICN para Parmotrema acutatum Kurok. en la categoría de Menor Preocupación (LC) y Phaeophyscia sonorae Essl. como Vulnerable (VU).

Abstract This paper provides a comprehensive account of the orchid diversity in the Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Tiger Reserve (BRTTR), Karnataka, India. A total of 97 orchid species belonging to 33 genera were documented. This includes 50 terrestrial and 47 epiphytic orchids, including one mycoheterotrophic orchid, Epipogium roseum, and a climbing leafless Vanilla walkerae. Additionally, 39 endemic orchids were documented during the study. The evergreen forests provide the most habitable conditions for the orchids in BRTTR. The present study adds 26 species to the orchid flora of BRTTR. About 49% of the orchid flora of Karnataka state and 32% of orchids of Western Ghats is found in BRTTR, making this area a microcenter for orchid diversity.