Abstract (Introduction): The search for techniques and methods for managing sludge generated during wastewater treatment is necessary to ensure sustainable sanitation in the medium term in Latin America. An interesting approach involves converting sludge into a biosolid usable in agriculture through alkaline sanitization. (Objective): We evaluated this technique’s efficacy and economic and environmental viability for obtaining an agriculturally usable type A biosolid from municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) sludge. (Methodology): To this end, the efficacy in reducing microbiological parameters was experimentally tested at the laboratory scale using quicklime, for anaerobic and aerobic WWTP sludge. The experimental results fed a benefit/cost analysis model and a life cycle assessment. (Results): It was confirmed that applying a 40 % lime dose allowed the obtention of a type A biosolid with non-detectable concentrations of pathogenic microorganisms, which remained in that condition for more than 30 days. Additionally, the benefit/cost and life cycle analyses concluded that this option would be more attractive than sludge disposal in a landfill, due to the corresponding savings in chemical compounds (fertilizers, agricultural lime). (Conclusions): Therefore, alkaline sanitization can be considered suitable for WWTP sludge management. Its application on a larger scale should be further investigated in the country and the Latin-American region, considering the risk associated to the presence of heavy metals too.

Resumen (Introducción): La búsqueda de técnicas y modelos de gestión del lodo generado durante el tratamiento de las aguas residuales es necesaria para garantizar un saneamiento sostenible a mediano plazo en América Latina. Una vía interesante consiste en convertir el lodo en un biosólido aprovechable en la agricultura por medio de la higienización alcalina. (Objetivo): Se evaluó la eficacia y la viabilidad económica y ambiental de esta técnica para la obtención de un biosólido tipo A aprovechable en la agricultura a partir de lodo de planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales (PTAR) ordinaria. (Metodología): Para ello se probó experimentalmente en escala de laboratorio la eficacia en el decaimiento de parámetros microbiológicos higienizados con cal viva, usando lodo anaeróbico y aeróbico de PTAR. Los resultados experimentales alimentaron un modelo de análisis de beneficio/costo y de ciclo de vida. (Resultados): Pudo corroborarse que la aplicación de dosis de cal de 40 % permitió obtener un biosólido tipo A con concentraciones de microorganismos patógenos no detectables, lo cual se mantuvo en esa condición por más de 30 días. Además, el análisis de beneficio/costo y de ciclo de vida permitieron concluir que esta opción sería más atractiva que la disposición del lodo en un relleno sanitario, debido al ahorro correspondiente en compuestos químicos (fertilizantes o cal agrícola) derivado de su aprovechamiento. (Conclusiones): Por lo tanto, la técnica de higienización alcalina puede considerarse como adecuada para la gestión del lodo de PTAR y su aplicación a mayor escala debe investigarse en mayor detalle en el país y la región latinoamericana, considerando también el riesgo de presencia de metales pesados en este subproducto.

Resumen Durante las últimas décadas en Puno, Perú, la problemática de la contaminación se fue agudizando por la acción combinada del crecimiento desordenado de la población urbana, gestión deficiente de residuos sólidos, descarga de aguas servidas sin tratamiento en la bahía del lago Titicaca y prácticas de sanidad e higiene inadecuadas; situaciones que afectan severamente el ambiente y la salud humana. El objetivo del estudio fue caracterizar las actitudes y comportamientos proambientales de la población de la ciudad de Puno en relación al saneamiento, la contaminación y la gestión ambiental. La investigación es no experimental, cuantitativa, trans¬versal, descriptiva, correlacional y nivel de análisis micro. El universo de estudio fue la población mayor de 18 años del área urbana, que comprende 97.264 habitantes; la muestra, deter¬minada al azar simple, fue de 382 personas. Se aplicó un cuestionario estructurado. El análisis descriptivo, inferencial y prueba de hipótesis se realizó con el software estadístico SPSS. Los resultados señalan que las actitudes ambientales de la mayoría de la población son positivas respecto a factores y fuentes de contaminación y efectos en la salud humana; contrariamente, las prácticas ambientales son inadecuadas en gestión ambiental en el hogar y condiciones de sanidad e higiene en la vivienda. Se concluye, que la mejora sostenible de actitudes y comportamientos proambientales, demanda de una nueva política pública de educación ambiental, cuya implementación incorpore la participación efectiva de la sociedad civil con base a un sistema de incentivos.

Abstract During the last decades in Puno, Peru, the problem of contamination has worsened due to the combined action of the disorderly growth of the urban population, poor management of solid waste, discharge of untreated sewage into the bay of Lake Titicaca and practices of inadequate sanitation and hygiene, severely affecting the environment and human health. The objective of the study was to characterize the pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors of the city’s population of Puno in relation to sanitation, pollution and environmental management. The research is nonexperimental, quantitative, cross-sectional, descriptive, correlational and micro level of analysis. The universe of study was the population over 18 years of age in the urban area, which comprises 97,264 inhabitants; the sample, determined at simple random, was 382 people. A structured questionnaire was applied. Descriptive and inferential analysis and hypothesis testing were performed with SPSS statistical software. The results indicate that the environmental attitudes of the majority of the population are positive regarding factors and sources of pollution and effects on human health. On the contrary, environmental practices are inadequate in environmental management in the home and health and hygiene conditions in the home. It is concluded that the sustainable improvement of pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors demands a new public policy of environmental education, whose implementation incorporates the effective participation of civil society based on an incentive system.

RESUMEN Esta reflexión emerge de un proyecto educativo orientado a mejorar algunos aspectos relacionados con el acceso y manejo del agua en tres barrios informales. El objetivo es reflexionar acerca de las nociones de territorio que se construyen en el contexto de proyectos educativos en comunidades que habitan barrios informales. El proyecto inició con la conformación de un grupo de participantes quienes realizaron la cartografía social de sus barrios para identificar aspectos críticos sobre agua y saneamiento. La validación de los mapas y los recorridos por cada sector aportaron elementos para los talleres relacionados con acceso, manejo, cuidado y derecho al agua, que posteriormente fueron multiplicados en cada comunidad. Este proceso permitió reconocer situaciones relacionadas con la negación del derecho al agua, el malestar, la tensión entre ilegalidad e informalidad, las maneras en que las comunidades resuelven sus necesidades y las relaciones que establecen con su territorio, en medio de grandes inequidades. En conclusión, existe una relación profunda entre salud y territorio, que se hace más evidente en comunidades en condiciones críticas. Los proyectos de educación para la salud requieren hacer un trabajo situado y establecer una mirada interdisciplinaria, que reconozca la complejidad e interdependencia de las dinámicas sociales y ambientales. informales saneamiento comunidad malestar informalidad inequidades conclusión críticas interdisciplinaria ambientales

ABSTRACT This reflection derives from an educational project focused on raising awareness about some aspects related to the access and management of water in three disadvantaged neighborhoods. The objective is to reflect on the notions of territory build in the context of educational projects in communities inhabiting disadvantaged neighborhoods. The project began with the formation of a group of participants who carried out social mapping of their neighborhoods to identify critical aspects of water and sanitation. Map validation and the paths followed in each sector provided the input to design the workshops, related to access, management, care and the right to water, which were subsequently multiplied in each community. This process allowed us to understand the situations derived from the denial of access to water, discomfort, and tension between illegality and informality as the modes people in these communities have chosen to address their needs, and the relationships they establish with their territory in the midst of huge inequalities. In conclusion, there is a deep relationship between health and territory which is blatant in communities that face critical life conditions. The projects on health education require situated work and to define an interdisciplinary perspective that acknowledges the complexity and interdependence of social and environmental dynamics. sanitation workshops community discomfort needs inequalities conclusion conditions dynamics

ABSTRACT The Yunguyo coastline has been subject to a growing process of severe contamination as a result of anthropic action. The study analyzes the pro-environmental concerns and behaviors of the Yunguyo population regarding environmental management, coastal pollution and effects on human health. The research design is non-experimental, transversal; the approach is quantitative, of a descriptive and correlational nature, level of micro analysis and socio-environmental dimension. The study population comprises 17,343 people over 18 years of age; the sample determined at simple random was 332 heads of family. The data collection technique is the survey through a structured questionnaire. Results: The environmental concerns of the majority of the population are positive regarding sanitation, sources of contamination of the coastal coastline and negative effects on human health. The pro-environmental behaviors of the majority of the urban population of Yunguyo are adequate in environmental management, sanitation and hygiene conditions at home, and access to public social services. Conclusion: There is a relationship between concerns and pro-environmental behaviors of the population regarding environmental management and contamination of the coastal coastline.

RESUMEN El litoral costero de Yunguyo viene siendo objeto de un proceso creciente de contaminación severa producto de la acción antrópica. El estudio analiza las preocupaciones y comportamientos proambientales de la población de Yunguyo sobre gestión ambiental, contaminación del litoral costero y efectos en la salud humana. El diseño de investigación es no experimental, transversal; el enfoque es cuantitativo, de carácter descriptivo y correlacional, nivel de análisis micro y dimensión socioambiental. La población del estudio comprende 17 343 personas mayores de 18 años; la muestra determinada al azar simple fue de 332 jefes de familia. La técnica de recolección de datos es la encuesta a través de un cuestionario estructurado. Resultados: Las preocupaciones ambientales de la mayoría de la población son positivas respecto a saneamiento, fuentes de contaminación del litoral costero y efectos negativos en la salud humana. Los comportamientos proambientales de la mayoría de la población urbana de Yunguyo son adecuados en gestión ambiental, condiciones de sanidad e higiene en el hogar y acceso a servicios sociales públicos. Conclusión: Existe relación entre preocupaciones y comportamientos proambientales de la población respecto a gestión ambiental y contaminación del litoral costero.

Resumo O estabelecimento definitivo do Aedes aegypti nas Américas está associado às mudanças ambientais, urbanização desorganizada, ausência de água e saneamento básico e deslocamentos populacionais, definindo, assim, a trajetória da doença. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a distribuição espacial dos casos suspeitos de dengue e a relação com indicadores socioeconômicos no município de São Carlos-SP. Trata-se de estudo ecológico, realizado nesse município, em que foram utilizados dados secundários do Sistema de Informação sobre Agravos de Notificação no período de 2016 a 2017 e do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística do Censo Demográfico de 2010. Os dados foram analisados por meio da Análise de Componentes Principais pelo software Statistica 12.0 e os mapas temáticos foram gerados pelo software Arcgis versão 10.5. Os resultados mostraram elevadas taxas de casos suspeitos de dengue em áreas de ponderação com condições sociais adequadas e taxas reduzidas em áreas de ponderação com iniquidades sociais. Concluiu-se que o perfil de casos suspeitos por dengue na população de São Carlos não está relacionado a baixos indicadores socioeconômicos, uma vez que a dinâmica e a mobilidade populacional relacionadas ao elevado fluxo de universitários podem influenciar no padrão de distribuição espacial da doença.

Abstract The definitive establishment of Aedes aegypti in the Americas is associated with environmental changes, disorganized urbanization, lack of water and basic sanitation and population displacement, thus defining the trajectory of the disease. The aim of this study was to analyze the spatial distribution of the dengue suspected cases and understand its correlation with the socioeconomic indicators in the city of São Carlos (SP). This is an ecological study, carried out at the São Carlos (SP). Secondary data from the Information System on Notifiable Diseases in the period from 2016 to 2017 and from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics of the 2010 Demographic Census were used. The data were analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (ACP) by the software Statistica 12.0 and the thematic maps were generated by the software Arcgis version 10.5. The results showed high rates of suspected dengue cases in areas with adequate social conditions and reduced rates in areas with worst social condition. It was concluded that the outline of suspected dengue cases in the population of São Carlos (SP) is not related to low socioeconomic indicators, once the population dynamics and mobility related to the high flow of university students can influence the pattern of spatial distribution of the disease.

Abstract The definitive establishment of Aedes aegypti in the Americas is associated with environmental changes, disorganized urbanization, lack of water and basic sanitation and population displacement, thus defining the trajectory of the disease. The aim of this study was to analyze the spatial distribution of the dengue suspected cases and understand its correlation with the socioeconomic indicators in the city of São Carlos (SP). This is an ecological study, carried out at the São Carlos (SP). Secondary data from the Information System on Notifiable Diseases in the period from 2016 to 2017 and from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics of the 2010 Demographic Census were used. The data were analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (ACP) by the software Statistica 12.0 and the thematic maps were generated by the software Arcgis version 10.5. The results showed high rates of suspected dengue cases in areas with adequate social conditions and reduced rates in areas with worst social condition. It was concluded that the outline of suspected dengue cases in the population of São Carlos (SP) is not related to low socioeconomic indicators, once the population dynamics and mobility related to the high flow of university students can influence the pattern of spatial distribution of the disease. changes urbanization displacement disease SP. SP . 201 used ACP (ACP 120 12 0 12. 105 10 5 10.5 condition (SP 20 1 10. 2

Resumo O estabelecimento definitivo do Aedes aegypti nas Américas está associado às mudanças ambientais, urbanização desorganizada, ausência de água e saneamento básico e deslocamentos populacionais, definindo, assim, a trajetória da doença. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a distribuição espacial dos casos suspeitos de dengue e a relação com indicadores socioeconômicos no município de São Carlos-SP. Trata-se de estudo ecológico, realizado nesse município, em que foram utilizados dados secundários do Sistema de Informação sobre Agravos de Notificação no período de 2016 a 2017 e do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística do Censo Demográfico de 2010. Os dados foram analisados por meio da Análise de Componentes Principais pelo software Statistica 12.0 e os mapas temáticos foram gerados pelo software Arcgis versão 10.5. Os resultados mostraram elevadas taxas de casos suspeitos de dengue em áreas de ponderação com condições sociais adequadas e taxas reduzidas em áreas de ponderação com iniquidades sociais. Concluiu-se que o perfil de casos suspeitos por dengue na população de São Carlos não está relacionado a baixos indicadores socioeconômicos, uma vez que a dinâmica e a mobilidade populacional relacionadas ao elevado fluxo de universitários podem influenciar no padrão de distribuição espacial da doença. ambientais desorganizada populacionais definindo assim doença CarlosSP. CarlosSP SP. SP Carlos-SP Tratase Trata se ecológico 201 2010 120 12 0 12. 105 10 5 10.5 Concluiuse Concluiu 20 1 10. 2

Abstract This study examined food insecurity in the Quilombola community of Imbiral Cabeça-Branca, in Maranhão, Brazil, during the COVID-19 pandemic. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the last quarter of 2021 with 25 household heads from the community. Most participants were women (52.0%) with low schooling and were unemployed (68.0%), and 76.0% received a Federal Emergency Aid. The mean household density was four people, and houses were predominantly made of rammed earth, lacking basic sanitation. The consumed water came from artesian wells, and most houses had electricity. Food insecurity was identified in all households, with 12.0% classified as mild, 24.0% as moderate, and 64.0% as severe. The severe form was more common in households headed by single men (75%), older adults, less-educated individuals (78.7%), and the unemployed (64.7%). Food insecurity in the Quilombola community and other similar communities in the country results from substandard living conditions, unemployment, food deprivation, and lack of land titling. These factors also contribute to the perpetuation of institutional and environmental racism faced by these communities. CabeçaBranca, CabeçaBranca Cabeça Branca, Branca Cabeça-Branca Maranhão Brazil COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 pandemic crosssectional cross sectional 202 2 52.0% 520 52 0 (52.0% 68.0%, 680 68.0% , 68 (68.0%) 760 76 76.0 Aid people earth sanitation wells electricity 120 12 12.0 mild 240 24 24.0 moderate 640 64 64.0 75%, 75 75% (75%) adults lesseducated less educated 78.7%, 787 78.7% 78 7 (78.7%) 64.7%. 647 64.7% . (64.7%) conditions unemployment deprivation titling COVID1 1 COVID- 20 52.0 5 (52.0 68.0 6 (68.0% 76. 12. 24. 64. (75% 78.7 (78.7% 64.7 (64.7% 52. (52. 68. (68.0 (75 78. (78.7 (64.7 (52 (68. (7 (78. (64. (5 (68 ( (78 (64 (6

Resumo Este estudo analisou a insegurança alimentar na comunidade quilombola Imbiral Cabeça-Branca, no Maranhão, durante a pandemia da COVID-19. Estudo transversal realizado no último trimestre de 2021, com 25 chefes de família da comunidade. A maioria dos participantes eram mulheres (52,0%), com baixa escolaridade, desempregados (68,0%), e 76,0% recebiam o Auxílio Emergencial federal. A densidade domiciliar média era de quatro pessoas, e as casas eram predominantemente de taipa, sem saneamento básico. A água consumida provinha de poços artesanais, e a maioria das casas tinha acesso à eletricidade. A insegurança alimentar foi identificada em todas as famílias, sendo 12,0% classificadas como Leve, 24,0% Moderada e 64,0% Grave. A forma Grave foi mais comum em lares chefiados por homens solteiros (75%), idosos, pessoas com baixa escolaridade (78,7%) e desempregados (64,7%). A insegurança alimentar na comunidade quilombola, assim como em outras comunidades similares no país, é resultado das condições precárias de vida, desemprego, privação de alimentos e falta de titulação de terras. Esses fatores também contribuem para a perpetuação do racismo institucional e ambiental enfrentado por essas comunidades. CabeçaBranca, CabeçaBranca Cabeça Branca, Branca Cabeça-Branca Maranhão COVID19. COVID19 COVID 19. 19 COVID-19 2021 2 52,0%, 520 52,0% , 52 0 (52,0%) 68,0%, 680 68,0% 68 (68,0%) 760 76 76,0 federal taipa básico artesanais eletricidade famílias 120 12 12,0 Leve 240 24 24,0 640 64 64,0 75%, 75 75% (75%) idosos 78,7% 787 78 7 (78,7% 64,7%. 647 64,7% . (64,7%) país vida desemprego terras COVID1 1 COVID-1 202 52,0 5 (52,0% 68,0 6 (68,0% 76, 12, 24, 64, (75% 78,7 (78,7 64,7 (64,7% COVID- 20 52, (52,0 68, (68,0 (75 78, (78, (64,7 (52, (68, (7 (78 (64, (52 (68 ( (64 (5 (6

Abstract Quilombola communities have felt the effects of racism deepened by COVID-19, whose repercussions are amplified in contexts of racial inequalities, characterizing it as a syndemic. The term refers to the synergy of biological, economic, environmental, political, and social elements that enhance coexisting conditions and states, impacting life and affecting health. Thus, our study seeks to analyze the repercussions of the COVID-19 syndemic based on the perceptions of quilombola community leaders in Mato Grosso, Brazil. In a qualitative study, three leaders were interviewed in May 2022, using a semi-structured script and treating the data through thematic analysis. The COVID-19 syndemic highlighted the structural precariousness of transport, roads, sanitation, and access to water, food, and health services. Isolation, deaths, and fears had psychosocial repercussions, but little attention was paid to mental health. Anti-racist proposals call for: repairing precariousness by recognizing the State’s debt to the black population; valuing experiences, way of life, cosmovision, and Afro-centered ancestral civilizational values. Finally, the aim is to strengthen, reaffirm, and implement anti-racist actions, such as the Statute of Racial Equality and the PNSIPN, in all possible spaces, policies, and institutions. COVID19, COVID19 COVID 19, 19 inequalities biological economic environmental political states Thus COVID-1 Grosso Brazil 2022 semistructured semi structured analysis transport roads sanitation water food services Isolation deaths Antiracist Anti racist for States State s population experiences cosmovision Afrocentered Afro centered values Finally strengthen reaffirm antiracist anti actions PNSIPN spaces policies institutions COVID1 1 COVID- 202 20 2

Resumo Comunidades quilombolas têm sentido efeitos do racismo aprofundados com a COVID-19 cujas repercussões se amplificam em contextos de desigualdades raciais, caracterizando-se como sindemia. O termo remete à sinergia de elementos biológicos, econômicos, ambientais, políticos e sociais que potencializam condições e estados coexistentes, repercutindo na vida e afetando a saúde. Assim, analisamos as repercussões da sindemia da COVID-19 a partir das percepções de lideranças de comunidade quilombola em Mato Grosso. Em estudo qualitativo entrevistamos três lideranças em maio/2022, usando roteiro semiestruturado e tratamos os dados pela análise temática. A sindemia da COVID-19 visibilizou a precariedade estrutural quanto ao transporte, estradas, saneamento, acesso à água, alimentos e serviços de saúde. O isolamento, mortes, medos tiveram repercussões psicossociais, mas ausência de atenção à saúde mental. Propostas antirracistas clamam por: reparar precariedades reconhecendo a dívida do Estado com a população negra; valorizar experiências, modo de vida, cosmovisão, valores civilizatórios ancestrais afrocentrados. Enfim, fortalecer, reafirmar e efetivar ações antirracistas como o Estatuto da Igualdade Racial e a PNSIPN em todos possíveis espaços, políticas e instituições. COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 raciais caracterizandose caracterizando biológicos econômicos ambientais coexistentes Assim Grosso maio2022 maio 2022 maio/2022 temática transporte estradas saneamento água isolamento mortes psicossociais mental por negra experiências cosmovisão afrocentrados Enfim fortalecer espaços instituições COVID1 1 COVID- maio202 202 maio/202 maio20 20 maio/20 maio2 2 maio/2 maio/

Abstract The study of the behavior of intense precipitation is extremely important in the management of disasters triggered by these events that culminate in environmental, social and economic damage throughout Brazil. The main objective of this work was to identify the trends and behavior of intense precipitation events in the State of Minas Gerais. Daily precipitation data from 309 rainfall stations managed by the National Water and Basic Sanitation Agency (ANA) were analyzed, corresponding to the period between 1978 and 2017. The quantile technique was used as a confidence interval (95%) in the trend analysis. The Mann-Kendall Test and the Sen Estimator estimated the trends and their magnitudes, respectively. Of the 309 stations analyzed, 20 stations showed a statistically significant trend (at the 95% level) in the intensity of events, with 8 stations showing an increasing trend and 12 stations showing a decreasing trend, in the States of Minas Gerais. Summer recorded the highest rate of intense rainfall (≥ 50%) throughout the State. An increase in extreme rain events was observed in some points in the north of Minas (increase of 0.20 mm/day/year) and a reduction in the Triângulo Mineiro region and central strip of Minas Gerais (reduction of 0.1 mm /day/year). environmental Brazil 30 ANA (ANA analyzed 197 2017 95 (95% analysis MannKendall Mann Kendall magnitudes respectively 2 at level 1 ≥ ( 50% 50 020 0 0.2 mm/day/year mmdayyear day year 01 0. /day/year. dayyear /day/year . /day/year) 3 19 201 9 (95 5 02 (9

Resumo O estudo do comportamento das precipitações intensas é de extrema importância no gerenciamento dos desastres deflagrados por estes eventos que culminam em danos ambientais, sociais e econômicos por todo o Brasil. O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi identificar as tendências e o comportamento dos eventos de precipitação intensa no Estado de Minas Gerais. Foram analisados dados diários de precipitação de 309 postos pluviométricos gerenciados pela Agência Nacional de águas e Saneamento Básico (ANA), correspondentes ao período entre 1978 e 2017. A técnica dos quantis foi utilizada como intervalo de confiança (95%) na análise da tendência. O Teste de Mann-Kendall e o Estimador de Sen estimaram as tendências e suas magnitudes, respectivamente. Dos 309 postos analisados, 20 postos apresentaram tendência estatisticamente significativa (ao nível de 95%) na intensidade dos eventos, sendo 8 postos com tendência de aumento e 12 postos com tendência de diminuição, no Estados de Minas Gerais. O verão registrou a maior taxa de ocorrência de precipitações intensas (≥ 50%) em todo Estado. Observou-se um aumento de eventos extremos de chuva em alguns pontos no norte de Minas (aumento de 0,20 mm/dia/ano) e uma redução na região do Triângulo Mineiro e faixa central de Minas Gerais (redução de 0,1 mm/dia/ano). ambientais Brasil 30 ANA, ANA , (ANA) 197 2017 95% 95 (95% MannKendall Mann Kendall magnitudes respectivamente 2 1 diminuição ≥ ( 50% 50 Observouse Observou se 020 0 0,2 mm/dia/ano mmdiaano mm dia ano 01 0, mm/dia/ano. . 3 (ANA 19 201 9 (95 5 02 (9

RESUMEN Esta reflexión emerge de un proyecto educativo orientado a mejorar algunos aspectos relacionados con el acceso y manejo del agua en tres barrios informales. El objetivo es reflexionar acerca de las nociones de territorio que se construyen en el contexto de proyectos educativos en comunidades que habitan barrios informales. El proyecto inició con la conformación de un grupo de participantes quienes realizaron la cartografía social de sus barrios para identificar aspectos críticos sobre agua y saneamiento. La validación de los mapas y los recorridos por cada sector aportaron elementos para los talleres relacionados con acceso, manejo, cuidado y derecho al agua, que posteriormente fueron multiplicados en cada comunidad. Este proceso permitió reconocer situaciones relacionadas con la negación del derecho al agua, el malestar, la tensión entre ilegalidad e informalidad, las maneras en que las comunidades resuelven sus necesidades y las relaciones que establecen con su territorio, en medio de grandes inequidades. En conclusión, existe una relación profunda entre salud y territorio, que se hace más evidente en comunidades en condiciones críticas. Los proyectos de educación para la salud requieren hacer un trabajo situado y establecer una mirada interdisciplinaria, que reconozca la complejidad e interdependencia de las dinámicas sociales y ambientales.

ABSTRACT This reflection derives from an educational project focused on raising awareness about some aspects related to the access and management of water in three disadvantaged neighborhoods. The objective is to reflect on the notions of territory build in the context of educational projects in communities inhabiting disadvantaged neighborhoods. The project began with the formation of a group of participants who carried out social mapping of their neighborhoods to identify critical aspects of water and sanitation. Map validation and the paths followed in each sector provided the input to design the workshops, related to access, management, care and the right to water, which were subsequently multiplied in each community. This process allowed us to understand the situations derived from the denial of access to water, discomfort, and tension between illegality and informality as the modes people in these communities have chosen to address their needs, and the relationships they establish with their territory in the midst of huge inequalities. In conclusion, there is a deep relationship between health and territory which is blatant in communities that face critical life conditions. The projects on health education require situated work and to define an interdisciplinary perspective that acknowledges the complexity and interdependence of social and environmental dynamics.

Abstract Water springs are manifestations of groundwater to the surface, forming and ensuring the supply and sustainability of streams, lakes, rivers, and dams. Therefore, its riparian forest is considered an area of permanent preservation, which aims to protect the water, as well as the spring, from consequences of disordered population growth, added to deficient basic sanitation systems, climate change, agricultural activities, inappropriate land uses, unplanned urbanization, and diffuse sources of pollution. In addition to compromising water quality, many of these factors affect the permanence of water upwelling at the source, compromising the formation and continuity of streams, lakes, and rivers. In this context, the objective of the present research was to carry out a bibliographic review on water springs, approaching adjacent themes to the main axis of the study that are fundamental for a deep understanding of their importance for the maintenance of water resources and ensuring biodiversity in the search for the sustainability of life for present and future generations. This research collaborates with the environmental view and shows that the function of a water sources is broader than its concepts can reveal. surface streams lakes rivers dams Therefore preservation spring growth systems change activities uses urbanization pollution quality source context generations reveal

Abstract The riverside communities of canal Furo Grande, on Ilha das Onças (Barcarena-Pará), coexist with the lack and inefficiency of water supply services and sewerage systems. For over ten years one research and extension project of Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia seeks development of sanitation solutions together with local families, combining scientific and traditional knowledge. This experience involved the reapplication of two Social Technologies (TS), named Rainwater Harvesting System (SAAC) and Ecological Toilet for Riverside Communities (BER). The study discloses the main perceptions of social actors participating in the project. The narratives suggests that this initiative contributed to encourage improvements in daily lifes of the riverside dwellers, in aspects such as quality of life, healthy and coexistence with the environment. The actions were based on user interest, acessibility and the required efficiency for incorporation into public policies aimed at promoting universalization of water access and sanitation service. Grande BarcarenaPará, BarcarenaPará Barcarena Pará , (Barcarena-Pará) systems families knowledge TS, TS (TS) SAAC (SAAC BER. BER . (BER) dwellers life environment interest service (Barcarena-Pará (TS (BER

Resumo A comunidade ribeirinha do Canal Furo Grande, na Ilha das Onças (Barcarena-Pará), convive com a falta e a ineficiência de serviços de abastecimento de água e esgotamento sanitário. Há mais de dez anos um projeto de pesquisa e extensão da Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia busca o desenvolvimento de soluções em saneamento junto às famílias locais, unindo conhecimentos científicos aos tradicionais. Essa experiência envolveu a reaplicação de duas Tecnologias Sociais (TS), denominadas Sistema de Aproveitamento de Água de Chuva (SAAC) e Banheiro Ecológico Ribeirinho (BER). O estudo divulga as principais percepções dos atores sociais participantes do projeto. As narrativas sugerem que essa iniciativa contribuiu para incentivar melhorias no cotidiano dos ribeirinhos, em aspectos como qualidade de vida, saúde e convivência com o ambiente. As ações basearam-se no interesse de usuários, na acessibilidade e na eficiência exigida para incorporações em políticas públicas voltadas à promoção da universalização do acesso à água e ao esgotamento sanitário. Grande BarcarenaPará, BarcarenaPará Barcarena Pará , (Barcarena-Pará) sanitário locais tradicionais TS, TS (TS) SAAC (SAAC BER. BER . (BER) ribeirinhos vida ambiente basearamse basearam se usuários (Barcarena-Pará (TS (BER

Resumo A articulação sistemática de recursos hídricos envolve a utilização de instrumentos técnicos e de gestão capazes de minimizar impactos ambientais com otimização do capital disponível. As estações de tratamento de esgoto (ETE) são constituídas buscando a maior eficiência na remoção de contaminantes, incluindo microbiológicos, potencializando a qualidade da água a ser lançada nos corpos receptores. Em sistemas em que o tratamento terciário está presente, métodos de desinfecção como cloração e radiação ultravioleta (UV) são comumente utilizados como polimento final do efluente, e o acompanhamento da sua efetividade na desinfecção é extremamente importante para evitar gastos desnecessários. Desse modo, esta pesquisa buscou analisar a eficiência em desinfecção de amostras de efluente de uma ETE do sistema de saneamento do município de Indaial (SC), utilizando os métodos de ozonização e o processo combinado com a radiação UVC-LED, em escala de bancada, em batelada. A determinação da eficiência dos tratamentos foi realizada pela quantificação de unidades formadoras de colônia (UFC), e as variáveis pH (5, 7 e 9) e tempo de aplicação (10, 20 e 30 min) formaram a configuração da análise. O ponto ótimo de desinfecção foi atingido em 20 minutos de processo, independentemente do método de desinfecção. Em tempo 10 min, sempre que a aplicação combinada foi utilizada, apresentou melhora na eficiência em todos os pHs, mais notoriamente em meio alcalino. A aplicação da radiação UV por meio de diodos emissores de luz (LED) é uma tecnologia recente e, por isso, vem despertando interesse em pesquisas mundiais. disponível (ETE contaminantes microbiológicos receptores presente (UV desnecessários modo SC, SC , (SC) UVCLED, UVCLED UVC LED, LED UVC-LED bancada batelada UFC, UFC (UFC) 5, 5 (5 9 10, (10 2 3 min análise 1 utilizada pHs alcalino (LED isso mundiais (SC (UFC ( (1

Abstract The systematic articulation of water resources involves the use of technical and management instruments capable of minimizing environmental impacts with optimization of available capital and constitution of sewage treatment plants (STPs) to seek greater efficiency in the removal of contaminants, including microbiological ones, and enhance the quality of the water to be released into the receiving bodies. In systems where tertiary treatment is present, disinfection methods such as chlorination and UV radiation are commonly used as a final polishing of the effluent, and the monitoring of their effectiveness in disinfection is extremely important to avoid unnecessary expenses. Thus, this research sought to analyze the efficiency of disinfection of effluent samples from an STP of the sanitation system in the municipality of Indaial-SC using ozonation methods and the process combined with UVC-light-emitting diode (LED) radiation, on a bench scale, in batches. The determination of treatment efficiency was carried out by quantifying colony-forming units (CFU), and variables such as pH (5, 7, and 9) and application time (10, 20, and 30 min) formed the configuration of the analysis. The optimal disinfection point was reached within 20 min of the process, regardless of the disinfection method. In 10 min time, whenever the combined application was used, it showed improvement in efficiency at all pHs, most notably in alkaline medium. The application of UV radiation through LED is a recent technology and, therefore, has aroused interest in research worldwide. STPs (STPs contaminants ones bodies present expenses Thus IndaialSC Indaial SC UVClightemitting UVC light emitting (LED scale batches colonyforming colony forming CFU, CFU , (CFU) 5, 5 (5 7 9 10, (10 3 analysis 2 method 1 pHs medium therefore worldwide (CFU ( (1

This article explores the constitutional provisions and legislative aspects governing the role of local governments in generating and distributing electricity in South Africa. It encompasses the constitutional framework, which grants municipalities specific powers and responsibilities, highlighting the significance of these "original powers" derived directly from the Constitution. The article emphasises the need for intergovernmental cooperation at national, provincial, and local government levels to effectively address the complexities of electricity provision, taking into account related services such as water, sanitation, and environmental rights. The article further assesses recent amendments to the Electricity Regulation Act 4 of 2006, which grant municipalities greater involvement in electricity generation and procurement from independent power producers. While these amendments are seen as positive, the article highlights the need for financial resources and technical capacity building to empower municipalities to undertake these new responsibilities effectively. Ultimately, it emphasises the critical role of local governments in ensuring a sustainable and reliable supply of electricity for their communities while calling for comprehensive support from higher government levels to realise this goal.

ABSTRACT This article discusses the role of municipalities in Brazil’s National Water Resources Management System (Singreh) in light of water governance. Municipalities have a weak participation in this system and, as a rule, do not have a municipal water resources policy. Supported by indicators proposed by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and the Observatório das Águas do Brasil (OGA), the “failure of the municipality” in water governance in Brazil is identified. The current legal reforms that affect water resources tend to further weaken the role of municipalities in Singreh. The urgency and feasibility of water governance within the municipalities is highlighted, as a mechanism to promote the integrated and participatory water resources management. Brazils s Singreh (Singreh rule policy OECD (OECD OGA, OGA , (OGA) failure municipality identified highlighted management (OGA

RESUMO O presente artigo discute o papel dos municípios no Sistema Nacional de Gerenciamento de Recursos Hídricos (Singreh) do Brasil à luz da governança da água. Os municípios têm uma fraca participação nesse sistema e, em regra, não possuem uma política municipal de recursos hídricos. Apoiado em indicadores propostas pela Organização para a Cooperação e o Desenvolvimento Econômico (OCDE) e o Observatório das Águas do Brasil (OGA), identifica-se a “falha do município” na governança da água no Brasil. As atuais reformas legais, que incidem sobre os recursos hídricos, tendem a fragilizar ainda mais o papel dos municípios no Singreh. Evidenciam-se a urgência e a viabilidade de uma governança da água no âmbito dos municípios, como mecanismo para promover a gestão integrada e participativa dos recursos hídricos. Singreh (Singreh regra hídricos OCDE (OCDE OGA, OGA , (OGA) identificase identifica se falha município legais Evidenciamse Evidenciam (OGA