Abstract Hygrothermal computer simulations consider transient and simultaneous exchanges of heat and moisture between the building elements and the environment. They are an important tool to support the design and performance assessment of buildings. These simulations require the description of the building element, the environmental conditions to which it is exposed, and the hygrothermal characteristics of the materials that compose it as input data. This paper presents an exploratory analysis of the results of the hygrothermal simulation of a concrete wall varying the hygrothermal characteristics of the material. The internal environmental conditions were obtained using EnergyPlus ® and the hygrothermal simulation was done in WUFI ® Pro, with post-processing in WUFI ® Bio to evaluate the risk of mold occurrence. The hygrothermal behavior of the walls varied significantly with the variation in hygrothermal characteristics of the materials, especially for one type of concrete that had a very different capillary transport function. The results indicate the importance of analyzing hygrothermal characteristics and functions for hygrothermal simulations and the need to experimentally determine such characteristics for Brazilian building materials. environment buildings element exposed data material Pro postprocessing post processing occurrence function

Resumo Simulações computacionais higrotérmicas consideram trocas transientes e simultâneas de calor e umidade entre os elementos construtivos e o ambiente, sendo uma ferramenta importante de apoio ao projeto e à avaliação de desempenho de edifícios. Essas simulações requerem como dados de entrada a descrição do elemento construtivo, as condições ambientais às quais ele está exposto e as características higrotérmicas dos materiais. Este artigo apresenta uma análise exploratória dos resultados da simulação higrotérmica de uma parede de concreto variando-se as características higrotérmicas do material. As condições ambientais internas foram obtidas utilizando o EnergyPlus™ e a simulação higrotérmica foi feita no WUFI® Pro, com pós-processamento no WUFI® Bio para avaliar o risco de ocorrência de fungos emboloradores. Houve diferenças significativas no comportamento higrotérmico das paredes em função da variação das características higrotérmicas dos materiais, sobretudo para o tipo de concreto cuja função de transporte capilar mostrou-se diferente dos demais. Os resultados indicam a importância de analisar as características e funções higrotérmicas para simulações higrotérmicas e a necessidade de sua determinação experimental para os materiais de construção brasileiros. ambiente edifícios construtivo variandose variando se material EnergyPlus WUFI Pro pósprocessamento pós processamento emboloradores mostrouse mostrou demais brasileiros

Resumo Nas últimas décadas, uma epidemia de doença renal crônica (DRC) tem sido associada a fatores ambientais e ocupacionais (estresse térmico decorrente de cargas de trabalho elevadas em altas temperaturas e exposição a produtos químicos, como agrotóxicos e metais), denominada DRC de origem não tradicional (DRCnt). Esta revisão descritiva tem como objetivo apresentar evidências recentes sobre estresse térmico, agrotóxicos e metais como possíveis causas de DRCnt e fornecer uma visão geral das estratégias brasileiras de regulamentação, fiscalização e vigilância sanitária relacionadas. Os trabalhadores brasileiros são comumente expostos a condições extremas de calor e outros fatores de risco de DRCnt, incluindo o aumento da exposição a agrotóxicos e metais. Além disso, há uma falta de regulamentação e fiscalização, políticas públicas e estratégias adequadas para proteger a saúde renal dos trabalhadores em relação aos principais fatores de risco. É provável que a DRCnt seja uma causa significativa de DRC no Brasil, uma vez que a etiologia da doença é desconhecida em muitos pacientes e diversas condições para seu desenvolvimento estão presentes no país. Estudos epidemiológicos devem ser realizados para explorar associações causais e estimar o impacto do calor, dos agrotóxicos e dos metais na DRCnt no Brasil. Além disso, as políticas públicas devem priorizar a redução da exposição dos trabalhadores e a promoção de sua saúde e segurança. décadas (DRC químicos metais, , metais) DRCnt. . (DRCnt) relacionadas disso Brasil país segurança (DRCnt

Abstract In the past decades, an epidemic of chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been associated with environmental and occupational factors (heat stress from high workloads in hot temperatures and exposure to chemicals, such as pesticides and metals), which has been termed CKD of non-traditional origin (CKDnt). This descriptive review aims to present recent evidence about heat stress, pesticides, and metals as possible causes of CKDnt and provide an overview of the related Brazilian regulation, enforcement, and health surveillance strategies. Brazilian workers are commonly exposed to extreme heat conditions and other CKDnt risk factors, including increasing exposure to pesticides and metals. Furthermore, there is a lack of adequate regulation (and enforcement), public policies, and strategies to protect the kidney health of workers, considering the main risk factors. CKDnt is likely to be a significant cause of CKD in Brazil, since CKD’s etiology is unknown in many patients and several conditions for its development are present in the country. Further epidemiological studies may be conducted to explore causal associations and estimate the impact of heat, pesticides, and metals on CKDnt in Brazil. Moreover, public policies should prioritize reducing workers´ exposure and promoting their health and safety. decades (CKD chemicals metals, , metals) nontraditional non traditional CKDnt. . (CKDnt) enforcement Furthermore enforcement) Brazil CKDs s country Moreover safety (CKDnt

ABSCTRACT Introduction: Prostate neoplasia is the second most diagnosed cancer in men, having well established risk factors such as advanced age, familial and ethnic susceptibility. Recently, the association with environmental or lifestyle factors has been investigated, opening the possibility of certain occupational risk factors being associated with a higher incidence of this disease. Although controversial, as it does not necessarily imply a malignant etiology, prostate-specific antigen remains the mainstay in screening for this disease. Case report: This is the case of a 60-year-old surgeon with 36 years of professional history, including shift and night-work. As part of the health surveillance carried out by Occupational Medicine, he underwent complementary diagnostic tests and an increase in prostate-specific antigen was detected, culminating in a biopsy which ultimately confirmed the diagnosis of prostate adenocarcinoma. Discussion/Conclusion: Shift work, and particularly night work, has been investigated as a possible carcinogen and is currently classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as "probably carcinogenic to humans". Given the growing evidence linking certain occupational factors with this and other neoplasms, it may be sensible to include cancer screening in workers' health surveillance protocols, in some sectors. In the case presented, the inclusion of prostate-specific antigen measurement in the complementary tests requested by Occupational Medicine allowed for a timely diagnosis, with detection and treatment of the disease at an early stage.

RESUMO Introdução: A neoplasia da próstata é a segunda mais comummente diagnosticada no sexo masculino, destacando-se como fatores de risco bem estabelecidos a idade avançada, a suscetibilidade familiar e étnica. Recentemente, a associação a fatores ambientais ou de estilo de vida tem vindo a ser investigada, abrindo a possibilidade à associação de fatores de risco ocupacionais com uma maior incidência desta patologia. Apesar de controverso por não significar necessariamente a existência de patologia maligna, o antigénio específico da próstata mantém-se como o pilar no rastreio desta doença. Descrição do caso: Trata-se do caso de um cirurgião de 60 anos, com 36 anos desta atividade profissional, realizando trabalho por turnos e trabalho noturno. No âmbito da vigilância da saúde realizada pela Saúde Ocupacional, é submetido a exames complementares de diagnóstico, detetando-se um aumento do antigénio específico da próstata, que culmina na realização de biópsia, confirmando o diagnóstico de adenocarcinoma da próstata. Discussão/Conclusão: O trabalho por turnos e, particularmente, o trabalho noturno, tem vindo a ser investigado como possivelmente carcinogénico, estando, atualmente, classificado pela Agência Internacional para a Investigação em Cancro como “provavelmente carcinogénico para humanos”. Tendo em conta a crescente evidência relacionando fatores ocupacionais com esta e outras neoplasias, poderá fazer sentido incluir rastreios oncológicos nos protocolos de vigilância da saúde dos trabalhadores, em alguns setores. No caso apresentado, a inclusão da medição de antigénio específico da próstata nos exames complementares pedidos pela Saúde Ocupacional permitiu um diagnóstico atempado, com deteção e tratamento da doença numa fase precoce.

ABSTRACT Introduction/framework/objectives: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis is a disease that can progress in a debilitating manner and affect some individuals of working age, so it will be important that professionals working in Occupational Health and Safety have a reasonable set of knowledge on the subject, to be able to adjust work tasks as best as possible, as well as any protective measures, enhancing well-being and performance/productivity. Furthermore, knowing the work factors that increase it, it will be possible to slightly reduce the incidence of the pathology. The aim of this review was to summarize in Portuguese the most current and relevant articles published on the topic in international and national literature. Methodology: This is a Bibliographic Review, initiated through a search carried out in April 2023 in the databases “CINALH plus with full text, Medline with full text, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Methodology Register, Nursing and Allied Health Collection: comprehensive, MedicLatina and RCAAP”. Content: This pathology is a rapidly progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by muscular atrophy/paralysis, generally beginning in adulthood with an average survival of two to three years. The first manifestations generally involve asthenia of the lower limbs, generally in the 5th or 6th decade of life. Focal paralysis intensifies and spreads, reaching the respiratory muscles and culminating in respiratory failure. However, the pathophysiology is not clearly understood. Some researchers consider that the only environmental fact that could have any influence could be smoking; others even claim that the influence of global environmental exposure itself is controversial. At this level, with greater or lesser consensus, pesticides, fertilizers, solvents, heavy metals, formaldehyde, diesel, physical exertion/hypoxia, trauma and contact with electricity stand out. Therefore, there are also some professional sectors that may present greater risk. Discussion and Conclusions: Even though the prevalence of this pathology is low, some of these individuals are part of the active population, at least at an initial stage. No concrete data was found regarding protective measures or other relevant attitudes for the Health and Safety team to guide in this context. Even so, the authors succinctly recorded some items in this sense, depending on their professional experience, especially for pathologies with some similarities and more prevalent. It would be interesting for professionals working in a hospital environment, in an institution where there is a support consultation for users with this pathology, to focus a little on the topic, portraying the national reality and publishing their research in a magazine in the area, to disseminate knowledge at national level, with international extrapolation, given the scarcity of bibliography.

RESUMO Introdução/enquadramento/objetivos: A Esclerose Lateral Amiotrófica é uma doença que poderá evoluir de forma debilitante e atingir alguns indivíduos em idade ativa, pelo que será relevante que os profissionais a exercer na Saúde e Segurança Ocupacionais tenham um conjunto razoável de conhecimentos sobre o tema, de forma a conseguirem ajustar o melhor possível as tarefas laborais, bem como eventuais medidas de proteção, potenciando o bem-estar e desempenho/produtividade. Para além disso, conhecendo os fatores laborais que a potenciam, poder-se-á diminuir um pouco a incidência da patologia. Pretendeu-se com esta revisão resumir em português o que de mais atual e relevante se publicou sobre o tema nas literaturas internacional e nacional. Metodologia: Trata-se de uma Revisão Bibliográfica, iniciada através de uma pesquisa realizada em abril de 2023 nas bases de dados “CINALH plus with full text, Medline with full text, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Methodology Register, Nursing and Allied Health Collection: comprehensive, MedicLatina e RCAAP”. Conteúdo: Esta patologia é uma doença neurodegenerativa rapidamente progressiva e caraterizada por atrofia/paralisia muscular, geralmente iniciada na idade adulta com sobrevida média de dois a três anos. As primeiras manifestações geralmente incidem na astenia dos membros inferiores, geralmente na 5ª ou 6ª décadas de vida. A paralisia intensifica-se e alastra-se, podendo atingir os músculos respiratórios e culminar em insuficiência respiratória. Contudo, a fisiopatologia não está esclarecida com clareza. Alguns investigadores consideram que o único fator ambiental que poderá ter alguma influência poderá ser o tabagismo; outros até afirmam que a influência da exposição ambiental global em si é controversa. Neste contexto, com maior ou menor consenso, destacam-se os pesticidas, fertilizantes, solventes, metais pesados, formaldeído, diesel, esforço físico/hipoxia, trauma e contato com a eletricidade. Desta forma, existem também alguns setores profissionais que poderão apresentar maior risco. Discussão e Conclusões: Ainda que a prevalência desta doença seja baixa, parte destes indivíduos estão inseridos na população ativa, pelo menos numa fase inicial. Não se encontraram dados concretos relativos a medidas de proteção ou outras atitudes relevantes para a equipa de Saúde e Segurança orientar neste contexto; ainda assim, os autores registaram de forma sucinta alguns itens nesse sentido, em função da sua experiência profissional, sobretudo para patologias com algumas semelhanças e mais prevalentes. Seria aliciante que profissionais a exercer em ambiente hospitalar, em instituição que exista uma consulta de apoio a utentes com esta patologia, se debruçassem um pouco sobre o tema, retratando a realidade nacional e publicando a sua investigação em revista da área, para difusão de conhecimentos a nível nacional, com extrapolação internacional, dada a escassez de bibliografia.

ABSTRACT Foundation: high blood pressure is a disease of multifactorial origin related to genetic and environmental factors, which has experienced a notable increase in its prevalence in recent years. It is a silent cause of morbidity and target organ damage in adolescents. Early detection of this condition is important as a risk marker for hypertension in adulthood. Objective: determine the prevalence and characterize arterial hypertension in adolescents 15-19 years of age. Methods: a cross-sectional study was carried out in the period from September to December 2022. The universe consisted of 1,561 adolescents aged 15-19 years, the sample being 1,444 (92.50 %). The sampling was systematic probabilistic. The variables analyzed were: age, sex, skin color, prehypertension and arterial hypertension (systolic, diastolic and systodiastolic) and severity of hypertension. The statisticians were analyzed: frequency, percentage and prevalence. Results: 8.21 % were diagnosed with prehypertension and 39 (7.44 %, apparent prevalence) with hypertension. 7.69 % of hypertensive patients had elevated diastolic blood pressure, 35.90 % had elevated systolic blood pressure, and 56.41 % both. 89.74 % of hypertensive patients were in stage 1 and 10.26 % in stage 2. Conclusions: the prevalence of arterial hypertension in the adolescents included in the research was higher than that reported in Cuba. The highest percentage of patients with prehypertension and high blood pressure was seen in people over 19 years of age, men, and black skin color.

RESUMEN Fundamento: la hipertensión arterial es una enfermedad de origen multifactorial relacionada con factores genéticos y ambientales, que ha experimentado un incremento notable en su prevalencia durante los últimos años. Es causa silente de morbilidad y daño de órganos diana en adolescentes. La detección precoz de este padecimiento es importante como marcador de riesgo de hipertensión en la adultez. Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia y caracterizar la hipertensión arterial en adolescentes de 15-19 años de edad. Métodos: se realizó un estudio de corte transversal en el periodo de septiembre a diciembre de 2022. El universo lo constituyeron los 1561 adolescente de 15-19 años de edad, la muestra 1444 (92,50 %). El muestreo fue probabilístico sistemático. Las variables analizadas fueron: edad, sexo, color de la piel, prehipertensión e hipertensión arterial (sistólica, diastólica y sistodiastólica) y severidad de la hipertensión. Se analizaron los estadígrafos: frecuencia, porcentaje y prevalencia. Resultados: el 8,21 % fueron diagnosticados con prehipertensión arterial y el 39 (7,44 %, prevalencia aparente) con hipertensión. El 7,69 % de los hipertensos tenían elevada la tensión arterial diastólica, el 35,90 % la sistólica y el 56,41 % ambas. El 89,74 % de los hipertensos se encontraban en el estadio 1 y el 10,26 % en estadio 2. Conclusiones: la prevalencia de la hipertensión arterial en los adolescentes incluidos en la investigación fue superior a la reportada en Cuba. El mayor porcentaje de pacientes con prehipertensión e hipertensión arterial se evidenció en mayores de 19 años de edad, varones y de color de piel negra.

Abstract In this paper the use of expression rights of nature is viewed with a critical approach regarding its effects in other public authorities, including public policies or state policy, such as energetic resources in long term agenda. At first time, those cases have been initiated on a lawsuit inter partes, with effect inter comunis with effect on third parties. For this reason, the whole state assumes the risk of legal international affair related to foreign investment for change material rules related to its economic activities, including obstruction.

Resumen Se presenta un balance crítico de la noción naturaleza sujeto de derechos, cuando se usa esta noción en un fallo interpartes. Esta locución tiene efectos prácticos en otras ramas de poder público, sometiendo al Estado al incumplimiento de compromisos internacionales de protección a la inversión extranjera, al impedir explotar recursos naturales con la introducción de una nueva noción interpretativa, que convierte un objeto en sujeto de derecho, sacándolo del comercio, o variando con la decisión, políticas estatales. Es decir, el efecto inter-comunis del fallo interpartes puede modificar el orden jurídico interno, con efectos contra él y de derechos adquiridos.

Abstract The Autism Spectrum Disorder is a neurobiological based disorder with a high percentage of heritability and a wide list of possible etiologies that presents very heterogeneous changes in neuronal architecture, con nectivity and synaptogenesis with characteristic clinical manifestations whose origin points to environmental, immunological, genetic and other causes, without hav ing been confirmed specific biomarkers. Diagnosis con tinues to be based on typical features including repeti tive behaviors and impaired communication and social interaction. Their genetic and non-genetic risk factors are reviewed to advance knowledge about the pathologi cal processes that may be related to their origin.

Resumen El Trastorno del Espectro Autista es una patología de base neurobiológica con alto porcentaje de hereda bilidad y amplia lista de posibles etiologías, que pre senta cambios muy heterogéneos en la arquitectura, conectividad y sinaptogénesis neuronal, con manifes taciones clínicas características, cuyo origen apunta a causas ambientales, inmunológicas, genéticas y otras, sin haberse confirmado biomarcadores específicos. El diagnóstico se sigue basando en características típicas que incluyen conductas repetitivas y comunicación e interacción social deterioradas. Se revisan sus factores de riesgo genéticos y no genéticos para avanzar en el conocimiento sobre los procesos patológicos que pueden relacionarse a su origen.

Hierdie studie stel drie uitbreidings van die Markowitz-portefeuljekeusemodel bekend: (1) pas portefeuljerisiko by individuele beleggers se risiko-aptyt; (2) sluit sekere aandele uit; en (3) omgewings-, maatskaplike en bestuursintegrasie (ESG). Die modelle word met die tradisionele Markowitz-model vergelyk deur empiriese data van JSE. Die bevindinge toon dat die onderskeid van portefeuljes gebaseer op risiko-aptyt of uitsluitings het 'n beperkte impak op toekomstige opbrengste gehad het. Portefeuljes wat deur ESG-integrasie onderskei word, het egter aansienlik hoër toekomstige opbrengste getoon in vergelyking met ander modelle of industriebeleggings. Die studie beklemtoon die superioriteit van ESG-integrasie en stel voor dat huidige portefeuljekeusemodelle nie die kuns van belegging ten volle vasvang nie.

This study introduces three extensions of the Markowitz portfolio selection model: (1) matching portfolio risk to individual investors' risk appetite; (2) excluding certain shares; and (3) environmental, social, and governance (ESG) integration. The models are compared to the traditional Markowitz model using empirical data from JSE Limited. The findings reveal that differentiating portfolios on the basis of risk appetites or exclusions had a limited impact on future returns. However, portfolios differentiated by ESG integration showed significantly higher future returns than the other models or industry investments. The study highlights the superiority of ESG integration and suggests that current portfolio selection models do not fully capture the art of investing.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Globally, there is an increase of the keratoconus prevalence and its diagnosis in early ages. A great number of subclinical cases and others with a quick progression are notified, conditioned by the early onset of the disease and the association with risk factors. Objective: To describe the epidemiological, clinical aspects and the result of diagnostic means involved in the early detection of infant keratoconus. Development: There are elements that alert the presence of a keratoconus as a cause of the refractive defect in children with ametropia. From the epidemiologic point of view they are: geographical distribution, heredity role and environmental factors. History of previous diseases are clinically pointed out, such as allergies, myopia or myopic astigmatism with refractive instability and the clinical signs related to cone progression. In risk patients it is necessary to carry out exams by means of different diagnostic means according to their availability, being essential the refractive, keratometric and topographic analysis. Conclusions: In the evaluation of children with ametropia, epidemiological and clinical elements should be taken into account that allow to suspect and early diagnose the keratoconus. In the interpretation of results of the diagnostic means involved in their detection the most frequent findings in the infant population, should be considered according to the ectasia degree of progression.

RESUMEN Introducción: Globalmente, existe un aumento de la prevalencia del queratocono y su diagnóstico en edades tempranas. Se notifican un gran número de casos subclínicos y otros con una rápida progresión, condicionada por el inicio precoz de la enfermedad y la asociación a factores de riesgo. Objetivo: Describir los aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos y el resultado de los medios de diagnóstico implicados en la detección precoz del queratocono infantil. Desarrollo: En niños con ametropía hay elementos que alertan la presencia de un queratocono como causa del defecto refractivo. Desde el punto de vista epidemiológico se encuentran: distribución geográfica, rol de la herencia y factores ambientales. Clínicamente se señalan los antecedentes de enfermedades, tales como las alergias, la presencia de miopía o astigmatismo miópico con inestabilidad refractiva y los signos clínicos relacionados con la progresión del cono. En los pacientes de riesgo es preciso realizar exámenes mediante diferentes medios de diagnóstico según su disponibilidad, siendo primordial el análisis refractivo, queratométrico y topográfico. Conclusiones: En la evaluación de los niños con ametropía se deben tener en cuenta elementos epidemiológicos y clínicos que permiten sospechar y diagnosticar precozmente el queratocono. En la interpretación de los resultados de los medios de diagnóstico involucrados en su detección, se deben considerar los hallazgos más frecuentes en la población infantil según el grado de progresión de la ectasia.

ABSTRACT In analytical chemistry laboratories, the basic principles of the study of the chemical composition of a material or sample are verified experimentally, through different methods of analysis, for which reason chemical and biological agents are handled daily, to which workers are exposed; hence the need to assess the risk of exposure. The objective of this work was to evaluate the risks in an analytical chemical laboratory using the semi-quantitative method of William Fine, for which a multidisciplinary commission was created made up of specialists and experts with experience in the subject. It was determined that there is a direct relationship between the chemical, fire and explosion risks, the emanation of vapors of volatile substances, due to very high temperatures, or close to sources of ignition that can cause a fire, and generate a chain of events that, when reacting with other substances, can lead to explosions. The chemical and fire risks were evaluated as critical risks, which require immediate stoppage of the activity, and the mechanical, environmental, explosion, and biological risks were evaluated as notable risks, which require an urgent necessary correction.

RESUMEN En los laboratorios de química analítica se verifican de forma experimental, los principios básicos del estudio de la composición química de un material o muestra, mediante diferentes métodos de análisis, por lo que se manipulan diariamente agentes químicos y biológicos, a los están expuestos los trabajadores; de ahí la necesidad de evaluar el riesgo de exposición. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar los riesgos en un laboratorio químico analítico mediante el método semicuantitativo de William Fine, para lo cual se creó una comisión multidisciplinaria constituida por especialistas y expertos con experiencia en el tema. Se determinó que xiste una relación directa entre el riesgo químico, el de incendio y el de explosión la emanación de vapores de sustancias volatiles, debido a temperaturas muy altas, o próximas a fuentes de ignición que puedan provocar un incendio, y generar una cadena de acontacimientos que al reaccionar con otras sustancias pueden dar lugar a explosiones. Los riesgos químico y de incendios fueron evaluados como riesgos criticos los cuales requieren de detención inmediata de la actividad y los riesgos mecánico, ambiental, de explosión y biológico fueron evaluados como riesgos notables por lo que requieren una correción necesaria urgente.

The demand for macadamia nut production worldwide has led to increased use of pesticides and chemicals for pest and disease control. Reservoirs in these macadamia farming sectors are at risk, since these chemicals can enter and contaminate the water through direct application, runoff, and atmospheric deposition, subsequently negatively affecting aquatic organisms. The current study investigated macroinvertebrate colonisation and succession associated with two macadamia orchards and two communal area reservoirs. The potential effects of stressors from these land uses was tested for and compared using stone substrates over a 6-week period. Stone substrates from both reservoir types were abundantly colonised over time and the total macroinvertebrate taxa and abundance showed an increasing trend across the sampled weeks, with macadamia orchards having the highest number of macroinvertebrate taxa. Strong ecological succession was observed across reservoirs, with the initial succession of early colonisers - i.e., Chironominae (collector-gatherers), Ostracoda (collector-filterers) and Anax sp. (predator) within communal area reservoirs, and Chironominae, Ostracoda and Radix natalensis (scrapers) in macadamia orchard reservoirs - followed by predatory colonisers such as Gyrinidae larvae, Trithemis sp. (macadamia orchard reservoirs), and Ranatra sp. (communal area reservoirs). Macroinvertebrate community structure differed significantly across sites and weeks, with no similarity being observed for communities across the different reservoirs. Redundancy analyses further highlighted 11 sediment chemistry variables (i.e., pH, resistivity, P, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Cu, B, Fe and S) which were significantly related to macroinvertebrate community structure. Thus, sediment variables were found to be better predictors of macroinvertebrate community structure in macadamia orchard reservoirs than communal area reservoirs. Consequently, we concluded that differences in colonisation ability among taxa and environmental stressors were important factors driving succession. These results add to the understanding of the macroinvertebrate colonisation processes and environmental stressors within agricultural landscapes, which can aid in the development of conservation management of freshwater ecosystems.

Abstract Nonferrous metal smelting operations are a recognized source of metal accumulation in surrounding soils. In Mednogorsk, Russia, soil contamination results from atmospheric emissions from a local copper (Cu) smelter. This study aimed to assess health risks by analyzing the levels of Cu, arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in 20 Mednogorsk topsoil samples and three background area samples. The phytotoxicity of metals to Lolium perenne was also evaluated. The soil ingestion protocol of the US Environmental Protection Agency was used for health risk assessment. Phytotoxicity tests were performed on ryegrass using a standard protocol. The levels of Cu correlated with those of other elements, indicating that the smelter was the source. Of concern, the carcinogenic risk exceeded the 10−04 threshold in 85% and 15% of the samples for children under five years of age and adults, respectively. In addition, 60% of the samples exceeded the safe Pb threshold for children's health (80 mg kg−1). These risk levels are unacceptable and require specific intervention by the relevant authorities. However, only 20% of the samples showed high phytotoxicity, mostly in acidic soils (pH<4.0). This discussion focuses on the potential of soil phytostabilization to reduce human metal exposure, as the results provide valuable insights for managing metal pollution in regions affected by nonferrous smelter emissions worldwide.

Resumen Las fundiciones de metales no ferrosos son una fuente reconocida de acumulación de metales en los suelos circundantes. En Mednogorsk, Rusia, la contaminación del suelo se debe a las emisiones atmosféricas de una local fundición de cobre. Este estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar los riesgos para la salud humana mediante el análisis de los contenidos de cobre, arsénico, cadmio, plomo y zinc en 20 muestras de suelos de Mednogorsk y tres muestras de suelos del área no contaminada. Complementariamente, se evaluó la fitotoxicidad de los metales para una especie indicadora, Lolium perenne, utilizando un protocolo estándar. Para la evaluación de riesgos para la salud humana, se utilizó el protocolo de la Agencia de Protección Ambiental de los EEUU. Los contenidos de cobre se correlacionaron con los de otros elementos, lo que indica que la fundición de cobre es la fuente de emisión. Lo preocupante es que el riesgo cancerígeno superó el umbral de 10−4 en el 85% de las muestras para niños de edad <5 años y en el 15% de las muestras para los adultos. Además, el umbral de plomo considerado seguro para la salud infantil (80 mg kg−1) se superó en el 60% de las muestras. Estos niveles de riesgo son inaceptables y requieren una intervención específica por parte de las autoridades pertinentes. Sin embargo, sólo el 20% de las muestras mostraron alta fitotoxicidad en L. perenne, principalmente en suelos ácidos (con pH <4,0). Considerando estos resultados, se evalúe la factibilidad de un proceso de fitoestabilización del suelo para reducir la exposición humana a los metales. Los resultados proporcionan información valiosa para gestionar la contaminación por metales en regiones afectadas por emisiones de fundiciones no ferrosas en todo el mundo.

Resumo Se desarrolló una investigación para caracterizar la percepción social de las principales amenazas que podrían afectar un ambiente acuático particular- una laguna costera- mediante la aplicación de una versión del método denominado mapeo participativo de riesgos, más sencillo que el método del paradigma psicométrico tradicionalmente utilizado. Consiste en entrevistas en las que el interrogado comenta sobre los principales problemas o amenazas ambientales que percibe y los jerarquiza según tres criterios: gravedad, urgencia y control. De cada categoría de amenaza identificada se obtuvo el índice de incidencia- la fracción de entrevistados que citaron la categoría problema - y los índices de gravedad, urgencia y control. Con estos índices se elaboran mapas gráficos de percepción de las amenazas según cada criterio. El método se aplicó a un grupo de pescadores que hacen uso de la laguna, los cuales perciben cinco (5) problemas ambientales: el desvío de ríos, la obstrucción de ríos y el cierre temporal de la boca de conexión de la laguna con el mar (casos particulares de la hidrodinámica alterada), el crecimiento excesivo del mangle y la pesca de peces juveniles; estos dos últimos son percibidos como los de mayor facilidad en controlar. Se demuestran las bondades del método.

Abstract A research was developed to characterize the social perception of threats that could affect a particular aquatic environment - a coastal lagoon - by applying a version of the method called participatory risk mapping, simpler than the traditionally used psychometric paradigm method. It consists of interviews in which the interrogated comments on the main environmental problems or threats that he perceives and rank them according to three criteria: severity, urgency and control. For each identified threat category, the incidence rate - the fraction of respondents who cited the problem category - and the indices of severity, urgency and control were obtained. With these indices, graphic maps of threat perception are elaborated according to each criterion. The method was applied to a group of fishermen who make use of the lagoon, who perceive five (5) environmental problems: rivers diversion, rivers obstruction and the temporary closure of lagoon connection with the sea (cases of altered hydrodynamics), the excessive growth of the mangrove and overfishing of juvenile fish; the latter two are perceived as the easiest to control. The benefits of the method are demonstrated.

RESUMEN Introducción: La enfermedad de Alzheimer, constituye un problema sanitario y social de gran magnitud; precisa de diagnóstico y terapéutica precoces. Se realizó una búsqueda de artículos sobre factores de riesgo y biomarcadores de la enfermedad en las bases de datos PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Scielo y Lilacs, y mediante el buscador Google académico; desde el año 2017 hasta el 2023, en idioma español, inglés y portugués. Objetivo: Analizar los factores de riesgo y los biomarcadores de la enfermedad de Alzheimer. Desarrollo: Los principales factores de riesgo encontrados son edad avanzada, menor educación, poca actividad física, hábito de fumar, consumo excesivo de alcohol, hipertensión arterial, diabetes, obesidad, depresión, pérdida o disminución de la audición, aislamiento social, los traumas craneales y la contaminación ambiental. Los biomarcadores fundamentales son: los marcadores que se utilizan en los estudios de neuroimágenes como la PET Amiloide, PET tau, PET FDG; y en LCR y plasma: Aβ42, Aβ42/Aβ40, p tau 217, p tau 181, GFAP, y neurofilamentos de cadena ligeras. Conclusiones: Se requieren estudios longitudinales, a partir de la presencia de los factores de riesgo asociados a biomarcador, desde edades pregeriátricas en pacientes sanos, que tengan como salidas el deterioro cognitivo y el desarrollo de la demencia, para construir un modelo de predicción.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Alzheimer's disease is a health and social problem of great magnitude; it requires early diagnosis and therapy. A search for articles on risk factors and biomarkers of the disease was conducted; in the databases PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Scielo and Lilacs, and through the Google scholar search engine; from 2017 to 2023, in Spanish, English and Portuguese. Objective: To analyze the risk factors and biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease. Development: The main risk factors found are advanced age, lower education, little physical activity, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, high blood pressure, diabetes, obesity, depression, hearing loss or decrease, social isolation, head trauma and environmental pollution. The fundamental biomarkers are: markers used in neuroimaging studies such as amyloid PET, tau PET, FDG PET; and in CSF and plasma: Aβ42, Aβ42/Aβ40, p tau 217, p tau 181, GFAP, and light chain neurofilaments. Conclusions: Longitudinal studies are required, based on the presence of risk factors associated with biomarkers, from pregeriatric ages in healthy patients, which have cognitive impairment and the development of dementia as outputs, to build a prediction model.

ABSTRACT The environmental crisis due to climate change has forced many States to direct efforts towards environmental transition to reduce the probability of occurrence of a situation with a negative impact on their population or environment. Peru is no exception. In this sense, the need arises to identify and categorize its districts according to a certain socio-environmental risk. Faced with this challenge, a multistage quantitative methodology was developed and implemented, which made use of both machine learning (supervised and unsupervised) and spatial econometrics. The results of this methodology, visualized through emerging risk indix, evidenced the existence of 165 districts considered socio-environmental risk zones (SERZ, in Spanish known as ZRS), mostly located in the coastal strip. Finally, it is concluded that the pattern and replicability of urban development model in Peru is currently not coherent with efforts towards environmental conservation and preservation.

RESUMEN La crisis ambiental por el cambio climático ha obligado a muchos Estados a dirigir esfuerzos hacia la transición medioambiental para reducir la probabilidad de ocurrencia de una situación con un impacto negativo sobre su población o medioambiente. El Perú no es la excepción. En tal sentido, surge la necesidad de identificar y categorizar sus distritos según un determinado riesgo socioambiental. Ante tal reto, se construyó e implementó una metodología cuantitativa multietápica, la cual hizo uso tanto del aprendizaje automatizado (supervisado y no supervisado) como de la econometría espacial. Los resultados de la metodología, visualizados a través de índices de riesgo emergentes, evidenciaron la existencia de 165 distritos considerados zonas con riesgo socioambiental (ZRS), ubicados en su mayoría en la franja costera. Finalmente, se concluye que el patrón y replicabilidad del modelo de desarrollo urbanístico en el Perú actualmente no es coherente con los esfuerzos de conservación y preservación del medioambiente.