RESUMEN El presente artículo tiene como objetivo contrastar las redes de apoyo comunitarias en contextos vulnerables reconociéndolas como expresiones de resiliencia comunitaria en el marco del proyecto -Vulnerabilidad, resiliencia y riesgo de comunidades y cuencas abastecedoras afectadas por fenómenos de deslizamientos y avalanchas- donde se elige dos territorios, ex post y ex ante respectivamente, con factores de riesgo de avenida torrencial. Como resultado, se evidencian dos tipos de redes de apoyo, primero, redes combinadas donde diferentes actores se unen para trabajar en torno a las necesidades de la población y la segunda, redes circunstanciales, que surgen en un momento particular y desaparecen en el momento en que la situación es resuelta. Esta investigación es de carácter cualitativo, busca la comprensión, reconstrucción e interpretación de momentos, hechos, situaciones y acciones desde las voces de los sujetos que vivencian determinados fenómenos, elaborando con ellos un -todo-con-sentido-, de acuerdo con sus historias, trayectorias y subjetividades. Se implementaron técnicas de revisión documental, informes de base comunitaria y entrevistas semiestructuradas, así como la aplicación de instrumentos de identificación y caracterización de actores y redes.

RESUMO Este artigo tem como objetivo contrastar as redes de apoio comunitário em contextos vulneráveis, reconhecendo-as como expressões da resiliência da comunidade no âmbito do projeto “Vulnerabilidade, resiliência e risco em comunidades e bacias de abastecimento afetadas por deslizamentos de terra e valanches”, no qual foram escolhidos dois territórios, ex post e ex ante, respectivamente, com fatores de risco de inundações torrenciais. Como resultado, dois tipos de redes de apoio são evidenciados: primeiro, redes combinadas, em que diferentes atores se unem para trabalhar em torno das necessidades da população, e segundo, redes circunstanciais, que surgem em um determinado momento e desaparecem quando a situação é resolvida. Esta pesquisa é de natureza qualitativa, buscando a compreensão, a reconstrução e a interpretação de momentos, fatos, situações e ações a partir das vozes dos sujeitos que vivenciam determinados fenômenos, elaborando com eles um “todo-com-sentido”, de acordo com suas histórias, trajetórias e subjetividades. Foram implementadas técnicas de análise documental, relatórios comunitários e entrevistas semiestruturadas, bem como a aplicação de instrumentos para a identificação e caracterização de atores e redes.

ABSTRACT The objective of this article is to contrast community support networks in vulnerable contexts, recognizing them as expressions of community resilience within the framework of the project "Vulnerability resilience and risk of communities and supply basins affected by landslide and avalanche phenomena" where two territories are chosen, ex-post and ex-ante respectively with risk factors for torrential flooding. As a result, two types of support networks are evident: first, combined networks where different actors come together to work around the needs of the population, and second, circumstantial networks, which emerge at a particular moment and disappear at the moment that the situation is resolved.This qualitative research seeks the understanding, reconstruction, and interpretation of moments, facts, conditions, and actions from the voices of the subjects who experience certain phenomena, creating with them an "everything-with-meaning", according to their stories, trajectories, and subjectivities. Document review techniques, community-based reports, and semi-structured interviews were implemented, as well as the application of identification and characterization instruments of actors and networks.

Abstract This work constitutes the second part of the one carried out in 2021, whose objective was the analysis of the main problems, derived from unplanned urban expansion, that increase the degrees of socio-environmental vulnerability in popular sectors. For this, a matrix was developed considering three dimensions: environmental, spatial-functional, and social. From this matrix, some popular neighborhoods in the city of La Plata were selected, which required more immediate interventions. Within this framework, the objective of this article is to analyze and evaluate the interventions and management instruments carried out in the selected cases, which contributed to promoting comprehensive territorial management. The methodology is based on making the initial analysis matrix more complex, incorporating actions that constitute an alternative to reduce the vulnerability situation of the popular neighborhoods of La Plata. The first results reflect that some of the aforementioned sectors studied have had initiatives to reduce the situation of vulnerability in which they find themselves. However, the general situation in relation to the intervention for improvements in the habitat of the popular sectors, is far from being a comprehensive territorial management.

Resumen El presente trabajo constituye la segunda parte del realizado en el año 2021, cuyo objetivo consistió en analizar las principales problemáticas derivadas de la expansión urbana no planificada, que aumentan los grados de vulnerabilidad socioambiental, en los sectores populares. Para ello, se elaboró una matriz considerando las dimensiones ambiental, espacial-funcional y social del fenómeno. A partir de esa matriz, se seleccionaron los casos de estudio: barrios populares del Partido de La Plata, que requerían intervenciones de manera más inmediata. En este marco, el objetivo del presente artículo consiste en analizar y evaluar las intervenciones y los instrumentos de gestión llevados a cabo en los casos seleccionados, que contribuyeron a fomentar una gestión integral del territorio. La metodología parte por complejizar la matriz de análisis inicial incorporando las acciones que constituyen una alternativa para la disminución de la situación de vulnerabilidad de los barrios populares platenses. Los primeros resultados reflejan que, algunos de los sectores mencionados y estudiados han tenido iniciativas en virtud de aminorar la situación de vulnerabilidad en la que se encuentran. Sin embargo, el panorama general, en relación con la intervención para mejoras en el hábitat de los sectores populares, se encuentra alejado de una gestión integral del territorio.

Abstract Introduction The degradation of forest ecosystems has driven the adoption of mechanisms for their conservation and sustainable use. Objective To identify the state of knowledge regarding oak forests in Mexico associated with public policy mechanisms for conservation and use: Natural Protected Areas (NPA), Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES), and Community Forest Management (CFM). Materials and methods The methodological framework of search, evaluation, synthesis, and analysis was used. Information was obtained from Scopus, Scielo, and Redalyc platforms. The found documents were subjected to an inclusion and exclusion process based on criteria of temporality and primary sources. Results and discussion A total of 662 studies were identified, of which 37 published between 2000 and 2022 were analyzed. Of these, 17 are related to Community Forest Management (CFM), examining characteristics of forest communities and socio-ecological effects; 13 addressed topics related to NPA, focusing on the conservation biology of flora and fauna; and two contributions centered on PES, highlighting analyses and evaluations of socio-environmental effects. Lastly, five studies involved two or three of the mentioned instruments. Conclusions The analysis of oak forests concerning public policies for conservation and sustainable use has significantly increased. The studies indicate that such policies contribute to reducing the risk of adverse changes in these forests. Due to the ecological, social, and economic importance of oak forests, it is recommended to understand them through socio-ecological systems and transdisciplinary approaches.

Resumen Introducción El deterioro de los ecosistemas forestales ha impulsado la adopción de mecanismos para su conservación y uso sostenible. Objetivo Identificar el estado del conocimiento en torno a los bosques de encino en México, asociados a mecanismos de políticas públicas de conservación y uso: Áreas Naturales Protegidas (ANP), Pago por Servicios Ambientales (PSA) y Manejo Forestal Comunitario (MFC). Material y métodos Se utilizó el marco metodológico de búsqueda, evaluación, síntesis y análisis. La información se obtuvo en las plataformas de Scopus, Scielo y Redalyc. Los documentos encontrados se sometieron a un proceso de inclusión y exclusión de acuerdo con criterios de temporalidad y fuentes primarias. Resultados y discusión Se identificaron 662 investigaciones de las que se analizaron 37 publicadas en el periodo 2000-2022. De estas, 17 se relacionan con el MFC y estudian características de las comunidades forestales y efectos socioecológicos; 13 abordaron temáticas relacionadas con ANP, enfocadas en biología de la conservación de flora y fauna; y dos contribuciones se centraron en el PSA, las cuales destacan los análisis y evaluación de los efectos socioambientales. Por último, cinco investigaciones involucran a dos y tres de los instrumentos mencionados. Conclusiones El análisis de los bosques de encino en relación con políticas públicas de conservación y aprovechamiento ha experimentado notable aumento. Los estudios indican que este tipo de políticas contribuyen a reducir el riesgo de cambios adversos en estos bosques. Debido a la importancia ecológica, social y económica de los encinares, se sugiere abordar su comprensión desde perspectivas como el enfoque de los sistemas socioecológicos y la transdisciplina.

Abstract Between 37 and 63% of the logged timber in Peru has an illegal origin. This study aims to describe this supply chain in Ucayali region. The main contribution is the elaboration (and diagramming) of a sequence of processes, activities, and tasks (supported by the collection of management documents, field interviews and observation, based on the crime-script methodology), and the identification of mechanisms of evasion of environmental, tax and labour controls which explain the illegal origin. The severe gap between the supply chain and the regulatory structure developed by the State shows formal instruments supported by declarative mechanisms that lead to proposing the idea of a State that performs control, carrying out a formal theatricalization of surveillance, while assuming the existence of a widespread illegal logic.

Resumo Entre 37 e 63% da madeira extraída no Peru tem origem ilegal. Este estudo tem como objetivo descrever essa cadeia de suprimentos na região Ucayali. A principal contribuição é a elaboração (e diagramação) de uma sequência de processos, atividades e tarefas (apoiada na coleta de documentos de gestão, entrevistas de campo e observação, com base na metodologia crime-script), e a identificação de mecanismos de evasão de crimes. controles ambientais, fiscais e trabalhistas que explicam a origem ilegal. A grave lacuna entre a cadeia de abastecimento e a estrutura regulatória desenvolvida pelo Estado evidencia instrumentos formais apoiados em mecanismos declarativos que levam a propor a ideia de um Estado que exerce o controle, realizando um processo de teatralização formal da vigilância, ao mesmo tempo que assume a existência duma estendida lógica ilegal.

Resumen Entre 37 y 68% de la madera peruana tendría origen ilegal. El objetivo de este estudio es describir esta cadena de suministro en la región de Ucayali. El principal aporte es la elaboración y diagramación de una secuencia de eslabones, actividades y tareas (sostenida en la recolección de documentos de gestión, entrevistas en terreno y observación, basada en la metodología de los crime-scripts), mediante la cual se identifican mecanismos de evasión de los controles ambientales, tributarios y laborales, que explicarían el origen ilegal. Se identifica una severa brecha entre la cadena de suministro y la estructura normativa desarrollada por el Estado, lo que muestra instrumentos formales sostenidos en mecanismos declarativos que conducen a plantear la idea de un Estado que “performa” el control, realizando una teatralización formal de la vigilancia, mientras asume la existencia de una lógica ilegal extendida.

Governments across the world have been developing legislation and policy implementation instruments to address air pollution issues. Air Quality Management Plans (AQMPs) have emerged as a key instrument, with most developed countries having established effective AQMPs. These take a variety of forms depending on the overarching national framework for environmental regulations. The uptake of AQMPs in low and middle-income countries, however, has been less broad and, even in those that have adopted AQMPs, their effectiveness and efficiency have been limited, especially in urban areas. South Africa has adopted AQMPs and is recognised as having one of the most mature and complex air quality management legal frameworks in the world. Yet South Africa is still facing serious air quality challenges, especially in those areas that have been declared as priority areas. This paper, therefore, aims to identify critical assumptions and risks as a basis to evaluate the effectiveness of AQMPs as a policy instrument through the application of Theory of Change (ToC) approach. This study has resulted in the development of the ToC map, identification of 15 critical assumptions and associated causal narrative framework. In addition, this paper identified key risks underpinning the AQMP development and implementation process in South Africa. The identified critical assumptions embedded within different components of the ToC framework are not the only assumptions relating to this policy instrument, however, they are the fundamentally important ones that may significantly impact the success or failure of the AQMP system in South Africa if not managed. This study suggests that in order to further understand the challenges relating to the effective development and implementation of AQMPs, it is important that further research be conducted to test the validity of these critical assumptions which will provide solutions towards avoiding or mitigating risks associated with them.

Resumo Este artigo tem como tema a legislação urbanística, com análise da determinação exposta no Estatuto da Cidade (Lei n. 10.257/2001, art. 40, § 3º) que trata da revisão periódica do Plano Diretor a cada dez anos. O problema do artigo é resumido da seguinte forma: O que é e quais são as relações entre o processo legislativo revisional e as diretrizes da política urbana de gestão democrática e do direito a cidades sustentáveis? E quais são suas possibilidades e limites para a política urbana? Os objetivos da pesquisa são relacionar tal característica com elementos específicos da dogmática jurídica urbanística e indicar a existência de um direito difuso ao processo legislativo revisional como instrumento de aprimoramento da política urbana, do que resulta a pertinência do reconhecimento do princípio do revisionismo legislativo. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida com a aplicação do método dedutivo e da técnica bibliográfica, relacionando as características do processo legislativo revisional com as teorias democráticas e o Direito Ambiental. Como resultado, verificou-se que o reconhecimento de tal vínculo apresenta-se fundamental para a compreensão das relações da legislação urbanística com a dinâmica temporal dos espaços urbanos, o respeito à deliberação democrática e ao planejamento sustentável.

Abstract The article’s theme is urban legislation, with an analysis of the resolution from the City Statute (Law n. 10.257/2001) which deals with the periodic review of the Master Plan every ten years. The problem of the article is summarized as follows: What is the revisional legislative process and how does it relate to the guidelines of urban policy for democratic management and the right to sustainable cities? And what are its possibilities and limits for urban policy? The objectives of the research are to relate this characteristic with specific elements of urban legal dogmatics and indicate the existence of a diffuse right to the revisional legislative process as an instrument for improving urban policy instruments. The research was developed with the application of the deductive method and bibliographic technique, relating the characteristics of the revisional legislative process with democratic theories and Environmental Law. As a result, it was found that the recognition of such a link is fundamental for understanding the relationships between urban legislation and the temporal dynamics of urban space, respect for democratic deliberation, and sustainable planning.

Resumen El tema de este artículo es la legislación urbanística, analizando la determinación establecida en el Estatuto de la Ciudad (Ley n.10.257/2001, art. 40, § 3) que trata de la revisión periódica del Plan Director cada diez años. El problema del artículo se resume de la siguiente manera: ¿Cuál es la relación entre el proceso legislativo revisional y las directrices de política urbana de la gestión democrática y el derecho a ciudades sostenibles? ¿Y cuáles son sus posibilidades y límites para la política urbana? Los objetivos de la investigación son relacionar tal característica con elementos específicos de la dogmática jurídica urbana e indicar la existencia de un derecho difuso al proceso legislativo revisional como instrumento de mejora de la política urbana, lo que se traduce en la pertinencia de reconocer el principio del revisional legislativo. La investigación se realizó utilizando el método deductivo y la técnica bibliográfica, relacionando las características del proceso legislativo de revisión con las teorías democráticas y el derecho ambiental. Como resultado, se constató que el reconocimiento de ese vínculo es fundamental para comprender la relación entre la legislación urbana y la dinámica temporal de los espacios urbanos, el respeto a la deliberación democrática y la planificación sostenible.

Resumen El Pago por Servicios Ambientales (PSA) se ha convertido en una herramienta de gestión territorial y conservación de la naturaleza que se aplica cada vez más en contexto brasileño. De este modo, este artículo tuvo como objetivo analizar y sistematizar informaciones sobre la evolución de las publicaciones científicas sobre PSA en Brasil. Para eso, se realizó una revisión sistemática. Los resultados indicaron el predominio de investigaciones centradas en estudios de casos, con límites geográficos que siguen los cortes administrativos y cuencas hidrográficas, y el servicio ecosistémico más estudiado fue el relacionado con el agua. El análisis temático contribuyó para una visualización de los objetivos que orientan las investigaciones actuales y las posibles aplicaciones prácticas de este instrumento. Por lo tanto, se recomienda ampliar las evaluaciones rigurosas, sistemáticas y con enfoque contrafactual, así como estudios en los biomas Pantanal, Cerrado y Caatinga.

Abstract The Payment for Environmental Services (PES) has become a territorial management and nature conservation tool increasingly applied in Brazilian context. Thus, this article aimed to analyze and systematize information about the evolution of PES scientific publications in Brazil. Therefore, a systematic literature review was carried out. The results indicated the predominance of research focused on case studies, with geographic limits following the administrative shape and watershed, and the most studied ecosystem service was related to water. Thematic analysis contributed to a visualization of the objectives which guide current research and possible practical applications of this instrument. Therefore, it is recommended to expand rigorous, systematic, and counterfactual evaluations, as well as studies in the Pantanal, Cerrado, and Caatinga biomes.

Resumo O Pagamento por Serviços Ambientais (PSA) tem se tornado uma ferramenta para gestão territorial e conservação da natureza cada vez mais aplicada no contexto brasileiro. Diante disso, esse artigo teve por objetivo analisar e sistematizar informações acerca da evolução das publicações científicas sobre PSA no Brasil. Para tanto, foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica sistemática. Os resultados indicaram a predominância de pesquisas voltadas a estudos de caso, com limites geográficos que seguem os recortes administrativos e bacias hidrográficas, e o serviço ecossistêmico mais estudado foi aquele relacionado à água. Já a análise por temática contribuiu para uma visualização dos objetivos que norteiam as pesquisas atuais e possíveis aplicações práticas deste instrumento. Portanto, recomenda-se ampliar as avaliações rigorosas, sistemáticas e com abordagem contrafactual, bem como estudos nos biomas Pantanal, Cerrado e Caatinga.

Abstract The Moche district is considered one of the most important tourist places in Peru and the sector of the high Moche countryside is considered the green lung of the Trujillo metropolis, a territory that occupies an important space in the Moche district, where it contains the architectural monument such as the huacas of the sun and the moon, and that in its landscape environment is a palpable reference of the concept of sustainable development; that harmonizes with the economy, social justice and environmental conservation. However, not everything is what it seems, so factors such as the inequity of sustainability, environmental injustice, the influence of the real estate market and the vehicular and pedestrian inaccessibility of the place intervene. This scientific article proposes a land management plan at the scale of farms or rural branches, which must be under the strategies of: comprehensive and systemic, Participatory, flexible, and prospective; This will allow all areas of the high Moche countryside to develop uniformly, allowing vehicular and pedestrian accessibility to promote experiential tourism, ensuring sustainable environmental, social and cultural development of the high Moche countryside. In such a way that the naturalness of the place is preserved and the visitor has a better image of sustainable development. The presence of a considerable influx of tourists has allowed a reduced accessibility for the continuity of a dignified life. In this sense, the characterization and the tendency to changes in land use in the study area, sustain the economic life of the high Moche countryside. Therefore, the management of territorial planning together with accessibility will allow the tourist visitor to fulfill their human expectations that the high Moche countryside offers. From the methodological point of view, the compilation and analysis of the most representative instruments and organizations that have an influence on the land use planning of the high Moche countryside, the specific bibliography, magazines, technical reports and official websites are used. The results will show that the most traditional conceptions of territorial ordering, management and planning management still predominate. Thus, this study will determine a project for a rural territorial ordering plan, in such a way that it allows the development of an experiential tourism in all sectors of the high Moche countryside. It will be regulated with a basic plan of technical normative instruments, with the objective of seeking to improve the quality of life of the population, ensure accessibility for all, and promote the environmental sustainability of Moche and the province of Trujillo.

Resumen El distrito de Moche es considerado como uno de los lugares turísticos más importantes del Perú y el sector de la campiña alta de Moche es considerado como el pulmón verde de la metrópoli de Trujillo, territorio que ocupa un importante espacio en el distrito de Moche, donde contiene al monumento arquitectónico como son las huacas del sol y la luna, y que en su entorno paisajístico es un referente palpable del concepto de desarrollo sustentable; que armoniza con la economía, justicia social y la conservación del medio ambiente. Sin embargo, no todo es lo que parece, por lo que intervienen factores como la inequidad de la sostenibilidad, la injusticia ambiental, la influencia del mercado inmobiliario y la inaccesibilidad vehicular y peatonal al lugar. El presente artículo científico plantea la propuesta de un plan de ordenamiento territorial a escala de predios o ramales rurales, que debe ser bajo las estrategias de: integral y sistémico, Participativo, flexible, y carácter prospectivo; esto permitirá que todas las áreas de la campiña alta de Moche se desarrolle uniformemente, permitiendo una accesibilidad vehicular y peatonal para promocionar un turismo vivencial, asegurando un desarrollo sustentable en lo ambiental, social y cultural de la campiña alta de Moche. De tal manera que se conserve la naturalidad del lugar y el visitante lleve una mejor imagen de un desarrollo sostenible. La presencia de una considerable afluencia de turistas ha permitido una accesibilidad reducida para la continuidad de una vida digna. En tal sentido la caracterización y la tendencia a cambios de usos de suelo en la zona de estudio, sostienen la vida económica de la campiña alta de Moche. Por lo tanto la gestión del ordenamiento territorial conjuntamente con la accesibilidad permitirá que el visitante turista colme sus expectativas humanas que ofrece la campiña alta de Moche. Desde el punto de vista metodológico, se recurre a la recopilación, análisis de aquellos instrumentos y organismos más representativos que tienen influencia en el ordenamiento del territorio de la campiña alta de Moche, la bibliografía específica, revistas, informes técnicos y sitios web oficiales. Los resultados evidenciaran que aún continúan predominando las concepciones más tradicionales de ordenamiento territorial, manejo y gestión de planificación. Es así que este estudio determinará un proyecto de plan de ordenamiento territorial rural, de tal manera permita el desarrollo de un turismo vivencial en todos los sectores de la campiña alta de Moche. Se regulará con un plan básico de instrumentos técnico normativos, con el objetivo de buscar mejorar la calidad de vida de la población, asegurar una accesibilidad para todos, y promover la sustentabilidad ambiental de Moche y la provincia de Trujillo.

Resumo Em destaque a abordagem do território municipal, muitos dos instrumentos transitam sobre as temáticas ambiental, econômico e jurídico. Talvez esse seja um exercício para concretizar a anseio de um instrumento capaz de promover o desenvolvimento sustentável no âmbito municipal. O objetivo foi identificar as permeabilidades entre os instrumentos urbanísticos e ambientais no território municipal de Campo Grande, capital do estado do Mato Grosso do Sul-MS. O desenvolvimento metodológico, decorreu em quatro etapas: levantamento bibliográfico e documental para levantamento do estado do conhecimento; caracterização das zonas e recomendações de uso do Zoneamento Ecológico-Econômico (ZEE) de Campo Grande (ZEE/CG); Análise zoneamento ambiental da revisão do Plano Diretor de Desenvolvimento Urbano Ambiental (PDDUA) de Campo Grande e; Proposta de inserção das zonas do ZEE/CG no Plano Diretor. Diante dos instrumentos que demandam Zoneamento Ambiental, presente no Plano Diretor, vertente urbanística e ZEE, vertente ambiental, aplicados na escala municipal, aguça este trabalho em propor a integração do Zoneamento Ambiental nas vertentes ambiental e urbanística. A necessidade de municipalizar os instrumentos de gestão territorial estão além dos urbanísticos e o papel do ZEE/CG no ordenamento territorial, representa um caminho sem retorno, e ocupando o papel balizador para a instituição da política municipal de meio ambiente, fundamentar o sistema municipal de unidades de conservação e balizar a gestão dos recursos hídricos no município. Esse ensaio vem demonstrar que o marco legal deve ser aguerrido no momento de subsidiar de forma positiva o gestor com o propósito de justiça e clareza, em busca de assegurar a qualidade de vida para todos e promover um ambiente saudável e equilibrado.

Abstract Focusing on the approach of the municipal territory, many of the instruments pass on the environmental, economic and legal issues. Perhaps this is an exercise to achieve the goal of an instrument capable of promoting sustainable development at the municipal level. The objective was to identify the permeabilities between urban and environmental instruments in the municipal territory of Campo Grande, capital of the state of Mato Grosso do Sul. The methodological development was carried out in four stages: bibliographic and documentary survey to survey the state of knowledge; characterization of zones and recommendations of use of the Ecological-Economic Zoning of Campo Grande (EEZ/CG); Environmental zoning analysis of the review of the Environmental Urban Development Master Plan (PDDUA) de Campo Grande e; Proposed insertion of EEZ/CG zones in the Master Plan. In view of the instruments that demand Environmental Zoning, present in the Master Plan, zoning and Ecological-Economic Zoning (EEZ), environmental aspect, applied in the municipal scale, this work aims to propose the integration of Environmental Zoning in environmental and urbanistic aspects. The need to municipalize the instruments of territorial management are beyond urban planning and the role of the EEZ/CG in the territorial planning, represents a path without return, and occupying the leading role for the institution of the municipal environment policy, to base the municipal system of conservation units and the management of water resources in the municipality. This essay demonstrates that the legal framework must be strengthened in the moment of positively subsidizing the manager with the purpose of justice and clarity, seeking to ensure the quality of life for all and to promote a healthy and balanced environment.

Resumen Con énfasis en el enfoque del territorio municipal, muchos de los instrumentos tratan temas ambientales, económicos y legales. Quizás este sea un ejercicio para cumplir el anhelo de un instrumento capaz de promover el desarrollo sostenible a nivel municipal. El objetivo fue identificar las permeabilidades entre instrumentos urbanos y ambientales en el territorio municipal de Campo Grande, capital del estado de Mato Grosso do Sul (MS). El desarrollo metodológico se llevó a cabo en cuatro etapas: levantamiento bibliográfico y documental para relevar el estado del conocimiento; caracterización de las zonas y recomendaciones para el uso de la Zonificación Ecológica-Económica (ZEE) de Campo Grande (ZEE/CG); Análisis de zonificación ambiental de la revisión del Plan Maestro de Desarrollo Ambiental Urbano (PDDUA) de Campo Grande y; Propuesta de inserción de las zonas ZEE/CG en el Plan Director. Frente a los instrumentos que demandan la Zonificación Ambiental, presentes en el Plan Director, aspecto urbanístico y ZEE, aspecto ambiental, aplicados a escala municipal, este trabajo se agudiza en proponer la integración de la Zonificación Ambiental en los aspectos ambiental y urbano. La necesidad de municipalizar los instrumentos de gestión territorial va más allá de los urbanos y el papel de la ZEE/CG en la organización territorial, representa un camino de no retorno, y ocupando el rol rector para la institución de la política municipal de medio ambiente, para fundamentar el sistema municipal de unidades de conservación y orientar la gestión de los recursos hídricos en el municipio. Este ensayo demuestra que el marco legal debe ser respetado al apoyar positivamente al gestor con el propósito de justicia y claridad, buscando asegurar la calidad de vida de todos y promover un ambiente sano y equilibrado.

Resumen En la actualidad, el desarrollo sostenible representa un reto global, especialmente en los centros urbanos. En este sentido, es urgente que, en las políticas públicas implementadas por la gobernanza municipal, existan acciones estratégicas relacionadas con la preservación del medio ambiente (dimensión ambiental), la reducción de las desigualdades sociales (dimensión social), la promoción del crecimiento económico local (dimensión económica), la conservación y difusión de las tradiciones culturales (dimensión cultural), así como la búsqueda del equilibrio entre el entorno construído y el natural (dimensión espacial). Por ello, es urgente y necesario que los planes de los proyectos de las ciudades contemplen todas las dimensiones de la sostenibilidad, permitiendo así un desarrollo urbano sostenible concreto y eficaz. De hecho, el objetivo de este estudio es verificar la relación de las políticas públicas, desarrolladas en Fortaleza, con todos los ejes de la sostenibilidad urbana, especialmente el que contempla la gestión de los activos naturales del municipio. El procedimiento metodológico es cualitativo, de carácter exploratorio y descriptivo. Se realizó un relevamiento bibliográfico y documental (artículos, trabajos científicos y documentos elaborados por el poder público) a través del cual se enumeraron y presentaron las principales políticas públicas de sostenibilidad desarrolladas en Fortaleza. Luego, se verificó la alineación de los objetivos, metas y acciones descritas, en estos instrumentos legales, como las prácticas relacionadas con cada una de las dimensiones de la sostenibilidad. Se observó que, entre las acciones planificadas e implementadas por el gobierno local, se contemplan todas las dimensiones de la sostenibilidad, estando también presente, en estos planes, un eje específico para la gobernanza. Es importante destacar que existen planes o proyectos específicos, también, para la gestión de los recursos naturales y el mantenimiento de la calidad ambiental, se evidenciando que, en el espacio urbano de Fortaleza, hay una búsqueda de equilíbrio entre el medio construído y el natural, con un enfoque en la reducción de la vulnerabilidad socioambiental. actualidad global urbanos sentido municipal dimensión ambiental , ambiental) social, social social) económica, económica económica) cultural, cultural cultural) espacial. espacial . espacial) ello eficaz hecho Fortaleza urbana municipio cualitativo descriptivo artículos, artículos (artículos público Luego objetivos descritas legales presente específicos socioambiental

Resumo Atualmente, o desenvolvimento sustentável representa um desafio global, especialmente nos centros urbanos. Nesse sentido, é imprescindível que, nas políticas públicas implementadas pela governança municipal, existam ações estratégicas relacionadas à preservação do meio ambiente (dimensão ambiental), à redução das desigualdades sociais (dimensão social), à promoção do crescimento econômico local (dimensão econômica), à conservação e à disseminação de tradições culturais (dimensão cultural), bem como à busca por um equilíbrio entre o ambiente construído e o natural (dimensão espacial). Dessa forma, é urgente e necessário que os planos de projetos das cidades contemplem todas as dimensões da sustentabilidade, possibilitando, assim, um desenvolvimento urbano sustentável concreto e efetivo. Com efeito, o objetivo deste estudo é verificar a relação das políticas públicas, desenvolvidas em Fortaleza, com todos os eixos da sustentabilidade urbana, especialmente aquele que contempla a gestão dos bens naturais existentes no município. O procedimento metodológico é qualitativo, de caráter exploratório e descritivo. Realizouse um levantamento bibliográfico e documental (artigos, trabalhos científicos e documentos elaborados pelo poder público) por meio dos quais fossem listadas e apresentadas as principais políticas públicas de sustentabilidade desenvolvidas em Fortaleza. Em seguida, foi verificado o alinhamento dos objetivos, das metas e das ações descritas, nesses instrumentos legais, como as práticas relacionadas a cada uma das dimensões da sustentabilidade. Observou-se que, dentre ações planejadas e implementadas pelo governo local, são contempladas todas as dimensões da sustentabilidade, sendo também presente, nesses planos, um eixo específico para a governança. É importante ressaltar que há planos ou projetos específicos, também, para o gerenciamento dos recursos naturais e a manutenção da qualidade ambiental, evidenciando-se que, no espaço urbano de Fortaleza, existe uma busca pelo equilíbrio entre o meio construído e o natural, com o foco na redução da vulnerabilidade socioambiental. Atualmente global urbanos sentido municipal dimensão ambiental , ambiental) social, social social) econômica, econômica econômica) cultural, cultural cultural) espacial. espacial . espacial) forma possibilitando assim efetivo efeito Fortaleza urbana município qualitativo descritivo artigos, artigos (artigos público seguida objetivos descritas legais Observouse Observou se presente específicos evidenciandose evidenciando socioambiental

Abstract Currently, sustainable development represents a global challenge, especially in urban centers. In this sense, it is urgent that, in the public policies implemented by municipal governance, there are strategic actions related to the preservation of the environment (environmental dimension), the reduction of social inequalities (social dimension), the promotion of local economic growth (economic dimension), the conservation and dissemination of cultural traditions (cultural dimension), as well as the search for a balance between the built and natural environment (spatial dimension). Thus, it is urgent and necessary that the design plans of cities contemplate all dimensions of sustainability, thus enabling a concrete and effective sustainable urban development. Indeed, the objective of this study is to verify the relationship of public policies, developed in Fortaleza, with all the axes of urban sustainability, especially the one that contemplates the management of natural assets in the city. The methodological procedure is qualitative, exploratory, and descriptive. A bibliographic and documental survey was carried out (articles, scientific papers, and documents produced by the public power) through which the main sustainability public policies developed in Fortaleza were listed and presented. Then, the alignment of the objectives, goals, and actions described in these legal instruments was verified, as were the practices related to each of the dimensions of sustainability. It was observed that among the actions planned and implemented by the local government, all the dimensions of sustainability are contemplated, and a specific axis for governance is also present in these plans. It is important to emphasize that there are also specific plans or projects for the management of natural resources and maintenance of environmental quality, showing that in the urban space of Fortaleza there is a search for balance between the built and natural environments, focusing on the reduction of socio-environmental vulnerability. Currently challenge centers sense dimension, dimension , dimension) spatial dimension. . Thus Indeed city qualitative exploratory descriptive articles, articles (articles papers power presented Then objectives goals verified government contemplated quality environments socioenvironmental socio vulnerability

The rural population is potentially exposed to several environmental risks. Environmental risk management is a recurring challenge in rural educational communities that are far from large urban areas. Assessing and identifying the knowledge on prevention and response to environmental risks and natural disasters is fundamental for planning and designing educational programs for communities to face disasters. This article presented the practical application of a participatory methodology to obtain information about the knowledge and experience in the prevention and attention of environmental threats and natural disasters in the rural school Las Huacas, village of Quintana, municipality of Popayán, in the region of Cauca, Colombia. The diagnosis methodology consisted of three phases: preparatory, fieldwork and analytical. The participatory diagnosis allowed the construction of instruments and tools for social interaction, the conduction of dynamic workshops and the systematisation of the collected information. The results evidenced the lack of knowledge on environmental disasters and how parents and children must face them. The absence of communication facilities implied a high degree of vulnerability, which was compensated with the awareness, commitment and participation in the processes led by the educational community. The next challenge is the participatory construction of a scholar environmental risk-management plan supported on appropriated information and communication technologies. CONTRIBUTION: This article presents the practical application of a participatory methodology to obtain information about the rural context and the knowledge and experience in the prevention and attention of environmental threats and natural disasters in a rural school in Cauca, Colombia. areas Huacas Quintana Popayán Cauca Colombia phases preparatory analytical interaction them vulnerability awareness community riskmanagement technologies CONTRIBUTION

Abstract: An increase in the implementation of Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) is currently expected in Colombia -a biocultural diverse country with deep inequalities. This research identifies factors that influenced the implementation of one of the first PES pilots developed in Colombia during 2009-2014: the Cali river watershed PES program. We used the social-ecological systems approach (SES), which has not yet widely used to analyze PES, as the analytical framework. Fifteen interviews were applied to experts and PES participants and secondary information related to the PES program was also reviewed. Through a content analysis, key factors that positively influenced PES implementation were identified: quality and importance of hydrological services; participation and leadership of non-governmental and community-based organizations; and the program convergence with local pro-environmental worldviews and values. Some of the factors identified that played a negative influence include: conflicts between community actors, national rules associated with land tenure, and the high opportunity costs that small land-holders face. The SSE framework contributes to analyzing multiple emergent results (ecological, social, economic and political) from PES development, which frequently are overlooked in PES designs focused on technical aspects.

Resumen: En Colombia –un país bioculturalmente diverso y con profundas inequidades– se proyecta ampliar el uso de pagos por servicios ambientales (PSA). Esta investigación identifica los factores que influenciaron la implementación de uno de los primeros PSA desarrollados en Colombia, durante 2009-2014, en la cuenca del río Cali. Se aplicó el marco de sistemas socioecológicos (SSE), un marco que ha sido escasamente aplicado al análisis de PSA. Se realizaron 15 entrevistas a expertos y participantes del PSA y se revisó información secundaria asociada al programa. A través de un análisis de contenido, se identificó que influenciaron positivamente la implementación del PSA: la calidad y la importancia atribuida a los servicios hídricos; la participación y liderazgo de organizaciones no gubernamentales y comunitarias; y la convergencia del programa con cosmovisiones y valores proambientales. Algunos factores con influencia negativa fueron: conflictos entre actores comunitarios; reglas nacionales asociadas a la tenencia de la tierra; y los altos costos de oportunidad asociados al uso del suelo que enfrentan pequeños propietarios. El marco de los SSE contribuye a analizar la multiplicidad de resultados emergentes –ecológicos, sociales, económicos y políticos– de la implementación del PSA, los cuales frecuentemente son omitidos en diseños con énfasis en aspectos técnicos.

RESUMO: A inovação com a incorporação da dimensão ambiental tornou-se um elemento central do debate sobre o desenvolvimento socioeconômico diante dos problemas ambientais crescentes. O trabalho objetiva analisar, por meio de dados em painel e da Pesquisa de Inovação (PINTEC), a relação entre produtividade e inovação ambiental na indústria de transformação de Minas Gerais no período de 2000 a 2014. Os resultados indicaram que a adoção de inovações ambientais por parte das empresas afeta positivamente a produtividade das mesmas, sendo a regulação ambiental um dos fatores que também contribuíram para esse aumento ao analisar os níveis de intensidade tecnológica; resultado que evidencia a importância das heterogeneidades setoriais, além dos fatores individuais das firmas. Nesse sentido, sugere-se que o fortalecimento de ações de Pesquisa & Desenvolvimento com enfoque em reduzir impactos ambientais e instrumentos regulatórios específicos podem contribuir para se ter uma indústria de transformação mais aberta a práticas eficientes de gestão ambiental. RESUMO tornouse tornou crescentes PINTEC, PINTEC , (PINTEC) 200 2014 mesmas tecnológica setoriais firmas sentido sugerese sugere (PINTEC 20 201 2

ABSTRACT Innovation with the incorporation of the environmental dimension has become a central element of the debate on socioeconomic development in the face of growing environmental problems. The work aims to analyze, through panel data and the Innovation Survey (PINTEC), the relationship between productivity and environmental innovation in the processing industry of Minas Gerais in the period from 2000 to 2014. The results indicated that the adoption of environmental innovations by companies positively affects their productivity, with environmental regulation being one of the factors that also contributed to this increase when analyzing the levels of technological intensity; a result that highlights the importance of sectoral heterogeneities, in addition to the individual factors of the firms. In this sense, it is suggested that strengthening Research & Development actions focused on reducing environmental impacts and specific regulatory instruments can contribute to having a manufacturing industry more open to efficient environmental management practices. problems analyze PINTEC, PINTEC , (PINTEC) 200 2014 intensity heterogeneities firms sense practices (PINTEC 20 201 2

Abstract Purpose This study aims to investigate the antecedents and consequences of green packaging behavior (GPB). A conceptual model has been developed wherein green packaging awareness (GPA) and green packaging initiatives (GPI) are precursors of GPB, and environmental concern and availability of various green packaging alternatives are moderators. The outcomes of GPB in terms of environmental and personal benefits are examined. Design/methodology/approach Unlike most papers focusing on green packaging from a marketing perspective, this study explores the behavior of rural households from 47 villages in southern India. A carefully crafted survey instrument was developed, and data were collected from 395 respondents. After checking the instrument’s psychometric properties, the results were analyzed using Hayes’s PROCESS macros. Findings The results indicate that GPA and GPI are positively associated with GPB, GPA predicts GPI, and GPI mediates the relationship between GPA and GPB. Furthermore, findings suggest that environmental concern moderates the relationship between GPI and GPB, and the three-way interaction between the availability of green packaging (second moderator), environmental concern (first moderator), and GPI influences the GPB. Moreover, the outcomes of GPB in terms of environmental and personal benefits are established. Research limitations/implications This research has several theoretical implications. It documents that individual awareness of green packaging is a precursor to GPB. This study focused on the rural population from a developing country (India) and hence may suffer from a lack of generalizability across developed nations. However, the results could be generalizable across other developing nations worldwide. Practical implications This study motivates individuals to engage in proenvironmental behavior. Moreover, it highlights the importance of GPB in deriving environmental and personal benefits. It is also equally crucial for individuals to engage in proper waste management practices so that the environment is not polluted. Social implications The findings from this research are helpful to society as it focuses on the proenvironmental behavior of individuals. Particularly concerning packaging, this study points out that buying products with green packaging and reusing and recycling such packages is essential to protect the environment. Originality/value This study fills the gaps in the literature by focusing on the GPB of the rural population. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the moderated-mediation model developed and tested in this research is the first of its kind and thus makes a significant contribution to the literature on green packaging and waste management. . (GPB) (GPA (GPI moderators examined Designmethodologyapproach Design methodology approach perspective 4 India 39 respondents instruments s properties Hayess Hayes macros Furthermore threeway three way second moderator, moderator , moderator) Moreover established limitationsimplications limitations (India However worldwide polluted Originalityvalue Originality value authors knowledge moderatedmediation moderated mediation (GPB 3

Abstract “The recognition of environmental auditing as an instrument of environmental management in the Cuban legal system will favor compliance with corporate social responsibility in correspondence with the requirements of environmental protection in Cuba” is the hypothesis that is validated with the research that develops the following objectives: analyze the environmental audit, as well as its regulation in the Cuban legal system from a historical-legal and doctrinal approach; and substantiate the need for its legal organization as an instrument of environmental management. The methodology was based on a review of different doctrinal and normative sources with an analytical-synthetic approach and on the exegesis of the current norms. We start from the theoretical study of Corporate Social Responsibility; and the environmental audit and its antecedents in the national legal system to substantiate the need for its regulation as an instrument of environmental management based on the development of socially responsible companies. Also, legal theoretical bases are established for a regulation proposal of this institute, more than, as a control action, as an environment management tool. As a result, a foundation of the need to recognize the environmental audit in the Cuban legal system is achieved as an essential management instrument for the fulfillment of the social responsibility of the different economic actors under the strict observance of the environmental protection policy and regulations.

Resumen “El reconocimiento de la auditoría ambiental como instrumento de la gestión ambiental en el ordenamiento jurídico cubano favorecerá el cumplimiento de la responsabilidad social empresarial en correspondencia con los requerimientos de la protección del medio ambiente en Cuba” es la hipótesis que se valida con la investigación que desarrolla los siguientes objetivos: analizar la auditoría ambiental, así como su regulación en el ordenamiento legal cubano desde un enfoque histórico-jurídico y doctrinal; y fundamentar la necesidad de su ordenación jurídica como instrumento de gestión del ambiente. La metodología se basó en una revisión de diferentes fuentes doctrinales y normativas con un enfoque analítico-sintético y en la exégesis de las normas vigentes. Partimos del estudio teórico de la Responsabilidad Social Empresarial; y de la auditoría ambiental y sus antecedentes en el ordenamiento jurídico patrio para fundamentar la necesidad de su regulación como instrumento de la gestión ambiental en función del desarrollo de empresas socialmente responsables. También, se establecen bases teórico jurídicas para una propuesta de regulación de este instituto, más que, como una acción de control, como una herramienta de gestión del ambiente. Como resultado se logra una fundamentación de la necesidad de reconocer la auditoría ambiental en el ordenamiento jurídico cubano como instrumento de gestión indispensable para el cumplimiento de la responsabilidad social de los diferentes actores económicos bajo la estricta observancia de la política y normativas protectoras del medio ambiente.