ABSTRACT The marine phytoplankton community responds to latitudinal, longitudinal (coast to ocean), and vertical environmental gradients, an important subject in Oxygen minimum zones (OMZ). The phytoplankton structure and the effect of environmental gradients along the central Mexican Pacific, an area within an OMZ, were studied, especially the importance of size fractions and taxonomic groups. A combination of various methods and protocols, such as microscopic analysis, flow cytometer, and pigment analysis, were followed in this study. Oceanographic conditions included thermal gradients along the study area and unreported evidence of a weak upwelling in the southern zone (Acapulco). Vertical distribution of chlorophyll a showed subsurface maxima (SCM, 15-45 m depth) in all stations, and deeper chlorophyll-a maxima (DCM, 85-95 m depth) in more oceanic stations. Chain-forming diatoms dominated in the northern zone stations. Prochlorococcus, Synechococcus, and picoeukaryotes abundances ranged between 0.01 to 21.7 cells×104 mL−1, although most samples showed the highest contribution to biomass (47.95 µg C L−1) by picoeukaryotes. Expected tendencies of Prochlorococcus distribution were observed: highest densities coincided with the DCM and divinyl chlorophyll-a distribution at oceanic stations. Fucoxanthin had the highest concentrations, whereas fucoxanthin and zeaxanthin concentrations were higher at SCM depths. We documented the co-dominance of the pico- and microplankton: picoplankton was important at the DCM, related to oligotrophic and more stratified water column, whereas microplankton prevailed in coastal stations, with mixed water column, high nutrient concentrations, and diatoms as the dominant group. Picoeukaryotes abundances were related to the concentration of prasinoxanthin, which suggests an important mamiellophyte component not previously revealed.

Abstract Here we studied the entire Atlantic Forest hotspot to investigate whether the effect of different environmental predictors depends on the phylogenetic extension and the biogeographical history of different Atlantic Forest sectors. We used occurrence data of 3,183 plant species with arboreal or arborescent habits. We reconstructed climatic stability across 120,000 years using the Random Forest method. Then, we compared the effect of biogeographical history, topographic, and climatic variables on species richness and phylogenetic diversity using Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) models. Niche conservatism drives the strength and direction of environmental correlates with tree diversity, interacting with the biogeographical and phylogenetic extension considered. Low current climate seasonalities were the main drivers of species richness and phylogenetic diversity variation across the Atlantic Forest. Whereas in higher phylogenetic extension, topographic heterogeneity increased the number of tree species independent of the sector, deep-past climate stability favored phylogenetic diversity by increasing relict lineages of distant clades in all forests, but with anomalies in the southern sector. This investigation yields substantial evidence that the response of the northern and southern sectors of the Atlantic Forest to identical environmental conditions diverges significantly, providing compelling support for the imprint of phylogenetic heritage in generating non-linear diversity patterns. 3183 3 183 3,18 habits 120000 120 000 120,00 method Then GWR (GWR models considered sector deeppast deep past forests significantly nonlinear non linear patterns 318 18 3,1 12000 12 00 120,0 31 1 3, 1200 0 120,

Abstract Organisms can respond to environmental gradients from local to landscape features. Aquatic insects are particularly affected by watershed peculiarities due to their dependence on microhabitat conditions. However, these relationships are poorly understood in lotic ecosystems of subtropical grasslands, limiting water resources management and bioassessment proposals. Here, we investigated how local stream environment and variations in landscape types affect the assemblage structure of a bioindicator insect group, face to the spatial proximity of the sampled locations. We sampled immatures of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera in streams along the Brazilian Pampa biome, recording environmental descriptors in different grassland ecosystem types. The structure of aquatic insect assemblages differed across grassland types, with specific dominant genera associated with each landscape. Spatially-structured water physicochemical descriptors explained a significant amount of variation in assemblage data. Our findings suggest that grassland ecosystem type delimitations capture ecological attributes, influencing watershed features important to EPT assemblage structuration. Moreover, we highlight the importance of niche-based process structuring EPT assemblages along grassland ecosystem types of Pampa biome. In addition, we encourage using aquatic insects in bioassessment of lotic waters to assess local and landscape environmental impacts. We strongly recommend considering the grassland ecosystem schedule for water resources management and bioassessment proposals. conditions However grasslands proposals Here group locations Ephemeroptera Plecoptera biome Spatiallystructured Spatially structured data attributes structuration Moreover nichebased niche based addition impacts

Abstract In every country in the globe, malaria is still regarded as a health risk. In terms of therapeutic medicines against parasites, medicinal plants are a promising source, although the types and concentrations of their active compounds can vary depending on the environment. In this study, the effect of Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaf extracts (ECE) collected from two different habitats (sandy and muddy) on the antioxidant and antimalarial activity was examined. Phytochemical analysis of ECE from muddy (ECEM) and sandy (ECES) habitats were compared. ECEM contained 13 expected compounds while ECES contained only 10 compounds. This was evidenced through infrared spectroscopy. Also, ECEM contained more phenolics and flavonoids than ECES as well as processes higher antioxidant activity that reached 55%. Plasmodium chabaudi-infected mice were treated with ECEM and ECES and the parasitemia was compared. ECEM could significantly suppress the parasitemia by approximately 84% and also was able to decrease the spleen index better than EXCS. Moreover, ECEM was better than ECES in ameliorating the induced decrease in erythrocyte number and hemoglobin content in mice infected with P. chabaudi. It is possible to use E. camaldulensis, which grows in muddy environments, as an antimalarial drug with the largest efficacy gradients. globe risk parasites source environment study (ECE examined (ECEM (ECES compared 1 spectroscopy Also 55 55% chabaudiinfected chabaudi 84 EXCS Moreover P E environments gradients 5 8

Abstract Here, we evaluate the relationships between the infestation rates of five monogenean parasites species with the dry and wet seasons, with the organic and inorganic parameters of the water of two rivers: the Jacaré-Pepira and Jacaré-Guaçú, and with the condition factors of its fish hosts: Serrasalmus maculatus and Astronotus crassipinnis, in the state of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil. Fish were collected between January and December 2017. Anacanthorus serrasalmi, Amphithecium speirocamarotum and Gussevia asota had higher abundance rates (Student’s t test, p ≤ 0.05) in the wet season. Gussevia asota had its abundance negatively correlated to nitrate in the Jacaré-Pepira River and with total nitrogen and potassium in the Jacaré-Guaçú River. Regarding the fish hosts condition factors, was observed a positive correlation with the abundances of G. asota in the Jacaré-Guaçú River, and with A. serrasalmi in the Jacaré-Pepira River. In general, wet season favored an increasing in the infestation rates of the monogeneans parasites in their host species, mainly in the river considered as the most polluted, the Jacaré-Guaçú River. Of the five parasites species analyzed in this study, only Gussevia astronoti and Rhinoxenus piranhus had no interaction with seasonality, river water variables, or fish host condition factors. On the other hand, G. asota had interactions both with water parameters (nitrate and total nitrogen) and with the hosts condition factors, which reflected in the abundance and intensity rates, showing itself as a species sensitive to changes in the environment and, therefore, that can be considered as a bioindicator organism. Here seasons rivers JacaréPepira Jacaré Pepira JacaréGuaçú, JacaréGuaçú Guaçú, Guaçú crassipinnis Paulo Brazil 2017 Students Student s test 0.05 005 0 05 G A general polluted study seasonality variables hand therefore organism 201 0.0 00 20 0. 2

Resumo Aqui, nós avaliamos as relações entre as taxas de infestação de cincos espécies de parasitos monogenéticos em relação aos períodos seco e chuvoso, aos parâmetros orgânicos e inorgânicos da água de dois rios: Jacaré-Pepira e Jacaré-Guaçú, e em relação aos fatores de condição das espécies de peixes hospedeiras: Serrasalmus maculatus e Astronotus crassipinnis, no estado de São Paulo, sudeste do Brasil. Os peixes foram coletados entre os meses de janeiro a dezembro de 2017. Anacanthorus serrasalmi, Amphithecium speirocamarotum e Gussevia asota tiveram maiores taxas de abundância (teste t de Student, p ≤ 0,05) no período chuvoso. Gussevia asota teve sua abundância negativamente correlacionada com o nitrato no rio Jacaré Pepira e com o nitrogênio total e potássio no rio Jacaré-Guaçú. Em relação ao fator de condição dos peixes, foi observado uma correlação positiva com a abundância de G. asota no rio Jacaré-Guaçú e com A. serrasalmi no rio Jacaré-Pepira. No geral, o período chuvoso favoreceu um aumento nas taxas de infestação dos parasitos monogenéticos em seus peixes hospedeiros, especialmente no rio considerado como o mais poluído, o rio Jacaré-Guaçú. Das cinco espécies de parasitos analisadas no estudo, somente Gussevia astronoti e Rhinoxenus piranhus não tiveram nenhum tipo de interação com a sazonalidade, com as variáveis das águas dos rios ou com o fator de condição dos peixes hospedeiros. Por outro lado, G. asota teve interações tanto com os parâmetros da água (nitrato e nitrogênio total) quanto com os fatores de condição dos hospedeiros, que refletiram nas taxas de abundância e de infestação, mostrando que esta espécie é sensível às mudanças no ambiente e que, portanto, pode ser utilizada como um organismo bioindicador. Aqui JacaréPepira JacaréGuaçú, JacaréGuaçú Guaçú, Guaçú hospedeiras crassipinnis Paulo Brasil 2017 teste Student 0,05 005 0 05 JacaréGuaçú. Guaçú. G A JacaréPepira. Pepira. geral hospedeiros poluído estudo sazonalidade lado portanto bioindicador 201 0,0 00 20 0, 2

Abstract Understanding patterns of freshwater fish assemblage structure is key to protect them from ongoing human-induced threats to aquatic biodiversity. Yet, studies on associations between fish assemblages and habitat are lacking from many areas of high diversity in Middle America. We assessed fish assemblage structure and environmental associations from a portion of the Lacantún River sub-basin (Usumacinta River, Chiapas, Mexico). Based on environmental data and 17,462 individuals (56 species, 46 genera, and 22 families) captured from 13 sites sampled between 2017–2019, we found that stream order, distance to the Usumacinta, forest cover, temperature, and dissolved oxygen are key to explaining assemblage composition. Four clusters were found via multivariate regression tree analysis, with stream order and dissolved oxygen as defining variables. Our findings suggest that fish communities remain spatially structured even at small scales, in association to environmental gradients among habitats. humaninduced human induced biodiversity Yet America subbasin sub basin Usumacinta Chiapas Mexico. Mexico . Mexico) 17462 17 462 17,46 56 (5 species 4 genera 2 families 1 20172019 2017 2019 2017–2019 cover temperature composition analysis variables scales habitats 1746 17,4 5 ( 2017201 201 2017–201 174 17, 201720 20 2017–20 20172 2017–2 2017–

Resumen Comprender los patrones de estructuración en los ensamblajes de peces dulceacuícolas es una clave para protegerlos de las amenazas humanas a la biodiversidad acuática. No obstante, los estudios sobre asociaciones entre ensamblajes de peces y su hábitat son aún escasos en muchas áreas de alta diversidad de América Media. Evaluamos las asociaciones entre la estructura de los ensamblajes de peces y el ambiente de una porción de la subcuenca del Río Lacantún (cuenca del Río Usumacinta, Chiapas, México). Con base en datos ambientales y un total de 17,462 individuos (56 especies, 46 géneros, y 22 familias) capturados de 13 sitios muestreados entre 2017–2019, encontramos que el orden del cauce, distancia al Usumacinta, cobertura vegetal, temperatura y oxígeno disuelto son clave para explicar la composición de los ensamblajes. Cuatro grupos se detectaron utilizando un árbol de regresión multivariada, definidos por el orden del cauce y el oxígeno disuelto como variables definitorias. Nuestros hallazgos sugieren que las comunidades de peces retienen su estructura espacial aún a pequeñas escalas, en asociación a gradientes ambientales entre hábitats. acuática obstante Media cuenca Usumacinta Chiapas México. México . México) 17462 17 462 17,46 56 (5 especies 4 géneros 2 familias 1 20172019 2017 2019 2017–2019 vegetal multivariada definitorias escalas hábitats 1746 17,4 5 ( 2017201 201 2017–201 174 17, 201720 20 2017–20 20172 2017–2 2017–

Abstract The species of the Passiflora (Passifloraceae s.s.) are distributed in tropical and subtropical regions and are of great ecological importance. The Serra do Mar is formed of large escarpments along Brazil’s east coast, between the States of Rio de Janeiro and Rio Grande do Sul. This study aims to point out occurrences of Passiflora species in herbaria along the Serra do Mar, in addition to evaluating the conditions of each specimen found. The richness and sample effort maps were prepared to establish the locations where the greatest numbers of species and records were encountered. We evaluated the relationship of species distribution through Canonical Correlation (CCA) and Quadratic Polynomial Analysis. We also evaluated the floristic composition using a cluster analysis. Calculations of the Extent of Occurrence (EOO) and Area of Occupancy (AOO) were performed for endemic species to the Atlantic Forest area occurring in the Serra do Mar. A total of 53 species, belonging to the Passiflora were found in the Serra do Mar. The States of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo were the ones that recorded the greatest numbers of species and collection effort. The climatic variables Precipitation of the Driest Quarter and Annual Average Temperature are the most correlated to the distribution of Passiflora in the area. Twenty-two species are endemic to the Atlantic Forest area, and 21 are recorded as having some degree of threat on Official Lists. In this study, we present all the Passiflora species recorded for the Serra do Mar, the richness of species, including those endemics to the Atlantic Forest, demonstrates the importance of the area for conservation. Passifloraceae s.s. ss s Brazils Brazil coast Sul encountered CCA (CCA Analysis analysis EOO (EOO AOO (AOO 5 Twentytwo Twenty two 2 Lists conservation s.s

ABSTRACT Tropical forests are three-dimensional with the presence of numerous micro-environments formed by horizontal and vertical gradients. Such micro-environments can affect the nesting preference of organisms, including the trap-nesting Hymenoptera. Bees and wasps are key elements in ecosystems and are considered as sensitive to environmental changes, and trap-nests sampling methodology is widely used in their ecological and conservation studies. However, many uncertainties remain about nesting site preferences. From this perspective, our aim is to assess the diversity descriptors of trap-nesting Hymenoptera in different micro-environments. The sampling was conducted on three micro-environments (canopy, understory and treefall gaps) replicated on ten permanent plots within a Brazilian Atlantic forest hotspot. In each micro-environment, we installed trap-nest stations made by a set of twenty bamboo artificial nests. We found 762 brood cells from ten wasp and five bee species. The rarefaction curves indicate the lower species richness in understory stations, while treefall gaps and canopy stations were not significantly different. We analyzed abundance, mortality and parasitism rates using generalized linear models, but only abundance varies significantly among micro-environments. Our data indicates that trap-nesting Hymenoptera prefer to nest in micro-environments with higher exposure of sunlight. Canopy and treefall gap assemblages are consistently more abundant and diverse than understory probably due the higher temperature and lower humidity. On the other hand, mortality, parasitism rates, and the species composition were similar among environments. Our hypothesis is that the species composition was not affected as these species have a foraging range that encompasses nearby micro-environments. threedimensional dimensional microenvironments micro environments gradients organisms trapnesting trap changes trapnests nests studies However preferences perspective microenvironments. canopy, (canopy hotspot microenvironment, microenvironment environment, environment micro-environment trapnest 76 models sunlight humidity hand 7

Abstract Teredinids are bivalves mollusks considered the most abundant of invertebrates group of marine wood borers performing an important role in the mangrove environment. This study aimed to characterize the Teredinidae species from the Acaraú River estuary in Ceará and analyse the relationship between the mangrove plant structure and the distribution of Teredinidae, according to gradients estuaries: vertical (flooding) and horizontal (salinity). The collection of mangrove logs with Teredinidae happened in three places within the estuary (inner, median, and upper); in each area, three transects were traced in which three plots were lined off, and a total of 40 logs were collected. Teredinidae species were found and identified: Nausitora fusticula; Neoteredo reynei; Teredo turnerae; Teredo cf. bartschi; Bankia bipennata; Bankia gouldi; Lirodus massa and Lyrodus cf. bipartitus. The Lyrodus cf. bipartitus, Bankia gouldi, and Teredo cf. bartschi species were registered for the first time in Ceará. The distribution and species richness of Teredinidae were directly related to the vertical gradient (flooding) and heterogeneity of the mangrove forest habitat. The data presented here are essential for comprehending the mechanisms responsible for the distribution patterns of the Teredinidae species in the mangrove, contributing to biodiversity conservation in Ceará coastal zones. environment estuaries flooding (flooding salinity. salinity . (salinity) inner, inner (inner median upper upper) area off 4 collected identified fusticula reynei turnerae cf bipennata gouldi bipartitus habitat zones (salinity

Resumo Os teredinídeos são moluscos bivalves considerados o grupo de invertebrados mais abundante de organismos perfuradores de madeira marinha, desempenhando importante papel ecológico nos ambientes de manguezais. O objetivo do estudo foi realizar a caracterização das espécies de Teredinidae do estuário do Rio Acaraú, Ceará e analisar a relação da estrutura vegetal do bosque de mangue com a distribuição dos teredinídeos de acordo com os gradientes estuarinos: vertical (inundação) e horizontal (salinidade). A coleta dos troncos de mangue com teredinídeos aconteceu em três pontos do estuário (interior, médio e superior). Em cada ponto foram traçados três transectos nos quais, foram demarcadas três parcelas das quais foram coletados o total de 40 troncos. Foram encontradas e identificadas 8 espécies de Teredinidae: Nausitora fusticula; Neoteredo reynei; Teredo turnerae; Teredo cf. bartschi; Bankia bipennata; Bankia gouldi; Lirodus massa e Lyrodus cf. bipartitus. As espécies Lyrodus cf. bipartitus, Bankia gouldi e Teredo cf. bartschi, foram registradas pela primeira vez no estado. A distribuição e riqueza de espécies de Teredinidae estiveram diretamente relacionadas com o gradiente vertical (inundação) e heterogeneidade de hábitat do bosque de mangue. Os dados aqui apresentados serão importantes para compreensão dos mecanismos responsáveis pelos padrões de distribuição das espécies de Teredinidae nos bosques de mangues, contribuindo para a conservação da biodiversidade em zonas costeiras do Ceará. marinha manguezais Acaraú estuarinos inundação (inundação salinidade. salinidade . (salinidade) interior, interior (interior superior. superior superior) 4 fusticula reynei turnerae cf bartschi bipennata bipartitus estado mangues (salinidade

Abstract This study aimed to characterize the spatial distribution and composition of living Benthic Foraminifera (BF) and to comprehend how environmental conditions (e.g., organic matter) can affect communities of these protozoa in the northern and southern sectors of the Santos Basin (SB), in the continental slope and São Paulo Plateau. In this context, 23 stations (65 samples including replicates at each station) were collected between 400 and 2,400 m water depth. Multivariate analyses revealed that the ecological structure of the community changes mainly along the bathymetric gradients. Stations located between 400 and 700 m, both in northern and southern sectors, are characterized by the presence of indicator species of high intensity of currents, such as Globocassidulina subglobosa and Trifarina bradyi. These stations are also mainly marked by the occurrence of Epistominella exigua, a phytodetritivore species. The stations at 1,000 and 1,300 m depth, in both sectors, are characterized by high accumulation of organic matter in the sediments, which favors the development of agglutinated foraminifera species, such as those of the genus Reophax. Finally, the lower slope and the São Paulo Plateau, in both sectors, are oligotrophic regions, with pulses of labile organic carbon, probably low current velocities and the presence of Alabaminella weddellensis. The quantity and quality of food, which are closely related to hydro-sedimentary dynamics and bentho-pelagic coupling in the slope and São Paulo Plateau, are the main factors that influence the distribution of living BF assemblages in the SB. (BF e.g., eg e g (e.g. SB, SB , (SB) Plateau context 2 65 (6 station 40 2400 2,40 depth gradients 70 currents bradyi exigua 1000 1 000 1,00 1300 300 1,30 sediments Reophax Finally regions carbon weddellensis food hydrosedimentary hydro sedimentary benthopelagic bentho pelagic e.g. (e.g (SB 6 ( 4 240 2,4 7 100 00 1,0 130 30 1,3 e.g 24 2, 10 0 1, 13 3

Abstract Gradual climatic changes caused by mountains’ altitudinal variation promote alterations in the structure of ecological communities. Environmental changes are also expected according to the slope’s position in relation to the sea. In this study, we aimed to compare epiphytic pteridophyte communities along altitudinal gradients on opposite slopes in a section of the Atlantic Forest. We sampled a total of 10 sites in the montane and upper montane zones from the eastern (facing the sea) and western (facing away from the sea) slopes. A total of 1,742 individuals from 62 epiphytic species were recorded. The slopes showed similar epiphytic abundances and richness. Species richness showed a tendency to decrease with an increase in altitude on the western slope, and abundance was higher at intermediate altitudes, with no altitudinal trend in dominance. Conversely, on the eastern slope, there was no clear altitudinal pattern in richness or abundance; however, dominance increased with an increase in altitude from 1,200 to 1,800 m. Species compositions differed among altitudinal zones and between slopes. The eastern slope had lower species richness and no clear altitudinal gradient, although it was better preserved than the western one. Thus, there are differences in the community structure of epiphytic pteridophytes from the forest understory due to altitudinal variation and slope orientation, and these findings corroborate our hypotheses. mountains s sea study Forest 1 facing 1742 742 1,74 6 recorded altitudes Conversely however 1200 200 1,20 1800 800 1,80 m gradient one Thus orientation hypotheses 174 74 1,7 120 20 1,2 180 80 1,8 17 7 1, 12 2 18 8

Resumo As mudanças climáticas graduais causadas pela variação altitudinal nas montanhas promovem alterações na estrutura das comunidades ecológicas. Mudanças ambientais também são esperadas de acordo com a posição das vertentes em relação ao mar. Neste estudo, nós objetivamos comparar a comunidade de pteridófitas epífitas ao longo dos gradientes altitudinais em vertentes opostas em um trecho de Floresta Atlântica. Amostramos um total de 10 sítios nas faixas montana e alto-montana das vertentes oriental (voltada para o mar) e ocidental (oposta ao mar). Um total de 1,742 indivíduos, distribuídos em 62 espécies epifíticas, foram registrados. As vertentes mostraram valores similares de abundância e riqueza epifítica. A riqueza tendeu a diminuir com o aumento da altitude na vertente ocidental; a abundância foi elevada na altitude intermediária e nenhuma tendência altitudinal na dominância foi observada. Na oriental, não houve nenhum padrão altitudinal claro na riqueza ou abundância em relação à altitude, mas um aumento na dominância de 1,200 a 1,800 m. A composição de espécies diferiu entre as faixas altitudinais e entre as vertentes. A vertente oriental teve menor riqueza e nenhum gradiente altitudinal claro, embora fosse mais preservada que a ocidental. Portanto, existem diferenças na estrutura da comunidade de pteridófitas epífitas do sub-bosque florestal devido à variação altitudinal e orientação das vertentes, e esses resultados corroboram nossas hipóteses. ecológicas mar estudo Atlântica 1 altomontana alto voltada oposta . 1742 742 1,74 indivíduos 6 epifíticas registrados epifítica observada 1200 200 1,20 1800 800 1,80 m Portanto subbosque sub bosque hipóteses 174 74 1,7 120 20 1,2 180 80 1,8 17 7 1, 12 2 18 8

Abstract The extensive coverage of 3-D seismic data on the Santos Basin deep water offered an integrated vision of the local physiography and medium- to small-scale geomorphological features, which enhances the understanding of its constructive/deconstructive natural processes and their interrelations. The Santos Basin is a divergent marginal basin composed of three main physiographic provinces: its continental shelf, continental slope, and the São Paulo Plateau, whose dimensions, orientation, gradients, and relief interact with oceanographic, biological, and geological processes. This study geologically contextualized environmental data related to the Regional Environmental Characterization Project of the Santos Basin (hereinafter referred to as PCR-BS), especially regarding the regional physiographical architecture and deep-water geomorphological provinces as a background for the benthic communities and the distribution of several of its geochemical parameters. The integrated analysis of 3-D seismic and multibeam bathymetric data and its derivatives (gradient and edge maps) — calibrated by 108 piston cores — aimed to evaluate its seafloor physiographic features and geological processes. Edge detection seismic attributes enhance gradient contrast, which, in turn, can map innumerous medium- to small-scale geomorphic features (features solved in maps at a 1:1,000,000 scale or larger), such as canyons, channels, ravines, pockmark units, pockmark fields, lineaments, carbonate and coral mounds, salt-related features (crests, minibasins, and crestal grabens), scars and rugous relief associated with mass-transport deposits, and bottom current-related features (depressions and furrows). The slope and the gently dipping plateau (São Paulo Plateau) that follow it eastward show four geomorphological domains based on their direction, profile, average gradient, shelf break isobath, distribution of its medium-small scale geomorphic features, and the presence or absence of evaporites at subsurface. The central-northern São Paulo Plateau contains salt-related topographic elevations (salt diapirs and walls) and depressions (minibasins) that give a rough aspect to the seafloor relief. 3D D 3 medium smallscale small constructivedeconstructive constructive deconstructive interrelations dimensions orientation gradients oceanographic biological hereinafter PCRBS, PCRBS PCR BS , PCR-BS) deepwater parameters 10 contrast turn 11,000,000 11000000 1 1,000,000 000 1:1,000,00 larger, larger larger) canyons channels ravines units fields lineaments mounds saltrelated salt crests, crests (crests minibasins grabens, grabens grabens) masstransport mass transport deposits currentrelated current furrows. furrows . furrows) direction profile isobath mediumsmall subsurface centralnorthern central northern walls (minibasins PCR-BS 11 11,000,00 1100000 1000000 1,000,00 00 1:1,000,0 11,000,0 110000 100000 1,000,0 0 1:1,000, 11,000, 11000 10000 1,000, 1:1,000 11,000 1100 1000 1,000 1:1,00 11,00 110 100 1,00 1:1,0 11,0 1,0 1:1, 11, 1, 1:1 1:

RESUMEN Los estudios epidemiológicos sobre los efectos de la contaminación del aire en México a menudo utilizan las concentraciones ambientales de los monitores más cercanos al hogar como indicadores de exposición, sin embargo, este enfoque ignora los gradientes espaciales de los contaminantes y asume que las personas no tienen movilidad dentro de la ciudad. Nuestro objetivo fue desarrollar modelos espaciales y temporales de alta resolución para predecir la exposición a largo plazo a PM2.5 y NO2 en una población de ~16 500 participantes de un estudio de Cohorte de Maestras Mexicanas (ESMaestras). Geocodificamos las direcciones de la casa y el trabajo de las participantes. Utilizando información de fuentes secundarias sobre variables geográficas y meteorológicas, así como otros contaminantes, ajustamos dos modelos aditivos generalizados para predecir las concentraciones mensuales de PM2.5 y NO2 en el periodo 2004-2019. Los modelos se evaluaron mediante validación cruzada de 10 iteraciones. Ambos mostraron una alta precisión predictiva con datos fuera de la muestra y no sobreajuste (CV RMSE = 0.102 para PM2.5 y CV RMSE = 4.497 para NO2). Los participantes estuvieron expuestos a un promedio mensual de 24.38 (6.78) µg m-3 de PM2.5 y 28.21 (8.00) ppb de NO2 durante el periodo de estudio. Estos modelos ofrecen una alternativa prometedora para estimar la exposición a PM2.5 y NO2 con alta resolución espaciotemporal para estudios epidemiológicos en la región del Valle de México.

ABSTRACT Epidemiological studies on air pollution in Mexico often use the environmental concentrations of pollutants as measured by monitors closest to the home of participants as exposure proxies, yet this approach does not account for the space gradients of pollutants and ignores intra-city human mobility. This study aimed to develop high-resolution spatial and temporal models for predicting long-term exposure to PM2.5 and NO2 in ~16 500 participants from the Mexican Teachers’ Cohort study. We geocoded the home and work addresses of participants, and used secondary source information on geographical and meteorological variables as well as other pollutants to fit two generalized additive models capable of predicting monthly PM2.5 and NO2 concentrations during the 2004-2019 period. Both models were evaluated through 10-fold cross-validation, and showed high predictive accuracy with out-of-sample data and no overfitting (CV-RMSE = 0.102 for PM2.5 and CV-RMSE = 4.497 for NO2). Participants were exposed to a monthly average of 24.38 (6.78) µg m-3 of PM2.5 and 28.21 (8.00) ppb of NO2 during the study period. These models offer a promising alternative for estimating PM2.5 and NO2 exposure with high spatiotemporal resolution for epidemiological studies in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area.

Abstract Background: Phenotypic and functional traits of plant populations vary with environmental conditions at local and regional scales. The analysis of these traits along environmental gradients provides information on the differential response of populations to climate changes. Objective: We analyzed the leaf morphological variation of an endemic oak to identify the degree of population differentiation along an environmental gradient. Study species: Quercus mexicana Bonpl. (Fagaceae). Study site and dates: Samples were collected from 39 populations in the Sierra Madre Oriental and east of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt from 2014 to 2016. Methods: We measured eight macromorphological traits in 5,507 leaves and three micromorphological traits in 228 leaves. We performed univariate and multivariate statistical analyses to assess the morphological differentiation among populations, and the relationship between variation in leaf traits and environmental variables related to temperature and water availability. Results: Populations of Q. mexicana showed leaf morphological differentiation along its distribution. Significant linear correlations were found between leaf traits and environmental variables. Smaller and thicker leaves with lower density of trichomes and smaller stomata were found in populations located in more arid regions. In contrast, larger and thinner leaves with higher trichome density and larger stomata occurred in more humid places. Conclusions: Populations of Q. mexicana are adapted to a wide range of climatic conditions. Considering the predictive future climatic changes for the region (i.e., warmer and drier conditions), Q. mexicana populations with traits better adapted to a more humid and cooler environments could be negatively affected.

Resumen Antecedentes: Los caracteres fenotípicos y funcionales de las poblaciones de plantas varían a escalas local y regional. El análisis de estos caracteres a lo largo de gradientes ambientales proporciona información sobre la respuesta diferencial de las poblaciones a cambios climáticos. Objetivo: Analizamos la variación foliar morfológica de un encino endémico para identificar el grado de diferenciación poblacional a un gradiente ambiental. Especie de estudio: Quercus mexicana Bonpl. (Fagaceae). Sitio de estudio y fechas: Se colectaron 39 poblaciones en la Sierra Madre Oriental y del este de la Faja Volcánica Transmexicana de 2014 al 2016. Métodos: Medimos ocho caracteres macromorfológicos en 5,507 hojas y tres micromorfológicos en 228 hojas. Se realizaron análisis estadísticos univariados y multivariados para evaluar la diferenciación morfológica entre poblaciones, y las relaciones entre la variación foliar y variables relacionadas con la temperatura y la disponibilidad de agua. Resultados: Las poblaciones de Q. mexicana están diferenciadas a lo largo de su distribución. Se encontraron correlaciones significativas entre caracteres foliares y variables ambientales. Hojas pequeñas y gruesas con baja densidad de tricomas y estomas pequeños se encontraron en sitios más áridos. En contraste, hojas más grandes y delgadas con mayor densidad de tricomas y estomas más grandes ocurrieron en sitios más húmedos. Conclusiones: Las poblaciones de Q. mexicana están adaptadas a un amplio intervalo de condiciones climáticas. Considerando los futuros cambios climáticos para la región (i.e., condiciones más secas y cálidas), las poblaciones de Q. mexicana con caracteres adaptados a ambientes más húmedos y fríos podrían afectarse negativamente.

Resumen Colombia presenta alta diversidad de genotipos de papa diploide (Solanum tuberosum, grupo Phureja), cultivados en un amplio rango altitudinal. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el efecto de la altitud en el rendimiento y la calidad poscosecha de cultivares mejorados de papa del grupo Phureja. Para ello, se empleó un arreglo factorial completo en bloques generalizados, cuyo primer factor fue el cultivar (Criolla Colombia, Criolla Dorada, Criolla Ocarina, Paola y Violeta) y el segundo, la localidad con altitudes contrastantes (3.200, 2.700 y 2.300 m s.n.m.). Las variables de productividad evaluadas fueron rendimiento, porcentaje por categoría comercial y número de tubérculos, mientras que las de calidad fueron gravedad específica, respuesta a fritura y, para el cultivar violeta, pigmentación en tubérculo. Se presentaron diferencias significativas en todas las variables evaluadas, por la interacción de la localidad por cultivar. Criolla Dorada fue el cultivar más estable en rendimiento entre localidades. En la localidad baja, se afectó la productividad de los cultivares Criolla Ocarina, Paola y Violeta, a diferencia de localidades con mayor altitud, donde se favoreció el rendimiento y porcentaje de papa “categoría primera” en todos los cultivares. Una mayor altitud de la localidad favoreció el número de tubérculos por sitio en Criolla Ocarina, la gravedad específica en Criolla Dorada y la pigmentación en tubérculo de Violeta, pero afectó negativamente la fritura en todos los cultivares. Teniendo en cuenta que la altitud de siembra afectó todas las variables evaluadas con diferencias por cultivar, se debe considerar esta interacción al momento de establecer cultivos de papa del grupo Phureja.

Abstract Colombia has an important diversity of diploid potatoes genotypes (Solanum tuberosum, Phureja Group) cultivated in a wide altitudinal range. The goal of this research was to evaluate the effect of planting altitude in terms of yield and postharvest quality on improved potato cultivars of the Phureja Group. A complete factorial arrangement on generalized blocks was used. The first factor was the cultivar (Criolla Colombia, Criolla Dorada, Criolla Ocarina, Paola y Violeta), and the second one the locality with contrasting altitudes (3200, 2700 y 2300 m a.s.l.). Examined productivity variables were yield, percentage by commercial category and number of tubers, while the quality variables were specific gravity, response to frying and, for the violet cultivar, tuber pigmentation. Significant differences were found in all the variables evaluated, due to the interaction between locality and cultivar. Criolla Dorada was the most stable cultivar in yield between locations. In the lower locality, the productivity of the cultivars Criolla Ocarina, Paola and Violeta was affected, in contrast to localities with higher altitude, where the yield and percentage of "first category" potato was enhanced in all cultivars. Altitude enhanced the number of tubers per site in Criolla Ocarina, specific gravity in Criolla Dorada and pigmentation in Violeta tubers, but negatively affected frying in all cultivars. Considering that planting altitude affected all the variables evaluated with differences by cultivar, this interaction should be considered when establishing potato cultivars of the Phureja group.