RESUMO A produção de grãos apresenta crescimento constante, entretanto, a capacidade estatística de armazenamento permanece deficitária no Brasil. A falta de estruturas e a precariedade e inadequação no armazenamento ocasionam perdas na pós-colheita, devido ação de fatores que interagem com os grãos, culminando na sua deterioração. Para reversão desses efeitos, o tratamento químico é realizado, contudo, busca-se por sua substituição por substâncias naturais devido a implicações ambientais e medicinais. Objetivou-se com esta revisão, a discussão de uma potencial estratégia sustentável para o tratamento de grãos armazenados, com foco no uso de compostos naturais com propriedades bioativas como antifúngica, antioxidante e inseticida, que os torna potenciais para serem estudados. Foram delineados compostos naturais que possuem propriedades úteis para aplicação no armazenamento de grãos. Pesquisas a respeito do emprego dos compostos naturais no tratamento de grãos são incipientes, carecendo de avanços na identificação de novos compostos promissores, melhor compreensão dos mecanismos de ação e otimização/desenvolvimento de processos de extração, aplicação e formulação eficazes que viabilizem o futuro uso das substâncias. constante entretanto Brasil póscolheita, póscolheita pós colheita, colheita pós-colheita deterioração efeitos realizado contudo buscase busca se medicinais Objetivouse Objetivou revisão armazenados antifúngica inseticida estudados incipientes promissores otimizaçãodesenvolvimento otimização desenvolvimento extração

ABSTRACT Grain production is steadily increasing; however, the static storage capacity remains inadequate in Brazil. The lack of proper facilities and the precarious and inadequate storage conditions lead to post-harvest losses due to factors interacting with the grains, causing their deterioration. Chemical treatments are commonly used to reverse these effects; however, their replacement with natural substances has been sought due to environmental and human health concerns. The objective of this review was to discuss a sustainable strategy for treating stored grains, focusing on the use of natural compounds with bioactive properties, such as antifungal, antioxidant, and insecticidal activities, with potential for further studies. Natural compounds with useful properties for application in grain storage were outlined. Research on the use of natural compounds in grain treatment is still in its early stages, requiring progress in identifying new promising compounds, understanding the mechanisms of action, and developing and optimizing effective extraction, application, and formulation processes to make the use of these substances viable. increasing however Brazil postharvest post harvest grains deterioration effects concerns antifungal antioxidant activities studies outlined stages action extraction viable

ABSTRACT Orange peel, a physiological disorder, has been reported in Chilean sweet cherries (Prunus avium (L.) L.) after 35-45 d under modified atmosphere packaging (MAP). The ontogeny of the disorder is unknown, and preharvest factors have not been thoroughly investigated. This study involved two experiments to elucidate the association between environmental factors and the incidence of the orange peel disorder. In the first experiment, plant water potential, fruit position on the tree, relative humidity (RH), and radiation of sweet cherry trees were studied in ‘Regina’, ‘Kordia’, and ‘Lapins’. The second experiment focused on the interaction effect of heat during fruit development and the RH during storage in ‘Lapins’. The first experiment showed no clear response of orange peel incidence to natural variations in air temperature, vapor pressure deficit, and transmitted solar radiation (PPFD) within trees. However, significant differences in the incidence, severity, and timing of the disorder detection were observed among cultivars. In ‘Lapins’, orange peel disorder began before harvest in the green stage, 33.7 %, while ‘Regina’ and ‘Kordia’ showed negligible incidences of 1.25% and 0%, respectively. At postharvest, no differences were found among tree sections, either in incidence or severity of the disorder. For the second experiment, no differences in incidence were found in heated fruit during preharvest or postharvest RH treatments. However, it was observed that the higher the RH (100%), the lower the severity index (3.6) was for the orange peel disorder. The high incidence of the disorder during postharvest under natural or induced environmental conditions in the three cultivars evaluated demonstrates that RH mainly affects the orange peel disorder.

Abstract The competitiveness of SMEs is relevant to analyze their development in the market, which increasingly requires better performance to remain relevant. Competitiveness must be analyzed comprehensively to have a better overview of these companies and know how they interact with their competitors. The objective of this article is to present an analysis of the level of competitiveness of SMEs in the municipality of Umán, Yucatán. The present work is with a quantitative and cross-sectional approach. In this research, the systemic competitiveness model was used, the study population was 95 companies with a sample of 77. The main findings of the work indicate that the companies studied have a high competitiveness index, where the quality assurance factor is one of the best evaluated, while the environmental management factor is one of those that obtained the lowest score.

Resumen La competitividad de las PyMEs resulta relevante para analizar su desarrollo en el mercado, el cual cada vez exige un mejor desempeño para que se mantengan vigentes. La competitividad debe ser analizada de forma integral para tener un mejor panorama de estas empresas y conocer cómo interactúan con sus competidores. El objetivo del presente artículo es presentar un análisis del nivel de competitividad de las PyMEs del municipio de Umán, Yucatán. El presente trabajo es con enfoque cuantitativo y de corte transversal. En esta investigación se empleó el modelo de la competitividad sistémica, la población de estudio fueron 95 empresas con una muestra de 77. Los principales hallazgos del trabajo indican que las empresas estudiadas presentan un alto índice de competitividad, donde el factor de aseguramiento de la calidad es uno de los mejores evaluados, mientras que el factor de la gestión ambiental es uno de los que obtuvieron menor puntaje

Abstract Introduction. The coffee agroecosystems holds significant environmental, social, and economic importance in the subtropical regions of Mexico, but it is vulnerable to unexpected events such as climate change. In recent history, it has been documented that the coffee agroecosystem undergoes a constant process of self-organization based on adaptation and learning in the face of various adverse scenarios. Objective. To determine the resilience capacity of the coffee agroecosystem in the central region of the Veracruz state. Materials and methods. The research was conducted from December 2017 to November 2018 in Tezonapa, Veracruz, Mexico. Fifty-two interviews were conducted with coffee growers to measure the resilience index, which is composed of thirty variables corresponding to seven factors (social, economic, technological, infrastructure, communications, institutional, and environmental). These factors were normalized using the mim-max scaling method. Resilience was estimated on a scale of 0-1, where values close to zero represent low resilience capacity and values close to one, represent high resilience. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Kruskal-Wallis tests, and Chi-squared tests. Results. Statistically significant differences (p<0,05) were found for the economic (0,06) and technological (0,22) dimensions indicators, which had the lowest contribution to resilience. Conversely, the social (0,78) and environmental (0,74) dimensions had a the highest contribution to resilience capacity, determined by the altitudinal gradient. Conclusion. The indicators that contributed the most to the resilience capacity of the coffee agroecosystem were those in the social and environmental dimensions, while the economic and technological dimensions contributed the least.

Resumen Introducción. El agroecosistema de café presenta gran importancia ambiental, social y económica en regiones subtropicales de México, pero también es vulnerable a eventos inesperados como el cambio climático. En la historia reciente, se ha documentado que el agroecosistema de café presenta un proceso constante de autoorganización basada en la adaptación y el aprendizaje ante los diversos escenarios adversos. Objetivo. Determinar la capacidad de resiliencia del agroecosistema cafetalero en la región centro del estado de Veracruz. Materiales y métodos. La investigación se realizó de diciembre de 2017 a noviembre de 2018 en Tezonapa, Veracruz, México. Se realizaron 52 entrevistas a caficultores para medir el índice de resiliencia, integrado por treinta variables, correspondientes a siete factores (social, económico, tecnológico, infraestructura, comunicaciones, institucional y ambiental). Estos factores fueron normalizados por el método de escalamiento mínimo-máximo. La resiliencia se estimó en una escala de 0-1, donde valores cercanos a cero representan baja capacidad de resiliencia y cercanos a uno, alta resiliencia. Los datos fueron analizados mediante estadística descriptiva y pruebas de Kruskal-Wallis y chi-cuadrado. Resultados. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p<0,5) para los indicadores de las dimensiones económica (0,06) y tecnológica (0,22), con la menor contribución a la resiliencia. Por el contrario, las dimensiones sociales (0,78) y ambiental (0,74) tuvieron mayor contribución a la capacidad de resiliencia, determinado por el gradiente altitudinal. Conclusiones. Los indicadores con el mayor aporte a la capacidad de resiliencia del agroecosistema de café fueron los de dimensiones social y ambiental, y con bajo aporte las dimensiones económica y tecnológica.

Abstract Introduction. Sustainable practices are important tools for mitigating and adapting to climate change, making it essential to understand the factors influencing rice producers’ decisions to adopt conservation practices in their production system. Objective. To determine the causal relationships between variables that explain the adoption of conservation practices by rice producers. Materials and methods. A study was conducted between July and September 2021 in rice production systems in Costa Rica, involving producers from the Brunca, Chorotega, Huetar, and Central Pacific regions through quota sampling. A survey was administered to a total of 67 rice producers. The research was quantitative, identifying degrees of adoption of conservation practices, performing cluster groupings, and using an ordered probit model was to analyze the factors influencing the intensity of adoption of conservation technologies or practices in these production systems. Results. Greater adoption of conservation practices in rice production systems was influenced by the producer’s level of education, membership or affiliation with organizations in rice sector, and land ownership. Conclusions. The design of strategies for conservation practice in rice cultivation benefits from a better understanding of the relationships between socioeconomic, productive, and environmental variables, which can increase the likelihood that a producer will implement and maintain these conservation practices over time.

Resumen Introducción. Las prácticas sostenibles son importantes como herramientas de mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático, por lo que es oportuno comprender qué factores influencian las decisiones de las personas productoras del cultivo de arroz en adoptar una práctica de conservación en su sistema de producción. Objetivo. Determinar las relaciones causales entre las variables que permiten entender la adopción de prácticas de conservación en el cultivo del arroz por parte de las personas productoras. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio entre julio y septiembre del 2021 en los sistemas productivos de arroz en Costa Rica, con personas productoras de las regiones Brunca, Chorotega, Huetar y Pacífico Central, a través de un muestreo por cuotas. Se aplicó una encuesta a un total de 67 personas productoras de arroz. La investigación realizada fue cuantitativa y se identificaron grados de adopción de prácticas de conservación, se realizaron agrupaciones mediante clústeres y se utilizó un modelo probit ordenado para analizar los factores que influyen en la intensidad de adopción de tecnologías o prácticas de conservación en estos sistemas productivos. Resultados. Una mayor adopción de prácticas de conservación en los sistemas productivos del cultivo de arroz estuvo influenciada por el nivel de escolaridad de la persona productora, la pertenencia o afiliación a organizaciones del sector arrocero y la tenencia de la tierra. Conclusiones. El diseño de estrategias de prácticas de conservación en el cultivo del arroz se beneficia de una mejor comprensión de las relaciones entre las variables socioeconómicas, productivas y del entorno, que permitan aumentar la probabilidad de que una persona productora implemente y mantenga en el tiempo el uso de estas prácticas de conservación.

Summary: Currently, agricultural activity is constantly threatened by the effects of climate change and radical expression of environmental factors as irregular rainfall distribution responsible for water availability and deficit. These factors generate water stress in productive systems, whose negative effect is reflected on morphological, physiological and biochemical aspects of vegetative growth. The use of biostimulants arises as a strategy to counteract this impact, improving crop efficiency in the use of resources and generating responses, as metabolite production, among other substances that mitigate the effects of oxidative stress. In this context, waxes, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), salicylic acid (SA) and ALGAENZIMSMR were used on raspberry plants subjected to moderate water stress (-0. 8 MPa) to evaluate the fruit response in aspects of vegetative growth, physiological and biochemical quality. For the establishment, a completely randomized design was used with 5 treatments: Green Cover as 5 mL L-1, H2O2 10-4 M, salicylic acid 0.27 mM, ALGAENZIMSMR 7.5 mL L-1 and the control with 50% recovery of the transpired volume as well as water potential similar to the rest of plants and 4 replicates. The results showed that waxes, SA and algal extract increased the photosynthetic rate; the four treatments increased root length; waxes increased root height; and H2O2 increased root biomass. Compared to the control, higher levels of vitamin C and anthocyanins were produced in fruits - a very important aspect due to the functionality of these compounds in human health. Therefore, the use of these biostimulants are a very useful tool for crop management in environments with water restriction.

Resumen: En la actualidad la actividad agrícola se ve amenazada constantemente por los efectos del cambio climático y la expresión radical de los factores ambientales, como la irregularidad en la distribución pluvial responsable de la disponibilidad del agua y déficit, que genera estrés hídrico en los sistemas productivos, cuyo efecto negativo se refleja en aspectos de crecimiento vegetativo, morfológicos, fisiológicos y bioquímicos. El uso de bioestimulantes surge como estrategia para contrarrestar este impacto, mejorando la eficiencia de los cultivos en el uso de los recursos y generar respuestas, como la producción de metabolitos entre otras sustancias, que mitigan los efectos del estrés oxidativo. Bajo este contexto se planteó el uso de ceras, peróxido de hidrogeno (H2O2), ácido salicílico (AS) y algaenzims, sobre plantas de frambuesa sometidas a estrés hídrico moderado (-0.8 MPa) con el objetivo de evaluar la respuesta en aspectos de crecimiento vegetativo, fisiológicos y calidad bioquímica de frutos, para el establecimiento se empleó un diseño completamente al azar con 5 tratamientos: greencover as® 5 mL L-1, H2O2 10-4 M, ácido salicílico 0.27 mM, algaenzims® 7.5 mL L-1 y el control con recuperación del 50% del volumen transpirado y con potencial hídrico similar al resto de plantas y 4 repeticiones. Como resultados se obtuvo que las ceras, AS y el extracto de algas incrementaron la tasa fotosintética, los cuatro tratamientos aumentaron la longitud de raíces, las ceras la altura, y el H2O2 la biomasa de raíz. Por otro lado, en comparación con el control, se produjeron mayores niveles de vitamina C y antocianinas en frutos, un aspecto muy importante por la funcionalidad de estos compuestos en la salud humana. Por lo tanto, el uso de estos bioestimulantes se puede visualizar como una herramienta de gran utilidad para el manejo de cultivos en ambientes con restricción de agua.

Abstract The organic composition of 65 °% of urban solid waste of the Metropolitan District of Quito originates from food waste, which has negative environmental effects. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the factors related to food waste in homes in the capital and characterize urban solid waste management. The study is quantitative and exploratory. An association analysis was performed for the main categorical variables through calculation of statistical chi squared and an assessment of polychoric relation. A descriptive and multi-scale statistical analyses were performed for focus of the social metabolism to characterize waste management. A noteworthy element was the relation between expenses for purchase of food and non-alcoholic beverages in the last month-household income in the last month (p value < 5 %). Between 2012-2021, the most representative median for waste generation corresponded to the Eugenio Espejo administration, with 141470 t/ year, with a metabolic waste rate of 2.45E-05 (t/year). On the other hand, the Tumbaco administration obtained 30217 t/year and 1.22E-05 t/year, respectively.

Resumen La composición orgánica del 65 % de residuos sólidos urbanos del Distrito Metropolitano de Quito proviene de restos de alimentos, lo que provoca efectos medioambientales negativos. El propósito de esta investigación es evaluar los factores que inciden en el desperdicio de alimentos en los hogares capitalinos y caracterizar la gestión de sus residuos sólidos urbanos. La investigación es cuantitativa de tipo exploratoria. Se realizó un análisis de asociación entre las principales variables categóricas mediante el cálculo del estadístico chi-cuadrado y una evaluación de correlación policórica. Se aplicaron análisis estadístico descriptivo y multiescala del enfoque del metabolismo social para caracterizar la gestión de residuos. Destaca la relación entre el gasto en compra de alimentos y bebidas no alcohólicas en el último mes -ingreso del hogar en el último mes (p valor < 5 %). Entre 2012-2021, la mediana más representativa de generación de residuos corresponde a la administración Eugenio Espejo, con 141 470 t/año, y su tasa metabólica de residuos de 2,45E-05 t/año. En contraste, la administración Tumbaco obtuvo 30 217 t/año y 1,22E-05 t/año, respectivamente.

Resumo A composição orgânica do 65 °% dos resíduos sólidos urbanos do Distrito Metropolitano de Quito provém de restos de alimentos, o qual provoca efeitos negativos ao meio ambiente. O objetivo dessa investigação foi avaliar os fatores incidentes no desperdício de alimentos nos lares da capital e caracterizar a gestão dos resíduos sólidos urbanos. A pesquisa foi quantitativa e exploratória. Fez-se uma análise de associação das variáveis principais com o cálculo do chi-quadrado estatístico e uma avaliação da correlação policórica. Usaram-se análises estadísticos descritivos e multiescala do foco do metabolismo social para caracterizar a gestão dos resíduos. Destacou-se a relação do gasto para a compra de alimentos e bebidas não alcoólicas no último mês -rendas do lar no último mês (p valor < 5 %). Entre os anos 2012-2021, a mediana mais representativa de geração de resíduos foi da administração Eugenio Espejo, com 141 470 t/ano, e uma taxa metabólica de resíduos de 2,45E-05 t/ano. Em contraste, a administração Tumbaco teve 30 217 t/ano e 1,22E-05 t/ano, respetivamente.

Abstract Introduction: The Mar Muerto lagoon is an ecosystem characterized by high productivity upon which various inhabiting organisms depend. Additionally, it is a system susceptible to environmental impacts. Consequently, indices have been developed to determine the degree of disturbance caused by natural and/or anthropogenic factors. Objective: To assess the degree of disturbance in the Mar Muerto lagoon using a Biotic Integrity Index (BII) based on ichthyofauna. Methods: From December 2019 to March 2021, 12 sampling stations were established in the lagoon. The Biotic Integrity Index was developed by collecting data on hydrological variables (salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, electrical conductivity, suspended solids, temperature, nitrites, nitrates, phosphates, and transparency) and classifying fish species based on their composition and richness. This was followed by a Water and Habitat Quality Index (WHQI) derived from the characterization and classification of sampling stations based on physicochemical variables. The correlation of the two indices allowed for the evaluation of the effectiveness of the BII. Results: 65 species were reported for the lagoon, with Lile gracilis, Oligoplites altus, Eucinostomus currani, and Gerres simillimus being the most frequently recorded. Only station 10 exhibited poor biotic integrity (BII = 26), while the rest displayed regular biotic integrity (BII = 30 - 44), with station nine presenting the highest calculated value (BII = 42). The assessment of the lagoon’s BII demonstrated an average biotic integrity considered “regular.” Conclusion: Through this study, the functionality of the modified BII for the Mar Muerto lagoon was verified, allowing for the evaluation of the present conservation status and comparison with previous studies.

Resumen Introducción: La laguna Mar Muerto es un ecosistema caracterizado por una gran productividad, de la cual dependen diversos organismos que la habitan; también es un sistema susceptible a impactos ambientales. Por lo anterior, se han desarrollado índices que permiten conocer el grado de alteración por causas naturales y/o antropogénicas. Objetivo: Evaluar el grado de perturbación de la laguna Mar Muerto, mediante un índice de integridad biótica (IBI) basado en la ictiofauna. Métodos: De diciembre 2019 a marzo 2021, se establecieron 12 estaciones de muestreo en la laguna. La elaboración del índice de integridad biótica fue a partir de la recopilación de datos de las variables hidrológicas (salinidad, NO2, NO3, PO4, pH, OD, T, CE, transparencia y SDT) y la clasificación de las especies ícticas según su composición y riqueza; seguido de un índice de calidad de agua y hábitat (ICAH), elaborado a partir de la caracterización y clasificación de las estaciones de muestreo en función de variables fisicoquímicas. La correlación de los dos índices permitió evaluar la efectividad del IBI. Resultados: 65 especies fueron reportadas para la laguna, de las cuales Lile gracilis, Oligoplites altus, Eucinostomus currani y Gerres simillimus se registraron con mayor frecuencia. Sólo la estación 10 presentó una integridad biótica pobre (IBI = 26), el resto presentó un IBI regular (IBI = 30 - 44), siendo la estación nueve la que presentó el valor máximo calculado (IBI = 42). La valoración del IBI de la laguna demostró que ésta presenta una integridad biótica promedio considerada “regular”. Conclusión: A través de este trabajo, se comprobó la funcionalidad del IBI modificado para la laguna Mar Muerto, permitiendo evaluar el grado de conservación presente y compararlo con trabajos previos.

Abstract Introduction: Reservoirs are conceived as a set of interactions in which physical, chemical, and biological instability determines changes in the density of planktonic communities. Objective: To evaluate the instability of phytoplankton and zooplankton, and their interactions with environmental factors in four tropical Andean reservoirs with different trophic status. Methods: Physical and chemical variables and phytoplankton and zooplankton densities were measured between 2010-2018 in the oligotrophic reservoirs Punchiná and San Lorenzo and between 2013 and 2015 in the hypereutrophic reservoir Porce II and in the eutrophic Porce III reservoir (total N = 248). The Factor Shaping Community Assemblages (FCA) was used to calculate environmental and biotic instability as well as their interaction. Results: High environmental and biological instability was observed in the studied reservoirs. Oxygen saturation, pH, total nitrogen, water temperature, nitrites, total phosphorus (only for zooplankton), and total solids were the abiotic variables with the greatest contribution to planktonic instability, regardless of trophic state. Particularly, Cryptomonas sp., Aulacoseira sp., Cyclotella sp., Dinobryon sp., Nephrocytium sp., Tetraëdron caudatum and Oscillatoria sp. had the greatest influence on the instability of various rotifer taxa and some copepods. Conclusions: Regardless of trophic state, pH dynamics, nutrients availability, amount of suspended solids and the availability of gases, such as dissolved oxygen, mainly determined the instability of phytoplankton and to a lesser extent that of zooplankton. In the oligotrophic reservoirs, zooplankton instability was mainly influenced by highly palatable algae with no toxicity, and in reservoirs highly enriched, the instability was influenced by algae with low nutritional quality and difficult to ingest and manipulate.

Resumen Introducción: los embalses deben ser concebidos como un conjunto de interacciones, donde la inestabilidad física, química y biológica determinan cambios en la densidad de las comunidades planctónicas. Objetivo: Evaluar la inestabilidad del fitoplancton y zooplancton y su interacción con factores ambientales en cuatro embalses tropicales andinos con diferente estado trófico. Métodos: Se analizaron datos de variables físicas y químicas y de las densidades del fitoplancton y del zooplancton, medidas entre 2010-2018, en los embalses oligotróficos Punchiná y San Lorenzo y, entre 2013 y 2015, en el embalse hipereutrófico Porce II y en el embalse eutrófico Porce III (total N = 248). Se empleó el Factor Shaping Community Assemblages (FCA), para calcular la inestabilidad biótica y ambiental y la interacción entre estas. Resultados: En los embalses estudiados hubo una alta inestabilidad ambiental y biológica. El pH, la saturación de oxígeno, el nitrógeno total, la temperatura del agua, los nitritos, el fósforo total (solo para el zooplancton) y los sólidos totales, son las variables abióticas con mayor aporte a la inestabilidad planctónica, independientemente del estado trófico. Particularmente, Cryptomonas sp., Aulacoseira sp., Cyclotella sp., Dinobryon sp., Nephrocytium sp., Tetraëdron caudatum y Oscillatoria sp., tuvieron mayor influencia sobre la inestabilidad de diferentes taxones de rotíferos y de algunos copépodos. Conclusión: Independiente del estado trófico, la dinámica del pH, la disponibilidad de nutrientes, la cantidad de sólidos suspendidos y la disponibilidad de gases como el oxígeno disuelto determinaron principalmente la inestabilidad del fitoplancton, y en menor medida la del zooplancton. En los embalses oligotróficos la inestabilidad del zooplancton es influenciada principalmente por algas altamente apetecibles con toxicidad nula, y en embalses altamente enriquecidos la inestabilidad fue influenciada por algas con baja calidad nutricional y de difícil ingestión y manipulación.

Resumo: A seguinte revisão bibliográfica centra-se nos aspectos mais relevantes e controversos desta entidade em termos clínicos, patogénese, diagnóstico e abordagem terapêutica. Embora a vasculite por IgA seja a mais comum em pediatria, ela pode ocorrer em adultos com apresentação clínica diferente e prognóstico mais grave do que em crianças, incluindo progressão para doença renal terminal. Em adultos, não existem critérios diagnósticos universalmente aceitos e o tratamento é controverso, dada a ausência de estudos randomizados e controlados que o apoiem. Existem avanços recentes na compreensão de fatores ambientais e genéticos, em anormalidades da imunidade inata e adquirida e no papel dos complexos imunes IgA1 deficientes em galact.

Resumen: La siguiente revisión bibliográfica está centrada los aspectos más relevantes y controversiales de esta entidad en cuanto a clínica, patogenia, diagnóstico y abordaje terapéutico. Aunque la vasculitis por IgA, es la más frecuente en pediatría, puede presentarse en adultos con una presentación clínica diferente y un pronóstico más grave que en niños, incluida la progresión a enfermedad renal terminal. En adultos no se dispone de criterios diagnósticos universalmente aceptados y el tratamiento es controvertido, dada la ausencia de estudios controlados randomizados que lo avalen. Existen avances recientes en la comprensión de los factores ambientales y genéticos, en las anormalidades de la inmunidad innata y adquirida y en el rol de los inmunocomplejos de IgA1 deficiente en galactos.

Abstract: The following literature review focuses on the most relevant and controversial aspects of this entity in terms of clinical presentation, pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapeutic approach. Although IgA vasculitis is the most common in pediatrics, it can occur in adults with a different clinical presentation and a more serious prognosis than in children, including progression to end-stage renal disease. In adults, there are no universally accepted diagnostic criteria and treatment is controversial, given the absence of randomized controlled studies to support it. There have been recent advances in the understanding of environmental and genetic factors, in the abnormalities of innate and acquired immunity and in the role of galactose-deficient IgA1 immune complexes.

Abstract Introduction: Bio bays in Puerto Rico play an important socio-economic role and declines in dominant bioluminescent dinoflagellate Pyrodinium bahamense are concerning. Studies show erratic blooms with is weak correlation to in situ environmental factors. Our study examines shorter field and longer proxy records on dinoflagellate density at Laguna Grande de Fajardo (LGF). Objectives: To quantify temporal changes in dinoflagellate density in a long-term monitoring study, understand how the marine environment modulates those changes, and determine the wider impacts of a fluctuating climate and extreme events on proxies for dinoflagellate density. Methods: Bimonthly samples were collected from 2016 to 2021 at three sampling sites in LGF. Dinoflagellates density was estimated by Sedgewick Rafter counting cells. Environmental conditions were obtained from Rio Fajardo 5007100 station and NOAA buoy 41056. Marine climate and biotic proxies were obtained from remote sensing measurements. Kruskal Wallis, Spearman correlations and cross-correlations in the shorter field and longer proxy records were used to evaluate environmental controls on LGF dinoflagellate blooms. Results: Six years of field monitoring densities found a low period in 2016-2017, frequent and intense blooms in 2018-2021 punctuated by hurricanes. Generally low values were recorded in late winter in contrast with higher values in late summer (Aug-Nov). Light winds and mixed layer response to seasonal warming in the form of high tides and low salinity, were found to sustain dinoflagellate reproduction. Conclusions: Bioluminescent dinoflagellates are vital to coastal tourism and require resource management. LGF results show that: 1) dinoflagellate counts fluctuate widely, 2) fluorescing dinoflagellates are sensitive to environmental conditions because of limited seasonality and narrow physiological range, 3) hurricanes play a role by ‘raking and refreshing’ the coastal lagoon for subsequent biotic reproduction, and 4) intra-seasonal fluctuations of density and proxies relate to air-sea thermodynamic conditions, the salinity budget and sea level.

Resumen Introducción: Las bahías bioluminiscentes en Puerto Rico desempeñan un papel socioeconómico importante y disminuciones del dinoflagelado bioluminiscente dominante Pyrodinium bahamense son preocupantes. Los estudios muestran proliferaciones erráticas débilmente correlacionadas con factores ambientales locales. Objetivos: Cuantificar cambios en la densidad de dinoflagelados a largo plazo en la Laguna Grande de Fajardo (LGF), comprender cómo el ambiente marino modula esos cambios y determinar los impactos de eventos climáticos extremos en la densidad de dinoflagelados. Métodos: Se recolectaron muestras bimestrales del 2016-2021 en tres sitios de la LGF. La densidad se estimó mediante el conteo de células de Sedgewick Rafter. Condiciones ambientales se obtuvieron de la estación Río Fajardo 5007100 y de la boya NOAA 41056. El clima marino y los indicadores bióticos se obtuvieron por mediciones de teledetección. Se utilizaron correlaciones Kruskal Wallis, Spearman y las correlaciones cruzadas en los registros de campo corto y proxy largos para evaluar los controles ambientales en las proliferaciones de dinoflagelados LGF. Resultados: En seis años de monitoreo se encontraron densidades bajas entre el 2016-2017 y proliferaciones frecuentes e intensas en 2018-2021 marcadas por huracanes. Se registraron valores bajos a finales del invierno, en contraste con valores más altos a finales del verano (agosto-noviembre). Vientos ligeros y la respuesta de capas mixtas al calentamiento estacional en forma de mareas altas y baja salinidad, mantienen la reproducción de los dinoflagelados. Conclusiones: Los dinoflagelados bioluminiscentes son vitales para el turismo costero y requieren manejo de los recursos. En general: 1) los recuentos de dinoflagelados fluctúan ampliamente, 2) los dinoflagelados fluorescentes son sensibles a las condiciones ambientales debido a su estacionalidad limitada y estrecho rango fisiológico, 3) los huracanes juegan un rol de rastrillar y refrescar la laguna costera para su posterior reproducción, y 4) fluctuaciones intra-estacionales se relacionan con las condiciones termodinámicas aire-mar, el balance de salinidad y el nivel del mar.

RESUMEN El presente artículo tiene como objetivo contrastar las redes de apoyo comunitarias en contextos vulnerables reconociéndolas como expresiones de resiliencia comunitaria en el marco del proyecto -Vulnerabilidad, resiliencia y riesgo de comunidades y cuencas abastecedoras afectadas por fenómenos de deslizamientos y avalanchas- donde se elige dos territorios, ex post y ex ante respectivamente, con factores de riesgo de avenida torrencial. Como resultado, se evidencian dos tipos de redes de apoyo, primero, redes combinadas donde diferentes actores se unen para trabajar en torno a las necesidades de la población y la segunda, redes circunstanciales, que surgen en un momento particular y desaparecen en el momento en que la situación es resuelta. Esta investigación es de carácter cualitativo, busca la comprensión, reconstrucción e interpretación de momentos, hechos, situaciones y acciones desde las voces de los sujetos que vivencian determinados fenómenos, elaborando con ellos un -todo-con-sentido-, de acuerdo con sus historias, trayectorias y subjetividades. Se implementaron técnicas de revisión documental, informes de base comunitaria y entrevistas semiestructuradas, así como la aplicación de instrumentos de identificación y caracterización de actores y redes.

RESUMO Este artigo tem como objetivo contrastar as redes de apoio comunitário em contextos vulneráveis, reconhecendo-as como expressões da resiliência da comunidade no âmbito do projeto “Vulnerabilidade, resiliência e risco em comunidades e bacias de abastecimento afetadas por deslizamentos de terra e valanches”, no qual foram escolhidos dois territórios, ex post e ex ante, respectivamente, com fatores de risco de inundações torrenciais. Como resultado, dois tipos de redes de apoio são evidenciados: primeiro, redes combinadas, em que diferentes atores se unem para trabalhar em torno das necessidades da população, e segundo, redes circunstanciais, que surgem em um determinado momento e desaparecem quando a situação é resolvida. Esta pesquisa é de natureza qualitativa, buscando a compreensão, a reconstrução e a interpretação de momentos, fatos, situações e ações a partir das vozes dos sujeitos que vivenciam determinados fenômenos, elaborando com eles um “todo-com-sentido”, de acordo com suas histórias, trajetórias e subjetividades. Foram implementadas técnicas de análise documental, relatórios comunitários e entrevistas semiestruturadas, bem como a aplicação de instrumentos para a identificação e caracterização de atores e redes.

ABSTRACT The objective of this article is to contrast community support networks in vulnerable contexts, recognizing them as expressions of community resilience within the framework of the project "Vulnerability resilience and risk of communities and supply basins affected by landslide and avalanche phenomena" where two territories are chosen, ex-post and ex-ante respectively with risk factors for torrential flooding. As a result, two types of support networks are evident: first, combined networks where different actors come together to work around the needs of the population, and second, circumstantial networks, which emerge at a particular moment and disappear at the moment that the situation is resolved.This qualitative research seeks the understanding, reconstruction, and interpretation of moments, facts, conditions, and actions from the voices of the subjects who experience certain phenomena, creating with them an "everything-with-meaning", according to their stories, trajectories, and subjectivities. Document review techniques, community-based reports, and semi-structured interviews were implemented, as well as the application of identification and characterization instruments of actors and networks.

ABSTRACT. Using satellite sensor data for studying sea surface temperature (SST) provides advantages over in situ information, such as obtaining data from large areas and remote access regions in short periods. However, differences between the SST values recorded in situ and those by satellite sensors are due to the intrinsic nature of both methods and meteorological factors. The present study aims to search the difference between SST values from in situ and satellite sensor data of 1×1 km resolution (type L4) from the Group of High-Resolution Sea Surface Temperature (GHRSST) for an annual cycle in a socio-ecological critical area known as the Gulf of Ulloa (GU). The linear regression, linear spline regression, and logic models showed an overestimated SST by satellites compared to in situ data, particularly at temperatures below 20°C. The overestimation can be attributed to the oceanic-atmospheric variations, which are consequences of upwelling and the time lag between the data record morning by in situ and night by satellite sensors. This finding may be relevant in decision-making for marine resource management and conservation in the GU. The information may help to seek the sustainability of this social-environmental system.

Resumo Nas últimas décadas, uma epidemia de doença renal crônica (DRC) tem sido associada a fatores ambientais e ocupacionais (estresse térmico decorrente de cargas de trabalho elevadas em altas temperaturas e exposição a produtos químicos, como agrotóxicos e metais), denominada DRC de origem não tradicional (DRCnt). Esta revisão descritiva tem como objetivo apresentar evidências recentes sobre estresse térmico, agrotóxicos e metais como possíveis causas de DRCnt e fornecer uma visão geral das estratégias brasileiras de regulamentação, fiscalização e vigilância sanitária relacionadas. Os trabalhadores brasileiros são comumente expostos a condições extremas de calor e outros fatores de risco de DRCnt, incluindo o aumento da exposição a agrotóxicos e metais. Além disso, há uma falta de regulamentação e fiscalização, políticas públicas e estratégias adequadas para proteger a saúde renal dos trabalhadores em relação aos principais fatores de risco. É provável que a DRCnt seja uma causa significativa de DRC no Brasil, uma vez que a etiologia da doença é desconhecida em muitos pacientes e diversas condições para seu desenvolvimento estão presentes no país. Estudos epidemiológicos devem ser realizados para explorar associações causais e estimar o impacto do calor, dos agrotóxicos e dos metais na DRCnt no Brasil. Além disso, as políticas públicas devem priorizar a redução da exposição dos trabalhadores e a promoção de sua saúde e segurança. décadas (DRC químicos metais, , metais) DRCnt. . (DRCnt) relacionadas disso Brasil país segurança (DRCnt

Abstract In the past decades, an epidemic of chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been associated with environmental and occupational factors (heat stress from high workloads in hot temperatures and exposure to chemicals, such as pesticides and metals), which has been termed CKD of non-traditional origin (CKDnt). This descriptive review aims to present recent evidence about heat stress, pesticides, and metals as possible causes of CKDnt and provide an overview of the related Brazilian regulation, enforcement, and health surveillance strategies. Brazilian workers are commonly exposed to extreme heat conditions and other CKDnt risk factors, including increasing exposure to pesticides and metals. Furthermore, there is a lack of adequate regulation (and enforcement), public policies, and strategies to protect the kidney health of workers, considering the main risk factors. CKDnt is likely to be a significant cause of CKD in Brazil, since CKD’s etiology is unknown in many patients and several conditions for its development are present in the country. Further epidemiological studies may be conducted to explore causal associations and estimate the impact of heat, pesticides, and metals on CKDnt in Brazil. Moreover, public policies should prioritize reducing workers´ exposure and promoting their health and safety. decades (CKD chemicals metals, , metals) nontraditional non traditional CKDnt. . (CKDnt) enforcement Furthermore enforcement) Brazil CKDs s country Moreover safety (CKDnt

A prevenção da violência contra criança e adolescente busca eliminar/reduzir os fatores sociais, culturais e ambientais que propiciam a ocorrência das violências. Objetivou-se analisar as estratégias oferecidas aos jovens para o exercício de sua criatividade, bem como os produtos criados acerca da prevenção desse fenômeno. Trata-se de uma pesquisa-ação interventiva, realizada em duas escolas públicas de um estado do Nordeste do Brasil, com 13 adolescentes, com média de idade de 14 anos. As propostas elaboradas pelos jovens destacam a necessidade da: informação, denúncia, busca de ajuda junto a profissionais da saúde, pessoas de confiança, uso de tecnologia, e a articulação em rede para o trabalho de prevenção da violência. Conclui-se que para o protagonismo dos adolescentes faz-se necessário que a escola e outros ambientes ampliem os espaços de escuta, expressão da criatividade, compreendam suas potencialidades, reflexões e estratégias de combate/prevenção das violências.

&nbsp;Preventing violence against children and adolescents seeks to eliminate/reduce the social, cultural and environmental factors that encourage the occurrence of violence. The objective was to analyze the strategies offered to young people to exercise their creativity, as well as the products created to prevent this phenomenon. This is an interventional action research, carried out in two public schools in a state in the Northeast of Brazil, with 13 adolescents, with an average age of 14 years. The proposals prepared by young people highlight the need for: information, reporting, seeking help from health professionals, trusted people, use of technology, and networking for violence prevention work. It is concluded that for teenagers to take a leading role, it is necessary for schools and other environments to expand spaces for listening, expression of creativity, understanding their potential, reflections and strategies for combating/preventing violence.

La prevención de la violencia busca eliminar/reducir los factores sociales, culturales y ambientales que fomentan la ocurrencia de violencia. El objetivo fue analizar las estrategias que se ofrecen a los jóvenes para ejercitar su creatividad, así como los productos creados para prevenir este fenómeno. Se trata de una investigación-acción intervencionista, realizada en dos escuelas públicas de un estado del Nordeste de Brasil, con 13 adolescentes, con edad promedio de 14 años. Las propuestas elaboradas por los jóvenes resaltan la necesidad de: información, denuncia, búsqueda de ayuda de profesionales de la salud, personas de confianza, uso de la tecnología y trabajo en red para el trabajo de prevención de la violencia. Se concluye que para que los adolescentes asuman un rol protagónico es necesario que las escuelas y otros ambientes amplíen espacios de escucha, expresión de creatividad, comprensión de sus potencialidades, reflexiones y estrategias para combatir/prevenir la violencia.