Abstract The article explores the criminalization of “bird catchers” children in the 19th century in Belgium within the context of the enactment of bird protection laws. Shedding light on the emergence of environmental illegality, it examines discourses criminalizing this practice and social responses to account for the interactions between society, crime, and the environment, thereby contributing to the understanding of historical dynamics of the time. Indeed, during the second half of the 19th century, a certain discourse defining a new environmental criminality arises in Belgium, involving not only the act of bird hunting but also the children practicing it. The criminalization of children is based on two arguments: their impact on the natural balance and their immorality. The examination of bird hunting repression reveals that beyond avian conservation, it also aims to control rural populations and promote urban values.

Resumo Este artigo explora a criminalização das crianças “caçadoras de pássaros” na Bélgica do século XIX, no contexto da introdução de leis de proteção das aves. Destacando a emergência de uma ilegalidade ambiental, examina os discursos que criminalizam esta prática e as respostas sociais, a fim de explicar as interações entre a sociedade, o crime e o ambiente, oferecendo assim um contributo para a compreensão da dinâmica histórica da época. Durante a segunda metade do século XIX, surgiu na Bélgica um certo discurso que definia uma nova forma de criminalidade ambiental, envolvendo não só o ato de caçar aves, mas também as crianças que o praticavam. A criminalização das crianças baseava-se em dois argumentos: o seu impacto no equilíbrio natural e a sua imoralidade. A análise da repressão à caça de aves revela que, além da conservação das aves, visa também controlar as populações rurais e promover os valores urbanos.

Resumé L’article explore la criminalisation des enfants « dénicheurs » d’oiseaux au XIXe siècle en Belgique, dans le contexte de l’émission de lois de protection aviaire. Mettant en lumière l’émergence d’un illégalisme environnemental, il examine les discours criminalisant cette pratique et les réponses sociales afin de rendre compte des interactions entre la société, le crime, et l’environnement, offrant ainsi une contribution à la compréhension des dynamiques historiques de l’époque. Durant la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle, naît, en effet, en Belgique un certain discours définissant une nouvelle criminalité environnementale, impliquant non seulement l’acte de chasse aux oiseaux, mais également les enfants qui le pratiquent. La criminalisation des enfants repose alors sur deux arguments : leur impact sur l’équilibre naturel et leur immoralité. L’étude de la répression de la chasse aux oiseaux révèle alors qu’outre la conservation aviaire, il s’agit aussi de contrôler les populations rurales et de promouvoir les valeurs urbaines.

ABSTRACT This research aims to analyze the impact of the urban landscape on street crime, and therefore citizen security, in Mexico City’s Álvaro Obregón district. We focus on the objective aspect of security using a quantitative methodology with four analytical dimensions: geospatial, sociodemographic, urban structure, and typology of the neighborhood. The results show that the heterogeneous manifestation of physical-environmental components and social and economic dynamics create socio-spatial patterns associated with an increase in street crime and a decrease in safety in public spaces. In conclusion, the holistic exploration of the four aspects of an urban landscape allows us to visualize its particularities according to specific times and places, which in turn can be the basis for interweaving and sustaining situational prevention and environmental design by local government planners.

RESUMEN El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar el impacto que tiene el escenario urbano en el delito callejero, por ende, en la seguridad ciudadana, en la demarcación Álvaro Obregón, Ciudad de México. La vertiente objetiva de la seguridad se aborda con la metodología cuantitativa a partir de cuatro dimensiones de análisis: geoespacial, sociodemográfica, estructura urbana y tipología del lugar. Los resultados muestran que la manifestación heterogénea de los componentes físico-ambientales y las dinámicas sociales y económicas originan patrones socioespaciales que, en cierta medida, hacen repuntar el delito callejero y la falta de seguridad del espacio público. En conclusión, la exploración integral de los componentes del delito callejero y la seguridad urbana permite visualizar sus particularidades de acuerdo a momentos y lugares concretos, cuya caracterización puede ser el sustento para entretejer y apuntalar la prevención situacional y el diseño ambiental a escala de la planeación urbana.

RESUMEN Si bien las medidas que conducen a la degradación del medio ambiente ya tienen consecuencias mundiales que amenazan la existencia misma de la humanidad, la guerra en Ucrania ha demostrado una vez más la eficacia de los mecanismos jurídicos internacionales existentes en la esfera de la protección del medio ambiente. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar los mecanismos jurídicos internacionales existentes para la protección del medio ambiente desde la perspectiva de la posibilidad de criminalizar el delito de ecocidio. Sobre la base del análisis de la legislación nacional de los países que han introducido la responsabilidad penal por el delito de ecocidio, se demuestra que los enfoques nacionales para abordar esta cuestión se caracterizan por la condicionalidad histórica y tienen diferencias significativas. Estas diferencias excluyen la posibilidad de que el delincuente incurra en responsabilidad penal en ausencia de un mecanismo jurídico internacional apropiado, mientras que las consecuencias del ecocidio causan daños mundiales. Un análisis del estado de la regulación internacional ha demostrado que el principal problema con la imposibilidad de enjuiciar el ecocidio es que, a pesar de la existencia de un amplio mecanismo de protección ambiental, sigue siendo imperfecto, salvo la posibilidad de enjuiciar los delitos contra el medio ambiente relacionados con crímenes de guerra. Una evaluación de los datos presentados en los informes relativos a la guerra en Ucrania muestra que la participación en las convenciones internacionales pertinentes no garantiza en modo alguno que el país agresor no viole sus obligaciones internacionales. Se ha demostrado que el reconocimiento del ecocidio como delito a nivel internacional sigue siendo el único medio eficaz de llevar a los autores ante la justicia. Los resultados del estudio pueden utilizarse para mejorar aún más los mecanismos jurídicos para el enjuiciamiento del ecocidio, la enseñanza de disciplinas jurídicas y la investigación académica ulterior.

ABSTRACT While actions leading to environmental degradation already have global consequences threatening the very existence of humanity, the war in Ukraine has once again proved the effectiveness of existing international environmental protection mechanisms. The purpose of this study is to analyze existing international environmental protection mechanisms from the perspective of the possibility of criminalizing the crime of ecocide. Based on the analysis of the domestic law of countries that have incorporated ecocide as a crime, it follows that national approaches to addressing this issue depend on historical conditions and have significant differences. These differences hinder the prosecution of ecocide in the absence of appropriate international legal mechanisms, while the consequences of ecocide cause global damage. An analysis of the state of international regulations has shown that despite the existence of an extensive environmental protection mechanism, it remains imperfect, thus making it impossible to prosecute ecocide unless it is done in connection with war crimes. An assessment of the data presented in the reports on the war in Ukraine shows that participation in relevant international conventions does not in any way guarantee that the aggressor country will not violate its international obligations. It is shown that recognizing ecocide as a crime at the international level remains the only effective means to bring perpetrators to justice. The results of the study can be used to further improve the legal mechanisms for prosecuting ecocide, in teaching legal disciplines, and in further academic research.

Resumen: Este estudio se centra en tres aspectos fundamentales relacionados con la protección internacional del medio ambiente. Así, tras una breve aproximación al estado de la cuestión medioambiental en relación a la situación de emergencia climática que enfrentamos, se aborda la cuestión del medio ambiente como un derecho humano. A continuación, se aborda el desarrollo histórico de ecocidio en el ámbito de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas. Finalmente, se profundiza en la propuesta de definición de ecocidio y las modificaciones sugeridas para el Estatuto de Roma, destacando la labor de la Fundación Stop Ecocidio y otras iniciativas en ese sentido. Este enfoque busca contribuir al desarrollo de la protección penal del medio ambiente a nivel internacional, explorando estos tres ejes centrales.

Abstract: This study focuses on three fundamental aspects related to the international protection of the environment. Thus, after a brief overview of the environmental situation concerning the climate emergency we face, the issue of the environment as a human right is addressed. Subsequently, the historical development of ecocide in the context of the United Nations is examined. Finally, there is an in-depth analysis of the proposed definition of ecocide and the modifications suggested for the Rome Statute, highlighting the work of the Stop Ecocide Foundation and other similar proposals. This approach aims to contribute to the development of international environmental criminal protection by exploring these three central axes.

Resumo Este artigo aborda a ausência de disposições na legislação brasileira que tratem das consequências dos atos terroristas quando resultam em danos graves ao meio ambiente. A pesquisa, conduzida por meio de uma abordagem qualitativa com o método hipotético-dedutivo, utilizou técnicas de pesquisa de documentação indireta, com fontes de pesquisa documental e bibliográfica em recursos primários e secundários. A hipótese proposta é que a incorporação da expressão "dano ambiental grave" na legislação, com a previsão de agravamento das penas em casos de atos terroristas que resultem em tais danos, pode ser uma medida eficaz para lidar com a crescente ameaça de atos terroristas e a crise ambiental. Os resultados indicam a necessidade de introdução da expressão na Lei 13.260, de 2016, visando adaptar a legislação nacional às crescentes preocupações ambientais e à possibilidade de ameaças terroristas. Recomenda-se a apresentação de um projeto de lei para reintroduzir a previsão vetada e suprir a omissão legal.

Abstract This article addresses the lack of provisions in Brazilian legislation dealing with the consequences of terrorist acts when they result in serious damage to the environment. The research, conducted using a qualitative approach with the hypothetical-deductive method, used indirect documentation research techniques, with documentary and bibliographic research sources in primary and secondary resources. The hypothesis proposed is that the incorporation of the expression "serious environmental damage" into legislation, with the provision for increased penalties in cases of terrorist acts that result in such damage, could be an effective measure to deal with the growing threat of terrorist acts and the environmental crisis. The results indicate the need to introduce the expression in Law 13.260 of 2016, with a view to adapting national legislation to growing environmental concerns and the possibility of terrorist threats. It is recommended that a bill be presented to reintroduce the vetoed provision and remedy the legal omission.

Child sexual abuse affects children and caregivers all around the world. According to the South African Police Service's (2020/21) crime statistics report, child sexual abuse is common in South Africa, particularly the township of Tsakane. Tsakane, located in Ekurhuleni, Gauteng, is predominantly comprised of IsiZulu-speaking residents and has a significant child sexual abuse problem. Child sexual abuse may be perceived differently by IsiZulu-speaking caregivers than by other cultural groups and hence a qualitative study was carried out to explore this phenomenon. The study employed an exploratory design and semi-structured individual interviews. Thematic content analysis was conducted in analysing the data. The findings revealed that isiZulu caregivers in Tsakane are hesitant to report incidences of child sexual abuse because of cultural, environmental and psychological cost factors. This means that social work should address child sexual abuse in a comprehensive, culturally sensitive and community-focused manner.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: The development of the Durban Aerotropolis (DA) is one of the major catalytic projects the provincial government has adopted to propel growth within the province. It aims to enhance international connectivity, promote economic mediation, and strengthen aviation-enabled trade for competitive trade, employment generation, and socio-economic profitability. A catalyst that would make this objective a success is small, medium and micro-enterprises (SMMEs) in the tourism sector. This study proposes to address how tourism-based small, medium and micro-sized enterprises (TB-SMMEs) can contribute towards the success of the DA by assessing and addressing the factors that hinder TB-SMME development as one of the major strategies for economic development. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: The utility of the pragmatist research philosophy is more appropriate to understand the factors that can restrict the TB-SMMEs in generating employment within the proposed DA while utilising numerical data. Both qualitative and quantitative approaches to this research were adopted, and questionnaires were distributed among the TB-SMMEs within the Durban Aerotropolis; 183 questionnaires were returned, and descriptive statistics were employed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 26. FINDINGS: The study revealed several factors that could impede the growth of TB-SMMEs in the proposed Durban Aerotropolis, including high crime rates, skills shortages, insufficient funding, limited innovation, inadequate knowledge sharing, weak understanding of environmental challenges, poor infrastructure, government regulations, and rural isolation. MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS: The study recommends the upgrade of technology infrastructure among the TB-SMMEs, provision of adequate infrastructural amenities, improvement of skills among the TB-SMMEs, better funding, mitigation of crime, review of regulation and constant promotion of DA and the activities of the TB-SMMEs. JEL CLASSIFICATION: R58

Abstract This study aims to analyze the protective and destructive critical processes of 34 water women in the municipalities of Cabo de Santo de Agostinho and Ipojuca, Pernambuco, Brazil, from February/21 to August/22. The work process stages were systematized by the work flowchart, and we employed Breilh’s critical processes matrix to organize the data. The destructive processes identified in the general domain were injustice and socio-environmental vulnerability, such as the economic development model, the Suape Industrial Port Complex, the 2019 oil spill crime disaster, the COVID-19 pandemic, and the difficult access to public policies; in the particular domain: overloads and extended working hours, use of rudimentary equipment and tools, and unequal gender, class, and race relationships; in the singular domain: physical and mental illnesses and deaths. The protective processes identified in the general domain were sustainable development objectives, public health, and social assistance policies; in the particular domain, group work and processing, consumption for subsistence; in the singular domain, fishing as a therapeutic, pleasurable, and sharing process. The study highlighted the central issues of the water women and the need to establish public policies targeting their care. 3 Ipojuca Pernambuco Brazil February21 February 21 February/2 August22 August 22 August/22 flowchart Breilhs Breilh s data socioenvironmental socio environmental vulnerability model Complex 201 disaster COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 pandemic hours tools gender class relationships deaths objectives health processing subsistence therapeutic pleasurable care February2 2 February/ August2 August/2 20 COVID1 1 COVID- August/

Resumo Objetivou-se analisar os processos críticos, protetores e destrutivos do trabalho de 34 mulheres das águas nos municípios de Cabo de Santo de Agostinho e Ipojuca (PE), de fevereiro de 2021 a agosto de 2022. As etapas do processo de trabalho foram sistematizadas pelo fluxograma do trabalho e organizadas na matriz de processos críticos de Breilh. Os processos destrutivos, no domínio geral, foram: injustiça e vulnerabilização socioambiental como modelo de desenvolvimento econômico, o Complexo Industrial Portuário de Suape, o desastre-crime de petróleo ocorrido em 2019, a pandemia de COVID-19 e dificuldade de acesso às políticas públicas; no particular: jornadas e sobrecargas de trabalho, uso de equipamentos e ferramentas rudimentares e relações desiguais de gênero, classe e raça; no singular: adoecimentos físicos, mentais e mortes. Os processos protetores, no domínio geral: os objetivos de desenvolvimento sustentável, políticas públicas de saúde e assistência social; no particular: trabalho e beneficiamento em grupo, consumo para subsistência; no singular: a pesca como processo terapêutico, prazeroso e de partilha. O estudo destacou os problemas centrais das mulheres das águas e a necessidade do estabelecimento de políticas públicas voltadas ao seu cuidado. Objetivouse Objetivou se 3 PE, PE , (PE) 202 2022 Breilh geral econômico Suape desastrecrime desastre crime 2019 COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 particular gênero raça singular físicos mortes sustentável social grupo subsistência terapêutico partilha cuidado (PE 20 201 COVID1 1 COVID- 2

Resumo No contexto de crise socioambiental que se evidencia na Amazônia Legal, este artigo tem como objetivo geral identificar vínculos entre as ações do governo brasileiro vigente (2019-2022) e a necropolítica socioambiental. Dentre os objetivos específicos, a investigação proposta visa a demonstrar a participação do governo federal em vigor no aumento dos incêndios, desmatamentos, invasões a territórios indígenas, garimpo ilegal e violência na Amazônia Legal. Com base na obra de Achille Mbembe, este estudo busca delimitar uma crise humanitária originada na necropolítica do governo Bolsonaro. Fazendo uso de uma metodologia quantitativa, esta pesquisa partiu da coleta de dados relacionados à desarticulação de normas ambientais garantidoras de políticas públicas, discursos oficiais de incitação à violação de normas ambientais e inércia no combate a crimes ambientais na Amazônia e contra os povos indígenas no período de janeiro de 2019 a agosto de 2022. Em uma análise qualitativa, tais dados foram inseridos em um quadro analítico derivado da obra de Mbembe sobre a necropolítica. Como resultado, restam reforçadas e justificadas as denúncias de crime contra a humanidade que tramitam contra o Presidente da República perante o Tribunal Penal Internacional (TPI). Legal 20192022 2022 (2019-2022 específicos incêndios desmatamentos Bolsonaro quantitativa públicas 201 qualitativa resultado TPI. TPI . (TPI) 2019202 202 (2019-202 20 (TPI 201920 (2019-20 2 20192 (2019-2 (2019- (2019 (201 (20 (2 (

Resumen En el contexto de la crisis socioambiental en la Amazonia Legal, este artículo tiene como objetivo identificar los vínculos entre las acciones del actual gobierno brasileño (2019-2022) y la necropolítica socioambiental. Entre los objetivos específicos, la investigación propuesta pretende demostrar la participación del actual gobierno federal en el aumento de los incendios, la deforestación, las invasiones de territorios indígenas, la minería ilegal y la violencia en la Amazonia Legal. A partir del trabajo de Achille Mbembe, este estudio busca delimitar una crisis humanitaria originada en la necropolítica del gobierno Bolsonaro. Utilizando una metodología cuantitativa, esta investigación comenzó con la recolección de datos relacionados con la desarticulación de las normas ambientales que garantizan las políticas públicas, los discursos oficiales que incitan a la violación de las normas ambientales y la inercia en la lucha contra los delitos ambientales en la Amazonía y contra los pueblos indígenas desde enero de 2019 hasta agosto de 2022. En un análisis cualitativo, tales datos se insertaron en un marco analítico derivado de la obra de Mbembe sobre la necropolítica. Como resultado, se refuerzan y justifican las acusaciones de crímenes contra la humanidad contra el Presidente de la República ante el Tribunal Penal Internacional (TPI). Legal 20192022 2022 (2019-2022 específicos incendios deforestación Bolsonaro cuantitativa públicas 201 cualitativo resultado TPI. TPI . (TPI) 2019202 202 (2019-202 20 (TPI 201920 (2019-20 2 20192 (2019-2 (2019- (2019 (201 (20 (2 (

Abstract Within the context of the socio-environmental crisis evident in the Legal Amazon region, this article aims to identify links between the actions of the current Brazilian government (2019-2022) and socio- -environmental necropolitics. Among the specific objectives, the proposed investigation seeks to demonstrate the involvement of the current federal government in the increase of fires, deforestation, invasions of Indigenous territories, illegal mining, and violence in the Legal Amazon region. Drawing from Achille Mbembe’s thesis, the study aims to delineate a humanitarian crisis stemming from the necropolitics of the Bolsonaro government. Employing a quantitative methodology, the research involved collecting data related to the dismantling of environmental norms that guarantee public policies, official discourses inciting the violation of environmental norms, inertia in combating environmental crimes in the Amazon and against Indigenous peoples, spanning from January 2019 to August 2022. In a qualitative analysis, these data were integrated into the analytical framework derived by the authors from Mbembe’s work on necropolitics. As a result, the accusations of crimes against humanity filed against the Brazilian president the International Criminal Court (ICC) are further reinforced and justified. socioenvironmental socio region 20192022 2022 (2019-2022 objectives fires deforestation territories mining Mbembes Mbembe s thesis methodology policies peoples 201 analysis result ICC (ICC justified 2019202 202 (2019-202 20 201920 (2019-20 2 20192 (2019-2 (2019- (2019 (201 (20 (2 (

Resumo Objetivo: Esse artigo debate o processo de abertura da estratégia, entendendo a pressão social sobre as organizações como uma dimensão de destaque no contexto do fazer estratégia. Originalidade/valor: Em um contexto de crimes ambientais corporativos, sociais e negligências de modo geral, as organizações podem manter suas estratégias fechadas e tentar se esquivar de manifestações institucionais e sociais ao responder cerimonialmente. Para problematizar esta relação, trazemos como arcabouço teórico discussões sobre a open strategy, assumindo uma perspectiva prática deste fenômeno social mundial, propondo ainda uma agenda de discussões dentro de uma dimensão da ética no fazer estratégia. Design/metodologia/abordagem: Realizamos um estudo de caso de base documental do “fenômeno geológico” da Braskem ocorrido em Maceió em 2018, a partir de reportagens publicadas na Folha de S.Paulo e no Estadão, assim como relatórios da organização. Face a esses documentos, debatemos sobre o crime ambiental corporativo ocorrido (ecocídio), que acarretou na despatriação dos sujeitos. Os documentos foram analisados a partir de análise de conteúdo e interpretados à luz do arcabouço teórico delineado. Resultados: Ressaltamos neste artigo a importância da inclusão da dimensão ética nos debates sobre open strategy e propomos uma reflexão sobre levar a abertura a sério. Abertura essa construída a partir de uma perspectiva dialógica e de práticas sociais que consideram um arcabouço sócio-histórico, cultural e situado. Objetivo estratégia Originalidade/valor Originalidadevalor Originalidade valor corporativos geral cerimonialmente relação mundial Design/metodologia/abordagem Designmetodologiaabordagem Design metodologia abordagem geológico 2018 SPaulo S Paulo Estadão organização ecocídio, ecocídio , (ecocídio) sujeitos delineado Resultados sério sóciohistórico, sóciohistórico sócio histórico, histórico sócio-histórico situado 201 (ecocídio 20 2

Abstract Purpose: This article debates the open strategy process, understanding the social pressure on companies as a highlighted dimension within the context of formulating strategy. Originality/value: Within corporate environmental and social crimes and negligence, companies can maintain their closed strategies and try to avoid institutional and social protests by responding ceremonially. To analyze this relationship, we use the theoretical framework of open strategy, assuming a practical perspective of this worldwide social phenomenon, and we also propose a discussion agenda for the ethical dimension of formulating strategy. Design/methodology/approach: We have conducted a documental case study of the Braskem “geological phenomenon” which occurred in Maceió, Alagoas, in 2018 using newspaper reports from Folha de S.Paulo and Estadão, as well as business reports. Based on these documents, we debate the corporate environmental crime that occurred (ecocide), which caused great losses on the part of the local residents. The documents were analyzed using content analysis and interpreted in light of the delineated theoretical framework. Findings: We emphasize the importance of including the ethical dimension in debates about open strategy and propose a reflection about taking this opening seriously. Openness is built from a dialogic perspective, and social practices are considered a social-historic and culturally situated framework. Purpose process Originality/value Originalityvalue Originality value negligence ceremonially relationship phenomenon Design/methodology/approach Designmethodologyapproach Design methodology approach geological Maceió Alagoas 201 SPaulo S Paulo Estadão ecocide, ecocide , (ecocide) residents Findings seriously socialhistoric historic 20 (ecocide 2

Resumo A pesquisa empreendida nas linhas a seguir busca analisar as influências que a valoração do ambiente como entidade com finalidade própria provocou em outros campos científicos, sobretudo no Direito Penal e na criminologia, posto que o primeiro categoriza o ambiente como bem jurídico a ser protegido, ao passo que o segundo amplia seu objeto de estudo para abarcar essa valoração do ambiente, dando surgimento à denominada criminologia verde. Num segundo passo, constatado que a conexão entre as searas não entrega a proteção devida ao ambiente, haja vista peculiaridades ínsitas a cada uma das ciências, busca-se inserir a perspectiva do dano social como elemento capaz de abarcar uma melhor proteção do ambiente, imputando responsabilidade sobretudo às corporações, entidades que mais degradam o ambiente, por meio daquilo que o Direito Penal pode oferecer, mormente em matéria de tutela do ambiente. Conclui-se, portanto, pela adoção de novas perspectivas sobre a ideia de crime, autores e vítimas, há muito denunciados pelos mais diversos mecanismos de regulação social como ineficazes. Utilizou-se o método hipotético-dedutivo, com base em pesquisa documental e bibliográfica. científicos protegido verde ciências buscase se corporações oferecer Concluise, Concluise Conclui se, Conclui-se portanto crime vítimas ineficazes Utilizouse Utilizou hipotéticodedutivo, hipotéticodedutivo hipotético dedutivo, dedutivo hipotético-dedutivo bibliográfica

Resumen La investigación emprendida en las siguientes líneas pretende analizar las influencias que la valoración del ambiente como un ente con finalidad propia ha tenido en otros campos científicos, especialmente el Derecho Penal y la criminología, ya que el primero cataloga al ambiente como un bien jurídico a proteger, mientras que la segunda amplía su objeto de estudio para abarcar esta valoración del ambiente, dando lugar a lo que se conoce como criminología verde. En un segundo paso, cuando se observa que la conexión entre los dos campos no proporciona una protección adecuada al ambiente, dadas las peculiaridades inherentes a cada una de las ciencias, se busca insertar la perspectiva del daño social como un elemento capaz de proporcionar una mejor protección al ambiente, imponiendo responsabilidad sobre todo a las corporaciones, las entidades que más degradan el ambiente, por medio de lo que el Derecho Penal puede ofrecer, especialmente en términos de tutela ambiental. Se concluye, por tanto, adoptando nuevas perspectivas sobre la idea de delito, autores y víctimas, largamente denunciada por los más diversos mecanismos de regulación social como ineficaz. Se utilizó el método hipotético-deductivo, basado en la investigación documental y bibliográfica. científicos proteger verde paso ciencias corporaciones ofrecer ambiental concluye tanto delito víctimas ineficaz hipotéticodeductivo, hipotéticodeductivo hipotético deductivo, deductivo hipotético-deductivo bibliográfica

Abstract The research undertaken in the following lines aims to analyze the influences that the valuation of the environment as entity with its own purpose has had on other scientific fields, especially in Criminal Law and Criminology. This is because the former categorizes the environment as a legal asset to be protected, while the latter expands its object of study to encompass this valuation of the environment, giving rise to what is known as Green Criminology. In a second step, having established that the connection between these fields does not provide proper protection to the environment, given the peculiarities inherent to each of the sciences, we seek to introduce the perspective of social damage as an element capable of providing better environmental protection. This approach seeks to hold corporations as the primary entities responsible for environmental degradation, according to what Criminal Law can offer, especially in terms of environmental protection. It is concluded, therefore, that new perspectives on the concept of crime, perpetrators, and victims have been adopted, as these have long been rendered ineffective by various mechanisms of social regulation. A hypothetical-deductive method was used, based on documentary and bibliographical research. Criminology protected step sciences degradation offer concluded therefore crime perpetrators adopted regulation hypotheticaldeductive hypothetical deductive used

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever os perfis sociodemográfico e socio-ocupacional e efeitos na saúde dos pescadores artesanais de Pernambuco afetados pelo desastre-crime do petróleo no Brasil em 2019. Métodos: Estudo epidemiológico transversal, realizado em 16 municípios do litoral pernambucano, com amostra composta por 1.259 pescadores artesanais. Foi utilizado um questionário contendo 14 blocos, incluindo questões socioeconômicas, de exposição ao petróleo, entre outras. Foi realizada uma análise descritiva com cálculo de frequências simples e percentual. Resultados: No total, 95,1% das pessoas consideram a pesca como seu principal trabalho e 97% estavam exercendo essa atividade. Entre os pescadores, o local de pesca mais comum foi o mangue, e o fogo à lenha foi utilizado no processo de trabalho por cerca de 60% da população. Em relação a problemas de saúde, 34,4% relataram dor de cabeça forte ou enxaqueca e 28,2%, ardência nos olhos, no período de 1 a 3 meses após o derramamento de petróleo. Conclusão: As condições de trabalho, de saúde e de estilo de vida foram impactadas pelo desastre-crime do petróleo. Outras pesquisas deverão ser desenvolvidas para melhor compreender os danos da exposição ao petróleo e seus efeitos na saúde dos pescadores. Observar o perfil das pessoas que vivem nos territórios da pesca artesanal em Pernambuco é fundamental para políticas públicas e ações governamentais que promovam territórios saudáveis e sustentáveis. Objetivo socioocupacional socio ocupacional desastrecrime desastre crime 2019 Métodos transversal pernambucano 1259 259 1.25 blocos socioeconômicas outras percentual Resultados total 951 95 95,1 97 atividade mangue 60 população 344 34 4 34,4 282 28 2 28,2% olhos Conclusão sustentáveis 201 125 25 1.2 9 95, 6 34, 28,2 20 12 1. 28,

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the sociodemographic, socio-occupational profile, and effects on the health of artisanal fishers from the state of Pernambuco, Brazil, affected by the oil disaster-crime in Brazil in 2019. Methods: This is a cross-sectional epidemiological study, carried out in 16 municipalities on the coast of Pernambuco, with a sample made up of 1,259 artisanal fishers. A questionnaire containing 14 blocks was used, including socioeconomic issues, exposure to oil, among others. A descriptive analysis was carried out with calculation of simple frequencies and percentages. Results: Of those interviewed, 95.1% considered fishing as their main occupation and 97% were carrying out this activity. Among fishers, the most common fishing spot was the mangrove, and wood fire was used in the work process by around 60% of the population. Regarding health issues, 34.4% reported a severe headache or migraine and 28.2% reported burning eyes, within one to three months after the oil spill. Conclusion: According to the results, working, health, and lifestyle conditions were impacted by the oil disaster-crime. Further research should be carried out to better understand the damage caused by exposure to oil and its effects on the health of fishers. Observing the profile of people who live in artisanal fishing territories in Pernambuco is paramount for public policies and government actions that promote safe and sustainable territories. Objective sociodemographic sociooccupational socio occupational disastercrime disaster crime 2019 Methods crosssectional cross sectional study 1 1259 259 1,25 issues others percentages Results interviewed 951 95 95.1 97 activity mangrove 60 population 344 34 4 34.4 282 28 2 28.2 eyes spill Conclusion results working disastercrime. crime. 201 125 25 1,2 9 95. 6 3 34. 28. 20 12 1,

Resumen Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto modificador del capital social en la relación entre vivir en comunidades violentas y la presencia de distrés psicológico en adolescentes y jóvenes de México. Método: Se realizó un análisis de la Encuesta de Cohesión Social para la Prevención de la Violencia y el Delito (ECOPRED). La muestra analítica la conformaron 39.639 participantes de 12 a 29 años. La violencia comunitaria y el capital social se midieron por zonas censales utilizando el promedio de respuestas de una muestra de jefes de hogar. Estas variables ambientales fueron independientes de las experiencias de los participantes. Las variables del capital social incluyeron dimensiones estructurales (vínculos sociales, participación recreativa, participación colaborativa y cohesión social) y cognitivas (confianza en vecinos). Se utilizaron modelos de ecuaciones estructurales multinivel. Resultados: La participación recreativa, la participación colaborativa y la cohesión social modificaron la relación entre los ambientes comunitarios y el distrés psicológico. En las mujeres que se encontraban en lugares con menor participación recreativa o menor cohesión social, cuanto mayor era el desorden social, mayor era el distrés psicológico. Se identificó una relación similar entre vandalismo y distrés psicológico, pero solo en hombres que vivían en lugares con menor participación colaborativa y en mujeres con menor cohesión social. Conclusiones: Nuestros resultados sugieren que las dimensiones del capital social estructural (organización e interés en la comunidad y sus miembros) tienen un efecto amortiguador de la exposición a ambientes comunitarios desordenados sobre el distrés psicológico.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the modifying effect of social capital on the relationship between living in violent communities and the presence of psychological distress in adolescents and youth in Mexico. Method: The analysis of the Social Cohesion Survey for the Prevention of Violence and Crime (ECOPRED, by its acronym in Spanish) was conducted. The analytic sample consisted of 39,639 participants aged 12 to 29 years. Community violence and social capital were measured at the census tract level using the average answers of a household's head sample. These environmental variables were independent of the experiences of the participants. Social capital variables included structural (social ties, recreational participation, collaborative participation, and social cohesion), and cognitive (trust in neighbors) dimensions. Multilevel structural equation models were used. Results: Recreational participation, collaborative participation, and social cohesion modified the relationship between community environments and psychological distress. In females who lived in places with less recreational participation or less social cohesion, the higher the social disorder, the higher the psychological distress. A similar relationship between vandalism and psychological distress was identified, but only in males who lived in places with less collaborative participation, and in females with less social cohesion. Conclusions: Our results suggest that dimensions of the structural social capital (organization and interest in the community and its members) were the ones that had the buffering effect of the exposure to disordered community environments on psychological distress.

Resumen En este artículo se aborda la migración climática centroamericana desde un enfoque de seguridad humana, de género y ambiental (seguridad HUGE). Se examinan documentos, reportes gubernamentales, publicaciones de prensa, datos estadísticos internacionales y nacionales, así como entrevistas para establecer interrelaciones complejas entre migración, desastres, pobreza, pandemia y dilema de supervivencia. Las fronteras militarizadas, las presiones del gobierno estadounidense y el crimen organizado transnacional han incrementado los peligros y el costo de la migración indocumentada. ¿Pudiera una reforma migratoria en Estados Unidos superar esta vorágine de migración ilegal y generar desarrollo en el norte de Centroamérica por medio del envío de remesas a las familias que se quedan? El artículo explora la multiculturalidad, la restauración de ecosistemas, la adaptación al cambio climático, el reconocimiento de género y una cultura del cuidado que ofrecería a personas vulnerables de Centroamérica una agenda alternativa de vida en sus lugares de origen.

Abstract This article addresses Central American climate migration from a human, gender, and environmental (HUGE) security approach. It examines documents, government reports, press publications, international and national statistical data, and interviews to establish complex interrelationships between migration, disasters, poverty, pandemic, and survival dilemma. Militarized borders, pressure from the U.S. government, and transnational organized crime have increased the dangers and costs of undocumented migration. Could a U.S. immigration reform overcome this maelstrom of illegal migration and generate development in Northern Central America by sending remittances to their families? The article explores multiculturalism, ecosystem restoration, climate change adaptation, gender recognition, and a culture of care that would offer vulnerable people in Central America an alternative livelihood agenda in their country of origin.

Resumen. El problema de la destrucción antropogénica de la naturaleza vincula en lo fundamental las nociones de “Antropoceno” y “ecocidio”. Este no solo implica un crimen contra la biodiversidad, sino también una forma de autodestrucción ambiental que involucra al ser humano. Una humanidad que en su desarrollo ha construido la historia y legado simbólicos avances sobre la base de la degradación del entorno es agente de esa naturaleza a la cual se enfrenta, así como (por extensión) el microcosmos incide en el macrocosmos en que está inserto sin encontrarse fuera ni ser independiente de él. El objetivo de este artículo es explicar cómo, gracias a la comprensión de la naturaleza y a la naturaleza misma en cuanto razón, es posible sondear a profundidad, desde el complejo global autodestructivo, la necesidad de una ecosuicidología. Para ello, presento el sentido y el significado filosófico del término.

Abstract. The problem of the anthropogenic destruction of nature fundamentally links the notions of Anthropocene and ecocide. It not only implies a crime against biodiversity, but also a form of environmental self-destruction that involves human beings. Humanity, which in its development has built history and left symbolic advancements based on the degradation of the environment, is an agent of the nature it faces, just as (by extension) a microcosm affects the macrocosm in which it is inserted without being outside or independent of it. The aim of this article is to explain how, thanks to an understanding of nature and to nature itself as reason, it is possible to analyze in depth, from the global complex of self-destruction addressed, the need for an ecosuicidology. To do this, I present the philosophical meaning and significance of the term.