Abstract In a reality marked by humanitarian and climate crises, there is an urgent need to review the pillars of a worldview that justifies and entrenches the catastrophe, by seeking solutions to counteract its effects. With this purpose, this article presents and analyzes some representative works of the Peruvian Renata Flores and the Colombian MC Taki Amaru, from La Mafiandina. From a critical ecofeminist perspective, the article examines how some concepts (sumak kawsay, body-territory and ch'ixi) dialogue and contribute to feminist philosophy. Through an analysis of the rappers’s aesthetics (the representations of women and nature), their ethics (the vindication of a dignified life) and their political posture (the defense of one's own body), it reveals the critical and didactic potential of Latin American ecofeminism and the multiple possibilities of rap as a tool for social change, environmental pedagogy and empowerment of oppressed groups.

Resumen Es un desiderátum de nuestra realidad, marcada por crisis humanitarias y climáticas, revisar los pilares de una cosmovisión que justifica y arraiga la catástrofe, mediante la reivindicación de propuestas que contrarresten sus efectos. Con este propósito, el presente artículo analiza algunas obras representativas de la peruana Renata Flores y de la MC colombiana Taki Amaru, de La Mafiandina. Desde la perspectiva ecofeminista crítica, se examina cómo dialogan y aportan a la filosofía feminista los conceptos de sumak kawsay, cuerpo territorio y ch’ixi presentes en las poéticas de estas autoras. A través de un análisis de su estética (las representaciones de las mujeres y la naturaleza), su ética (la aspiración a una vida digna) y su posicionamiento político (la defensa del propio cuerpo) se concluye en la potencialidad crítica y didáctica del ecofeminismo latinoamericano, así como en las posibilidades del rap como herramienta de cambio social, pedagogía ambiental y empoderamiento de grupos oprimidos.

Abstract: Both environmental history and the history of present time are areas of historical knowledge that emerge from the greatest challenges that humanity faced during the 20th century: the awareness of the global devastation of the environment and the two great world wars. Borrowing the title of the book by the French historian Henry Rousso as a metaphor and provocation, the article defends the existence of a strong approximation between environmental history and the history of the present time and outlines several common characteristics between these two areas of historiography. Both innovate in understanding the most challenging recent events, seeking in the past arguments to account for the present, however, pressured by the difficulty in envisioning a future - or what future - for humanity, and life as a whole. Abstract th century wars provocation historiography events however whole

Resumo: Tanto a história ambiental como a história do tempo presente são áreas do conhecimento histórico que emergem dos maiores desafios que a humanidade enfrentou durante o século XX: a consciência da devastação global do meio ambiente e as duas grandes guerras mundiais. Tomando emprestado o título do livro do historiador francês Henry Rousso como metáfora e provocação, o artigo defende a existência de uma forte aproximação entre a história ambiental e a história do tempo presente e traça várias características em comum entre essas duas áreas da historiografia. Ambas inovam na compreensão dos eventos recentes mais desafiadores, buscando no passado argumentos para dar conta do presente, porém pressionadas pela dificuldade em vislumbrar um futuro - ou qual futuro - para a humanidade e a vida como um todo. Resumo XX mundiais provocação historiografia desafiadores todo

The ecological crisis in the world necessitates the reconfiguration of the hegemony of modern science, theology, politics, economics and technology - the root cause of a pending ecological catastrophe. The aim is to redress a growing culture of apathy in the context of devastating weather conditions, social and political discord, and unrelenting violent wars. Public theology serves as a conceptual framework with transversal rationality as an interlocutor between the different theological (systematic, ethics, pastoral care and eco-theology), religious and philosophical perspectives. The theological ontology of care is presented followed by the role of communities of critical prophetic discourse. The notion of earth as a community leads to the prospect of a new eco-theology. Finally, the pending ecological catastrophe is reconceptualised in and through Christian eschatology. This is an inter- and intra-disciplinary discussion on the disastrous consequences of modernity and anthropocentric behaviour in terms of the current environmental crisis. Various scholars offer valuable insights into what the problem is, who responsible is for the environmental crisis, and how Christian communities should forge an accountability of care for the earth and vulnerable human beings. The eschatological reality of God's preferred future remains a constant of hopeful and sustainable life in the Anthropocene age. It is recommended that we change the way we exist by transforming modernity as developed and sustained through theology, socio-political, economic and technological 'advances'. CONTRIBUTION: This article focussed on the ecological crisis because of anthropocentrism and distorted theological, political and socio-economic paradigms to serve human interests despite the consequences for the earth. We need to reconfigure interdisciplinary and intradisciplinary scientific approaches to embrace earth as a key scientific interlocutor. The ecological crisis should be conceptualised within the reality of Christian eschatology - Jesus Christ is ultimately, the eschaton

Abstract: According to the International Maritime Organisation, oil tankers transport around 2.9 billion tonnes of crude oil and petroleum products by sea each year worldwide. Most of the time, oil is transported safely and quietly. However, the development of the transport activity is not free from risks that threaten the success of the navigation, endangering the ship, the oil cargo and, of course, the environment. This article studies, analyses, systematises and understands how the «unseaworthiness» of the ship is a prerequisite that maximises the probability of the occurrence of an environmental catastrophe due to the spillage or dumping of oil at sea. For this purpose, it is determined what is seaworthiness, the factors on which the concept is based; the consequences of the absence, lack of suitability, incompetence or lack of completeness are analysed which, if present both in a structural and naval technical aspect, as well as in the surveillance and control exercised by the tanker owner over the crew and other dependents, could ensure and prevent the occurrence of risks that may be an efficient cause for the spill or dumping of oil at sea.

Resumen: Según la Organización Marítima Internacional, los buques petroleros transportan alrededor de 2.900 millones de toneladas de petróleo crudo y productos derivados del petróleo por mar cada año en todo el mundo. La mayor parte del tiempo, los hidrocarburos se transportan de manera segura y tranquila. No obstante, el desarrollo de la actividad transportadora no está exenta de riesgos que amenacen el éxito de la navegación, poniendo en peligro al buque, la carga de petróleo, y como no al medio ambiente. El presente artículo estudia, analiza, sistematiza y comprende cómo la falta de navegabilidad o «innavegabilidad» del barco, constituye un presupuesto que maximiza la probabilidad de advenimiento de una catástrofe ambiental, por el derrame o vertimiento de hidrocarburos en el mar. Para ello, se determina qué es la navegabilidad, los factores en que se erige el concepto; se analizan las consecuencias de la ausencia, carencia de idoneidad, incompetencia o falta de completitud que, de estar presentes tanto en un aspecto estructural y de técnica naval, como en la vigilancia y control que ejerce el armador del buque petrolero, sobre la tripulación y demás dependientes, podrían asegurar y prevenir la ocurrencia de los riesgos que pueden ser causa eficiente para el derrame o vertimiento de hidrocarburos en el mar.

Abstract The Earlie King & The Kid in Yellow (2018), by Danny Denton, narrates the myth of Ireland’s destruction through fire and the digital collapse after the country faces years of uninterrupted rains caused by the environmental catastrophe left mainly by the pharmaceutical industry. The purpose of this article is to investigate how this work matches and challenges both the ecocritical and dystopian tradition produced in the English language of the hegemonic centers and the literary tradition of its own country. For that I use four didactic divisions: 1) brief summary of how the Anthropocene has been represented in English-language literature; 2) the contribution of dystopia to the representation of climate change in literature; 3) historical overview of Irish literature, and 4) contextualization of Denton’s work under analysis. In this last part, I conclude with the observation that the novel does not propose an alternative to solve the problems of the Anthropocene, but warns of the collapse that we are about to experience. 2018, 2018 , (2018) Denton Irelands Ireland s industry divisions 1 Englishlanguage literature 2 3 4 Dentons analysis part experience 201 (2018 20 (201 (20 (2 (

Resumo The Earlie King & The Kid in Yellow (2018), de Danny Denton, narra o mito da destruição da Irlanda através do fogo e o colapso digital após o país enfrentar anos de chuvas ininterruptas causadas pela catástrofe ambiental deixada principalmente pela indústria farmacêutica. O propósito deste artigo é investigar como essa obra coaduna e desafia ao mesmo tempo a tradição ecocrítica e distópica produzida na língua inglesa dos centros hegemônicos e a tradição literária de seu próprio país. Para tanto eu utilizo quatro divisões didáticas: 1) breve resumo de como o Antropoceno tem sido representado na literatura de língua inglesa; 2) a contribuição da distopia para representação das alterações climáticas na literatura; 3) panorama histórico da literatura da Irlanda e 4) contextualização da obra de Denton em análise. Nesta última parte, arremato com a observação de que o romance não propõe alternativa para solucionar os problemas do Antropoceno, mas alerta para o colapso que estamos na iminência de vivenciar. 2018, 2018 , (2018) farmacêutica didáticas 1 2 3 4 análise parte vivenciar 201 (2018 20 (201 (20 (2 (

Abstract In this work, we try to account for the lush metaphors cultivated by Political Ecology around the global crisis that crosses all dimensions of the fabric of life. The concepts of life and environment, when historicized, reveal the structures by which the human being has been linked to the world. Starting from an intellectual history, specifically linked to the metaphorology of the German philosopher Hans Blumenberg, the allegorical background underlying the most radical ecological ontologies will be examined. In effect, these coincide with an attempt at a metanarrative or Biodicea based on the staging of an eschatological temporal display marked by environmental catastrophe as an irremediable destiny and, at the same time, an “ecotopia” in the event of being-in-the-being reconfigured. world. Salvation is deposited, then, in the redeemed community of the capitalist pathos, functioning rhetorically as both warning and hope regarding the future. work environment historicized world history Blumenberg examined effect time ecotopia “ecotopia beinginthebeing reconfigured deposited then pathos future

Resumen En este trabajo, se intenta dar cuenta de la frondosa metafórica cultivada por la Ecología Política en torno a la crisis global que atraviesa a todas las dimensiones de la trama de la vida. Los conceptos de vida y medio ambiente, al ser historizados, revelan las estructuras por las cuales el ser humano se ha vinculado con el mundo. A partir de una historia intelectual, específicamente vinculada a la metaforología del filósofo alemán Hans Blumenberg, se examinará pues el trasfondo alegórico que subyace detrás de las ontologías ecologistas más radicales. En efecto, estas coinciden con un intento de metarrelato o Biodicea basado en la escenificación de un despliegue temporal escatológico signado por la catástrofe ambiental como destino irremediable y, al mismo tiempo, una “ecoutopía” en caso de reconfigurarse el ser-en-el-mundo. La Salvación se deposita, entonces, en la comunidad redimida del phatos capitalista funcionando retóricamente tanto como advertencia y esperanza respecto del porvenir. trabajo ambiente historizados mundo intelectual Blumenberg radicales efecto tiempo ecoutopía “ecoutopía serenelmundo. serenelmundo ser-en-el-mundo deposita entonces porvenir

ABSTRACT Introduction: Pandemics and epidemics are global events in human society, which express great catastrophe and desolation, accompanied by high lethality and marked repercussions on health services. They have decimated societies, similar to wars, but they contribute to the emergence of advances in the sciences. Objective: To describe the characteristics and peculiarities of pandemics and epidemics that occurred at different times in history, in the context of public health and its great social impact. Methods: The SciELO, PubMed, Google Scholar databases, WHO and PAHO websites and other sources and information resources available on the Internet were used, which were accessed through the Google web browser. In the elaboration of the search strategy, the controlled vocabulary of the Descriptors in Health Sciences was used. The terms used were: pandemic, epidemic, rinderpest, plague, vaccine. 40 scientific articles and documents were retrieved and selected given their relevance for the investigation. Conclusions: Pandemics and epidemics require health promotion measures that stimulate adequate environmental sanitation, the availability of drinking water, correct hand washing, as well as preventing the spread of contagion and reducing the risks implied by climate change, lack of vector control and poverty among others, to contribute to reducing morbidity and mortality. The lack of preventive strategies forces the development of specialized centers to produce vaccines that guarantee the specific protection of susceptible populations.

RESUMEN Introducción: Las pandemias y epidemias son acontecimientos mundiales de la sociedad humana, que expresan gran catástrofe y desolación, acompañadas de elevada letalidad y repercusión marcada en los servicios de salud. Han diezmado sociedades, de forma similar a las guerras, pero contribuyen al surgimiento de avances en las ciencias. Objetivo: Describir las características y peculiaridades de las pandemias y epidemias ocurridas en diferentes épocas de la historia, en el contexto de la salud pública y su gran repercusión social. Métodos: Se utilizaron las bases de datos SciELO, PubMed, Google Scholar, sitios web de la OMS y la OPS, además de otras fuentes y recursos de información disponibles en Internet a las cuales se accedieron por medio del buscador web de Google. En la elaboración de la estrategia de búsqueda se utilizó el vocabulario controlado de los Descriptores en Ciencias de la Salud. Los términos utilizados fueron: pandemia, epidemia, plaga, peste, vacuna. Se recuperaron 40 artículos y documentos científicos que se seleccionaron dada su pertinencia para la investigación. Conclusiones: Las pandemias y epidemias requieren medidas de promoción de salud que estimulen un adecuado saneamiento ambiental, la disponibilidad del agua potable, correcto lavado de las manos, así como prevenir la expansión del contagio y la disminución de los riesgos que implican el cambio climático, la falta de control de los vectores y la pobreza entre otras, para contribuir a disminuir la morbi-mortalidad. La carencia de estrategias preventivas, obliga a desarrollar centros especializados para producir vacunas, que garanticen la protección específica de poblaciones susceptibles.

RESUMO Extremos meteorológicos e/ou catástrofes climáticas são experiências cada vez mais frequentes. No livro do Êxodo, uma forte chuva de granizo, acompanhada de estrondos e fogo lampejante, torna-se econarratividade (Ex 9,13-35). A partir de estudos poéticos e temáticos desse episódio exodal, os quais conseguem trazer observações novas, a presente investigação visa, sobretudo, ao diálogo entre as dimensões ecoteológicas inerentes à narrativa bíblica e as questões ambientais que, atualmente, afligem a humanidade. Com isso, o Artigo se propõe a gerar resultados inovadores tanto para a Teologia cristã, que, ao dedicar-se à questão ecológica, ainda carece de fundamentações bíblicas mais abrangentes, quanto para o Brasil, que, em vista de seu futuro, precisa encontrar-se com a questão ambiental, em especial o clima.

ABSTRACT Meteorological extremes and/or climatic catastrophes are increasingly frequent experiences. In the Book of Exodus, a strong hailstorm, accompanied by thunder and lightning, becomes an eco-narrative (Ex 9:13-35). From poetic and thematic studies of this exodal episode, which manage to bring new observations, the present investigation aims, above all, at the dialogue between the eco-theological dimensions inherent in the biblical narrative and the environmental issues that currently afflict humanity. With this, the article proposes to generate innovative results both for Christian Theology, which by dedicating itself to the ecological issue still lacks more extensive biblical foundations, and for Brazil, which in view of its future needs to deal with the environmental issue, especially the climate.

Resumo O rompimento da barragem da Vale S.A. na cidade de Brumadinho, em Minas Gerais, em 2019, é considerado um dos maiores desastres socioambientais e o maior acidente trabalhista da história do país. Um ano depois, enquanto as vítimas lutavam pelo direito à reparação, começou a circular a notícia sobre a construção do ‘Memorial Brumadinho’, financiado pela Vale S.A. Neste artigo, analisamos as relações em torno da construção desse memorial para colocar em questão a memória pública que está sendo proposta em meio à catástrofe e como ela se conecta à paisagem e aos patrimônios locais. Se a região onde será construído o memorial é historicamente conhecida pela sua longa trajetória de atividade mineira, com a memória em torno da atividade sendo patrimonializada no início do século XX e valorizada desde então, observamos, em contraponto, quais são as especificidades do reconhecimento de um ‘sítio de memória sensível’, onde o sofrimento é a tônica da narrativa atual.

Abstract The collapse of the Vale dam in Brumadinho, Minas Gerais, in 2019 is considered one of the biggest social and environmental disasters and work accidents in the country’s history. While victims were fighting for the right to reparation a year later, news began circulating regarding the construction of the “Memorial Brumadinho”, financed by Vale S.A. This article analyzes the relationships surrounding the construction of this memorial to question what is being proposed amid the catastrophe as “public memory” and how it connects to the landscape and local heritage. If the region where the memorial will be built is historically known for its long history of mining activity, with the memory around the activity classified as Brazilian Heritage in the early 20th century and valued since then, in contrast, we observe the specificities of the recognition of a “sensitive memory site” where suffering is the keynote of the current narrative.

Abstract The Rio Doce is a very important freshwater system in Brazil running through the Atlantic Forest, however available information about its biodiversity is scarce. In 2015, the Rio Doce basin was damaged by a burst of Fundão tailing dam in Mariana (Minas Gerais) causing an extraordinary environmental damage, with consequences still incompletely known. In the present paper we analyzed 6042 latitude/longitude records of 208 fish species from the Rio Doce deposited in collections prior to November 2015, in order to identify areas of endemism in the river before the burst. Several areas of endemism were identified along the basin, most of them describing small and novel patterns. Our analyses helped to identify areas of major diversity along the basin as well as information gaps concerning fish sampling. We hope this contribution will help obtaining quantitative measures on the impact caused by the Fundão dam catastrophe on fish biodiversity and will be useful to orient general actions towards the restoration of the basin.

Resumen Este artículo tiene como objetivo destacar los impactos que las inundaciones de noviembre de 1967, en la región de la gran Lisboa, tuvieron sobre la salud pública y el análisis del papel desempeñado por la acción autoorganizada de los estudiantes de salud, particularmente de medicina. El método se basó en la revisión sistemática de la literatura realizada en archivos públicos y privados y en bases de datos PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Disasters. Se analizaron varios documentos de video y audio con entrevistas que relataron las intervenciones de los estudiantes en salud después de las inundaciones de 1967 en Lisboa. Como resultado, es evidente que el voluntariado estudiantil se organizó para responder a los impactos de las inundaciones, con especial énfasis en la salud pública, destacando en este caso los estudiantes involucrados en campañas de vacunación y monitoreo urgente de la salud de las poblaciones afectadas. Así, las acciones de los estudiantes para ayudar a las víctimas de las inundaciones de 1967 proporcionaron conocimiento de los problemas ambientales de la salud pública y las deficiencias en la atención médica para una gran parte de la población portuguesa en ese momento.

Resumo Este artigo tem como objetivo evidenciar os impactos que as inundações de novembro de 1967, na região da Grande Lisboa, provocaram na saúde pública e a análise do papel desempenhado pela ação auto-organizada dos estudantes da área da saúde, particularmente de medicina. O método baseou-se na revisão sistemática da literatura realizada em arquivos públicos e privados e nas bases PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science e Disasters. Foram analisados vários documentos vídeo e áudio com entrevistas que relataram as intervenções dos estudantes em saúde após as inundações de 1967 em Lisboa. Como resultado, evidencia-se que o voluntariado estudantil se organizou por forma a responder aos impactes das inundações entre os quais os da área da saúde pública, destacando-se neste campo os estudantes envolvidos nas campanhas de vacinação e na monitorização sanitária de urgência das populações atingidas. Assim, as ações dos estudantes no auxílio às vítimas das inundações de 1967 proporcionaram o conhecimento dos problemas ambientais de saúde pública e deficiências da assistência sanitária de grande parte da população portuguesa na época.

Résumé Cette article met en évidence les impacts que les inondations de novembre de 1967, dans la région de Lisbonne, ont eu sur la santé publique, ainsi que l’analyse du rôle joué par l’action autoorganisée des étudiants en santé, en particulier de médecine. La méthode a été basée sur une revue systématique de la littérature réalisée dans les archives publiques et privées et dans les bases de données PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science et Disasters. Plusieurs documents vidéo et audio ont été analysés avec des entretiens relatant les interventions des étudiants en santé après les inondations de 1967 à Lisbonne. En conséquence, il est évident que le volontariat étudiant a été organisé afin de répondre aux impacts des inondations, avec un accent particulier sur la santé publique, et notamment sur les étudiants impliqués dans les campagnes de vaccination et le suivi sanitaire urgent des populations affectées. Ainsi, les actions des étudiants dans l’aide aux victimes des inondations de 1967 ont permis de connaître les problèmes environnementaux de santé publique et les carences en soins de santé pour une grande partie de la population portugaise à l’époque.

Abstract This article aims to highlight the impacts that the floods of November 1967, in the Lisbon region, had on public health and the analysis of the role played by the self-organized action of health students, particularly medicine. The method was based on a systematic review of the literature carried out in public and private archives and in the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Disasters databases. Several video and audio documents were analysed with interviews that reported the health students’ interventions after the 1967 floods in Lisbon. As a result, it is evident that the student volunteering was organized in order to respond to the impacts of floods, with special emphasis on public health, highlighting in this field the students involved in the vaccination campaigns and urgent health monitoring of the affected populations. Hence, the students’ actions in helping the victims of the 1967 floods provided knowledge of the environmental problems of public health and deficiencies in health care for a large part of the Portuguese population at that time.

The Covid-19 pandemic has presented serious questions; not only of a medical-scientific nature, but of a deeply philosophical nature as well. Often, when faced with the unknown-whether in the form of an environmental catastrophe or a general health threat-finding effective ways to overcome our fear of the unknown yields important clues regarding not only the nature of our self-understanding as human beings, but also our all-too-human perceptions of Other(s). While the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic has been especially harsh on people living in conditions of extreme poverty and material deprivation, our collective response has (predictably) proceeded from a position that privileges the interests and lifestyles of the rich, the well-resourced and the politically connected, in a manner that sadly confirms the biblical prophecy: the poor will always be among you. This essay seeks to examine the impact of Covid-19 in South Africa. Its analytic focus proceeds from the perspective of Steve Biko's conception of Black Consciousness philosophy. It seeks to argue that Biko's humanist project of liberation offers important insights that can assist us in the normative quest for a society "with a more human face."

Resumen La conformación urbana de Comodoro Rivadavia en la Patagonia argentina ha sido influida históricamente por la extracción de hidrocarburos, condicionando el acceso al suelo urbano. Esta ciudad responde a una crisis ambiental global que tiene como emergente al riesgo, lo cual quedó reflejado durante las precipitaciones extraordinarias acaecidas en el otoño de 2017. El presente trabajo analiza cómo las dificultades de acceso al suelo son un componente fundamental en la conformación de escenarios de riesgo ambiental. Reconociendo que estos se corresponden con sistemas complejos y en la búsqueda de miradas que confluyan en la ecología política, se pretende vincular estas dificultades con la construcción de la vulnerabilidad. El enfoque metodológico contempló la realización de entrevistas, revisión de fuentes secundarias y el abordaje interdisciplinario. A manera de conclusión, sostenemos que las dificultades de acceso al suelo generadas por la industria petrolera fueron una causa estructural del desastre ambiental.

Résumé La conformation urbaine de Comodoro Rivadavia a toujours été influencée par l'extraction d'hydrocarbures; l'accès aux terrains urbains a donc toujours été conditionné par cette activité. Cette ville répond à une crise environnementale mondiale à risque émergent, qui s'est reflétée dans les précipitations exceptionnelles de l'automne 2017. Cet article analyse en quoi les difficultés d'accès à la terre sont un élément fondamental de la formation de scénarios de risque environnemental. Reconnaissant que ceux-ci correspondent à des systèmes complexes, et dans la recherche de points de vue convergent dans l'écologie politique, il est envisagé de relier ces difficultés à la construction de la vulnérabilité. L'approche méthodologique comprenait la réalisation d'interviews, la révision de sources journalistiques et l'approche interdisciplinaire. En conclusion, nous maintenons que les difficultés d'accès à la terre générées par l'industrie pétrolière étaient une cause structurelle de la catastrophe environnementale.

Abstract The urban conformation of Comodoro Rivadavia has historically been influenced by the extraction of hydrocarbons, thus, access to urban land has always been conditioned by this activity. This city responds to a global environmental crisis that has emerging risk, which was reflected from the extraordinary rainfall in autumn 2017. This paper analyzes how the difficulties of access to land are a fundamental component in the formation of scenarios of environmental risk. Recognizing that these correspond to complex systems, and in the search for views that converge in political ecology, it is intended to link these difficulties with the construction of vulnerability. The methodological approach included conducting interviews, reviewing journalistic sources and the interdisciplinary approach. By way of conclusion, we argue that the difficulties of access to land generated by the oil industry were a structural cause of the environmental disaster.

Resumo A conformação urbana de Comodoro Rivadavia tem sido historicamente influenciada pela extração de hidrocarbonetos, assim, o acesso à terra urbana sempre foi condicionado por esta atividade. Esta cidade responde a uma crise ambiental global que tem risco emergente, o que foi refletido a partir das chuvas extraordinárias no outono de 2017. Este artigo analisa como as dificuldades de acesso à terra são um componente fundamental na formação de cenários risco ambiental. Reconhecendo que estes correspondem a sistemas complexos, e na busca por visões que convergem em ecologia política, pretende-se vincular essas dificuldades com a construção da vulnerabilidade. A abordagem metodológica incluiu a realização de entrevistas, revisão de fontes jornalísticas e a abordagem interdisciplinar. Como conclusão, argumentamos que as dificuldades de acesso à terra geradas pela indústria do petróleo foram uma causa estrutural do desastre ambiental.

RESUMO A partir de meados da década de 1970, o poeta Paulo Leminski escreve alguns ensaios manifestando sua preocupação com o problema do esgotamento dos “recursos naturais”, a iminente catástrofe ambiental, a possível hecatombe nuclear, e com a consequente crise dos modos de vida dominantes no mundo moderno-ocidental. Leminski se dedica, sobretudo, a investigar o modo como a literatura participa desse momento histórico de escassez. Buscando pensar o lugar da arte nessa crise, ele recorre a uma série de personagens conceituais e históricos que, sob o signo da ascese, se contrapõem à cultura da afluência, ao ativismo e à teleologia progressista, que caracterizam a sociedade brasileira da década de 1970, e seu correlato artístico: as literaturas engajadas, tanto nas suas versões experimentais como nas ideológicas. Esse artigo busca pensar que tipo de experiência do tempo está em jogo nessa ascese poética leminskiana.

ABSTRACT In the 1970s, poet Paulo Leminski wrote a few essays expressing his concern about the depletion of natural resources, the imminent environmental catastrophe, the possible nuclear hecatomb and the crisis of the dominant ways of life in the modern Western world. Leminski was interested in investigating how literature participated in this historical moment of scarcity. Seeking to ascertain the role of art in this crisis, he used a series of conceptual and historical characters that, in the name of ascesis, fight against the culture of affluence, activism and progressist teleology that characterized Brazilian society in the 1970s and their artistic correlates: both in their experimental and ideological versions. This article seeks to surmise what kind of experience of time is involved in Leminski’s poetic asceticism.

RESUMEN A partir de mediados de la década de 1970, el poeta Paulo Leminski escribe algunos ensayos manifestando su preocupación por el problema del agotamiento de los “recursos naturales”, la inminente catástrofe ambiental, la posible hecatombe nuclear y la consiguiente crisis de los modos de vida dominantes em el mundo moderno-occidental. Leminski se dedica, ante todo, a investigar el modo en que la literatura participa en ese momento histórico de escasez. Al pensar el lugar del arte en esta crisis, recurre a una serie de personajes conceptuales e históricos que, bajo el signo de la ascesis, se contraponen a la cultura de la afluencia, al activismo y a la teleología progresista, que caracterizan la sociedad brasileña de la década de 1970 y su correlato artístico: las literaturas políticamente compromisadas, tanto en sus versiones experimentales como en las ideológicas. Este artículo busca pensar qué tipo de experiencia del tiempo está en juego en esa ascesis poética de Leminski.

Resumen Se analiza la planificación territorial de Gramalote en Norte de Santander, Colombia, desde los enfoques de la planificación del desarrollo o el desarrollo territorial y su relación con el desastre de 2010. Se revisaron los diversos enfoques relacionados con la planificación del desarrollo a partir de la literatura dispuesta y a la luz de estas perspectivas, se hizo un estudio fenomenológico-hermenéutico con enfoque cualitativo de nivel descriptivo y documental acudiendo a los planes de desarrollo del municipio para los periodos comprendidos entre los años 2004-2007, 2008-2011 y 2012-2015, los cuales fueron objeto de análisis. Los resultados muestran que en el municipio de Gramalote la planificación territorial se ha hecho de forma inadecuada antes y después del desastre del año 2010, pues la misma se ha sustentado en una perspectiva económica y caracterizada por la sectorialidad y la incapacidad de dar respuesta efectiva a los principales problemas territoriales de orden ambiental. Se espera que los próximos planes de desarrollo territorial, y dada la experiencia vivida de sus pobladores, consideren factores desatendidos en los años anteriores.

Abstract This paper analyzed the territorial planning of Gramalote in Norte de Santander, Colombia, from the approaches to development planning or territorial development and its relationship with the 2010 disaster. Different approaches to development planning were reviewed from the literature available and in the light of these perspectives; a phenomenological-hermeneutical study with a qualitative approach of descriptive and documental level was carried out, by turning to municipal development plans for the 2004-2007, 2008-2011 and 2012-2015 periods which were the subject of analysis. The results show that Gramalote’s territorial planning has been inadequately carried out before and after the 2010 disaster, since it has been supported by an economic perspective characterized by sectoriality and the inability to respond effectively to the main territorial problems of environmental order. The next development plans are expected to take into account unattended factors from previous years, given the experienced lived by its inhabitants.

Résumé Ce travail analyse l’aménagement du territoire de Gramalote dans Norte de Santander, Colombie, à partir des approches de planification du développement ou le développement territorial et son rapport avec la catastrophe de 2010. Divers approches ont été analysées par rapport à la planification du développement à partir de la littérature disposée prête et à la lumière de ces perspectives, une étude phénoménologique-herméneutique à l’approche qualitative et niveau documentaire descriptif allant aux plans de développement de la commune pour les périodes entre les années 2004-2007, 2008-2011 et 2012-2015 a été l’objet de l’analyse. Les résultats montrent que dans la commune de Gramalote, l’aménagement territorial a été développé de manière inappropriée avant et après la catastrophe de l’année 2010. Elle a été fondée sur un point de vue économique et caractérisée par un plan sectoriel en plus de l’incapacité de répondre efficacement aux principaux problèmes territoriaux d’’ordre environnemental. Les plans de développement territoriaux futurs devraient, en considération de l’expérience de son peuple, tenir compte des facteurs négligés au cours des années précédentes.