RESUMEN Se cita a Adiantopsis orbygniana (Pteridaceae) por primera vez para la flora de Tucumán, Argentina, en la provincia biogeográfica de las Yungas (distrito de las Selvas de transición). Éste constituye el registro más austral de la especie. Se proporciona una descripción actualizada, se ilustra con fotografías y se aportan las características del ambiente donde habita. La presencia de A. orbygniana en las Yungas apoyaría la hipótesis de fragmentación de las selvas sudamericanas por la cuña árida chaqueña.

ABSTRACT Adiantopsis orbygniana (Pteridaceae) is recorded for the first time for Tucumán flora, Argentina, in the Yungas biogeographic province (district of the Transition Forests). This constitutes the southernmost record of the species. An updated description, illustrated with photographs and the characteristics of the enviroment where the species lives are provided. The presence of A. orbygniana in Yungas provides some support the hypothesis of the fragmentation of South American forests by the arid Chacoan diagonal.

Resumen Las bases de datos de oleaje, a partir de mediciones de campo, son información relevante y de alto impacto para las ciencias marinas y la ingeniería. Este trabajo compiló las diferentes bases de datos de oleaje medidas en campo en Costa Rica con el fin de preservar en una única fuente de consulta dicha información; a su vez, se compararon dichos datos con los ofrecidos por el reanálisis WAVERYS del Copernicus Marine Enviroment Monitoring Service, con el propósito de analizar esta información y su posible utilización en futuras investigaciones en el país y en la región. Se recopilaron los datos históricos empleados en distintos proyectos y registrados por diferentes instituciones del Estado. Los datos fueron analizados espacial y temporalmente por métodos estadísticos, se realizaron comparaciones entre los distintos registros y la base de datos de reanálisis de oleaje WAVERYS. Los resultados mostraron que en el Caribe se tienen registros de oleaje entre los años 2015 y 2017. En el Pacífico, se cuenta con datos que se midieron durante la construcción de Puerto Caldera (1978-1985); además, existen datos de campañas de campo realizadas en distintos lugares entre los años 2009 y 2011, y los datos medidos por una red de equipos de oleaje colocados en zonas costeras desde el 2014 hasta la actualidad. Finalmente, se verificó que los datos del reanálisis tienen un alto potencial de aplicación en las ciencias marinas y la ingeniería de costas en esta región del globo.

Abstract Field wave data are a relevant source of information with high impact for marine sciences and engineering. The present work compiled, in a single database, the different wave data records found in Costa Rica. Such wave data were compared with the WAVERYS reanalysis from the Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service with the purpose of examining this information and its possible use in future research at both the country and regional levels. The historical wave data compilation considered records documented in different projects carried out on behalf of several governmental institutions. Statistical methods were used to analyze and compare, spatially and temporally, the information contained both in the field wave data and in the WAVERYS reanalysis. Results showed that, in the Caribbean, there are wave records between 2015 and 2017. In the Pacific, there are measurements made during the construction of Puerto Caldera between 1978 and 1985. There are also wave data obtained in different sites between 2009 to 2011 and by a recently established wave gauge network from 2014 onwards. It was verified that the reanalysis database has a high potential for applications in marine sciences and coastal engineering in this region of the Earth.

Introduction. The perception of the educational environment (EA) was identified in a sample of university students, during the COVID-19 pandemic and it was contrasted with other previous findings in non-pandemic times. Subjects and methods. The An assessment of the dundee ready education environment measure (DREEM) questionnaire was applied to 100 students with a mean age of 22.57 ± 2.62 years and from the second to fifth years of the degree, in addition to some general sociodemographic factors. The information was analyzed with the statistical program SPSS applying Cronbach’s alpha tests (0.939), Shapiro-Wilk for men, Kolmogorov-Smirnov in women and Anova to the total sample, in addition to descriptive statistics to observe the distribution of variables sex and grade. Results. In the total score of the questionnaire there were no significant differences by sex and the dispersion of the responses was homogeneous. The majority had a positive perception of EA, however, the upper classes reported a lower perception of EA. The domain Perception of teachers was the highest, and the lowest was Social Self-perception. According to sex, there were no statistical differences between domains. Conclusions. When contrasting the data with those of other investigations in the non-pandemic period, the differences observed were minor, discordant in the teaching domain and coincident in the domain of social perception with manifestations of stress.

Introducción. Se identificó la percepción del ambiente educativo (AE) en una muestra de estudiantes universitarios durante la pandemia de COVID-19 y se contrastó con otros hallazgos previos en tiempo de no pandemia. Sujetos y métodos. Se aplicó el cuestionario An assessment of the dundee ready education enviroment measure (DREEM) a 100 estudiantes con edad media de 22,57 ± 2,62 años y de segundo a quinto años de la carrera, además de algunos factores sociodemográficos generales. La información se analizó con el programa estadístico SPSS aplicando pruebas alfa de Cronbach (0,939), Shapiro-Wilk para hombres, Kolmogorov-Smirnov para mujeres y ANOVA al total de la muestra, además de estadísticos descriptivos para observar la distribución de variables de sexo y curso. Resultados. En la puntuación total del cuestionario no hubo diferencias significativas por sexo y la dispersión de las respuestas fue homogénea. La mayoría tuvo percepción positiva del AE; no obstante, los cursos superiores notificaron menor percepción de AE. El dominio ‘Percepción del profesorado’ fue el más alto, y el más bajo, ‘Autopercepción social’. Por sexos, no hubo diferencias estadísticas entre dominios. Conclusiones. Al contrastar los datos con los de otras investigaciones en período de no pandemia, las diferencias observadas fueron menores; discordantes en el dominio docente y coincidentes en el dominio de percepción social con manifestaciones de estrés.

Abstract The article relates the components of the relational factor of the school social climate (Involvement, affiliation and support) and the types of school violence (Verbal, physical-behavioral, Social exclusion). This article made use of two separate instruments: School Social Enviroment (CES by its initials in Spanish) by R. Moos &; E. Tricket (Argentinian adaptation, 1998), the School Coexistence Survey for Non Violence (CENVI by its initials in Spanish) by the Catholic University of Temuco, validated by the Latin American Network of School Coexistence. The sample consisted of 595 students from the public schools of the city of Estación Central. Results evidence the contribution of the relational aspects by the CES instrument over CENVI, in the different types of school violence and how proper management of school coexistence plays a crucial role as a mediator. It is therefore concluded that if there are good relations within School Coexistence present in CES, there will be fewer acts and types of violence present in the Schools. It is recommended to give it a human approach, cross-sectional, pedagogical and integrative, for the betterment of the school coexistence, from, for and with the students.

Resumen El artículo relaciona las componentes del factor relacional del clima social escolar (Implicación, Afiliación y Apoyo) y los Tipos de Violencia Escolar (Verbal, Física-Conductual, Social de Exclusión). Utilizó dos instrumentos, el Clima Social Escolar (CES) de R. Moos y E. Trickett (Adaptación Argentina 1998), y el Cuestionario de Convivencia Escolar para la No Violencia (CENVI) de la Universidad Católica de Temuco (2017), validada por la Red Latinoamericana de Convivencia Escolar. La muestra consideró a 595 estudiantes de Establecimientos Escolares (E.E) de Estación Central. Los resultados muestran la contribución de los aspectos relacionales de CES sobre CENVI, en los diferentes tipos de violencia escolar y cómo la gestión de la convivencia juega un factor clave como mediadora. Se concluye que, a mejores relaciones en convivencia escolar presentes en CES, menores son los hechos y tipos de violencia que se presentan en los E.E (CENVI). Se recomienda dar una mirada humana, transversal, pedagógica e integrativa para la mejora de la convivencia escolar, desde, para y con los estudiantes.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo é determinar a relação entre criatividade e a teoria das habilidades mentais em crianças de 5 a 11 anos (Ns: 117) que continuam cursando o ensino fundamental em áreas rurais e revelar a relação entre as subdimensões dessas habilidades. No final do estudo, verificou-se que havia uma relação significativa e positiva entre o escore total de criatividade e as subdimensões da teoria da mente dessas crianças. Verificou-se também que havia uma relação significativa e positiva entre todas as subdimensões da criatividade e da teoria da mente. O escore total de criatividade e os escores das subdimensões da criatividade (fluência, originalidade e enriquecimento) foram preditores significativos, porém fracos, das tarefas da teoria da mente.

Abstract The aim of this study, accordingly, is to determine the relation between creativity and theory of mind skills of children aged 5-11 (Ns:117) who continue Primary Education in rural areas and to reveal the relation between the sub-dimensions of these abilities. At the end of the study, it was found that there was a significant and positive relation between the total creativity score and the sub-dimensions of theory of mind. It was found that there was a significant and positive relation between all sub-dimensions of creativity and theory of mind. The total creativity score and the scores of the sub-dimensions of creativity (fluency, originality, and elaboration) were significant but weak predictors of theory of mind tasks.

Resumo O espaço on-line possibilita caminhos de desenvolvimento social, permeado e formado pela relação de organismos e não organismos forjam-se como novo ambiente de convivência e apresentação de diferentes práticas, discursos e saberes, que torna esse espaço ao mesmo tempo uno e multifacetário. Marcado também pela difusão de informações e promoção de reivindicações e lutas sociopolíticas agem como palcos de visibilidade para diversos grupos oprimidos e marginalizados socialmente. Nessa perspectiva, a pesquisa que se apresenta investiga quais os modos de apropriação dos dispositivos tecnológicos pelo movimento feminista e suas implicações na vida sociopolítica na contemporaneidade. Os resultados apontaram que a existência do movimento feminista na contemporaneidade é marcada pelas mediações técnicas e pela formação de redes on-line, contudo assinala que esse mesmo ambiente não escapa da dinâmica de poder que definem princípios de apropriação técnica e visibilidade midiática.

Abstract The online space allows social developmenting ways, surrounded and made by the relationship of organisms and non organisms which forge themselves as a new enviroment for getting along and introducing different practices, speeches and knowledge, what makes this space at the same time unique and multifaceted. Marked also by the diffusion of informations and promoting claims and sociopolitical fights they also act like stages for the visibility of many different socially oppressed and marginalized groups. In this perspective, the following research investigates which appropriation modes of the technological dispositives are used by the feminist movement and its implications in the sociopolitical life in the contemporaneity. The results pointed out that the existence of the feminist movement in the contemporaneity is marked by the technical mediations and also by the creation of on-line networks, however it also shows that this same enviroment does not escape from the dynamics of power that define principles of technical appropriation and media visibility.

ABSTRACT Distance education constitutes an educational modality that, in this second decade of the 21st century, gains greater strength in learning activities. This form encourages independent work, with the support of technological means and didactic materials, which are carriers in themselves of information and of the ways to promote interactivity and communication during the teaching-learning process. In correspondence with this modality, virtual environments are developed as spaces that promote communication between the protagonists of the teaching-learning process and their interaction with the content, mediated by computers, tablets and mobiles with various computer applications. In times of Covid, the Journalism career has developed these virtual environments that favor the management and self-management of knowledge in different subjects and disciplines, and it continues to be a challenge for teachers classified as “non-native” in technology. We emphasize the methodological-procedural path, with the establishment of methodological tracks to guide the learning process and guide the management of knowledge.

RESUMEN La educación a distancia constituye una modalidad educativa que, en esta segunda década del siglo XXI, cobra mayor fuerza en las actividades de aprendizaje. Esta forma potencia el trabajo independiente, con el apoyo de medios tecnológicos y materiales didácticos, que son portadores en sí mismos de la información y de las vías para favorecer la interactividad y la comunicación durante el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje. En correspondencia con esta modalidad, se desarrollan los ambientes virtuales como espacios que propician la comunicación entre los protagonistas del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje y su interacción con el contenido, mediada por ordenadores, tablet y móviles con diversas aplicaciones informáticas. En tiempos de covid, la carrera de Periodismo ha desarrollado estos ambientes virtuales que favorecen la gestión y autogestión del conocimiento en las diferentes asignaturas y disciplinas, y continúa siendo un reto para los profesores calificados como “no nativos” en la tecnología. Enfatizamos la vía metodológico-procesal, con el establecimiento de pistas metodológicas para orientar el proceso de aprendizaje y guiar la gestión del conocimiento.

ABSTRACT Since atmospheric winds play the most critical natural enviroment (NE) role as input into the design and development of an aerospace launch vehicle, this paper provides a more detailed description of the wind environment and its interaction with engineering design in launch and space vehicle development applications at Kennedy Space Center (KSC).

Abstract The of hairless creole pig (Cerdo Pelon Mexicano) (Sus scrofa) is an important zoogenetic resource in the Yucatan Peninsula since it is a genotype adapted to the enviroment conditions, it has resistance to local diseases and parasites, and it has the capacity to take advantage of very low nutritional nutrients, also has a very peculiar flavor that has been valued by the Mayan and mestizo communities of this region for this reason is immersed in many of its traditional dishes, this resource has been lost by the introduction of new breeds and crosses that are In order to use and conserve it, it is necessary to describe the characteristics of the production environment, for this work 23 producers were surveyed, the structured interview technique was followed with 83 variables, descriptive statistics were applied and nonparametric tests were carried out for the comparison between production systems. The producers are men with an average age of 47 years, 96% are professionals, with an experience of more than two years in this activity and started production for the interest of conserving this biotype, 56.5% said that the main problem for to start with the exploitation was the acquisition of the breeding stock, the scarcity of pure animals. Three systems were identified: 1) Backyard (26%, the activity takes place in the free areas of the house where the pigs are scattered or in zahúrdas (rustic pen) made with recycled materials with a total of 9.25 ± 3.4 pigs); 2) Intensive (30.4%, the animals remain captive in wire mesh zahúrdas and / or elevated cages with a total of 98.87 ± 95.5 pigs); and 4) Extensive (43.4%, use is made of soils unsuitable for agriculture and grazing is the basis of the system with a total of 56.27 ± 4 pigs). In general, producers said they had problems to market their products, sales were not constant, and there were no permanent buyers, technical assistance was very scarce, there are few specialists working directly with producers, associations of producers have been formed biotype but unfortunately have little communication causing a very individualized work that does not allow to standardize the management of the different technical, productive and market items. In all three systems there is widespread use of forage plants for food, their reproductive system is free and health management is very basic. This animal is evolving from traditional backyard systems to systems intensive and extensive of a business nature where rusticity and adaptability are used, leaving behind the concept of an animal genetic resource at risk and ensuring its presence in the immediate future as an important option of business.

Resumen El Cerdo Pelón Mexicano (Sus scrofa) es un recurso zoogenético importante en la Península de Yucatán, ya que es un genotipo adaptado a las condiciones ambientales, presenta resistencia a enfermedades y parásitos locales, y tiene la capacidad de aprovechar alimentos de muy bajo aporte nutricional, además cuenta con un sabor muy peculiar que ha sido valorado por las comunidades mayas y mestizas de esta región, por esta razón está inmerso en muchos de sus platillos tradicionales, este recurso se está perdiendo por la introducción de nuevas razas y por las cruzas que se han realizado, por lo tanto para su uso y conservación es necesario describir las características del ambiente de producción. Para este estudio se encuestaron 23 productores, siguiendo la técnica de entrevistas estructuradas con 83 variables, se aplicó estadística descriptiva y se realizaron pruebas no paramétricas para la comparación entre los sistemas de producción. La mayoría de los productores son hombres con un promedio de edad de 47 años, el 96% son profesionistas, con una experiencia mayor a dos años en esta actividad e iniciaron la producción por el interés de conservar este biotipo, el 56.5% manifestó que el principal problema para iniciar con la explotación fue la adquisición del pie de cría y escases de animales de raza pura. Se identificaron tres sistemas de producción: 1) Traspatio (26 %, la actividad se desarrolla en las áreas libres de la vivienda, donde los cerdos están dispersos o en zahúrdas hechas con materiales reciclados con un total de 9.25±3.4 cerdos); 2) Intensivo (30.4 %, los animales permanecen cautivos en zahúrdas de malla metálica y/o jaulas elevadas con un total de 98.87±95.5 cerdos): y 3) Extensivo (43.4 %, se hace uso de suelos no aptos para la agricultura y el pastoreo constituye la base del sistema con un total de 56.27±4 cerdos). En general los productores manifestaron tener problemas para comercializar sus productos, ya que las ventas no son constantes, además de no tener compradores permanentes, la asistencia técnica es muy escasa, son pocos los especialistas trabajando directamente con los productores, se han conformado asociaciones de productores de este biotipo, pero lamentablemente tienen poca comunicación causando un trabajo muy individualizado que no permite estandarizar el manejo de los diferentes rubros técnicos, productivos y de mercado. En los tres sistemas se hace uso generalizado de plantas forrajeras para la alimentación, su sistema de reproducción es libre y el manejo sanitario es muy básico. Esta raza está evolucionando de los sistemas tradicionales de traspatio a sistemas intensivos y extensivos de carácter empresarial, donde se aprovecha la rusticidad y adaptabilidad, dejando atrás el concepto de recurso zoogenético en riesgo y asegurando su presencia en el futuro inmediato como una importante opción de negocio.

The results of a research that analyzes the causes of staff motivation problems envisioned in small businesses in the city of Rosario, Argentina, are presented in this article. Further proposes for new alternative solutiona using the contributions of the set of disciplines that make up the Neurosciences are presented. The present article is based on working environment surveys conducted in two industrial companies in the city of Rosario, one of which has two plants, involving 100% of the operational staff. In addition, interviews with management and supervisory personnel have been made. The results obtained will be used to propose a series of interventions, based on the study of the functioning of the human brain, to improve the staff motivation and performance. These stimuli will be given the name of Neuroincentives.

Se presentan los resultados surgidos de una investigación que analiza las múltiples causas de los problemas de motivación del personal vislumbrados en las pequeñas empresas de la ciudad de Rosario, Argentina, y se propone la búsqueda de nuevas alternativas de solución valiéndose de los aportes del conjunto de disciplinas que conforman las Neurociencias. El presente artículo se basa en encuestas de clima laboral realizadas en dos empresas industriales de la ciudad de Rosario, una de las cuales posee dos plantas, involucrando el 100% del personal operativo. Además, se han realizado entrevistas con el personal directivo y de supervisión. Los resultados así obtenidos se utilizarán para proponer una serie de intervenciones, fundamentadas en el estudio del funcionamiento del cerebro humano, que permitan mejorar la motivación y el rendimiento del personal. A estos estímulos se les dará el nombre de Neuroincentivos.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi de avaliar a influência da adubação nitrogenada, do ambiente e cultivares no teor de proteínas, o volume de sedimentação com dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDSS) e no número de queda em trigo. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, em quatro repetições foram avaliadas cultivares de trigo IPR Catuara TM, BRS Gaivota, Quartzo e CD 120 em seis manejos do nitrogênio em quatro ambientes. Foram realizadas as avaliações do teor de proteínas, teste de sedimentação com dodecil sulfato de sódio, número de queda e produtividade de grãos. Foi realizada análise de variância conjunta para os quatro ambientes e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey, p ≤ 0,05. O efeito do ambiente é superior ao efeito de nitrogênio e de cultivares sobre o teor de proteínas. O incremento no teor de proteínas reduz a produtividade de grãos das cultivares. O SDSS e o número de queda em trigo são influenciados pela interação entre cultivar e ambiente e também pelo manejo do nitrogênio. O teor de proteínas no grão tem baixa influência sobre o volume de sedimentação com dodecil sulfato de sódio, logo o manejo do nitrogênio em cobertura apresenta efeito menos acentuado para essa variável resposta. O número de queda não varia entre cultivares quando o ambiente é propício à germinação na espiga. A utilização de nitrogênio em cobertura influência o número de queda em trigo.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of nitrogen (N) fertilization, environment and cultivars on the protein concentration, sodium dodecyl sulfate sedimentation test (SDSS) volume and falling number in wheat. The experimental design was a randomized blocks in split plot scheme with four repetions. Four wheat genotypes were evaluated under six N managements in four enviroment (subplots). The wheat genotypes evaluated were IPR Catuara TM, BRS Gaivota, Quartzo and CD 120. Protein concentration, SDS sedimentation test, falling number and grain yield were evaluated. Combined analysis of variance for the four environment was performed and means were compared by Tukey test at p ≤ 0.05. The environmental effect is greater than the genotype and N effects on protein concentration. The increase in protein concentration reduces grain yield of the cultivars tested. SDSS and falling number in wheat are influenced by the interaction between cultivar and environment and also by the N management. The protein concentration of grain has low influence on SDS sedimentation volume, so the topdressing N management has less accentuated effect on this response variable. The falling number does not vary among cultivars when the environment is suitable to pre-harvest sprouting. The use of topdressing N influences the falling number in wheat.

The damage caused by excess to electromagnetic fields radiations are the global health problem being the children the most, afected by this reason. In this work was checked the electromagnetic enviroment of 4 internment cubicle of “William Soler “ Hospital intensitive terapy room, for it purpose was used Emdex II gaussimeter in order to make measurements,computer tools to process the data obtained in them and the recommendation emited by international commission for the protection against non-ionizing radiation (ICNIRP) in 2010 as a standard for comparisons, the measurementwere maked according to the established by protocol in cientific literature, according to hepidemiology standard of cuban health Ministry. The result of the measurement obtained were lower than recommended by ICNIRP, so the result are positive

Los daños ocasionados por el exceso de la radiación de campos electromagnéticos se han convertido en un problema de salud mundial, siendo los niños unos de los mas propensos a contraer enfermedades por esta causa. En este trabajo se comprobó el ambiente electromagnético de cuatro cubículos de internamiento de la sala de terapia intensiva del hospital pediatrico ¨William Soler¨. Se utilizó para este propósito un gaussímetro modelo Emdex II para realizar las mediciones, herramientas informáticas para procesar los datos obtenidos en ellas y las recomendaciones del 2010 emitidas por la Comision Internacional Para La Protección Contra Las Radiaciones No Ionizantes ( por sus siglas en inglés ICNIRP) como patrón para hacer comparaciones, las mediciones se realizaron según protocolos descritos en literaturas científicas y acorde con lo recomendado por la normas epidemiológicas del Ministerio de Salud Pública (MINSAP) cubano. Los valores medidos no sobrepasaron a los recomendados por la ICNIRP

This paper proposes and discusses Autoregressive Moving Average (ARMA), Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) and Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA) time series models for broadband power line communication (PLC) networks with impulsive noise enviroment in the frequency range of 1 - 30 MHz. In time series modelling and analysis, time series models are fitted to the acquired time series describing the system for purposes which include simulation, forecasting, trend assessment, and a better understanding of the dynamics of the impulsive noise in PLC systems. Also, because the acquired impulsive noise measurement data are observations made over time, time series models constitute important statistical tools for use in solving the problem of impulsive noise modelling and forecasting in PLC. In fact, the time series and other statistical methods presented in numerous available literature draw upon research developments from two areas of environmetrics called stochastic hydrology and statistical water quality modelling as well as research contributions from the field of statistics. In time series modelling and analysis, we determine the most appropriate stochastic or time series model to fit our acquired data set at the confirmatory data analysis stage. No matter what type of stochastic model is to be fitted to the data set, we follow the identification, estimation, and diagnostic check stages of model construction. In addition, we explore the resulting autocorrelation functions in estimating the parameters of the selected time series models. Finally, SARIMA model is found suitable for computer-based PLC systems simulations and forecasting based on the diagnostic checks.

Resumen Describir algunos conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas de médicos en 3 ciudades colombianas con respecto a la prescripción de antibióticos. Se realizó una encuesta sobre conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas de la prescripción de antibióticos en médicos asistentes a 3 conferencias científicas de la Asociación Colombiana de Infectología en Febrero de 2008. La encuesta fue anónima e individual. Los resultados se analizaron usando Excel 2007 y STATA 2000. Se realizaron 96 encuestas a 29 médicos generales y 67 médicos especialistas. Entre el 29,2% y el 67,42% tienen conocimientos equivocados respecto a la prescripción de antibióticos. El 97,4% de los médicos encuestados considera que la venta de antibióticos debe realizarse únicamente bajo prescripción médica. La mayoría de los encuestados reconoce limitaciones del intervalo de dosificación y de la seguridad para la prescripción de antibióticos. El 60% se mostró en desacuerdo con la aplicación de guías de otros países en nuestros medio y el 76% de los consideran que los infectólogos aportan al manejo clínico de los pacientes. El 72% de los encuestados reportó tener apoyo de un infectólogo y en su institución existen estrategias de restricción de uso de antibióticos, refieren además utilizar asilamiento de contacto frente a organismos multiresistentes. Las respuestas no son significativamente diferentes de acuerdo a los años de experiencia. Los médicos reportaron en su mayoría prácticas conservadoras y racionales del uso de antibióticos aunque algunas limitaciones en el conocimiento farmacológico de los mismos.

Abstract Describe knowledge, attittudes and, practices about antibiotic use in Colombian physicians from three different cities. We applied a voluntary survey about knowledge, attittudes and practices about antibiotic prescription at three scientific meetings of the Asociacion Colombiana de Infectología, on February 2008. The survey was anonimous and individual. The results were analyzed using Excel 2007 and STATA 2000. We analyzed 96 surveys, 29 from general practitioners and 67 medical specialists. Physicians had wrong knowledge about antibiotic use between 29,2% and 67,42%. Most physicians (97.4%) considered the antibiotics have to be sold only under medical prescription. Many physicians recognized having limited knowledge about antibiotic dosing interval and security. 60% physicians disagreed with the application of guidelines from other countries in our enviroment and 76% physician consider the infectious disease experts contribute to clinical management of patients. Physicians reported having support from an infectious disease expert on 72%, and had strategies to restrict the use of some antibiotics, likecontact isolation when multi-resistant organisms had been suspected. There were not differences between answers according to years of experience. Several physcians reported conservative practices and rational antibiotic use with limited knowledge about antibiotic pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.

ABSTRACT The present study responds to the research project. Duties and Citizen Rights that are developed by the Law School of the Metropolitan University of Ecuador Machala headquarters. It aims to argue the need to guarantee the right to a sustainable, sustainable environment in which the State, through public policies, complies with the guarantee of protecting the environment in favor of its population. Environmental issues and their problems have a global character and, therefore, only the attention and joint work of all the peoples of the Earth can allow confrontations and the state of the water to be successful, without altering the principle that the countries have the sovereign right to exploit their own resources in the application of their environmental public policy.

RESUMEN El presente estudio responde al proyecto de investigación Deberes y Derechos Ciudadanos que se desarrolla por la Escuela de Derecho de la Universidad Metropolitana del Ecuador sede Machala. Pretende argumentar la necesidad de garantizar el derecho a un medio ambiente sustentable, sostenible en el que el Estado a través de políticas públicas cumpla con la garantía de proteger el medio ambiente a favor de su población. Los asuntos ambientales y sus problemas tienen carácter global y que, por lo tanto, sólo la atención y trabajo mancomunado de todos los pueblos de la Tierra puede permitir afrontarlos y solucionarlos con éxito, sin alterar el principio de que los países tienen el derecho soberano de explotar sus propios recursos en aplicación de su política pública ambiental.