Abstract One of the most commonly used fungi in pest control, which has a wide range of hosts, is Beauveria bassiana. This entomopathogen has adapted to different environments and can be found in several places, so in the present work, 60 soil samples were collected in 2020 in Acatlán de Pérez Figueroa, Oaxaca, by means of Galleria mellonella, used as bait for its isolation. Five isolates were obtained from this procedure, which were evaluated in larvae of Galleria mellonella at 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, and 168 h in order to know their efficacy in mortality and mycosis. In the methodology, the DNA of the fungi was extracted and the ITS region of the 5.8S rRNA gene was amplified by PCR, the product was sequenced and the sequences were compared with others existing at the National Center for Biotechnological Information. The result was one isolate of Beauveria pseudobassiana and four of Beauveria bassiana, of which isolate 11 showed 100% mortality and mycosis at 96 h, unlike the commercial isolate and the control, which needed an additional 72 h to kill all larvae, in addition to showing 20% and 60% of mycosis, respectively. The time of 96 h was significantly different (p≤ 0.05) because during this time, most of the larvae died and mycosis occurred. Identifying entomopathogenic fungi and conducting studies of their effectiveness in larvae facilitates the start of new research experiments.

Resumen Uno de los hongos más usado en el control de plagas, el cual tienen un amplio rango de hospedantes es Beauveria bassiana. Este entomopatógenos se ha adaptado a distintos ambientes y se puede encontrar en varios lugares, por lo que en el presente trabajo se colectaron 60 muestras de suelo en Acatlán de Pérez Figueroa, Oaxaca, por medio de Galleria mellonella utilizado como cebo para su aislamiento, en el año 2020. De este procedimiento se obtuvieron cinco aislados los cuales se evaluaron en larvas de Galleria mellonella a 24, 48, 72, 96, 120,144 y 168 h con el fin de conocer su eficacia en mortalidad y micosis. En la metodología se extrajo el ADN de los hongos y la región ITS del gen 5.8S rRNA fue amplificada por PCR, el producto fue secuenciado y las secuencias fueron comparadas con otras existentes en el centro nacional para la información biotecnológica. El resultado fue un aislado de Beauveria pseudobassiana y cuatro de Beauveria bassiana de los cuales el 11 presentó 100% de mortalidad y micosis a las 96 h a diferencia del aislado comercial y el testigo los cuales necesitaron 72 h adicionales para matar la totalidad de larvas, además de presentar 20% y 60% de micosis respectivamente. El tiempo de 96 h fue significativamente diferente (p≤ 0.05) debido a que en éste murió la mayoría de las larvas y hubo micosis. Identificar hongos entomopatógenos y realizar estudios de su efectividad en larvas facilita el inicio de nuevos experimentos en la investigacion.

Abstract The use of fungi and bacteria with pathogenic capacity towards insects is considered a sustainable agroecological alternative for efficient pest control, as they are microorganisms of easy production in industrial scale, formulation and use. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate four entomopathogenic formulations in the control of Brevicoryne brassicae L., a key pest of cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.), in a randomized complete block design with 4 treatments, plus an absolute control and 4 replicates. The variables evaluated were the number of dead and live aphids per plant and the number of infested plants. The commercial formulations Biosafe, BesT-K, Metarrizo and Yurak containing strains of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus thuringiensis var kurstaki (Btk), Metarhizium anisopliae and Bauveria bassiana respectively, are the ones that were used by spray application to the crop in two seasons: planting, season August-December 2019 and August-December 2021. Among the results, M. anisopliae was recorded with up to 91.11 % efficiency, followed by B. bassiana with 89.50 % and Bs with 79.38 % in the reduction of populations under field conditions. In the laboratory, Btk and M. anisopliae reached 100 % mortality in a period of seven days, so it is concluded that in the medium term, entomopathogenic fungi in the field are more efficient in aphid control; however, in controlled conditions Btk is also efficient.

Resumen El uso de hongos y bacterias con capacidad patogénica hacia los insectos se considera una alternativa agroecológica sostenible de lucha eficiente contra las plagas por ser microorganismos de fácil producción en escala industrial, formulación y uso; entonces, el objetivo ha sido evaluar cuatro formulados entomopatógenos en el control de Brevicoryne brassicae L, plaga clave de la col (Brassica oleracea L.), en diseño de bloques completos al azar de 4 tratamientos, sumado un testigo absoluto y 4 réplicas, siendo las variables evaluadas la cantidad de pulgones muertos y vivos por planta y cantidad de plantas infestadas. Los formulados comerciales Biosafe, BesT-K, Metarrizo y Yurak que contenían cepas de Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus thuringiensis var kurstaki (Btk), Metarhizium anisopliae y Bauveria bassiana, respectivamente, son los que fueron utilizados mediante la aplicación por aspersión al cultivo en dos épocas de siembra, temporada agosto-diciembre 2019 y agosto-diciembre 2021. Entre los resultados se registró al M. anisopliae con hasta 91,11 % de eficiencia, seguida por B. bassiana con 89,50 % y Bs con 79,38 % en la reducción de las poblaciones en condiciones de campo; en laboratorio el Btk y M. anisopliae alcanzaron el 100 % de mortalidad en un lapso de siete días, por lo que se concluye que a mediano plazo los hongos entomopatógenos en campo resultan ser más eficientes en el control del pulgón, sin embargo, en condiciones controladas el Btk también es eficiente.

Resumen Dismiccoccus brevipes (Cockerell) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) es una de las plagas de la piña de mayor importancia a nivel mundial, no solo por los daños directos que ocasiona, sino por ser trasmisor del virus marchitez roja de la piña. Los hongos entomopatógenos son una alternativa para el manejo de este insecto. En un experimento preliminar se evaluó la patogenicidad y la virulencia de dos aislamientos de Beauveria bassiana (BbCT, BbCa) y uno de Metarhizium anisopliae (Ma), sobre hembras adultas de D. brevipes. Posteriormente, los aislamientos más virulentos y una cepa comercial de Paecelomyces fumosoroceus (PAE-SIN), fueron evaluados en otro experimento en condiciones de invernadero, solos o en combinación con aceite de soya y aceite de neem. Los aislamientos evaluados presentaron diferente grado de virulencia; sin embargo, B. bassiana resultó ser el más virulento. El aislamiento BbCa a una concentración inicial de 1×107 conidios mL-1 fue más efectivo contra adultos de D. brevipes comparado con el control, causando mortalidad del 66% ± 6% a los 8 días pos inoculación a 26 ± 1°C. BbCa presentó la mayor virulencia con una CL50, de 3.45x107 conidios mL-1 y una CL95 de 2.29x108 conidios mL-1, bajo condiciones controladas. Sin embargo, la eficacia se incrementó para BbCa, cuando se combinó con aceite de neem, al causar el 100 % de mortalidad a los 6 días pos inoculación. En conclusión, la combinación B. bassiana (BbCa) y aceite de neem fue el mejor tratamiento, con una mortalidad de 100% de D. brevipes bajo las condiciones experimentales reportadas en este estudio.

Abstract Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) is an important insect pest of pineapple worldwide due to the direct damage it causes and because it is a vector of mealybug pineapple wilt. Entomopathogenic fungi are an alternative management tool for this pest. A preliminary experiment evaluated the lethal effects of two isolates of Beauveria bassiana (BbCT, BbCa) and one isolate of Metarhizium anisopliae (Ma) against adult female D. brevipes. Subsequently, the efficacy of the most virulent isolates and a commercial strain of Paecilomyces fumosoroceus (PAE-SIN) were evaluated under laboratory and greenhouse conditions, either alone or in combination with soybean oil or neem oil. Results showed variation amongst isolates and that B. bassiana was the most effective. Isolate BbCa at 1×107 mL-1 conidia, was the most effective against D. brevipes nymphs and adults at 26 ± 1°C, causing 66% ± 6% mortality 8 days after inoculation. BbCa was the most virulent with an LC50 of 3.45x107 mL-1 conidia and a LC95 of 2.29x108 mL-1 conidia, under controlled conditions. Efficacy of BbCa increased when combined with neem oil, causing 100% mortality 6 days after inoculation. In conclusion, a combination of B. bassiana isolate BbCa and neem oil achieved 100% mortality in D. brevipes under the experimental conditions reported in this study.

Abstract Fusarium oxysporum is an entomopathogenic fungus, and it has anti-biological activity against arthropods. Ticks are blood sucking arthropods which are responsible for transmitting different diseases in humans and animals. The use of chemical insecticides against ticks is not eco-friendly option and results in the development of acaricide resistance. Previously, we had cultured a local isolate of Fusarium oxysporum from soil samples which were identified through microscopy and confirmed through molecular technique. In our previous experiments, we have prepared Silver nanoparticles (AgNP) at pH 7 and they had been characterized through X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), UV-visible and zeta-potential. In our current study, the AgNP were prepared at different pH conditions and characterized through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The protein molecules of F. oxysporum were charged with Ag ions. F. oxysporum NP were observed to enhance anti-biological activity by killing Rhipicephalus microplus and they caused 100% mortality at pH 4 and pH 5 in 24 h in anti-tick biological assay. Our study is the first report to do biological assay against Rhipicehalus ticks by using Fusarium AgNP at acidic pH. Biological control using entomopathogenic fungi can be the best alternative of the chemical method to control the tick population. fungus antibiological anti animals ecofriendly eco friendly resistance Previously technique experiments (AgNP XRay X Ray XRD, XRD , (XRD) UVvisible UV visible zetapotential. zetapotential zeta potential. potential zeta-potential SEM (SEM TEM. TEM . (TEM) F ions 100 2 antitick population (XRD (TEM 10 1

Resumo Fusarium oxysporum é um fungo entomopatogênico com atividade antibiológica contra artrópodes. Os carrapatos são artrópodes sugadores de sangue responsáveis pela transmissão de diversas doenças em humanos e animais. O uso de inseticidas químicos contra carrapatos não é uma opção ecologicamente correta e resulta no desenvolvimento de resistência acaricida. Anteriormente, havíamos cultivado um isolado local de Fusarium oxysporum a partir de amostras de solo que foram identificadas por microscopia e confirmadas por técnica molecular. Em nossos experimentos anteriores, preparamos nanopartículas de Prata (AgNP) em pH 7 e elas foram caracterizadas por Difração de Raios X (XRD), UV-visível e potencial zeta. No presente estudo, os AgNP foram preparados em diferentes condições de pH e caracterizados através de Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV) e Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão (TEM). As moléculas de proteína de F. oxysporum foram carregadas com íons Ag. Assim, observou-se que F. oxysporum NP aumenta a atividade antibiológica matando Rhipicephalus microplus e causando 100% de mortalidade em pH 4 e pH 5 em 24h no ensaio biológico anticarrapato. Este estudo é o primeiro relato de caso a realizar um ensaio biológico contra carrapatos Rhipicehalus usando Fusarium AgNP em pH ácido. Nesse sentido, é possível concluir que o controle biológico utilizando fungos entomopatogênicos pode ser a melhor alternativa do método químico para controlar a população de carrapatos. animais acaricida Anteriormente molecular anteriores (AgNP XRD, XRD , (XRD) UVvisível UV visível zeta MEV (MEV TEM. TEM . (TEM) F Ag Assim observouse observou se 100 h anticarrapato ácido sentido (XRD (TEM 10 1

Resumo O setor florestal brasileiro se destaca pela tecnologia, práticas de manejo florestal, responsabilidade social e ambiental e, principalmente, alta produtividade, mas pragas exóticas podem reduzir isto. O parasitoide Psyllaephagus bliteus (Riek, 1962) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), percevejos predadores e fungos entomopatogênicos como Beauveria bassiana e Metarhizium anisopliae são inimigos naturais usados no controle biológico do psilídeo-de-concha do eucalipto Glycaspis brimblecombei (Moore, 1964) (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae), praga em plantios de eucalipto. A utilização de fungos entomopatogênicos contra pragas exóticas vem aumentando no setor florestal e a prospecção e identificação de isolados fúngicos é importante para o manejo integrado de pragas. O objetivo deste estudo foi o isolamento e identificação molecular de Cordyceps spp. e avaliar a patogenicidade dos isolados de Cordyceps javanica (LCBPF 11) e Cordyceps fumosorosea (LCBPF 12 e LCBPF 63), obtidos de adultos de Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), ao psilídeo-de-concha G. brimblecombei. Os fungos foram isolados de adultos de B. tabaci encontrados em culturas de soja e tomate e identificados molecularmente. Os conídios foram suspensos em solução com Tween 80 (0,1%) na concentração de 1,0 x 108 conídios/mL e pulverizados sobre dez ninfas de G. brimblecombei por folha de Eucalyptus cortada e colocada sobre gel hidrorretentor no interior de placas de Petri por repetição. O número de insetos mortos foi quantificado, diariamente, por sete dias e transferidos para câmaras úmidas. Cordyceps javanica (LCBPF 11) e C. fumosorosea (LCBPF 12 e LCBPF 63) foram identificados por análise molecular e todos os isolados foram patogênicos para os insetos. Isto indica serem importantes para o manejo de G. brimblecombei e confirma relatos de que, normalmente, fungos causam maiores mortalidades em insetos da mesma ordem daquela da qual foram isolados.

Abstract The Brazilian forestry sector stands out for its technology, forestry management practices, social and environmental responsibility and, mainly, for its high productivity and exotic pests can reduce it. The red gum lerp psyllid Glycaspis brimblecombei (Moore, 1964) (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae) is an important pest in Eucalyptus plantations. The parasitoid Psyllaephagus bliteus (Riek, 1962) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), predatory bugs and entomopathogenic fungi such as Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae are the natural enemies and used in the biological control of the red gum lerp psyllid. The use of entomopathogenic fungi against exotic pests is increasing in the forestry sector and the prospecting and identification of fungus isolates is important for integrated pest management. The objective of this work was the isolation and molecular identification of Cordyceps spp. And to evaluate the pathogenicity of isolates, obtained from Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius, 1889) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) adults, against to the red gum lerp psyllid G. brimblecombei. The fungi were isolated from B. tabaci adults found in soybean and tomato crops and molecularly identified. The conidia obtained were suspended in solution with Tween 80 (0.1%) at a concentration of 1.0 × 108 conidia/mL and sprayed on ten G. brimblecombei nymphs per Eucalyptus leaf cut and placed on a hydroretentive gel inside per Petri dishes as a replication. The number of dead insects was quantified, daily, for seven days, and transferred to humid chambers. Cordyceps javanica (LCBPF 11) and C. fumosorosea (LCBPF 12 and LCBPF 63) were identified with a molecular analysis and all isolates were pathogenic to the insects and indicates that they could be used to manage G. brimblecombei and adds to reports that, normally, fungi cause greater mortality on insects of the same order as that from which they were isolated.

Abstract Macrofungi, with their extraordinary diversity and ability to adapt to various substrates, play crucial ecological roles in ecosystems. However, their development is strongly influenced by the interaction of several environmental factors. Understanding these factors and their impact on the distribution of fungi is essential to understand their ecological dynamics. To obtain data how these organisms are distributed under certain topographic factors, an analysis of the species richness of macrofungi was carried out in a tropical deciduous forest on the coast of Oaxaca, taking both the eco-nutritional habits and substrate on which, they develop in response to altitude, slope and terrain orientation. A review was conducted of a field database of 251 biological samples representing 169 species of macrofungi registered in the Environmental Management Unit for the Conservation of Wildlife "Jardín Botánico-Puerto Escondido". The review was used to assigned a life form (parasitic, mutualistic micorrhiza, saprotrophic) and substrate preferences (lignicolous, humicolous, terricolous, entomopathogenic parasite). To understand the topographic characteristics of the collection sites, maps of altitude, slope and solar exposure were designed in which the geographical coordinates recorded in the database for each study sample were plotted. The results reveal a predominance of saprotrophic life form in this tropical deciduous forest, with a marked preference for edaphic substrates. In addition, more than 50% of the species analyzed show a tendency to coexist on moderate to gentle slopes, oriented to the north, and at altitudes ranging from 120 to 140 m. This study highlights the complex interactions between the diversity of macroscopic fungi, their nutritional preferences and their relationship with altitude, slope, and terrain orientation. Relevant information is provided that can be used in resource management and conservation strategies, by identifying sites within the study area with the greatest species richness.

Resumen Los hongos macroscópicos, dada su extraordinaria diversidad y capacidad de adaptación a diversos sustratos, desempeñan funciones ecológicas cruciales en los ecosistemas. No obstante, su desarrollo está fuertemente condicionado por la interacción de factores ambientales. La comprensión de esos factores y su impacto en la distribución de los hongos es esencial para entender su dinámica ecológica. Con el fin de conocer cómo se distribuyen estos organismos bajo ciertos factores topográficos, se llevó a cabo un análisis de la riqueza de macromicetos en un bosque tropical caducifolio en la costa de Oaxaca, considerando los hábitos eco-nutricionales y el sustrato donde se desarrollan, en respuesta a la altitud, pendiente y orientación del terreno. El estudio consistió en realizar una revisión de una base de datos de campo de 251 muestras biológicas que representan 169 especies de hongos macroscópicos registradas en la Unidad de Manejo Ambiental para la Conservación de la Vida Silvestre "Jardín Botánico-Puerto Escondido". La revisión permitió determinar la forma de vida (parásita, mutualista micorrícica, saprobia) y las preferencias de sustrato (lignícola, humícola, terrícola, parásito entomopatógeno) de cada uno de los especímenes. Para conocer las características topográficas de los sitios donde fueron recolectados los ejemplares, se diseñaron mapas de altitud, pendiente y exposición solar en los cuales se posicionaron las coordenadas geográficas registradas en la base de datos de cada una de las muestras de estudio. Los resultados revelan un predominio de la forma de vida saprobia en este bosque tropical caducifolio, con una marcada preferencia por sustratos edáficos. Además, más del 50% de las especies analizadas mostraron una tendencia por coexistir en laderas con pendientes medianas y suaves, orientadas hacia el norte y a altitudes que oscilan entre los 120 y 140 m. El estudio resalta las complejas interacciones entre la diversidad de macromicetos, sus preferencias nutricionales en relación con la altitud, pendiente y orientación del terreno. Se provee información relevante que puede ser utilizada en estrategias de manejo y conservación de recursos, ubicando los sitios con mayor riqueza de especies dentro de la zona de estudio.

ABSTRACT Currently, agricultural cropping systems have adopted integrated pest management (IPM) as a successful model for pest control. The use of entomopathogenic fungi in IPM has increased because of their great potential for reducing arthropod pest populations without causing harm to human health and ecosystems. Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae stand out among the most used fungi in biological control, with many isolates commercialized worldwide. Helicoverpa armigera is an agriculturally important pest in Brazil and worldwide, causing damage to several crops. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the biological control potential of Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, and M. rileyi on H. armigera. The results indicated that the entomopathogenic fungi B. bassiana (strain ESALQ PL63), M. anisopliae (strain ESALQ E9), and M. rileyi (strain UFMS 03), applied using different methods (direct application and dry film) and concentrations (1 × 107, 1 × 108, and 1 × 109 conidia mL-1), resulted in low mortality and no virulence in first-, third-, and fifth-instar larvae of H. armigera. The death of all individuals subjected to treatment with B. bassiana (strain ESALQ PL63) was confirmed by conidiogenesis. Considering the importance of H. armigera as an agricultural pest and the biodiversity of entomopathogenic fungi in Brazil, further investigations on the virulence of fungal strains are necessary to improve the integrated management of lepidopteran pests through microbial control, explore the potential of new strains, and understand the relationships between microorganisms and host defense mechanisms. Currently (IPM ecosystems worldwide crops context M H B strain PL63, PL63 PL , E9, E9 E E9) 03, 03 03) direct film ( 107 108 10 mL1, mL1 mL mL-1) first, first first- third, third third- fifthinstar fifth instar conidiogenesis mechanisms PL6 0 mL-1 mL-

RESUMO Atualmente, os sistemas de cultivo agrícola adotam o manejo integrado de pragas (MIP) como modelo de sucesso para o controle de pragas. O uso de fungos entomopatogênicos tem aumentado no manejo integrado devido ao seu grande potencial em reduzir as populações de pragas agrícolas sem causar danos à saúde humana e aos ecossistemas. Beauveria bassiana e Metarhizium anisopliae são as espécies de fungos mais utilizadas no controle biológico, contando com muitos isolados comercializados no mundo. Helicoverpa armigera é uma praga de importância agrícola, causadora de prejuízos associados a diversas culturas. Assim, esse estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o potencial virulento de Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae e Metarhizium rileyi no controle biológico dos estágios larvais de H. armigera. Os resultados indicaram que em diferentes concentrações (1 × 107, 1 × 108 e 1 × 109 con.mL-1) e métodos de aplicação (DA ou DF) B. bassiana (cepa ESALQ PL63), M. anisopliae (cepa ESALQ E9) e M. rileyi (cepa UFMS 03) causaram baixa mortalidade e não foram virulentos ao primeiro, terceiro e quinto ínstares de H. armigera. A mortalidade pelo tratamento com B. bassiana (cepa ESALQ PL63) foi confirmada por conidiogênese em todos os cadáveres. Dada a importância de H. armigera como praga agrícola e a biodiversidade de fungos entomopatogênicos no Brasil, novas investigações sobre a virulência de cepas fúngicas são necessárias para aprimorar o manejo integrado de pragas através do controle microbiano, o potencial para novas cepas e o entendimento das relações entre microrganismos e os mecanismos de defesa dos hospedeiros. Atualmente MIP (MIP ecossistemas mundo culturas Assim H ( 107 10 con.mL1 conmL1 conmL con.mL con mL con.mL-1 DA DF B cepa PL63, PL63 PL , M E9 E 03 primeiro cadáveres Brasil microbiano hospedeiros mL1 con.mL- PL6 0

ABSTRACT The coconut mite (Aceria guerreronis - Eriophyidae) attacks coconut fruits, inhabits the meristematic region, and causes losses in fruit production. Chemicals are the main control measures but successive applications can cause resistance in mites. In this sense, it is necessary to search for ecological alternatives that assist in sustainable management, as consumers seek products grown using more eco-friendly techniques. This study aimed to identify an entomopathogenic fungal isolate and evaluate its ability to control the mite A. guerreronis, which is present in commercial areas in the municipality of Santa Izabel do Pará, Brazil, in the Eastern Amazon. The efficiency of fungi on mites was tested using six treatments: water (control), chemical acaricide, and fungi of the genera Purpureocillium, Metarhizium, Beuaveria, and Trichoderma; the treatments were applied to the bunches at a concentration of 108 conidia mL-1. The results demonstrated a reduction in mites on fruits, with the B. bassiana and P. lilacinum treatments being the most successful. This study demonstrates that these fungi have acaricidal action and may present an economically viable and ecological alternative for controlling phytophagous mites in coconut cultivation in the Amazon. Aceria Eriophyidae fruits region production sense management ecofriendly eco friendly techniques A Pará Brazil Amazon control, , (control) acaricide Purpureocillium Metarhizium Beuaveria Trichoderma 10 mL1. mL1 mL 1. 1 mL-1 B P successful (control mL-

RESUMO O ácaro do coco (Aceria guerreronis - Eriophyidae) ataca os frutos do coqueiro, habita a região meristemática e causa perdas na produção de frutos. A principal medida de controle é por meio de produtos químicos. Sucessivas aplicações podem causar a resistencia dos ácaros, neste sentido, faz-se necessária a busca por alternativas ecológicas que auxiliem em um manejo sustentável, pois consumidores procuram produtos oriundos de técnicas mais saudáveis. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar um isolado fúngico entomopatogênico e avaliar o controle sobre o ácaro A. guerreronis, presente em áreas comerciais no município de Santa Izabel do Pará, Brasil, Amazônia Oriental. A eficiência dos fungos sobre os ácaros, foi testada através de seis tratamentos: água (controle), acaricida químico e fungos dos gêneros Purpureocillium, Metarhizium, Beuaveria e Trichoderma, na concentração de 108 conídios mL-1, e aplicados sobre os cachos. Os resultados demonstraram que houve redução de ácaros nos frutos, sendo os tratamentos à base de B. bassiana e P. lilacinum, os mais eficientes, demonstrando que esses fungos possuem ação acaricida e podem ser uma alternativa economicamente viável e ecológica para o controle de ácaros fitófagos no cultivo de coqueiro na Amazônia. Aceria Eriophyidae químicos sentido fazse faz se sustentável saudáveis Pará Brasil Oriental controle, , (controle) Purpureocillium Metarhizium Trichoderma 10 mL1, mL1 mL 1, 1 mL-1 cachos B P lilacinum eficientes (controle mL-

ABSTRACT A great challenge to overcome is how to maintain and increase the productivity of vegetables, such as jambu (Acmella oleracea), by using natural processes and living organisms that stimulate plant production and release fewer toxic residues into the environment. The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth of A. oleracea, based on biometric, and physiological responses, following the application of the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae and the growth promoter Trichoderma asperellum, under protected and unprotected planting systems, in the rainy and dry seasons of the Amazon. Two trials were conducted simultaneously, in randomized blocks, in a commercial area of peri-urban agriculture in the municipality of Ananindeua, Pará state, Brazil, in protected and unprotected hanging beds. Metarhizium anisopliae, B. bassiana, and T. asperellum isolates promoted growth in jambu in protected and unprotected plantation systems, in both crop cycles. Of note, M. anisopliae matched the results obtained with the growth promoter T. asperellum and stood out for favoring greater performance in all of the evaluated growth variables, especially in the protected cultivation system and in rainy season. In addition, A. oleracea grew better in all treatments in a protected planting system and in both evaluated periods. Therefore, A. oleracea treated with M. anisopliae, B. bassiana, or T. asperellum presented better growth, produced more biomass, and exhibited superior gas exchange. vegetables Acmella , oleracea) environment biometric responses systems Amazon simultaneously blocks periurban peri urban Ananindeua state Brazil beds B T cycles note M variables season addition periods Therefore biomass exchange

RESUMO Um dos grandes desafios a serem superados é manter e aumentar a produtividade de hortaliças, como o jambu (Acmella oleracea), utilizando processos naturais e organismos vivos que estimulem a produção vegetal, com menos resíduos tóxicos no meio ambiente. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o crescimento de plantas de A.oleracea, por meio de respostas biométricas e fisiológicas, após a aplicação dos fungos entomopatogênicos Beauveria bassiana e Metarhizium anisopliae e do promotor de crescimento Trichoderma asperellum, sob sistemas de plantio protegido e não protegido, nas estações chuvosa e seca da Amazônia. Dois ensaios foram conduzidos simultaneamente, em blocos casualizados, em uma área comercial de agricultura periurbana no município de Ananindeua, Pará, Brasil, em canteiros suspensos protegidos e não protegidos. Os isolados fúngicos de M. anisopliae, B. bassiana e T. asperellum promoveram o crescimento em plantações de jambu, em sistemas de plantio protegido e desprotegido, em ambos os ciclos de cultivo. No entanto, M. anisopliae se igualou aos resultados obtidos com o promotor de crescimento T. asperellum e se destacou por favorecer maior desempenho em todas as variáveis de crescimento avaliadas, principalmente no sistema de cultivo protegido e no período chuvoso amazônico. Além disso, as plantas de A. oleracea apresentaram melhor crescimento em todos os tratamentos, em sistema de plantio protegido, nos dois períodos avaliados. Portanto, plantas de A. oleracea tratadas com fungos como M. ansiopliae, B. bassiana e T. asperellum apresentaram maior crescimento, biomassa e trocas gasosas. hortaliças Acmella oleracea, , oleracea) vegetal ambiente Aoleracea A A.oleracea fisiológicas Amazônia simultaneamente casualizados Ananindeua Pará Brasil M B T desprotegido entanto avaliadas amazônico disso tratamentos avaliados Portanto ansiopliae gasosas

ABSTRACT Entomopathogenic fungi (EP) and plant growth-promoting bacteria (GBP) in combination with liquid organic fertilizers can be the ecological alternative to complement chemical fertilization, and improve the nutrition and yield of melon (Cucumis melo L.). The objective of the study was to evaluate Metarhizium anisopliae, Beauveria bassiana and a consortium of BPCV (P. flurescens, B. subtilis, A. brasilence and B. mucilaginosus) in combination with vermicompost leachate (LVE) and goat manure biol (BEC). ) in the foliar nutritional concentration, plant growth, fruit size, yield and colonization of these microorganisms in the melon rhizosphere. An experimental design was used in complete randomized blocks, with six treatments (HE + LVE, BPCV + LVE, HE + BEC, BPCV + BEC, LVE and BEC) and a control. It was found that with the BPCV + BEC treatment, leaf N and Ca concentration increased by 9.4% and 21.3%, respectively, root dry weight by 45.8%, fruit polar diameter by 20.3% and fruit weight in 31.2% in relation to the control. While plants treated with HE + BEC and BPCV + BEC, compared to the control, increased leaf P concentration from 9.8 to 10.2%, stem diameter from 27.2% to 28.5% and yield from 12.4% to 12.6%. Both HE and BPCV colonized soil particles from the plant rhizosphere, which positively influenced melon yield. These results are beneficial for melon producers, both to increase crop yield and to complement chemical fertilization in an ecological way in the production system.

RESUMEN Los hongos entomopatógenos (HE) y las bacterias promotoras del crecimiento vegetal (BPCV) en combinación con abonos orgánicos líquidos puede ser la alternativa ecológica para complementar la fertilización química, y mejorar la nutrición y rendimiento de melón (Cucumis melo L.). El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar Metarhizium anisopliae, Beauveria bassiana y un consorcio de BPCV (P. flurescens, B. subtilis, A. brasilence y B. mucilaginosus) en combinación con lixiviado de vermicompost (LVE) y biol de estiércol de cabra (BEC) en la concentración nutrimental foliar, crecimiento de planta, tamaño de fruto, rendimiento y colonización de estos microorganismos en la rizosfera de melón. Se utilizó un diseño experimental en bloques completos al azar, con seis tratamientos (HE + LVE, BPCV + LVE, HE + BEC, BPCV + BEC, LVE y BEC) y un testigo. Se encontró que con el tratamiento BPCV + BEC aumentó la concentración de N y Ca foliar en 9,4% y 21,3%, respectivamente, peso seco de raíz en 45,8%, diámetro polar de fruto en 20,3% y peso de fruto en 31,2% en relación con el testigo. Mientras que las plantas tratadas con HE + BEC y BPCV + BEC, en comparación con el testigo, incrementaron la concentración de P foliar de 9,8 a 10,2%, diámetro de tallo de 27,2% a 28,5% y rendimiento de 12,4% a 12,6%. Tanto los HE y BPCV colonizaron partículas de suelo de la rizosfera de la planta, lo que influyó positivamente en el rendimiento de melón. Estos resultados son beneficiosos para los productores de melón, tanto para aumentar el rendimiento del cultivo como para complementar la fertilización química de manera ecológica en el sistema productivo.

Abstract Ysaú leaf cutter ants (Atta sexdens) are social insects made up of a queen, soldiers, workers, gardeners and drones, forming a well-organized nest that is difficult to manage and/or control. In Paraguay, in the last decade, it has become an important invasive pest for both forestry and agricultural crops. The objective of this research was to identify entomopathogenic fungi (HE) in the area of influence of nests, located in commercial silvopastoral plots of Urochloa brizantha MG-5 and Eucalyptus sp. The methodology to isolate HE was the use of insect traps or baits based on queen ants, collected and installed during the nuptial flight season of the ant nests. Soil samples from the silvopastoral plots and grass roots (U. brizantha) were used. They were also isolated from collected dead insects. The data generated on the incidence of fungal insects were subjected to analysis of variance and the means were subjected to Tukey's test. The comparison of the populations of leaf-cutter ants was carried out using the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test for independent samples, whose results showed that there were no significant differences between nests for the fungal ants variable (H=2,463; p>0,05) and for the variable, deceased from other causes (H=3,806; p>0,05). The entomopathogenic fungi identified were Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium sp. isolated from mycorrhizal cutter ants obtained from the area of influence of nests in a silvopastoral system.

Resumen Las hormigas cortadoras Ysaú (Atta sexdens) son insectos sociales compuestas por una reina, soldados, obreras, jardineras y zánganos, formando un nido bien organizado y de difícil manejo y/o control. En Paraguay, en la última década, se ha convertido en una plaga invasora importante tanto para los cultivos forestales como agrícolas. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue la de identificar los hongos entomopatógenos (HE) en la zona de influencia de nidos, localizados en parcelas silvopastoril comercial de Urochloa brizantha MG-5 y Eucalyptus sp. La metodología para aislar HE fue el uso insectos trampas o cebos a base de hormigas reinas, colectadas e instalada en época de vuelo nupcial de los nidos de hormigas. Se utilizaron muestras de suelo de las parcelas silvopastoril y raíces de gramíneas (U. brizantha). También se aislaron de insectos muertos colectados. Los datos generados sobre la incidencia de insectos micosados se sometieron a análisis de varianza y las medias se sometieron a la prueba de Tukey. La comparación de las poblaciones de hormigas cortadoras de hojas se realizó mediante la prueba no paramétrica de Kruskal-Wallis para muestras independientes, cuyos resultados mostraron que no hubo diferencias significativas entre nidos para la variable hormigas micosados por hongos (H=2,463; p>0,05) y para la variable, muertos por otras causas (H=3,806; p>0,05). Los hongos entomopatógenos identificados fueron Beauveria bassiana y Metarhizium sp. aisladas de hormigas cortadoras de micorrizas obtenidas del área de influencia de nidos en un sistema silvopastoril.

ABSTRACT This study was conducted in a commercial apple orchard (Malus domestica) with high woolly apple aphid (Eriosoma lanigerum) incidence, which is highly harmful to apple culture and infects the trunk, branch, roots, shoot, and fruit. Although the fungus Beauveria bassiana is widely reported as a control agent, there is no evidence of its control action against this pest. This case study was conducted under natural infestation conditions to evaluate the effective action of B. bassiana in E. lanigerum nymph mortality and aimed to evaluate the control potential of E. lanigerum treated with different formulation doses based on B. bassiana strain ICBBb252. The experimental unit consisted of ten plants in four randomized blocks, where one colony per plant was previously marked in an orchard (2500 plants/ha). The treatments consisted of applying the formulate in 100, 200, and 300 mL/ha dosages at a 109 spore/mL concentration and one control group; 10, 20, 30, and 40 days after application, the treatments were evaluated by counting the number of colonies alive. The control of woolly apple aphids by B. bassiana strain ICBBb252 was more effective at 200 and 300 mL/ha dosages and has no phytotoxic effects on plants. Malus domestica Eriosoma incidence trunk branch roots shoot fruit agent pest B E ICBBb blocks 2500 (250 plants/ha. plantsha plants/ha . ha plants/ha) 100 30 mLha mL 10 sporemL spore group 20 4 application alive ICBBb25 250 (25 3 1 2 ICBBb2 25 (2 (

Abstract: In the present contribution, the survey of entomopathogenic fungal diversity associated with organic yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil.) crops allowed the identification of fungi with bioinsecticidal potential of great importance for pest management in organic crops. For this purpose, samples collected from 12 georeferenced sites of certified organic yerba mate plantations in the district of Bella Vista, Itapúa, were analyzed. Isolation and characterization of all fungal strains found in samples of live and dead insects was performed. The direct seeding plate methodology was applied and the colonies were analyzed macro and microscopically. As a result, and with favorable environmental conditions, it was possible to isolate the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria as well as the genera Alternaria, Rhizopus, Absidia, Mucor, Aspergillus and Fusarium infecting dead insect tissues. In all sampling sites, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Fusarium genera were abundant and were preserved in straparia for future pathogenicity tests. The low frequency in which entomopathogenic fungi were found could be due to the intense droughts that occurred during the months of December/2021 to February/2022, drastically affecting the presence of insect pests and fungi sensitive to changes in temperature and humidity.

Resumen: En la presente contribución, el relevamiento de la diversidad fúngica entomopatógena asociada a cultivos orgánicos de yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil.) permitió identificar los hongos con potencial bioinsecticida de gran importancia para el manejo de plagas en cultivos orgánicos. Para ello se analizaron muestras colectadas de 12 sitios georreferenciados de los yerbales orgánicos certificados del distrito de Bella Vista, Itapúa. Se realizó el aislamiento y caracterización de todas las cepas fúngicas encontradas en muestras de insectos vivos y muertos. Se aplicó la metodología de siembra directa en placa y se analizaron las colonias macro y microscópicamente. Como resultado, y con las condiciones ambientales favorables se pudo aislar el hongo entomopatógeno Beauveria como así también los géneros Alternaria, Rhizopus, Absidia, Mucor, Aspergillus y Fusarium infectando los tejidos de insectos muertos. En todos los sitios de muestreo abundaron los géneros Alternaria, Aspergillus y Fusarium que fueron conservados en cepario para futuros ensayos de patogenicidad. La baja frecuencia en que se encontraron los hongos entomopatógenos pudo deberse a las intensas sequías que acontecieron durante los meses de diciembre/2021 a febrero/2022, afectando drásticamente la presencia de insectos plagas y la de hongos sensibles a los cambios de temperatura y humedad.

Resumen Las tucuras causan graves pérdidas económicas en la agricultura a nivel mundial. En la actualidad, los insecticidas químicos siguen siendo el único medio utilizado para el control de acridios, pero los efectos de su utilización son ambientalmente preocupantes. El objetivo de este trabajo fue probar la eficacia de la cepa Beauveria bassiana (LPSc 1067) sobre seis especies de tucuras consideradas plagas de Argentina. En cuanto a la patogenicidad de B. bassiana sobre ninfas de tercer estadio de las diferentes especies tratadas, se encontraron diferencias significativas (DF= 5; F= 9.93; P<0.0001). Los valores de mortalidad más altos (100%) se registraron en ninfas de Trimerotropis pallidipennis y Dichroplus maculipennis y la mortalidad más baja se observó en ninfas de Scotussa lemniscata con una mortalidad de 48,6 +3,5%. El tiempo medio de supervivencia (MST) más bajo se registró para T. pallidipennis (3,5 +0,15 días) y el MST más alto se observó en ninfas de Dichroplus pratensis (7,48 +0,28 días). Los resultados sugieren que B. bassiana LPSc 1067 constituye un excelente candidato para ser estudiado en profundidad como agente de control biológico de T. pallidipennis y D. maculipennis.

Abstract Grasshoppers affect agriculture worldwide, causing serious economic damage. Currently, the application of chemical insecticides against grasshoppers is the only effective strategy, even considering the significant environmental concern. This study aimed to test the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana (LPSc 1067) as biocontrol agent on six harmful grasshopper species in Argentina. Significant differences were observed (DF= 5; F= 9.93; P<0.0001) when considering B. bassiana pathogenicity on third-instar nymphs of the different grasshopper species. The highest mortality (100%) was registered on Trimerotropis pallidipennis and Dichroplus maculipennis nymphs while the lowest mortality (48.6 ±3.5%) was observed on Scotussa lemniscata nymphs. The lowest mean survival time (MST) was recorded for T. pallidipennis (3.5 ±0.15 days) and the highest MST was observed on Dichroplus pratensis nymphs (7.48 ±0.28 days). Results suggest that B. bassiana LPSc 1067 may constitute an excellent candidate to be further studied as biological control agent of T. pallidipennis and D. maculipennis.

Resumen Sitophilus granarius, es un pequeño insecto el cual bajo condiciones favorable llega a afectar al trigo almacenado hasta en un 85 %. Los esfuerzos investigativos están siendo orientados hacia el desarrollo de bioproductos a base de hongos o bacterias con acción entomopatógena, con utilidad potencial como bioinsecticidas. Estudios relacionados con Trichoderma harzianum y espinosina en el control del coleópteros-plaga de granos almacenados son mínimos y es en este contexto, el objetivo del presente trabajo consistió en evaluar el efecto de Trichoderma y la espinosina en el control de Sitophilus granarius en trigo almacenado. Para el desarrollo del estudio, el grano de todos los tratamientos fue impregnado primeramente con espinosina; tres concentraciones (tres tratamientos) de conidias de T. harzianum fueron asperjadas (T1:103, T2:106 y T3:109 conidias.mL-1), con cinco repeticiones cada tratamiento. En el estudio fueron considerados controles sin tratamientos. Los resultados muestran que, Trichoderma harzianum presenta un efecto biorregulador sobre S. granarius, el cual es significativo cuando se combina con la espinosina. Este efecto bioregulador se enfatiza cuando se inoculan concentraciones superiores de 109 condias/mL. Se deben realizar estudios relacionados con la coinoculación y el uso de la espinosina, asimismo, evaluar la viabilidad de la semilla y propiedades organolépticos del grano.

Abstract Sitophilus granarius, is a small insect which, under favorable conditions, affects up to 85 % of stored wheat. Research efforts are being directed towards the development of bioproducts based on fungi or bacteria with entomopathogenic action, with potential utility as bioinsecticides. Studies related to Trichoderma harzianum and spinosyn in the control of the beetle pest of stored grains are minimal and it is in this context, that the objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of Trichoderma and spinosyn in the control of Sitophilus granarius in stored wheat. For the development of the study, the grain of all treatments was first impregnated with spinosyn; three concentrations (three treatments) of T. harzianum conidia were sprayed (T1:103, T2:106 y T3:109 conidias.mL-1), with five repetitions for each treatment. In the study they were considered controls without treatments. The results show that Trichoderma harzianum has a bioregulatory effect on S. granarius, which is significant when combined with spinosyn. This bioregulatory effect is emphasized when higher concentrations than 109 condia/mL are inoculated. Studies related to coinoculation and the use of spinosyn should be carried out, as well as evaluating the viability of the seed and the organoleptic properties of the grain.