Abstract Introduction: Biodiversity is being lost at an accelerating rate because of global change. Tools such as species distribution models (SDMs) have been widely used to improve knowledge about species’ conservation status and help develop management strategies to mitigate biodiversity loss. SDMs are especially important for species with restricted distributions, such as endemic species. Objective: To determine how potential distribution predicted by SDMs for eight threatened bat species differed from the distribution maps reported by the IUCN. Also, to infer the area of distribution and state of endemism of each specie, and to evaluate the importance of the Tumbesian region for their conservation. Methods: Based on presence records across the species’ entire ranges, we used SDMs to assess the conservation status of these eight species in the Tumbesian region of Ecuador and Peru. Results: The areas estimated by SDMs were 35-78 % smaller for four species (Eptesicus innoxius, Lophostoma occidentale, Platalina genovensium and Lonchophylla hesperia) and 26-1 600 % larger for three species (Amorphochilus schnablii, Promops davisoni and Rhogeessa velilla) than those reported by the IUCN. For Tomopeas ravus, the area estimated by the SDM and IUCN was similar but differed in spatial distribution. SDMs coincided with areas of endemism reported by previous authors for E. innoxius, R. velilla, and T. ravus, but were different for A. schnablii, P. genovensium, P. davisoni, and L. hesperia, due in part to projected distributions for these latter species in dry inter-Andean valleys according to the SDMs. Conclusions: The Tumbesian region represents a significant portion (40-96 %) of the predicted distribution of seven of the eight species studied, underscoring the importance of this region for bat conservation. Our results show likely distributions for these species and provide an important basis for identifying research gaps and developing conservation measures for threatened bats in the Tumbes biodiversity hotspot.

Resumen Introducción: La biodiversidad se está perdiendo a un ritmo acelerado como resultado del cambio global. Herramientas como los modelos de distribución de especies (MDEs) han sido ampliamente usados para mejorar el conocimiento sobre el estado de conservación de las especies y ayudar a desarrollar estrategias de gestión para mitigar la pérdida de biodiversidad. Objetivo: Determinar cómo la distribución potencial predicha por los MDEs para ocho especies de murciélagos amenazados difiere de los mapas de distribución reportados por la UICN. También, inferir el área de distribución y estado de endemismo de cada especie, y evaluar la importancia de la región tumbesina para su conservación. Métodos: Basados en registros de presencia del rango global de las especies, usamos MDEs para evaluar el estado de conservación de estas ocho especies en la región tumbesina de Ecuador y Perú. Resultados: Las áreas estimadas por los MDEs eran 35-78 % más pequeñas para cuatro especies (Eptesicus innoxius, Lophostoma occidentale, Platalina genovensium y Lonchophylla hesperia) y 26-1 600 % más grandes para tres especies (Amorphochilus schnablii, Promops davisoni y Rhogeessa velilla) que aquellas reportadas por la UICN. Para Tomopeas ravus, el área estimada por el MDE y la UICN fue similar, pero difirió en la distribución espacial. Los MDEs coincidieron con áreas de endemismo informadas por autores previos para E. innoxius, R. velilla y T. ravus, pero fueron diferentes para A. schnablii, P. genovensium, P. davisoni y L. hesperia, debido en parte a las distribuciones proyectadas para estas últimas especies en valles secos interandinos según los MDEs. Conclusiones: La región tumbesina representa una porción significativa (40-96 %) de la distribución predicha de siete de las ocho especies estudiadas, subrayando la importancia de esta región para la conservación de murciélagos. Nuestros resultados muestran las probables distribuciones para estas especies y proporcionan una base importante para identificar vacíos de investigación y desarrollar medidas de conservación para murciélagos amenazados en el punto caliente de biodiversidad de Tumbes.

Abstract Background: One of the most diverse and threatened plant associations in the Yucatan peninsula has not been characterized and therefore not included in any protection category in Mexico. We characterize and describe this plant association, which is rapidly disappearing or being irreversibly transformed as a result of anthropic activities. We propose a name and attempt a preliminary assessment of its taxonomic richness, and the identification of priority species to be preserved. Questions: What is the species richness and plant endemism associated within this plant association? What are the ecologically important and high-priority species for conservation? How is it different from associated or similar plant associations? Studied species: Vascular plants. Study site and dates: Northern Yucatan peninsula; 2021-2023. Methods: The plant association was characterized, and quantitative parameters were recorded. The Importance Value Index was estimated to assess its local ecological importance, and each species was assigned a conservation category in order to evaluate the conservation status in a global context. Results: We propose Seasonally flooded Coquinal (SFC) as a name for this plant association based on geomorphological, physiognomic, and structural attributes. A total of 206 species were recorded, two of which are endemic to the SFC and 28 to the Yucatan Peninsula Biotic Province (YPBP). Twelve species are listed under a risk category. Conclusions: The SFC harbors a high plant diversity of species endemic species to the YPBP, 12 of which are included in the IUCN red list, for which its typification and conservation should be a high priority in Mexico.

Resumen Antecedentes: Una de las asociaciones vegetales más diversas y amenazadas de la península de Yucatán no ha sido reconocida, por tanto, no incluida en alguna categoría de protección en México. Se caracterizó y describió esta vegetación, la cual está desapareciendo o siendo transformada resultado de actividades antrópicas. Proponemos un nombre y realizamos una primera aproximación al conocimiento de su riqueza taxonómica y especies prioritarias a conservar. Preguntas: ¿Cuántas especies de plantas hay y cuáles son los endemismos que contiene? ¿Cuáles son las especies con mayor importancia ecológica y prioritarias para conservar? ¿Cómo se puede diferenciar de vegetación asociada o similar? Especies estudiadas: Plantas vasculares. Sitio y fechas de estudio: Norte de la Península de Yucatán; 2021-2023. Métodos: Se caracterizó la asociación vegetal y se registraron parámetros cuantitativos. El Índice de Valor de Importancia fue estimado para evaluar la importancia ecológica local y la categoría de conservación de las especies fue asignada evaluando el estatus de conservación en un contexto global. Resultados: En función de sus características geomorfológicas, fisonómicas y estructurales, proponemos “Coquinal Estacionalmente Inundado” (CY) como un nombre para esta asociación vegetal. Un total de 206 especies fueron registradas, incluyendo dos especies endémicas al CY y 28 endémicas a la Provincia Biótica Península de Yucatán (PBPY). Doce especies están en alguna categoría de riesgo. Conclusiones: El CY alberga una alta diversidad de especies endémicas a la PBPY, 12 de ellas incluidas en la lista roja de la IUCN, por lo que su tipificación y conservación es de alta prioridad en México.

Abstract: Background: During the revision of Gonolobus for Mexico, it was observed that G. fuscus, G. luridus, and G. tingens lack the staminal appendages and faucal ring typical of the genus. The observed specimens of these species have glandular trichomes, which become crystalline and white with age, and the double gynostegial corona characteristic of Polystemma, so their transfer to this genus is proposed. Questions: Do the morphological data support the transfer of the species studied here from Gonolobus to Polystemma? Are the plants studied here cospecific with any of the species known for Polystemma? Species studied: G. fuscus, G. luridus, and G. tingens. Location and years of study: Mexico. Methods: Protocols, digital images, and herbarium specimens of Gonolobus, and specialized literature were reviewed. Morphological comparisons were made with Mexican species of Gonolobinae, using the cohesive species concept. Results: The transfer of two species of Gonolobus to Polystemma is here proposed, as well as the synonymization of Gonolobus tingens Decne., Gonolobus suberifer B.L. Rob., Matelea suberifera, and M. crenata. Conclusions: With these taxonomic adjustments, Polystemma reaches 14 species, highlighting Mexico as the main center of diversity of the genus.

Resumen: Antecedentes: En la revisión de Gonolobus para México se observó que G. fuscus, G. luridus y G. tingens carecen de los apéndices estaminales y anillo faucal típicos del género. Los ejemplares observados de estas especies tienen tricomas glandulares tornándose cristalinos y blancos con la edad y la corona ginostegial doble característicos de Polystemma, por lo que se propone su transferencia a este género. Preguntas: ¿Los datos morfológicos apoyan la transferencia de las especies aquí estudiadas de Gonolobus a Polystemma? ¿Las plantas aquí estudiadas son coespecíficas a alguna de las especies conocidas para Polystemma? Especies de estudio: G. fuscus, G. luridus y G. tingens. Sitio y años de estudio: México. Métodos: Se revisaron los protólogos, las imágenes digitales del material tipo, los ejemplares de herbario de las especies de Gonolobus consideradas y la literatura pertinente. Las especies bajo estudio se compararon morfológicamente con las especies mexicanas conocidas dentro de las Gonolobinae, empleando para ello el concepto cohesivo de especie. Resultados: Se propone la transferencia a Polystemma de dos de las especies de Gonolobus aquí estudiadas, así como la sinonimización de Gonolobus tingens Decne., Gonolobus suberifer B.L. Rob., Matelea suberifera y M. crenata. Conclusiones: Con estos ajustes taxonómicos, Polystemma alcanza las 14 especies, resaltando a México como el principal centro de diversidad del género.

Abstract Background: Gentianaceae is represented by 18 genera and 90 species in Mexico. The genus Geniostemon and 46 species are endemic. The family is included in taxonomic treatments and floristic lists of various states and regions of Mexico, however, the Nueva Galicia region lacks a review for the group. Questions: How many and which genera and species of the Gentianaceae family are there in Nueva Galicia? What are their ecological and phenological characteristics of Gentianaceae in the study area? Study species: Gentianaceae family. Study site and dates: Nueva Galicia, 2018-2022. Methods: The work was carried out in five phases: 1) obtaining the species preliminary list, 2) consultation of herbarium specimens, 3) elaboration of data matrix from the information on the labels of herbarium specimens, 4) exploration and collection in the field, and 5) information analysis. Results: In Nueva Galicia, Gentianaceae is represented by nine genera, 25 species, and two varieties. It concentrates its greatest diversity in humid sites of temperate forests, in an elevation range of 1,500-2,500 m. Gentianaceae blooms and/or fructify throughout the year, but more taxa with reproductive structures were found in October and November. Conclusions: The richness of Gentianaceae found positions Nueva Galicia as the zone of greatest diversity of this family concerning other floristic projects in Mexico.

Resumen Antecedentes: Gentianaceae está representada por 18 géneros y 90 especies en México. El género Geniostemon y 46 especies son endémicas. La familia está incluida en tratados taxonómicos y listados florísticos de diversos estados y regiones de México, sin embargo, la región de Nueva Galicia carece de una revisión para el grupo. Preguntas: ¿Cuántos y cuáles géneros y especies de la familia Gentianaceae hay en Nueva Galicia? ¿Cuáles son sus características ecológicas y fenológicas de Gentianaceae en la zona de estudio? Especies de estudio: La familia Gentianaceae. Sitio y año de estudio: Nueva Galicia, 2018-2022. Métodos: El trabajo se desarrolló en cinco fases: 1) obtención del listado preliminar de especies, 2) consulta de ejemplares de herbario, 3) elaboración de matriz de datos a partir de la información de las etiquetas de ejemplares de herbario, 4) exploración y recolección en campo y 5) análisis de la información. Resultados: En Nueva Galicia, Gentianaceae está representada por nueve géneros, 25 especies y dos variedades. Concentra su mayor diversidad en sitios húmedos de bosques templados, en un rango de elevación de 1,500-2,500 m. Gentianaceae florece y/o fructifica a lo largo de todo el año, pero se encontraron más taxones con estructuras reproductivas en octubre y noviembre. Conclusiones: La riqueza de Gentianaceae encontrada posiciona a Nueva Galicia como la zona de mayor diversidad de esta familia con respecto a otros proyectos florísticos en México.

Abstract Background: Inland sand dunes are expanding and increasing mobility. Knowledge on the plants growing on them is keystone for their management. One of the largest inland dune systems in Mexico is the Médanos de Samalayuca area. Questions: How many and which species of vascular plants are in Samalayuca? Which is the distribution pattern of that flora? Are there endemisms? Are there species of conservation concern? Studied species: Vascular plants. Study site and dates: Médanos de Samalayuca protected area, northern Chihuahua, Mexico; 2017-2022. Methods: A database was generated based on literature, electronic sources, herbarium specimens, photographing, and collection and identification of materials. Distribution, endemism level and conservation status were recorded. Results: The updated checklist of vascular plants for Samalayuca includes 400 species of 246 genera and 65 families. Most species grow in Mixed desert scrub and in Sand dune vegetation. Almost a half are restricted to the Megamexico 1 region, followed by the North American element. One species is Threatened according to the Mexican Official Norm NOM-059, while two are Vulnerable and one is Almost threatened according to the IUCN. Ribes fontinale appears to be extinct. Conclusions: Considering the arid, extreme climate and the low stability of the psammophilous vegetation, the flora of Samalayuca is richer than expected. The area is home to regional and local endemics. The data and information generated here is baseline for further management programs and action planning to protect these fragile ecosystems and the adjacent communities.

Resumen Antecedentes: Las dunas de arena de interior se están expandiendo e incrementando movilidad. El conocimiento sobre sus plantas es clave para su manejo. En México, uno de los mayores sistemas de dunas de interior es el área de los Médanos de Samalayuca. Preguntas: ¿Cuántas y cuáles especies de plantas vasculares hay en Samalayuca? ¿Qué patrón de distribución presenta esa flora? ¿Hay endemismos? ¿Existen especies en estado de riesgo? Especies de estudio: Plantas vasculares. Sitio y años de estudio: Área de protección Médanos de Samalayuca, Chihuahua, México; 2017-2022. Métodos: Se generó una base de datos con base en revisión de literatura, fuentes electrónicas, especímenes de herbario, fotografías y colección e identificación de material botánico. Se registró la distribución, grado de endemismo y estado de conservación de cada especie. Resultados: La lista florística incluye 400 especies de 246 géneros y 65 familias. La mayoría crecen en Matorral desértico micrófilo y en Vegetación de dunas arenosas. Casi la mitad se restringen a la región conocida como Megamexico 1 y 32 % son Norteamericanas. Una está Amenazada de acuerdo a la Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-059, mientras dos son Vulnerables y una Casi amenazada de acuerdo a la IUCN. Ribes fontinale parece estar extinta. Conclusiones: Considerando el clima árido y extremo y la inestabilidad de la vegetación psamófila, la flora de Samalayuca es más rica de lo esperado. El área alberga endemismos regionales y locales. La información generada puede apoyar programas de manejo y acciones para proteger estos frágiles ecosistemas.

Abstract Background: Field trips were carried out to Puebla, where a climbing plant of Gonolobus was found that did not coincide with the morphological description of any other species in the genus. Here a new species is proposed and compared with the species G. cuajayote and G. jaliscensis. Questions: Are the Gonolobus plants collected in the Sierra del Tentzo, Puebla, new to science? How do they differ from other species of the genus? What is its distribution and conservation status? Studied species: Gonolobus sp. nov. Study site and dates: Sierra del Tentzo State Park, Puebla State, México. Methods: A description and morphological analysis was carried out based on the material collected. A comparison with related taxa and an identification key was generated following the cohesive species concept. Conservation status was assessed following IUCN criteria. Results: Gonolobus volcanicus is proposed as a new species for Mexico. The species is recognized from other morphologically similar species by the dense pubescence of the corolla and corona, the shape of the dorsal appendages of the anthers, and its distribution. The morphological description of the new species, images of the taxa treated, a map of geographic distribution, and conservation status are provided. A key to the Gonolobus species registered in Puebla is presented, including similar species. Conclusions: Gonolobus volcanicus is recognized as a new species. This discovery increases to 46 the number of Gonolobus species recorded for Mexico, and represents the first endemic Gonolobus to Puebla.

Resumen Antecedentes: Se realizaron salidas de campo a Puebla y se encontró una planta trepadora perteneciente a Gonolobus que no coincidía morfológicamente con ninguna otra especie del género. Aquí se propone una nueva especie y se compara con las especies de G. cuajayote y G. jaliscensis. Preguntas: ¿Son nuevas para la ciencia las plantas de Gonolobus colectadas en la Sierra de Tentzo, Puebla? ¿Cómo se distinguen de otras especies del género, cuál es su distribución y estado de conservación? Especies de estudio: Gonolobus sp. nov. Sitio y años de estudio: Parque Estatal Sierra del Tentzo, estado de Puebla, México. Métodos: Se realizó la descripción y análisis morfológico de las plantas. Con base en el concepto cohesivo de especie se comparó con taxones afines y se generó la clave de identificación. Se estableció una categoría de vulnerabilidad para la especie. Resultados: Gonolobus volcanicus se propone como una especie nueva para México. La especie se distingue por la densa pubescencia de la corola y anillo faucial, la forma de los apéndices dorsales de las anteras, así como por su distribución. Se proporciona la descripción morfológica de la especie nueva, imágenes, mapa de distribución geográfica y estado de conservación. Se incluye una clave de las especies de Gonolobus presentes en Puebla, junto con las especies similares. Conclusiones: Gonolobus volcanicus se reconoce como una especie nueva para la ciencia. Este descubrimiento incrementa a 46 el número de especies de Gonolobus registradas para el país y representa la primera especie del género endémica de Puebla.

Abstract: Background: Coccoloba is a Neotropical genus of trees, shrubs, and lianas with approximately 150 species. Reviewed Mexican specimens of Coccoloba do not correspond to any recognized species within the genus, so they are proposed as new species. Question: What are the morphological characteristics that differentiate the two new species from other Coccoloba species? What is its distribution and conservation status? Studied species: Species of Coccoloba sect. Coccoloba endemic to Mexico. Study site and dates: Chiapas and Veracruz, Mexico, 2022-2023. Methods: All available information for Coccoloba, including herbarium specimens and online databases, was reviewed. Subsequently, a comparative analysis was carried out including the two new species proposed and the recognized species in the genus. Geographic distribution maps were prepared and the conservation status of the new species was determined, following the IUCN guidelines. Results: Coccoloba burkeae and C. najarroi are described and illustrated as new species. Both are endemic to Mexico. C. burkeae is distributed in the humid forests of the Tuxtlas region in Veracruz and is morphologically similar to C. barbadensis, C. hondurensis and C. spicata; this species is considered in the Endangered (EN) category. C. najarroi is restricted to the humid forests of Chiapas and is similar to C. ascendens and C. ibarrae. This species is considered Critically Endangered (CR). Conclusions: The morphological characteristics of the fruit, the inflorescence and the leaves are important to diagnose the two new species of Coccoloba; both being endemic to Mexico.

Resumen: Antecedentes: Coccoloba es un género Neotropical de árboles, arbustos y lianas con aproximadamente 150 especies. Ejemplares mexicanos de Coccoloba revisados no corresponden a ninguna especie reconocida dentro del género, por lo que se proponen como especies nuevas. Pregunta: ¿Cuáles son las características morfológicas que diferencian a las dos nuevas especies con respecto a otras especies de Coccoloba? ¿Cuál es su distribución y estado de conservación? Especies de estudio: Especies de Coccoloba sect. Coccoloba endémicas de México. Sitio de estudio: Chiapas y Veracruz, México, 2022-2023. Métodos: Se revisó toda la información disponible para Coccoloba, incluyendo especímenes de herbario y bases de datos en línea. Posteriormente se realizó un análisis comparativo incluyendo las dos especies nuevas propuestas y las especies reconocidas. Se elaboraron mapas de distribución geográfica y se determinó el estatus de conservación de las especies nuevas, siguiendo las pautas de IUCN. Resultados: Coccoloba burkeae y C. najarroi son descritas e ilustradas como especies nuevas. Ambas son endémicas de México. C. burkeae se distribuye en las selvas húmedas de la región de los Tuxtlas en Veracruz y es morfológicamente similar a C. barbadensis, C. hondurensis y C. spicata; esta especie es considerada en la categoría de En Peligro (EN). C. najarroi se restringe a las selvas húmedas de Chiapas y es similar a C. ascendens y C. ibarrae; es considerada como En Peligro Crítico (CR). Conclusiones: Las características morfológicas del fruto, la inflorescencia y las hojas son importantes para diagnosticar las dos especies nuevas de Coccoloba; siendo ambas endémicas de México.

Abstract Sustainable forest management requires the integration of better practices for the conservation of biological diversity. Therefore, it is necessary to know the composition and richness of wild communities in sites where different forest management practices are applied. To this end, the fauna of managed forests in the Chignahuapan region of Puebla State was sampled for four years. A total of 112 species were recorded: 13 medium and large mammals, 83 birds, four amphibians and 12 reptiles. The abundances of these observed species were used to calculate the expected richness with the non-parametric Chao1 estimator. The management method with the highest expected richness was the Silvicultural Development Method (MDS) with 113, followed by Successive Cutting (CS) with 97, and the lowest was observed in the Mexican Method for the Management of Irregular Forests (MMOBI) with 71. Sampling completeness ranged from 92 % in amphibians to 99 % in mammals. Sixteen species are in some risk category in the official Mexican standard NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010, and 25 are endemic to Mexico. Taxonomic lists contain information on conservation status, endemism and relative abundance. Intensive forest management methods, such as MDS, have a richer mammal and bird community than MMOBI and CS but are similar to protected areas. The richness and abundance of amphibians and reptiles, most of them in some risk category, are low, especially in MMOBI and CS, and almost absent in protected areas.

Resumen El manejo forestal sustentable requiere de la integración de mejores prácticas de conservación de la diversidad biológica. Para esto, es necesario conocer la composición y riqueza de las comunidades silvestres en los sitios donde se aplican diferentes prácticas silvícolas. Con esta finalidad, se muestreó durante cuatro años la fauna de bosques productivos de la región de Chignahuapan, Puebla. Se registraron 112 especies: 13 de mamíferos medianos y grandes, 83 de aves, cuatro de anfibios y 12 de reptiles. A partir de la abundancia de estas especies observadas, se determinó la riqueza esperada con el estimador no paramétrico Chao1. El método de manejo con mayor riqueza esperada fue el Método de Desarrollo Silvícola (MDS) con 113, seguido por Cortas Sucesivas (CS) con 97, y la menor se observó en el Método Mexicano de Ordenación de Bosques Irregulares (MMOBI) con 71. La completitud de los muestreos varió del 92 % en anfibios al 99 % en mamíferos. Dieciséis especies se encuentran en alguna categoría de riesgo en la norma oficial mexicana NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010, y 25 son endémicas de México. Se presentan listas taxonómicas con información sobre la situación de conservación, endemismo y abundancia relativa. Los métodos intensivos de manejo forestal, como MDS, tienen una comunidad de mamíferos y aves más rica que el MMOBI y CS, pero similar a las de áreas bajo protección. La riqueza y abundancia de anfibios y reptiles, la mayoría en alguna categoría de riesgo, son bajas, especialmente en el MMOBI y CS, y casi ausentes en zonas de protección.

Abstract The ecomorphological attributes of fish are influenced by various factors inherent to their environment, enabling them to serve as indicators of environmental conditions resulting from habitat loss. We evaluated the variation in the ecomorphological characteristics of fish fauna considering the forest cover percentage in streams of the Iguaçu River basin, an ecoregion characterized by high endemism. Environmental variables were measured alongside fish collection by electrofishing with four samples per site. We evaluated 12 ecomorphological indices for 26 species. The combination of environmental variables resulting from forest cover loss and silting led to habitat homogenization, a significant factor in morphological structuring. Streams with lower forest cover showed a prevalence of morphological traits associated with enhanced performance in silted margins, such as caudal fin aspect ratio, dorsal and anal fin relative area, caudal peduncle relative width, pelvic fin aspect ratio. In contrast, the pectoral fin aspect ratio and ventral mouth orientation were traits positively related to the rocky substrate and forest streams. Thus, habitat loss and alteration have imposed selection pressures on species with more specialized traits and habitat use. These findings underscore the critical role of preserving forest cover in maintaining fish diversity. environment basin endemism site 1 2 homogenization structuring margins area width contrast Thus use diversity

Resumo Os atributos ecomorfológicos dos peixes são influenciados por diversos fatores inerentes ao seu ambiente, o que permite que sejam indicadores das condições ambientais resultantes da perda de habitat. Nós avaliamos a variação nas características ecomorfológicas da fauna de peixes considerando a porcentagem de cobertura florestal em riachos da bacia do rio Iguaçu, uma ecorregião caracterizada por alto endemismo. As variáveis ambientais foram medidas junto com a coleta de peixes por meio de pesca elétrica, com quatro amostras por local. Avaliamos 12 índices ecomorfológicos para 26 espécies. A combinação de variáveis ambientais resultantes da perda da cobertura florestal e do assoreamento levou à homogeneização do habitat, que foi um fator importante na estruturação morfológica. Os riachos expostos a maior pressão humana apresentaram prevalência de características morfológicas associadas a um desempenho aumentado em margens assoreadas, como razão de aspecto da nadadeira anal e caudal, área relativa da nadadeira dorsal, largura relativa do pedúnculo caudal, razão de aspecto da nadadeira pélvica e área relativa da nadadeira anal. Em contrapartida, a proporção da nadadeira peitoral e a orientação da boca ventral foram características positivamente relacionadas ao substrato rochoso e aos riachos florestais. Portanto, a perda e a mudança de habitat impuseram pressões de seleção sobre as espécies com traços morfológicos e usos do habitat mais especializados. Essas descobertas reforçam a importância da preservação da cobertura florestal para manter a diversidade de peixes. ambiente Iguaçu endemismo elétrica local 1 2 morfológica assoreadas caudal dorsal contrapartida florestais Portanto especializados

ABSTRACT Namalycastis abiuma has been recorded as a worldwide distributed species, found in most tropical and subtropical mangroves and estuarine environments. However, this status has been questioned in several publications, which indicate that several distinct species are being identified under the name N. abiuma. In this study, we perform a morphological analysis, along with a series of species delimitation tests and a phylogenetic analysis-using the molecular marker 16S-to evaluate whether analyzed populations previously identified as Namalycastis abiuma belong to the same species. We used sequences from the GenBank database in the analysis, as well as six newly sequenced specimens collected from the coast of Brazil, two of them from the N. abiuma type-locality. For species delimitation, we applied the Generalized Mixed Yule Coalescent (GMYC), the Assemble Species by Automatic Partitioning (ASAP), and the Multi-rate Poisson Tree Processes (mPTP) tests. Results from GMYC and ASAP suggest that Namalycastis abiuma may be endemic to the type-locality and that all other populations studied represent a second distinct species. However, mPTP indicates that all Namalycastis species included should be grouped into one single species. The mPTP results seem to be biased due to data limitation as it showed poor statistical support. Our morphological data, especially on the shape and dentition of the sub-neuroacicular falciger blades, support the GMYC and ASAP results, suggesting restricted endemism for Namalycastis abiuma. Based on these results, we conclude that N. abiuma is restricted to its type-locality and we provide a description of a new species, Namalycastis lanai sp. nov. occurring in Brazilian waters from 22°S to 27°S, including, at its southern range, an overlap with N. abiuma at Florianópolis. Finally, we provide a key to all Namalycastis species found in Brazil. environments However publications N study analysis analysisusing using 16Sto Sto 16S S Brazil typelocality. typelocality type locality. locality GMYC, , (GMYC) ASAP, (ASAP) Multirate Multi rate (mPTP subneuroacicular sub neuroacicular blades sp nov 22S 22 27S 27 27°S including range Florianópolis Finally (GMYC (ASAP 2

ABSTRACT We present the first Brazilian record of Chiroxiphia napensis, documented by an adult male specimen collected on the right bank of the upper Japurá River. We also compiled verifiable records of all Amazonian taxa in the C. pareola complex to update their range maps. New records extended considerably the ranges of all taxa. By assuming river-delimited distributions to infer areas from point records, we generated a predictive distributional map that suggests testable hypotheses about occurrence in unstudied areas and that pinpoints topics for future research. We interpret C. napensis as endemic to the Amazon-Japurá interfluve, its range extending narrowly beyond this area in the foothills of the Andes. We suggest that the unusual distribution pattern of C. regina could be the result of river avulsion. We also detected a region of possible contact between C. regina and C. pareola, and a large area in northern Amazonia from which the complex appears to be absent. River C maps riverdelimited delimited research AmazonJapurá Amazon interfluve Andes avulsion absent

RESUMO Apresentamos o primeiro registro brasileiro de Chiroxiphia napensis, documentado por um exemplar macho adulto coletado na margem direita do alto Rio Japurá. Também compilamos registros verificáveis de todos os táxons amazônicos do complexo C. pareola para atualizar o mapa de suas distribuições. Novos registros estenderam consideravelmente a distribuição de todos os táxons. Assumindo a premissa de delimitação geográfica por rios para propor áreas a partir de registros pontuais, produzimos um mapa preditivo de distribuição que sugere hipóteses testáveis sobre ocorrência em áreas ainda sem estudos e que aponta tópicos para futuras pesquisas. Interpretamos C. napensis como espécie endêmica do interflúvio Japurá-Solimões, sua distribuição estendendo estreitamente além dessa área no sopé dos Andes. Sugerimos que o padrão incomum de distribuição de C. regina seja resultado de avulsão fluvial. Detectamos uma zona de possível contato entre C. regina e C. pareola, e também uma área grande no norte da Amazônia onde o complexo parece não ocorrer. Japurá C distribuições pontuais pesquisas JapuráSolimões, JapuráSolimões Solimões, Solimões Japurá-Solimões Andes fluvial ocorrer

Abstract The presence of invasive species can cause significant changes in native communities and ecosystem functions. Mexico is home to 6% of all known freshwater fish species on the planet, with a high rate of endemism. Due to heavy urbanization, the Mexican Central Plateau has become one of the most densely populated areas in the world, and its Tula River is considered one of the most polluted rivers in Mexico. Our objective was to investigate whether native fish species persist in such adverse conditions and to evaluate the seasonal and spatial distribution of both native and non-native species at three sites along the Tula River. We evaluated environmental characteristics and fish community structure. We found two native species, the black fin goodea (Goodea atripinnis) and the yellow shiner (Notropis calientis). However, their abundance was extremely low across all sites and seasons. In contrast, invasive poecilids dominated the communities, accounting for 99.4% of the total abundance. Our results indicate a clear relationship between river characteristics and fish community structure, highlighting the significance of river width, river velocity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, and pH. The prevalence of invasive species underscores the urgent need for conservation efforts aimed to protect and restore native fish populations. functions 6 planet endemism urbanization world nonnative non structure Goodea atripinnis Notropis calientis. calientis . calientis) However seasons contrast 994 99 4 99.4 width velocity temperature oxygen pH populations 9 99.

Resumen La presencia de especies invasoras puede causar cambios significativos en las comunidades nativas y en las funciones de los ecosistemas. México alberga el 6% de todas las especies de peces conocidas en el planeta, con una alta tasa de endemismo. Debido a la fuerte urbanización, el Altiplano mexicano se ha convertido en una de las áreas más densamente pobladas del mundo, y su río Tula es considerado uno de los ríos más contaminados de México. Nuestro objetivo fue investigar si las especies de peces nativos persisten en estas condiciones adversas y evaluar la distribución estacional y espacial de las especies, tanto nativas como no nativas, en tres sitios a lo largo del río Tula. Evaluamos características ambientales y la estructura de la comunidad de peces. Encontramos dos especies nativas, el Tiro (Goodea atripinnis) y la carpita amarilla (Notropis calientis). Sin embargo, sus abundancias se encontraron extremadamente bajas en todos los sitios y estaciones. En contraste, los poecílidos invasores dominaron las comunidades en todos los sitios y estaciones, representando el 99,4% de la abundancia total. Nuestros resultados indican una clara relación entre las características del río y la estructura de la comunidad de peces, resaltando la importancia del ancho del río, la velocidad del río, la temperatura, el oxígeno disuelto y el pH. La prevalencia de especies invasoras resalta la necesidad urgente de esfuerzos de conservación dirigidos a proteger y restaurar las poblaciones de peces nativos. ecosistemas 6 planeta endemismo urbanización mundo Goodea atripinnis Notropis calientis. calientis . calientis) embargo estaciones contraste 994 99 4 99,4 total temperatura pH 9 99,

The Table Mountain National Park (TMNP) is an iconic protected area in South Africa, renowned for the high levels of plant and animal species richness and endemism. An annotated species list of spiders presently known from the TMNP is provided. The checklist was compiled from data collected from the South African National Survey of Arachnida (SANSA) database. A total of 261 species from 50 families and 167 genera are presently protected in the park. The most species-rich families are the Salticidae (31 spp.), Thomisidae (26 spp.) and Araneidae (20 spp.), while 13 families are represented by singletons. The global distribution, endemicity and International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List status of each species is provided. CONSERVATION IMPLICATIONS: Seventy-seven per cent of the species have a wide distribution range and are of Least Concern (200 spp.), while 31 species are Data Deficient, four species were not evaluated, and 26 species of special concern are identified. Of these, 13 spp. are Rare, three each are Critically Rare and Endangered, six are Vulnerable and one is near threatened. The TMNP protects approximately 11.4% of the total South African spider fauna and it is the type locality for 31 species. Although the TMNP and Cape Peninsula more broadly is a hotspot of endemic species for various plant and animal taxa: a proportionally small proportion of the spider species are of significant conservation concern.

Abstract The present work is a taxonomic revision of the Dryadella species of Brazil. Dryadella comprises 61 species, distributed in humid or seasonally humid forests, from Mexico to southern Brazil, most in the Atlantic Rainforest and the Andean forests. We provide morphological descriptions, taxonomic discussions, illustrations, an identification key, new synonyms, new occurrences and distribution maps for all taxa. Fourteen species are recognised for Brazil, of these D. zebrina recorded also for Bolivia and Peru, D. aviceps in Paraguay, D. lilliputiana in Bolivia, D. gnoma in Ecuador, Peru, Colombia, Panama, and Costa Rica and recorded for the first time in Brazil. The others are endemic to the country and, with the exception of D. gnoma, which occurs in the Amazon and D. ana-paulae, which occurs in the Cerrado, the other species are restricted to the Atlantic Rainforest. We propose the synonymisation of D. osmariniana and D. cardosoi in D. gnoma, D. espirito-santensis, D. gomes-ferreirae and D. litoralis in D. aviceps, D. vasquezii in D. ana-paulae and D. xaveriana in D. toscanoi. Nine lectotypes are designed. Brazil 6 forests descriptions discussions illustrations key synonyms taxa D Peru Paraguay Ecuador Colombia Panama anapaulae, anapaulae ana paulae, paulae Cerrado espiritosantensis, espiritosantensis espirito santensis, santensis espirito-santensis gomesferreirae gomes ferreirae toscanoi designed

Resumo O presente trabalho é uma revisão taxonômica das espécies Dryadella do Brasil. Dryadella compreende 61 espécies, distribuídas em florestas úmidas ou sazonalmente úmidas, do México ao sul do Brasil, a maioria na Floresta Atlântica e nas florestas andinas. Fornecemos descrições morfológicas, discussões taxonômicas, ilustrações, chave de identificação, novos sinônimos, novas ocorrências e mapas de distribuição de todos os táxons. Quatorze espécies são reconhecidas para o Brasil, destas D. zebrina é registrada também para Bolívia e Peru, D. aviceps no Paraguai, D. lilliputiana na Bolívia, D. gnoma Equador, Peru, Colômbia, Panamá e Costa Rica e registrada pela primeira vez para o Brasil. As demais são endêmicas do país e com exceção D. gnoma, que ocorre na Amazônia e D. ana-paulae, que ocorre no Cerrado, as demais espécies são restritas à Mata Atlântica. Nós propomos a sinonimização de D. osmariniana, D. cardosoi em D. gnoma, D. espirito-santensis, D. gomes-ferreirae e D. litoralis em D. aviceps, D. vasquezii em D. ana-paulae e D. xaveriana em D. toscanoi. Nove lectótipos são designados. Brasil 6 andinas morfológicas taxonômicas ilustrações identificação sinônimos táxons D Peru Paraguai Equador Colômbia anapaulae, anapaulae ana paulae, paulae Cerrado osmariniana espiritosantensis, espiritosantensis espirito santensis, santensis espirito-santensis gomesferreirae gomes ferreirae toscanoi designados

RESUMO Campinarana é um tipo de vegetação restrita a solos de areia branca oligotróficos e altamente lixiviados no domínio fitogeográfico amazônico, que inclui fitofisionomias campestres a florestais. Campinaranas cobrem aproximadamente 5% deste domínio fitogeográfico e estão sujeitas ao impacto de várias atividades antrópicas que colocam em risco as espécies vegetais, especialmente as endêmicas. Myrtaceae possui uma representatividade significativa em ambientes edáficos oligotróficos, mas estudos florísticos e taxonômicos sobre a família em campinaranas ainda são escassos e geograficamente limitados. Nós apresentamos um checklist de espécies de Myrtaceae em campinaranas da Amazônia Brasileira, com base no levantamento de espécimes de herbários e dados de literatura, com o objetivo de verificar o nível de endemismo dessas espécies para este tipo de vegetação. Nós compilamos registros de ocorrência de 72 espécies e seis gêneros. Myrcia e Eugenia foram os gêneros com maior riqueza específica. Do total de espécies, 38 (53%) ocorreram somente na Amazônia e duas foram endêmicas das campinaranas (Eugenia campina e Myrcia psammophila). Quatro espécies constituem novos registros para a Amazônia brasileira: Blepharocalyx salicifolius, Eugenia hatschbachii, Myrcia anceps e Myrcia racemosa. A riqueza específica de Myrtaceae nas campinaranas brasileiras provavelmente está subestimada, pois extensas áreas, especialmente aquelas mais distantes dos rios nos estados de Amazonas e Roraima, ainda não foram intensamente amostradas. amazônico florestais 5 vegetais limitados Brasileira literatura 7 3 53% 53 (53% psammophila. psammophila . psammophila) brasileira salicifolius hatschbachii racemosa subestimada áreas Roraima amostradas (53 (5 (

ABSTRACT White-sand vegetation (campinarana) is a type of vegetation restricted to oligotrophic and highly leached white sand soils in the Amazon phytogeographic domain that includes grassland to forest phytophysiognomies. Campinaranas cover about 5% of this phytogeographic domain and are impacted by various anthropic activities that put plant species, especially endemic ones, at risk. Myrtaceae has significant representativeness in oligotrophic edaphic environments, but floristic and taxonomic studies on the family in campinaranas are still few and geographically limited. We present a checklist of Myrtaceae species known from campinaranas of the Brazilian Amazon based on the survey of herbarium specimens and literature data in order to assess the level of endemism of these species for this vegetation type. We compiled occurrence records of 72 species and six genera. Myrcia and Eugenia were the genera with the highest number of species. Overall, 38 species (53%) occurred only in the Amazon and two were endemic to campinaranas (Eugenia campina and Myrcia psammophila). Four species are new records for the Brazilian Amazon: Blepharocalyx salicifolius, Eugenia hatschbachii, Myrcia anceps and Myrcia racemosa. The specific richness of Myrtaceae in Brazilian campinaranas is likely to be underestimated since extensive areas, especially those farther from the riverbanks, in the states of Amazonas and Roraima, have not yet been intensively surveyed. Whitesand White campinarana (campinarana phytophysiognomies 5 ones risk environments limited 7 Overall 3 53% 53 (53% psammophila. psammophila . psammophila) salicifolius hatschbachii racemosa areas riverbanks Roraima surveyed (53 (5 (