Abstract Introduction: Biodiversity is being lost at an accelerating rate because of global change. Tools such as species distribution models (SDMs) have been widely used to improve knowledge about species’ conservation status and help develop management strategies to mitigate biodiversity loss. SDMs are especially important for species with restricted distributions, such as endemic species. Objective: To determine how potential distribution predicted by SDMs for eight threatened bat species differed from the distribution maps reported by the IUCN. Also, to infer the area of distribution and state of endemism of each specie, and to evaluate the importance of the Tumbesian region for their conservation. Methods: Based on presence records across the species’ entire ranges, we used SDMs to assess the conservation status of these eight species in the Tumbesian region of Ecuador and Peru. Results: The areas estimated by SDMs were 35-78 % smaller for four species (Eptesicus innoxius, Lophostoma occidentale, Platalina genovensium and Lonchophylla hesperia) and 26-1 600 % larger for three species (Amorphochilus schnablii, Promops davisoni and Rhogeessa velilla) than those reported by the IUCN. For Tomopeas ravus, the area estimated by the SDM and IUCN was similar but differed in spatial distribution. SDMs coincided with areas of endemism reported by previous authors for E. innoxius, R. velilla, and T. ravus, but were different for A. schnablii, P. genovensium, P. davisoni, and L. hesperia, due in part to projected distributions for these latter species in dry inter-Andean valleys according to the SDMs. Conclusions: The Tumbesian region represents a significant portion (40-96 %) of the predicted distribution of seven of the eight species studied, underscoring the importance of this region for bat conservation. Our results show likely distributions for these species and provide an important basis for identifying research gaps and developing conservation measures for threatened bats in the Tumbes biodiversity hotspot.

Resumen Introducción: La biodiversidad se está perdiendo a un ritmo acelerado como resultado del cambio global. Herramientas como los modelos de distribución de especies (MDEs) han sido ampliamente usados para mejorar el conocimiento sobre el estado de conservación de las especies y ayudar a desarrollar estrategias de gestión para mitigar la pérdida de biodiversidad. Objetivo: Determinar cómo la distribución potencial predicha por los MDEs para ocho especies de murciélagos amenazados difiere de los mapas de distribución reportados por la UICN. También, inferir el área de distribución y estado de endemismo de cada especie, y evaluar la importancia de la región tumbesina para su conservación. Métodos: Basados en registros de presencia del rango global de las especies, usamos MDEs para evaluar el estado de conservación de estas ocho especies en la región tumbesina de Ecuador y Perú. Resultados: Las áreas estimadas por los MDEs eran 35-78 % más pequeñas para cuatro especies (Eptesicus innoxius, Lophostoma occidentale, Platalina genovensium y Lonchophylla hesperia) y 26-1 600 % más grandes para tres especies (Amorphochilus schnablii, Promops davisoni y Rhogeessa velilla) que aquellas reportadas por la UICN. Para Tomopeas ravus, el área estimada por el MDE y la UICN fue similar, pero difirió en la distribución espacial. Los MDEs coincidieron con áreas de endemismo informadas por autores previos para E. innoxius, R. velilla y T. ravus, pero fueron diferentes para A. schnablii, P. genovensium, P. davisoni y L. hesperia, debido en parte a las distribuciones proyectadas para estas últimas especies en valles secos interandinos según los MDEs. Conclusiones: La región tumbesina representa una porción significativa (40-96 %) de la distribución predicha de siete de las ocho especies estudiadas, subrayando la importancia de esta región para la conservación de murciélagos. Nuestros resultados muestran las probables distribuciones para estas especies y proporcionan una base importante para identificar vacíos de investigación y desarrollar medidas de conservación para murciélagos amenazados en el punto caliente de biodiversidad de Tumbes.

Abstract Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is considered a globally neglected disease. To address the problem of VL endemic to Brazil, the Visceral Leishmaniasis Control Program (VLCP) was created, which recommends the development of health surveillance actions such as the identification of human and canine cases, vector control and prevention of disease. We aimed to investigate the epidemiological situation of VL in municipalities of the State of Mato Grosso (MT) and assess the execution of VLCP activities. Data on human cases were obtained from the Information System for Notifiable Diseases (SINAN), and data from entomological and canine inquiry were provided by the State’s Health Department. Analyzes from the period 2019 - 2021 recorded 30 cases of human VL, distributed among 16 municipalities. Vectors were identified in 50% of the municipalities where entomological investigations were carried out, and the predominant specie was Lutzomyia longipalpis. A total of 15,585 dogs were subjected to serological examination, of which 18.91% tested seropositive for Leishmania infantum. However, it must be emphasized that only three municipalities conducted consecutive inquiries involving canine VL. Although VL is distributed widely throughout the State, only a few municipalities have undertaken the actions of the VLCP, thus highlighting the neglected status of the disease. (VL disease Brazil (VLCP created MT (MT activities SINAN, SINAN , (SINAN) States s Department 201 202 3 1 50 out longipalpis 15585 15 585 15,58 examination 1891 18 91 18.91 infantum However (SINAN 20 5 1558 58 15,5 189 9 18.9 2 155 15, 18.

Resumo A leishmaniose visceral (LV) é considerada uma doença mundialmente negligenciada. Em resposta ao cenário endêmico da LV no Brasil, foi criado o Programa de Controle da Leishmaniose Visceral (PCLV), que preconiza o desenvolvimento de ações de vigilância em saúde, como a identificação de casos humanos e caninos, controle vetorial e prevenção da doença. Objetivamos investigar a situação epidemiológica da LV nos municípios de Mato Grosso (MT), e avaliar se as atividades do PCLV estão sendo executadas. Os dados de casos humanos foram obtidos no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN). E os dados dos levantamentos entomológicos e caninos foram disponibilizados pela Secretaria de Estado de Saúde. As análises do último triênio (2019 - 2021) registraram 30 casos de LV humana, distribuídos entre 16 municípios. Vetores foram identificados em 50% dos municípios que conduziram o levantamento entomológico, e a espécie predominante foi Lutzomya longipalpis. Um total de 15,585 cães foram submetidos a exame sorológico. Destes, 18,91% foram sororreagentes para Leishmania infantum. No entanto, é importante ressaltar que somente três municípios conduziram inquérito canino de forma consecutiva. A LV apresenta ampla distribuição no Estado, mas poucos municípios executaram as ações do PCLV, evidenciando a situação negligenciada da doença. (LV Brasil , (PCLV) saúde MT, MT (MT) executadas SINAN. SINAN . (SINAN) Saúde 2019 (201 2021 3 humana 1 50 entomológico longipalpis 15585 15 585 15,58 sorológico Destes 1891 18 91 18,91 infantum entanto consecutiva (PCLV (MT (SINAN 201 (20 202 5 1558 58 15,5 189 9 18,9 20 (2 155 15, 18, 2 (

Resumen: Antecedentes y Objetivos: Fagus grandifolia subsp. mexicana habita en México, formando relictos en el bosque mesófilo de montaña en la Sierra Madre Oriental; es un taxón endémico que actualmente se encuentra en peligro de extinción. El objetivo del estudio fue describir las características anatómicas macroscópicas y microscópicas de la madera de Fagus grandifolia subsp. mexicana con el fin de contribuir a su conocimiento anatómico. Métodos: Las muestras de madera se obtuvieron mediante un método no destructivo que consistió en la extracción de núcleos del fuste de árboles vivos y trozos del tronco de un árbol derribado por el viento. La descripción anatómica de la madera se realizó en los planos tangencial, transversal y radial, a nivel macroscópico con tablillas (7×12×1 cm cortadas y pulidas) y microscópico con preparaciones fijas de cortes de los núcleos, de acuerdo con la terminología propuesta por la International Association of Wood Anatomists; también se estimaron los índices de vulnerabilidad (IV), agrupamiento de vasos (IVg) y mesomorfía (IM). Se empleó el programa RStudio para realizar las pruebas estadísticas y Excel para la estimación de los índices. Resultados clave: La madera de Fagus grandifolia subsp. mexicana es de color castaño claro, brillo medio a alto, veteado pronunciado, hilo recto y textura gruesa, posee porosidad difusa, placa de perforación simple y escalariforme (5-20 barras), punteaduras intervasculares opuestas, tílosis, traqueidas vasicéntricas, fibras libriformes, parénquima axial paratraqueal y apotraqueal difuso, radios heterocelulares uniseriados, biseriados, multiseriados y agregados, cristales prismáticos y cuerpos de sílice. Algunos rasgos anatómicos coinciden con los de otras especies del mismo género. Conclusiones: La descripción anatómica de la madera de F. grandifolia subsp. mexicana es la primera que se realiza para este taxón; además, contribuye a interrelacionar la información de sus características con las de otras especies de Fagus de importancia económica.

Abstract: Background and Aims: Fagus grandifolia subsp. mexicana inhabits Mexico, forming relict in the cloud forests of the Sierra Madre Oriental; it is an endemic taxon that is currently in danger of extinction. The aim of this study was to describe the macroscopic and microscopic anatomical features of the wood of F. grandifolia subsp. mexicana to contribute to its anatomical knowledge. Methods: The wood samples were obtained by a non-destructive method consisting of the extraction of cores from the stem of live trees and pieces of the trunk of one tree that recently had been felled by the wind. The anatomical description of the wood was made in the tangential, across, and radial planes, at the macroscopic level with wooden boards (7×12×1 cm section and polished) and microscopically with fixed slides of core sections. The anatomic description was made following the terminology by the International Association of Wood Anatomists. The Vulnerability index (VI), vessel grouping index (VIg), and mesomorphic index (MI) were also estimated. The RStudio program was used to perform the statistical tests and Excel to estimate the index. Key results: The wood of Fagus grandifolia subsp. mexicana is light brown colored, medium to high gloss, veining pronounced, straight grained and coarse texture, with diffuse porosity, simple and scalariform perforation plates (with 5-20 bars), opposite intervascular pits, tylosis, vasicentric tracheids, libiform fibers, apotracheal axial parenchyma diffuse and apotracheal parenchyma, heterogeneous rays, ray width uniseriate, biseriate, multiseriate and aggregate rays, prismatic crystals and silica bodies. Some anatomical features coincide with those of other species of the same genus. Conclusions: The description of the wood anatomy of F. grandifolia subsp. mexicana is the first for this taxon. Furthermore, it contributes to interrelating the information on its characteristics with that of other Fagus species of economic importance.

Resumo: A leishmaniose tegumentar americana é uma endemia que aumentou consideravelmente nas últimas décadas na região amazônica, os flebotomíneos são os vetores da transmissão do protozoário causador da leishmaniose, portanto o objetivo deste estudo foi realizar um levantamento da diversidade de espécies e a presença de DNA de Leishmania em vetores que circulam em três municípios endêmicos de leishmaniose tegumentar na Amazônia oriental brasileira (Amapá, Brasil). Usando armadilhas luminosas do tipo CDC, um total de 10.773 espécimes foram coletados entre fevereiro de 2019 e fevereiro de 2020, representando 64 espécies em 15 gêneros. As espécie vetoras - singular Nyssomyia umbratilis Ward e Frahia 1977 foram as espécies predominantes (13,20% do total), sendo coletadas nos três municípios, seguido por Trichopygomyia trichopyga Floch & Abonnenc, 1945 (11,41%), Trichophoromyia ubiquitalis Mangabeira, 1942 (9,47%) e Nyssomyia anduzei Rozeboom, 1942 (7,61%). Para a identificação do DNA de Leishmania, foram utilizados 775 pools de fêmeas não ingurgitadas, dos quais 5 foram positivos, 2 de Nyssomya umbratilis Ward & Fraiha, 1977, 1 de Nyssomyia anduzei e 2 de Psychodopygus davisi Root, 1934, demonstrando uma taxa de infecção total de 0,64%. Este estudo aumenta o conhecimento da diversidade de vetores, bem como a identificação das espécies de Leishmania spp. em circulação na região oriental da Amazônia.

Abstract: American tegumentary leishmaniasis is an endemic that has increased considerably in recent decades in the Amazon region, sand flies are the vectors of the transmission of the protozoan that causes leishmaniasis, so the objective of this study was to carry out a survey of the diversity of species and the presence of Leishmania DNA in vectors circulating in three endemic counties for tegumentary leishmaniasis in the eastern Brazilian Amazon (Amapá state, Brazil). Using CDC light traps, a total of 10,773 specimens were collected between February 2019 and February 2020, representing 64 species in 15 genera. The vector specie Nyssomyia umbratilis Ward and Frahia, 1977 was the predominant species (13.20% of the total), being collected in all three counties, followed by Trichopygomyia trichopyga Floch & Abonnenc, 1945 (11.41%), Trichophoromyia ubiquitalis Mangabeira,1942 (9.47%) and Nyssomyia anduzei Rozeboom, 1942 (7.61%). For the identification of Leishmania DNA, 775 pools of unengorged females were used, of which 5 tested positive, 2 of Nyssomya umbratilis Ward & Fraiha,1977, 1 of Nyssomyia anduzei and 2 of Psychodopygus davisi Root,1934, demonstrating a natural total infection rate of 0.64%. This study increases the knowledge of vector diversity, as well as identifying Leishmania spp. in circulation in the eastern region of the Amazon.

The Parque Nacional da Tijuca in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, is considered to be one of the world’s largest urban forests, however no systematic inventory of its herpetofauna is available. In the present study, we surveyed the amphibians and reptiles of this park to assess its species composition (including secondary data) and obtain estimates of species richness and abundance. We conducted active searches (460 hours) between January 2013 and December 2015. We identified the taxa endemic to either the Atlantic Forest or Rio de Janeiro state, and verified the conservation status of each species in the international, Brazilian, and state red lists. We also estimated the species richness and sampling sufficiency by rarefaction curves and Bootstrap richness estimator, and analyzed the distribution of the species abundance in Whittaker plots. We recorded 3,288 individuals over 36 months, representing 24 species of amphibians and 25 reptiles. The cumulative species curves, rarefaction, and the richness estimated indicated that sampling effort was adequate. Species abundance adjusted to the log-series model in both amphibians and reptiles. The four most abundant amphibians represented 70% of the individuals recorded in this group, while the two most abundant reptiles represented 60% of the total individuals. The inclusion of the secondary data raised the number of amphibian species to 38, and the number of reptiles to 36. Approximately 80% of the amphibian species and 28% of the reptile species recorded are endemic to the Atlantic Forest, and six of the amphibian species are endemic to Rio de Janeiro state. Six amphibian species and one reptile specie are classified under some threat of extinction, and two reptile species were exotic. The considerable diversity of the herpetofauna of the Parque Nacional da Tijuca, which includes endemic and threatened species, reflects the effectiveness of the reforestation of this protected area and emphasizes the importance of its conservation.

O Parque Nacional da Tijuca, no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, é considerado uma das maiores florestas urbanas do mundo, no entanto nenhum inventário sistemático de sua herpetofauna esteja disponível. No presente estudo, pesquisamos os anfíbios e répteis deste parque para acessar sua composição de espécies (incluindo dados secundários) e obter estimativas da riqueza e da abundância de espécies. Realizamos buscas ativas (460 horas) entre janeiro de 2013 e dezembro de 2015. Identificamos os taxa endêmicos da Mata Atlântica ou do estado do Rio de Janeiro, e verificamos o status de conservação de cada espécie nas listas vermelhas internacional, brasileira e estadual. Também estimamos a riqueza de espécies e a suficiência amostral através de curvas de rarefação e do estimador de riqueza Bootstrap, e analisamos a distribuição de abundância das espécies através de plots de Whittaker. Registramos 3.288 indivíduos ao longo dos 36 meses, representando 24 espécies de anfíbios e 25 de répteis. As curvas cumulativas de espécies, a rarefação, e a riqueza estimada indicaram que o esforço amostral foi adequado. A abundância das espécies se ajustou ao modelo de série logarítmica tanto para os anfíbios como para os répteis. As quatro espécies de anfíbios mais abundantes representaram 70% dos indivíduos registrados neste grupo, enquanto as duas espécies de répteis mais abundantes representaram 60% do total de indivíduos. A inclusão dos dados secundários elevou o número de espécies de anfíbios para 38 e o de répteis para 36. Aproximadamente 80% dos anfíbios e 28% dos répteis registrados são endêmicos da Mata Atlântica e seis espécies de anfíbios são endêmicos do estado do Rio de Janeiro. Seis espécies de anfíbios e uma de réptil estão classificadas sob alguma ameaça de extinção, e dois répteis constituem espécies exóticas. A considerável diversidade da herpetofauna do Parque Nacional da Tijuca, que inclui espécies endêmicas e ameaçadas, reflete a efetividade do reflorestamento dessa área protegida e enfatiza a importância de sua conservação.

RESUMEN Echinocactus platyacanthus es una especie endémica de México utilizada para elaborar dulce de acitrón, además se utiliza como forraje y ornamental. La Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010 la considera en protección especial, por lo que es necesario propiciar su conservación. Al respecto, la propagación por semilla en invernadero o vivero de especímenes amenazados podría evitar la recolecta de individuos silvestres. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la calidad de semilla, sobrevivencia y desarrollo de plántulas de E. platyacanthus de tres regiones del centro de México (Valle de Tehuacán-Cuicatlán, Semidesierto Queretano y Altiplano Potosino) en dos sustratos en invernadero. Por cada sitio de recolecta se determinó el peso del fruto y el número de semillas por fruto; la calidad física de las semillas fue evaluada por el peso de 100 semillas y la calidad fisiológica por prueba de germinación. El desarrollo de las plántulas fue evaluado después del trasplante en dos sustratos (suelo de origen y sustrato comercial peat moss). Se registró el cambio en diámetro, altura y sobrevivencia durante 120 días. El mayor número de semillas en promedio (522 ± EE 35) se obtuvo de los frutos de un sitio del Semidesierto Queretano y del Altiplano Potosino; sin embargo, el sitio con el menor número de semillas por fruto obtuvo las semillas con el mayor peso. En la mayoría de los sitios de estudio la germinación fue exitosa, con valores de 74 a 100% en 30 días, pero las semillas del Semidesierto Queretano sólo tuvieron 22%. Esta baja germinación probablemente fue debida a un proceso de deterioro o latencia. Las plántulas crecieron mejor en el suelo de origen, ya que alcanzaron las dimensiones mayores y la sobrevivencia fue alta en la etapa final del experimento, comparados con lo obtenido en el sustrato comercial. Los resultados indican que las poblaciones de E. platyacanthus con la mayor calidad de semilla se encuentran en el Valle de Tehuacán-Cuicatlán y en el Altiplano Potosino.

SUMMARY Echinocactus platyacanthus is an endemic specie of Mexico used to cook a cactus candy called acitron, it is also used as fodder and ornamental. The Official Mexican Standard NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010 considers it under special protection; thus, it is necessary to promote its conservation. In this regard, the propagation by seed into a greenhouse or nursery of threatened specimens could prevent the collection of wild individuals. The objective of this research was to evaluate the seed quality, survival and development of E. platyacanthus seedlings from three regions of central Mexico (Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley, Queretaro Semi-desert and Potosi Highland) in two substrates into a greenhouse. For each collection site the fruit weigh and the number of seeds per fruit were determined, the physical quality of the seeds was evaluated through the weight of 100 seeds, and the physiological quality through germination test. The development of seedlings was evaluated after transplantation in two substrates (soil of origin and commercial substrate peat moss). The change in diameter, height and survival were measured for 120 days. The highest seed number on average (522 ± EE 35) was that of the fruits from a site of the Queretaro Semi-desert and the Potosi Highland; however, the site with the least number of seed per fruit obtained the seeds with the highest weight. In most of the study sites germination was successful with values of 74 to 100% in 30 days, but seeds from the Queretaro Semi-desert only had 22%. This poor germination was probably due to seed deterioration or dormancy. Seedlings grew better in the soil of origin, as they reached the largest dimensions and presented high survival at the final stage of the experiment compared to that obtained in the commercial substrate. Results indicate that the populations of E. platyacanthus with the highest seed quality are found in the Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley and in the Potosi Highland.

ABSTRACT Sophora toromiro is an arboreal endemic to Chile and extinct in its natural state, this specie has problem for its conservation due to its difficult propagation. The present study aimed to determine the organogenic response of Sophora toromiro nodal explants under in vitro conditions using different culture media and plant growth regulators. Nodal segments were used as explants, and responded satisfactorily to shoots induction when they were grown in MS or WPM medium with addition of 6-benzyl amino purine (BAP), α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), indole 3-butyric acid (IBA) or indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). The highest shoots number (3.5 shoots / explant) was achieved when the explants grew in WPM medium + 0.1 mg l-1 IBA. For roots induction, the explants were transferred to new culture medium, where the highest rooting percentage (42.1%) was achieved by explants cultivating in MS medium + 0.5 mg l-1 NAA. This study provides new information for S. toromiro propagation and conservation.

RESUMEN Sophora toromiro es un arbusto endémico de Chile y extinto en su estado natural, esta especie tiene problemas para su conservación debido a su difícil propagación. El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo determinar la respuesta organogénica de explantes nodales de Sophora toromiro bajo condiciones in vitro usando diferentes medios de cultivo y reguladores de crecimiento vegetal. Se utilizaron segmentos nodales como explantes, los cuales, respondieron satisfactoriamente a la inducción de brotes cuando se cultivaron en medio MS o WPM solo o con la adición 6-N-Bencilaminopurina (BAP), ácido α-naftalenacético (ANA), ácido indol-3-butírico (AIB) o ácido indol-3-acético (AIA). El mayor número de brotes (3.5 brotes/explante) se logró cuando los explantes crecieron en medio WPM + 0.1 mg l-1 de AIB. Para la inducción de raíces, los explantes fueron transferidos a un nuevo medio de cultivo, donde el mayor porcentaje de enraizamiento (42.1%) fue conseguido al cultivar los explantes en medio MS con 0.5 mg l-1 de ANA. Este estudio proporciona nuevos antecedentes para la propagación y conservación de S. toromiro.

Abstract I report three sightings of the endemic species Poospiza rubecula, "Rufous-breasted Warbling-finch" (Passeriformes: Thraupidae) in the Otuzco district, Sector San Remigio, La Libertad Region. Nowadays, thanks to a large amount of investigations, are known observation areas and routes, and there are reports of their presence in the Lima, Cajamarca, Ancash and La Libertad regions. It is an extremely rare species because of its elusive and flighty behavior. Its main habitat is scrub and montane forest, including the edges of Polylepis forests. It has no sexual dimorphism but the highlighted morphological characteristics are the superciliary and rufous breast, that define its common name. According to the IUCN and Peruvian law (Supreme Decree N°. 004-2014), P. rubecula is Endangered (EN) and its population is decreasing due to anthropogenic activities and the destruction of its habitat. Therefore, it is convenient to identify the sites where it is possible to register them and contribute with information that will help to set up protection strategies and policies for their future conservation.

Resumen Se reporta tres avistamientos de la especie endémica Poospiza rubecula "Monterita de Pecho Rufo" (Passeriformes: Thraupidae) en el distrito de Otuzco, Sector San Remigio, Región La Libertad. En la actualidad y gracias a diversas investigaciones se conoce más sobre las zonas y rutas de observación, existiendo reportes de su presencia en las regiones Lima, Cajamarca, Ancash y La Libertad. Su comportamiento huidizo y arisco la convierten en una especie extremadamente rara. El hábitat que prefiere es el matorral y bosque montano, incluyendo los bordes de bosques de Polylepis. No presenta dimorfismo sexual pero las características morfológicas que resaltan son el superciliar y pecho rufo, las cuales definen su nombre común. Según la IUCN y la ley peruana (D.S. Nº 004-2014), P. rubecula se encuentra En Peligro (EN) y su población está decreciendo debido a actividades antropogénicas y la destrucción de su hábitat. Por ello es conveniente identificar los sitios donde es posible registrarlas y contribuir con información que ayudará a establecer estrategias y políticas de protección para su futura conservación.

Resumen: La gacela india es oriunda de la zona silvestre del norte de Pendjab (Pakistán). De acuerdo a las categorías de la lista roja de la Unión Internacional de Conservación de la Naturaleza y los Recursos Naturales, constituye una especie en peligro. El entendimiento de la genética de la respuesta inmune en esta especie puede ser útil para diseñar efectivas estrategias de conservación. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la diversidad genética molecular en la interleukina 2 (IL-2), secuencias de genes que ponen en peligro a G. bennetti como un gen que codifica una citokina involucrada en algunas actividades vitales de regulación de la respuesta inmune. El gen IL-2 (492 bp) fue amplificado y secuenciado en muestras de ADN colectadas de la naturaleza, así como de ejemplares cautivos de gacela india, seguidos por la alineación y el análisis filogenético. Los vecinos que unen el árbol construido de MEGA6 mostraron que G. bennetti es distinto de otros y forma un clado diferente. El análisis de los resultados del estudio mostró que las gacelas indias constituyen una única población aislada encontrada en Pakistán, la cual es endémica y está expuesta al peligro. Por consiguiente, las técnicas de conservación in-situ y ex-situ para G. bennetti constituyen una buena alternativa para evitar el peligro de extinción de la especie.

Abstract: Indian gazelle is endemic to wild northern Punjab, Pakistan, and also an endangered species according to red list categories of International Union of Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Better understanding of genetics of immune response of this species can be helpful to design effective conservation strategies. The objective of this study was to assess the molecular genetic diversity on interleukin 2 (IL-2) gene sequences of endangered G. bennetti as a gene encoding a cytokine involved in some vital activities of immune response regulation. The IL-2 gene (492 bp) was amplified and sequenced in DNA samples collected from wild as well as captive indian gazelle, followed by alignment and phylogenetic analysis. The neighbour joining tree constructed from MEGA6 showed that G. bennetti is differ from others and form in a different clade. The analysis of study results showed that indian gazelle is a unique isolated population found in Pakistan which is endemic as well as endangered. Therefore, in-situ and ex-situ conservation techniques for G. bennetti present a good solution to preserve this endangered species from extinction.

RESUMO: Grupos de capivaras (H. hydrochaeris) são atualmente habitantes frequentes de áreas urbanas. A espécie participa do ciclo de transmissão da febre maculosa brasileira (FMB), uma zoonose causada pela bactéria R. rickettsii e transmitida por carrapatos vetoriais. Isso levou a discussões sobre estratégias para diminuir a presença desse roedor por meio de métodos contraceptivos e eutanásia, reduzindo sua capacidade de carrear e transportar carrapatos, o que seria uma importante contribuição para a saúde pública. Dois condomínios e um estabelecimento comercial no interior de São Paulo foram utilizados como estudos de caso na presente investigação. Todas as áreas foram classificadas pela Superintendência de Controle Endêmico como áreas de risco para a transmissão da FMB e apresentaram a espécie do carrapato A. sculptum e A. dubitatum. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar procedimentos de esterilização com animais que apresentaram resultados soropositivos para a FMB. Foram realizados 85 procedimentos cirúrgicos em capivaras imunes, com autorização do DeFau / SMA-SP. Para todos os procedimentos, os animais foram anestesiados com cloridrato de cetamina combinado com xilazina e morfina. Dois machos alfa se isolaram do grupo após o procedimento de vasectomia, retornando à sua posição hierárquica após 5 a 14 dias. O monitoramento populacional nas áreas deve ser mantido indefinidamente e conduzindo-se o manejo sorológico anual até a morte natural desses indivíduos. Foi possível demonstrar que a ligação tubária, vasectomia e salpingo-ooforectomia são procedimentos de baixo risco em capivaras. Essas técnicas auxiliam no controle populacional desta espécie em áreas fechadas e com risco de transmissão de FMB, diminuindo a necessidade de eutanásia.

ABSTRACT: Groups of capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) are currently frequent inhabitants of urban areas. The species participates in the transmission cycle of Brazilian spotted fever (BSF), a zoonosis that is caused by the bacteria R. rickettsii and transmitted by vector ticks. This has led to discussions on strategies to decrease the presence of this rodent through contraceptive methods and euthanasia, thus reducing their capacity to carry and transport ticks, which would be an important contribution to public health. Two condominiums and one business establishment in the interior of the state of São Paulo were used as case studies in the present investigation. All areas were classified by the Endemic Control Superintendence as risk areas for the transmission of BSF and presented the specie of ticks A. sculptum and A. dubitatum The objective of this study was to carry out sterilization procedures with animals that presented seropositive results for BSF. A total of 85 surgical procedures were conducted on immune capybaras, with authorization from DeFau/SMA-SP. For all procedures the animals were anesthetized with ketamine hydrochloride combined with xylazine and morphine. Two alpha males isolated themselves from the group after the vasectomy procedure, returning to their hierarchical position after 5 to 14 days. Population monitoring in the areas should be maintained indefinitely and conducting annual serological management until the natural death of these individuals. Tubal ligation, vasectomy and salpingo-oophorectomy were demonstrated to be simple and low-risk procedures in capybaras. These techniques assist in the population control of this species in enclosed areas with risk of BSF transmission, thus decreasing the need for euthanasia.

Abstract: Background: Salvia circinata is an endemic species of Mexico used in the folk medicine of Santiago Huauclilla, Oaxaca, mainly as remedy for gastrointestinal diseases. Hypothesis: If the extracts of Salvia circinata have secondary metabolites with antinociceptive activity, then the behavior of nociception in the model of “whriting” in mice will decrease. Specie studied: Salvia circinata Cav. (Lamiaceae). Study site and years of study: Salvia circinata was collected in Santiago Huauclilla, Oaxaca, in July 2014. Methods: Firstly, the acute toxicity of S. circinata extracts was evaluated to calculate the LD50 with OECD method. Then, dose-response curves of the antinociceptive effect of S. circinata organic and aqueous extracts (1, 10, 30, 100, and 300 mg/kg) were obtained in the writhing test in mice. Furthermore, chromatographic techniques were applied to isolate the compounds and were identified by comparison of the values of 1H NMR, 13C NMR and ESIMS reported in the literature. Results: Our data showed significant antinociceptive activity in all the tested extracts. Amarisolide A and pedalitin were isolated in the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts, respectively and assayed at doses of 1, 5 and 10 mg/kg, i.p. All the compounds decreased nociception in mice in at least 50 % from a minimal dosage of 1 mg/kg, i.p. and in a similar manner than the reference drug ketorolac (1 mg/kg, i.p.). Conclusions: Our findings give evidence that Salvia circinata possesses antinociceptive activity depending on the presence of several known bioactive constituents, reinforcing its use in the Mexican traditional medicine to alleviate abdominal pain.

Resumen: Antecedentes: Salvia circinata es una especie endémica de México, utilizada en Santiago Huauclilla, Oaxaca como remedio para enfermedades gastrointestinales. Hipótesis: Si los extractos de Salvia circinata tienen metabolitos con actividad antinociceptiva, entonces disminuirán la conducta nociceptiva en el modelo writhing. Especie estudiada: Salvia circinata Cav. (Lamiaceae). Lugar de estudio y años de estudio: Salvia circinata se colectó en Santiago Huauclilla, Oaxaca, en julio de 2014. Métodos: Se evaluó la toxicidad aguda (DL50) de los extractos de S. circinata mediante el método de la OECD. Se realizaron las curvas dosis-respuesta del efecto antinociceptivo de los extractos de S. circinata (1, 10, 30, 100, and 300 mg/kg) en el modelo de writhing en ratones. Además, se utilizaron técnicas cromatográficas para aislar los compuestos y se identificaron por comparación de los datos de 1H RMN, 13C RMN y ESIMS reportados en la literatura. Resultados: Nuestros resultados muestran una actividad antinociceptiva significativa en todos los extractos evaluados. La amarisólida A y la pedalitina fueron aisladas de los extractos de acetato de etilo y metanol, respectivamente y evaluadas a dosis de 1, 5 y 10 mg/kg, i.p. Todos los compuestos disminuyeron la nocicepción en los ratones en al menos el 50 % a partir de una dosis mínima de 1 mg/kg, i.p. y de manera similar al ketorolaco (1 mg/kg, i.p.). Conclusiones: Nuestros hallazgos dan evidencia de que Salvia circinata posee actividad antinociceptiva debido a varios constituyentes bioactivos conocidos, con ello se refuerza su uso en la medicina tradicional mexicana para el alivio del dolor abdominal.

Abstract The investigation was carried out in the holm oaks in the Slate Altitude in the Agroforestry La Palma and in the Agroforestry Experimental Station of Viñales Municipality, with the objective to determine the structure and composition of natural oaks. Two different places were layed out regarding a level of man intervention. There were established 10 square plots (100 m2), five in each of the included in the areas in the study, in way simple aleatoia. Alpha and beta diversity was determined; the horizontal structure was evaluated by calculating the index of ecological importance and the distribution by diameter classes. Also, it was described the vertical structure through the richness of species in each stratum as well as its sociological position. The richness of the species proved a high floristic diversity associated to the oaks. There were identified 38 species associated to the oaks, grouped in 25 families, where the Melastomataceae family with four species and Fabaceae, Rubiaceae and Sapindaceae with three species is the most represented. It was proved that the silvicola management and pastoral of the pig livestock level had strong influence in the structure and composition of the natural oaks. It was determined that the Quercus cubano A. Rich. As dominant specie with the most ecological importance in this formation, it has irregular presence in the structure of this forest, turning to be vulnerable to natural disturbances potential human intervention, showing a weak competitive skill. The obtained results constitute a reference for the management of this endemic specie in the west of Cuba.

Resumen La investigación fue realizada en encinares de las Alturas de Pizarras de la Empresa Agroforestal La Palma y de la Estación Experimental Agroforestal Viñales, con el objetivo de determinar la estructura y composición de los encinares naturales. Se seleccionaron dos sitios diferentes en cuanto a nivel de intervención del hombre. Se levantaron 10 parcelas cuadradas (100 m²), cinco en cada una de las áreas incluidas en el estudio, distribuidas de forma aleatoria simple. Se calcularon las diversidades alfa y beta, se evaluó la estructura horizontal mediante el índice de importancia ecológica y la distribución por clases diamétricas, se describió la estructura vertical a través de la riqueza de especies en cada estrato así como su posición sociológica. La riqueza de especies evidenció una alta diversidad florística asociada al encinar natural. Se identificaron 38 especies asociadas a los encinos, agrupadas en 25 familias, siendo las familias Melastomataceae con cuatro especies y Fabaceae, Rubiaceae y Sapindaceae con tres especies, las mejor representadas. Se comprobó que el nivel de intervención silvícola y pastoril con cerdos tuvo una marcada influencia en la estructura y composición de los encinares naturales. Se determinó que Quercus cubana A. Rich, como la especie dominante y de mayor importancia ecológica en esta formación; posee una presencia irregular en la estructura de este bosque, convirtiéndola en vulnerable ante disturbios naturales y de actividades antrópicas potenciales, evidenciando una habilidad competitiva débil. Los resultados obtenidos, constituyen un referente para el manejo de esta especie endémica del occidente de Cuba.

Ramorinoa girolae Speg. (chica) is an endemic tree species which belongs to the Argentinian xerophyte flora. This species constitutes an appreciated forest resource for local people due to its fruits (a substantial basis of the diet of local communities) and its timber (one of the hardest woods). Moreover, chica was pointed as a vulnerable species because it is a monotypic species with low abundance and a very restricted endemism (San Juan, San Luis and La Rioja provinces). There is limited information concerning the status of genetic diversity of the species. For this, we performed an exploratory analysis to characterize the genetic diversity of a natural population located near Ischigualasto Provincial Park (San Juan, Argentina) using AFLP molecular markers in 19 individuals. The genetic data were correlated with morphometric, ecological and geographical data. Our results suggest that this population exhibited a high genetic diversity (Pj=82.3%). These values also were correlated with geographical matrices, revealing that this population exhibited a particular spatial genetic structure (SGS; Mantel Test r=0.45, P<0.001) and spatial autocorrelation. In addition, values of genetic similarity among the different analyzed individuals revealed the absence of clones, suggesting a significant contribution of genetic variability due to sexual reproduction in the studied population.

Ramorinoa girolae Speg. (chica) es un árbol endémico nativo de la flora xerófita argentina. A esta especie se la considera un recurso forestal muy apreciado debido a sus frutos (que constituyen una parte importante de la dieta de los pobladores locales) y su madera (una de las más duras). Además, la chica fue clasificada como una especie vulnerable porque es una especie monotípica de abundancia baja, con un endemismo muy restricto (limitado a las provincias de San Juan, San Luis y La Rioja) y con poca resistencia al fuego. Dado que existe escasa información sobre el estatus de la diversidad genética de la especie, realizamos un análisis exploratorio para caracterizar la diversidad genética de una población natural ubicada en la proximidad del Parque Provincial Ischigualasto (San Juan, Argentina) por medio de marcadores moleculares AFLP en 19 individuos. Los datos genéticos se correlacionaron con datos morfométricos, ecológicos y geográficos. Nuestros resultados sugieren que esta población posee una diversidad genética elevada (Pj=82.3%). Además, estos valores se correlacionaron con matrices geográficas, lo que reveló que la población exhibió una particular estructura genética espacial (SGS, Prueba de Mantel r=0.45; P<0.001). Por otra parte, los valores de similitud genética entre los diferentes individuos analizados revelaron la ausencia de clones, lo que sugiere una contribución significativa de la variabilidad genética producto de la reproducción sexual en la población estudiada.

RESUMO A Eriotheca gracilipes (K. Schum.) A. Robyns) é uma espécie florestal pertencente à família Bombacaceae, considerada endêmica das savanas brasileiras. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o melhor substrato e temperatura para o teste de germinação e vigor de sementes de E. gracilipes. Quanto ao delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, num arranjo fatorial 4 x 7, perfazendo 28 tratamentos, constituídos pelas combinações de quatro temperaturas (20; 25; 30 e 20-30 ºC) e sete substratos (vermiculita grossa, vermiculita média, areia, Basaplant®, rolo de papel toalha, sobre e entre papel de filtro), com quatro repetições de 25 sementes. Foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis: germinação, primeira contagem e índice de velocidade de germinação. Em conclusão, para o teste de germinação e vigor de sementes de Eriotheca gracilipes, recomenda-se o substrato rolo de papel nas temperaturas de 20-30, 25 ou 30 ºC, e os substratos Basaplant® e rolo de papel na temperatura de 30 ºC, respectivamente.

ABSTRACT The Eriotheca gracilipes (K. Schum.) A. Robyns) is a forest specie that belongs to the Bombacaceae family and is considered an endemic specie from the Brazilian savanna. The aim of this study was to evaluate the best substrate and temperature for the vigor and germination test of E. gracilipes seeds. The experiment was carried out in a randomized design with a 4 x 7 factorial, with 28 treatments with the combination of four temperatures (20; 25; 30 and 20-30 ºC) and seven substrates (coarse vermiculite, medium vermiculite, sand, Basaplant®, paper towel, on and between filter papers), with 4 repetitions of 25 seeds each. It was assessed germination, first count of germination, and germination speed index. In conclusion, for germination and vigor tests of Eriotheca gracilipes seeds it is recommended the paper roll as substrate at temperatures of 20-30, 25 or 30 ºC, and the Basaplant® and paper roll at the temperature of 30 ºC, respectively.

Resumen La ostra de agua dulce Acostaea rivoli es una especie endémica de Colombia, que desempeña un papel ecológico relevante en el ecosistema acuático. El presente estudio se realizó en la cuenca del río Opia departamento del Tolima en los meses de septiembre y octubre de 2009, donde se establecieron 18 estaciones de muestreo, en cada una de las estaciones fueron empleados cuadrantes de 1m2 distribuidos en diez transectos longitudinales. Adicionalmente, fue evaluada la distribución vertical entre 1 y 3 m de profundidad. Paralelamente se evaluaron variables fisicoquímicas in situ y se tomaron muestras de agua para la determinación de 12 variables fisicoquímicas. Para evaluar la relación entre la especie y las variables fisicoquímicas se realizó un análisis de componentes principales y una correlación de Spearman. Fueron observados 303 organismos, donde la mayor densidad se presentó en la estación Lorencito con 6,67 ind/m2 y la menor densidad en las estaciones puente Doima, molino federal y quebrada Opia en donde no se registró ningún individuo. Con relación al perfil vertical la mayor densidad se presentó en el primer metro con 29,62 ind/m2 y la menor en el tercer metro con 4,50 ind/m2. Las variables fisicoquímicas que influyeron de forma significativa en la distribución y densidad de la población fueron la alcalinidad (r=0,698; p=0,001), dureza (r=0,650; p=0,004), pH (r=0,714; p=0,001), cloruros (r= -0,530; p=0,024), fosfatos (r= -0,603; p=0,008), nitratos (r= -0,490; p=0,039) y coliformes totales (r= -0,540; p=0,021). Estas variables podrían estar relacionados con los procesos de mineralización de la cuenca, que junto con un alto porcentaje de calcio, una buena oxigenación del agua y un sustrato adecuado estarían relacionados con la presencia de esta especie en la zona de estudio. © 2017. Acad. Colomb. Cienc. Ex. Fis. Nat.

Abstract The freshwater oyster (Acostaea rivoli) is an endemic Colombian species that plays an important ecological role in the aquatic ecosystem. The present study was performed in the Opia river basin, in the Tolima department. 18 sampling stations were evaluated during September and October of 2009. In each location quadrants of 1 m2 were distributed in ten longitudinal transects. Additionally, the vertical distribution was evaluated between 1 and 3 m deep. Parallelly, water samples were taken to analyzed 12 physicochemical variables, some of them were evaluated in situ and the others in the laboratory. In order to identify the relationships between the population and the physicochemical variables a principal component analysis and a Spearman correlation were performed. A total of 303 individuals were observed, the greatest density was recorded in the sampling site Lorencito with 6.67 ind/m2 and the lowest (0 ind/m2) was recorded in the sites Puente Doima, Molino el Federal and Quebrada Opia. As regards to the vertical profile, the highest density was registered in the first meter with 29.62 ind/m2 and the lowest in the third meter with just 4.50 ind/m2. In relation to the water parameters,variables such as: alkalinity (r=0.698; p=0.001), hardness (r=0.650; p=0.004), pH (r=0.714; p=0.001), chlorides (r= -0.530; p=0.024), phosphates (r= -0.603; p=0.008), nitrates (r= -0.490; p=0.039) and total coliforms (r= -0.540; p=0.021) were significantly correlated with population’s abundance and distribution. These variables could be related to mineralization processes in the basin, that combined with high values of calcium, high levels of water oxygen and proper habitats would allow this specie to inhabit the study area. © 2017. Acad. Colomb. Cienc. Ex. Fis. Nat.