Abstract Background: Endemism can originate from multiple biogeographic and evolutionary processes that promote the formation or persistence of species with restricted distributions (rare species). Understanding rare species’ distributions is a central question in biogeography and is crucial for biodiversity conservation. Questions: What are the rarest plant species in Mexico? How are they distributed? Under what risk categories should they be classified? Studied species: Vascular species considered rare in the flora of Mexico. Study site: Mexico. Methods: “Rare species” were defined as species endemic to Mexico whose distribution is restricted to a single 1 × 1° cell. We analyzed rare species’ distributions and proposed the risk category for each according to IUCN criteria. For some of the species distributed in the cell with the highest number of rare species, we compared the proposed category with published evaluations. Results: We identified 2,705 rare species. The richest cells in terms of rare species are in southern Mexico. Only 302 species had been previously evaluated under IUCN criteria. The remaining 2,403 qualify for the Near Threatened (NT) category or higher. The cell with the highest rare species richness, located in the Sierra Norte of Oaxaca, contained only 10 species with an existing IUCN risk category; for another 81 species, the categories of Vulnerable (VU), Endangered (EN) or Critically Endangered (CR) are indicated. Conclusions: Recognizing the rarity of these 2,705 species will increase attention on them, allowing more precise appraisal of their extinction risk and possible strategies for their conservation.

Resumen Antecedentes: El endemismo puede originarse a partir de múltiples procesos biogeográficos y evolutivos que promueven la formación o persistencia de especies de distribución restringida o raras. Entender su distribución es una cuestión central en biogeografía y crucial para la conservación de la biodiversidad. Preguntas: ¿Cuáles son las especies de plantas raras en México? ¿Cómo se distribuyen? ¿Bajo qué categorías de riesgo son clasificadas? Especies de estudio: Especies vasculares consideradas raras en la flora de México. Sitio: México. Métodos: Se identificaron las especies endémicas de México cuya distribución se restringe a una sola celda de 1 × 1°, llamadas especies raras. Se analizó su distribución y se propuso una categoría de riesgo de acuerdo con la IUCN; para algunas de ellas incluidas en la celda con mayor número de especies raras se comparó contra evaluaciones publicadas. Resultados: Se identificaron como raras 2,705 especies. Las celdas más ricas se encuentran en el sur del país. Sólo 302 especies han sido evaluadas con los criterios de la IUCN, las restantes 2,403 al menos deberían de tener la categoría de Casi amenazadas (NT). Una celda en la Sierra Norte de Oaxaca contó con la mayor diversidad alfa; sin embargo, sólo 10 de ellas tienen una evaluación por la IUCN, para otras 81 especies se determinaron categorías como Vulnerable (VU), En peligro (EN) y En peligro crítico (CR). Conclusiones: El reconocimiento de 2,705 especies raras permitirá ahora prestarles más atención, definiendo con más detalle su riesgo de extinción y las posibles estrategias para su conservación.

Abstract Background: Lobelia villaregalis is an endemic and endangered species in Jalisco, Mexico. Knowing the structure and genetic diversity of populations of species at risk can contribute to improving strategies for their conservation. This information has not been generated for L. villaregalis. Questions: 1) Does L. villaregalis present low levels of genetic diversity?, 2) Are there genetic differences between its populations?. Studied species: Lobelia villaregalis T.J. Ayers (Campanulaceae: Lobelioideae), herbaceous perennial. Study site and dates: During 2018-2020, field work was carried out in El Bosque La Primavera Natural Protected Area, in Zapopan, Jalisco, in order to locate new populations of the species and collect leaf material. Methods: The diversity and genetic structure of 87 individuals in five populations were evaluated using ISSR molecular markers. Results: The average genetic diversity of L. villaregalis is low (He = 0.057, P = 48.17 %, I = 0.110) as well as the total diversity (HT = 0.069). Molecular analysis of variance showed that most of the genetic variation (92 %) occurred within populations. The Mantel test indicates that there is no correlation between the genetic distances and the geographical distances for the five populations of the species (R = 0.64, P = 0.18). With the genetic assignment analysis, 4 groups were identified, however there is no genetic structure (GST = 0.060). Conclusions: Lobelia villaregalis requires urgent actions of conservation to maintain the genetic diversity present in all its populations, giving the highest priority to three of them.

Resumen Antecedentes: Lobelia villaregalis es una especie endémica y en peligro de extinción en Jalisco, México. Conocer la estructura y diversidad genética de las poblaciones de especies en riesgo puede contribuir a mejorar las estrategias para su conservación. Esta información no se ha generado para L. villaregalis. Preguntas: 1) ¿Presenta L. villaregalis niveles bajos de diversidad genética?, 2) ¿Existen diferencias genéticas entre sus poblaciones? Especies de estudio: Lobelia villaregalis T.J. Ayers (Campanulaceae: Lobelioideae), herbácea perenne. Sitio y años de estudio: Durante 2018-2020 se realizó trabajo de campo en el Área Natural Protegida Bosque La Primavera, Zapopan, Jalisco, para localizar nuevas poblaciones de la especie y recolectar material foliar. Métodos: Se evaluó la diversidad y estructura genética de 87 individuos en cinco poblaciones utilizando marcadores moleculares ISSR. Resultados: La diversidad genética promedio de L. villaregalis es baja (He = 0.057, P = 48.17 %, I = 0.110) así como la diversidad total (HT = 0.069). El análisis de varianza molecular mostró que la mayor parte de la variación genética (92 %) ocurrió dentro de las poblaciones. La prueba de Mantel indica que no hay correlación entre las distancias genéticas y las distancias geográficas para las cinco poblaciones estudiadas (R = 0.64, P = 0.18). Con el análisis de asignación genética se identificaron 4 grupos, sin embargo, no existe estructura genética (GST = 0.060). Conclusiones: Lobelia villaregalis requiere acciones urgentes de conservación para mantener la diversidad genética de todas sus poblaciones, dando máxima prioridad a tres de ellas.

Abstract: Background: One specimen collected in Yoloxóchitl (San Luis Acatlán, Guerrero, Mexico) was initially reviewed by Michael Nee, who suggested that it could be a new species of the genus Cestrum, and commissioned to the first author to describe it. Questions: Do Cestrum populations from San Luis Acatlán, Guerrero, correspond to a new species for science? Studied species: Cestrum sp. nov. Study site and dates: Yoloxóchitl, Municipality of San Luis Acatlán, Guerrero; 2023-2024. Methods: The specialized bibliography on the genus Cestrum was examined, from which a list of species with similar morphology to the studied species was compiled, all of which were examined using high resolution digital photographs. A botanical exploration was carried out, locating three populations. A morphological analysis was conducted with the collected material. Results: Cestrum amithii is defined as a new species for science. This new species presents many differences in terms of floral and foliar characters from the other species of the genus. The most outstanding is its spathaceous calyx, which is markedly asymmetrical and large, with evident ribs and two to three lobes. C. amithii is known only from Yoloxóchitl, Guerrero, where it grows in sub-deciduous tropical forest vegetation, at elevations of 530-630 m asl. It is associated with seasonal streams and creeks. Conclusions: With this new discovery, the number of Cestrum species in the flora of Guerrero state increases to 16.

Resumen: Antecedentes: Un ejemplar colectado en Yoloxóchitl (San Luis Acatlán, Guerrero, México) fue anteriormente revisado por Michael Nee, quien sugirió que podría tratarse de una nueva especie del género Cestrum, y concedió al primer autor su descripción. Preguntas: Las poblaciones de Cestrum de San Luis Acatlán, Guerrero, corresponden a una nueva especie para la ciencia? Especies de estudio: Cestrum sp. nov. Sitio y años de estudio: Yoloxóchitl, Municipio de San Luis Acatlán, Guerrero; 2023-2024. Métodos: Se examinó bibliografía especializada en el género, obteniendo una lista de especies con morfología similar a la especie en estudio, las cuales se examinaron por medio de fotografías digitales de alta resolución. Se realizó una exploración botánica, ubicando tres poblaciones. Se realizó un análisis morfológico con el material colectado. Resultados: Se define a Cestrum amithii como una especie nueva para la ciencia, endémica de la comunidad de Yoloxóchitl, Guerrero. La nueva especie presenta diversas diferencias en cuanto a caracteres florales y foliares respecto a las otras especies del género, la más destacada es el cáliz espatáceo, éste es marcadamente asimétrico, de grandes dimensiones, con costillas evidentes y dos o tres lóbulos. C. amithii es endémica de México, distribuida en vegetación de bosque tropical subcaducifolio, en elevación de 530-630 m snm, sobre arroyos y corrientes estacionales. Conclusiones: Con este nuevo descubrimiento, en la flora del estado de Guerrero se contabilizan 16 especies del género Cestrum.

Resumen Antecedentes: El bosque tropical caducifolio constituye zonas con altos niveles de biodiversidad; sin embargo, este ecosistema presente en el municipio de Nocupétaro, Michoacán carece de inventarios florísticos. Preguntas: ¿Qué especies están presentes en el área de estudio? ¿Cuáles especies son endémicas de México y cuántas están en riesgo? ¿Con qué zona tiene mayor afinidad florística? Especies en estudio: Plantas vasculares. Sitio y fechas de estudio: Área de un bosque tropical caducifolio ubicada en el municipio de Nocupétaro, Michoacán, México; septiembre 2016 a noviembre 2017. Métodos: Se realizaron recolectas botánicas en campo. Los especímenes se identificaron con bibliografía especializada. La vegetación se definió con base en la fisonomía y las especies dominantes. Los resultados se comparan con cuatro zonas de bosque tropical caducifolio. Resultados: Se registran 56 familias, 135 géneros, 173 especies y ocho taxa infraespecíficos. Las familias mejor representadas son Fabaceae (34 spp.), Asteraceae (12 spp.), Euphorbiaceae (11 spp.), Apocynaceae (9 spp.), Malvaceae (8 spp.) y Convolvulaceae (7 spp.). Los géneros con más especies son Euphorbia (6), Senna (6), Ipomoea (5) y Bursera (4). Cuarenta y cinco especies son endémicas de México; dos están enlistadas en la NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010 y tres en la Lista Roja de la IUCN con una categoría de riesgo. El área tiene mayor similitud florística con el cerro La Parotita. Conclusiones: La información generada es la base para otras investigaciones (ecológicas, faunísticas) y resalta la importancia de seguir estudiando y conservando este ecosistema en la región.

Abstract Background: Tropical deciduous forest possesses high levels of biodiversity; however, there is not a complete floristic survey of this ecosystem in the municipality of Nocupétaro, Michoacán. Questions: Which species are present in the study area? Which species are endemic to Mexico and how many are at risk? With which area does it have the greatest floristic affinity? Studied species: Vascular plants. Study site and dates: An area of tropical deciduous forest occurring in the municipality of Nocupétaro, Michoacán, Mexico; September 2016 to November 2017. Methods: Specimens were collected in the field and determined using pertinent specialized literature. The vegetation was defined using physiognomy and dominant species. Results: Fifty-six families, 135 genera, 173 species, and eight infraespecific taxa were registered. The families with more species were Fabaceae (34 spp.), Asteraceae (12 spp.), Euphorbiaceae (11 spp.), Apocynaceae (9 spp.), Malvaceae (8 spp.), and Convolvulaceae (7 spp.). The most speciose genera were Euphorbia (6), Senna (6), Ipomoea (5), and Bursera (4). Forty-five species are endemic to Mexico; two are listed in the NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010 and three species are included IUCN Red List with a risk category. The area has a greater floristic affinity with the Parotita hill. Conclusions: The information generated is the basis for other research (ecological, fauna) and stand out the importance of continuing to study and conserve this ecosystem in the region.

Resumen Antecedentes: Pinguicula agrupa 110 especies, 53 crecen en México. La formación de las montañas mexicanas ha favorecido su diversificación. Ejemplares provenientes del Estado de México, en la Faja Volcánica Trans-Mexicana (FVTM) no corresponden con alguna especie conocida. Preguntas: ¿Los ejemplares recolectados representan una especie nueva? ¿Cuál es su estado de conservación? ¿Cuántas especies de Pinguicula crecen en la FVTM y cómo se diferencian? ¿Cómo se distribuye la riqueza de especies en la FVTM? Especies estudiadas: Pinguicula. Lugar y fechas del estudio: FVTM, 2005-2023. Métodos: Con base en especímenes de herbario y muestras recolectadas recientemente se realizaron un análisis morfológico y una descripción. El estado de conservación se evaluó siguiendo las Categorías y Criterios de la Lista Roja de la UICN. Ejemplares de herbario y registros digitales de Pinguicula en la FVTM fueron examinados para generar una lista de especies y una clave. La riqueza fue analizada por estados, tipos de vegetación, rangos de elevación y celdas. Resultados: Pinguicula tlahuica es propuesta como especie nueva, distinguible por las hojas de verano linear-espatuladas. Es considera dentro de la categoría En Peligro (EN). En la FVTM crecen 16 especies de Pinguicula. El Estado de México, Hidalgo y Michoacán, y el bosque de pino-encino son los más ricos. Pinguicula crece entre 759-3,427 m snm. Los análisis de celdas recuperaron distintas áreas con riqueza alta. Conclusiones: En la FVTM, la riqueza de especies de Pinguicula está en los sectores Oriental y Occidental. Pinguicula crassifolia, P. michoacana, P. tlahuica y P. zamudioana son endémicas de la FVTM.

Abstract Background: The genus Pinguicula harbors 110 species, of which 53 are distributed in Mexico. The formation of the Mexican mountains has favored the Pinguicula diversification. Pinguicula specimens collected in the State of México, along the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (TMVB) do not correspond with any known species. Questions: Do the collected specimens belong to a new species? What is its conservation status? How many Pinguicula species are there along the TMVB and how do they differentiate? How is the Pinguicula species richness distributed? Studied species: Pinguicula. Study site and dates: TMVB, 2005-2023. Methods: Based on herbarium specimens and recently collected material, a morphological analysis and description were made. Conservation status was assessed following IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Herbarium specimens and digital records of Pinguicula from the TMVB were examined to generate a list and key. We analyzed the richness distribution of Pinguicula by states, vegetation types, elevation ranges, and grid cells. Results: Pinguicula tlahuica is proposed as a new species. It is distinguished by the linear-spatulate summer leaves. The new species falls into the Endangered (EN) category. Along the TMVB, 16 species of Pinguicula are distributed. The State of México, Hidalgo and Michoacán, and the pine-oak forest were the richest. Pinguicula appeared between 759-3,427 m asl. The grid cell analyses revealed different areas with high richness. Conclusions: Along the TMVB, the Pinguicula species richness centered on the Eastern and Western sectors. Pinguicula crassifolia, P. michoacana, P. tlahuica, and P. zamudioana are endemic to the TMVB.

Brejos Nordestinos (northeastern highland wet forests) is a unique ecosystem within the Northeastern Atlantic Forest. This area encompasses a mosaic of humid forests above 600 meters in the semi-arid region, forming an ecotone area. These environmental conditions create an optimal ecosystem for the diversification of plants, including ferns. Pico do Jabre in Paraíba state, with an elevation of 1,208 meters above sea level, is an example of Brejo Nordestino. This study reports the occurrence of Pleopeltis pleopeltidis in the Northeastern Atlantic Forest, particularly at Pico do Jabre, a new record of P. pleopeltifolia for Paraíba state, and the local fern flora. Additional records of P. pleopeltidis were found in the municipalities of Triunfo, and Floresta, in Pernambuco state, which are also classified as Brejos Nordestinos with elevations exceeding 1,000 meters above sea level. These findings extend the species' known extent of occurrence by approximately 40%. The conservation status of P. pleopeltidis is suggested as Vulnerable (VU) across its entire range and Endangered (EN) in Northeast Brazil. The distance between populations in the Northeastern Atlantic Forest and the nearest populations in Bahia state ranges from 763-931 km, indicating a potential disjunction. Although the species occurs in three relatively close Brejos Nordestinos, the fragmented nature of the Northeastern Atlantic Forest results in isolated populations on these biogeographical islands, surrounded by a Caatinga (seasonally dry tropical forest) matrix.

Los Brejos Nordestinos (bosques húmedos de tierras altas del noreste) son un ecosistema único dentro del Bosque Atlántico del Nordeste. Esta área abarca un mosaico de bosques húmedos por encima de los 600 metros en la región semiárida, formando una zona de ecotono. Estas condiciones ambientales crean un ecosistema óptimo para la diversificación de plantas, incluidos los helechos. El Pico do Jabre, en el estado de Paraíba, con una altitud de 1208 metros sobre el nivel del mar, es un ejemplo de Brejo Nordestino. Este estudio reporta la ocurrencia de Pleopeltis pleopeltidis en el Bosque Atlántico del Nordeste, particularmente en el Pico do Jabre, un nuevo registro de P. pleopeltifolia para el estado de Paraíba, y en la flora local de helechos. Se encontraron registros adicionales de P. pleopeltidis en los municipios de Triunfo y Floresta, en el estado de Pernambuco, que también están clasificados como Brejos Nordestinos con elevaciones superiores a los 1000 metros sobre el nivel del mar. Estos hallazgos amplían la extensión conocida de ocurrencia de la especie en aproximadamente un 40%. Se sugiere que el estado de conservación de P. pleopeltidis sea vulnerable (VU) en toda su área de distribución y en peligro (EN) en el noreste de Brasil. La distancia entre las poblaciones del Bosque Atlántico del Nordeste y las poblaciones más cercanas en el estado de Bahía varía entre 763 y 931 km, lo que indica una posible disyunción. Aunque la especie ocurre en tres Brejos Nordestinos relativamente cercanos, la naturaleza fragmentada del Bosque Atlántico del Nordeste da como resultado poblaciones aisladas en estas islas biogeográficas, rodeadas por una matriz de Caatinga (bosque tropical seco estacionalmente).

SUMMARY: Owing to extensive overexploitation and continuous habitat loss in recent decades, Dalbergia stevensonii has become endangered in Central America and its place of origin. Genetic diversity is essential for ensuring the long-term survival of the species and is vital in breeding programs. However, knowledge of the genetic diversity of D. stevensonii is limited, as no study has been conducted to estimate the population variability in Guatemala. This study is the first to determine the genetic diversity and structure of wild populations of D. stevensonii in Guatemala using molecular markers. The genetic diversity of 90 wild D. stevensonii trees from six populations located in their natural range is currently being evaluated. Genetic diversity was moderate, with an average of 5.83 alleles per locus, a mean Shannon index value of 1.42, and observed and expected heterozygosity of 0.32 and 0.37, respectively. AMOVA indicated that only 6 % of the genetic variation was between populations, and genetic distance values (pairwise FST) suggested moderate differentiation between populations. STRUCTURE and DAPC analyses revealed the existence of three clusters for the 90 samples, while the genetic differentiation among populations is attributed more to genetics than to geographic distance. Conservation of the genetic diversity of D. stevensonii is critical to ensure its long-term survival, and the success of breeding programs focused on improving the traits and characteristics of the species, such as growth rate, wood quality, and resistance to pests and diseases. These findings provide a crucial genetic basis for conservation, management, and restoration of this endemic species.

RESUMEN: Debido a la sobreexplotación y continua pérdida de hábitats en las últimas décadas, Dalbergia stevensonii está en peligro de extinción en América Central, su lugar de origen. La diversidad genética es un factor esencial para garantizar la supervivencia de la especie a largo plazo y es vital en los programas de mejoramiento. Sin embargo, el conocimiento sobre la diversidad genética de D. stevensonii es limitado, ya que no se ha realizado ningún estudio para estimar la variabilidad de las poblaciones en Guatemala. Este es el primer estudio realizado en Guatemala para determinar la diversidad genética y la estructura de las poblaciones silvestres de D. stevensonii utilizando marcadores moleculares. Actualmente, se está evaluando la diversidad genética de 90 árboles silvestres de D. stevensonii procedentes de seis poblaciones situadas en su área de distribución natural. La diversidad genética es moderada, con una media de 5,83 alelos por locus, un valor medio del índice de Shannon de 1,42 y una heterocigosidad observada y esperada de 0,32 y 0,37 respectivamente. El análisis AMOVA mostró que solamente el 6 % de la variación genética se presenta entre poblaciones, y los valores de distancia genética (FST por pares) sugieren una diferenciación moderada entre poblaciones. Los análisis STRUCTURE y DAPC revelaron la existencia de tres conglomerados para las 90 muestras, mientras que las diferenciaciones genéticas entre poblaciones se atribuyeron más a la distancia genética que a la geográfica. La conservación de la diversidad genética de D. stevensonii es fundamental para garantizar su supervivencia a largo plazo y el éxito de los programas de mejoramiento centrados en la mejora de los rasgos y características de la especie, como la tasa de crecimiento, la calidad de la madera y la resistencia a plagas y enfermedades. Estos hallazgos proporcionan una base genética crucial para la conservación, gestión y restauración de esta especie endémica.

Abstract Background: Encyclia, is a genus with more than 200 species in the Neotropics, eight of which have been previously reported from Peru. During the evaluation of the orchid flora in the forests of the Sicchez district, a small population of an Encyclia species was found that could not be unequivocally matched to any previously known species in the country. Questions: Will the recent explorations of Northern Peru result in the reporting of new taxa for the country? Studied species: Orchidaceae, Laeliinae, Encyclia Hook, Encyclia naranjapatensis Dodson Study site and dates: Sicchez District, Ayabaca Province, Piura Department, Peru, 2022-2023. Methods: Specimens were collected and determined by consulting botanical collections available online, taxonomic treatments, checklists, and specialized literature. The conservation status was assessed according to IUCN methodology. Results: We report a novelty for Peru, Encyclia naranjapatensis, and an updated description including morphological information on relevant structures that will be used to diagnose this entity. In addition, E. naranjapatensis is part of a basal clade referred to as the E. diurna species group. The conservation status assessment results in Endangered and the species is linked to the Seasonally Dry Tropical Forest, an endangered ecosystem throughout the Neotropics. Conclusions: The recent entity located in Peru correspond to Encyclia naranjapatensis. This discovery allows us to investigate the geographical limits, discuss the phylogenetic and ecological affinities, update the original description, and evaluate its conservation status.

Resumen Antecedentes: Encyclia, es un género con más de 200 especies en el Neotrópico, ocho de las cuales han sido reportadas previamente del Perú. Durante la evaluación de la flora de orquídeas en los bosques del distrito de Sicchez, se encontró una pequeña población de una especie de Encyclia que no pudo ser emparejada inequívocamente con ninguna especie conocida previamente en el país. Preguntas: ¿Las recientes exploraciones del norte de Perú resultarán en el descubrimiento de nuevos taxones para el país? Especies de estudio: Orchidaceae, Laeliinae, Encyclia Hook, Encyclia naranjapatensis Dodson. Sitio y años de estudio: Distrito de Sicchez, Provincia de Ayabaca, Departamento de Piura, Perú, 2022-2023. Métodos: Los especímenes se recolectaron y determinaron mediante la consulta de colecciones botánicas disponibles en línea, tratamientos taxonómicos, listas de control y bibliografía especializada. El estado de conservación se evaluó según la metodología de la UICN. Resultados: Reportamos una novedad para Perú, Encyclia naranjapatensis, y una descripción actualizada para incluyendo información morfológica sobre estructuras relevantes que serán utilizada para diagnosticar esta entidad. E. naranjapatensis forma parte de un clado basal denominado como Grupo de especies de E. diurna. La evaluación del estado de conservación resulta en En Peligro y la especie está ligada al Bosque Tropical Estacionalmente Seco, un ecosistema en peligro en el Neotrópico. Conclusiones: La reciente entidad localizada en Perú corresponde a Encyclia naranjapatensis. Este descubrimiento nos permite investigar los límites geográficos, discutir las afinidades filogenéticas y ecológicas, actualizar la descripción original y evaluar su estado de conservación.

Abstract: Background: Coccoloba is a Neotropical genus of trees, shrubs, and lianas with approximately 150 species. Reviewed Mexican specimens of Coccoloba do not correspond to any recognized species within the genus, so they are proposed as new species. Question: What are the morphological characteristics that differentiate the two new species from other Coccoloba species? What is its distribution and conservation status? Studied species: Species of Coccoloba sect. Coccoloba endemic to Mexico. Study site and dates: Chiapas and Veracruz, Mexico, 2022-2023. Methods: All available information for Coccoloba, including herbarium specimens and online databases, was reviewed. Subsequently, a comparative analysis was carried out including the two new species proposed and the recognized species in the genus. Geographic distribution maps were prepared and the conservation status of the new species was determined, following the IUCN guidelines. Results: Coccoloba burkeae and C. najarroi are described and illustrated as new species. Both are endemic to Mexico. C. burkeae is distributed in the humid forests of the Tuxtlas region in Veracruz and is morphologically similar to C. barbadensis, C. hondurensis and C. spicata; this species is considered in the Endangered (EN) category. C. najarroi is restricted to the humid forests of Chiapas and is similar to C. ascendens and C. ibarrae. This species is considered Critically Endangered (CR). Conclusions: The morphological characteristics of the fruit, the inflorescence and the leaves are important to diagnose the two new species of Coccoloba; both being endemic to Mexico.

Resumen: Antecedentes: Coccoloba es un género Neotropical de árboles, arbustos y lianas con aproximadamente 150 especies. Ejemplares mexicanos de Coccoloba revisados no corresponden a ninguna especie reconocida dentro del género, por lo que se proponen como especies nuevas. Pregunta: ¿Cuáles son las características morfológicas que diferencian a las dos nuevas especies con respecto a otras especies de Coccoloba? ¿Cuál es su distribución y estado de conservación? Especies de estudio: Especies de Coccoloba sect. Coccoloba endémicas de México. Sitio de estudio: Chiapas y Veracruz, México, 2022-2023. Métodos: Se revisó toda la información disponible para Coccoloba, incluyendo especímenes de herbario y bases de datos en línea. Posteriormente se realizó un análisis comparativo incluyendo las dos especies nuevas propuestas y las especies reconocidas. Se elaboraron mapas de distribución geográfica y se determinó el estatus de conservación de las especies nuevas, siguiendo las pautas de IUCN. Resultados: Coccoloba burkeae y C. najarroi son descritas e ilustradas como especies nuevas. Ambas son endémicas de México. C. burkeae se distribuye en las selvas húmedas de la región de los Tuxtlas en Veracruz y es morfológicamente similar a C. barbadensis, C. hondurensis y C. spicata; esta especie es considerada en la categoría de En Peligro (EN). C. najarroi se restringe a las selvas húmedas de Chiapas y es similar a C. ascendens y C. ibarrae; es considerada como En Peligro Crítico (CR). Conclusiones: Las características morfológicas del fruto, la inflorescencia y las hojas son importantes para diagnosticar las dos especies nuevas de Coccoloba; siendo ambas endémicas de México.

Abstract This study aimed to investigate the morpho-physiological adaptations of Araucaria angustifolia saplings under different shade conditions. Saplings were grown for 21 months under full sunlight (S0%) and three shade levels: 30%, 50%, and 80% (S-30%, S-50% and S-80%, respectively). Growth, light-harvesting pigments (chlorophyll and carotenoids), chlorophyll fluorescence, and anatomical leaf structure were analyzed. Plants in S-0% and S-30% showed higher stem diameter, total and root dry mass, Dickson quality index, chlorophyll a/chlorophyll b ratio, carotenoids content, and electron transport rate. Conversely, shaded plants (S-50% e S-80%) exhibited physiological adaptations, compensating for the decreased light supply by primarily increasing the amount of chlorophyll and the quantum efficiency of photosystem II and reducing the thickness of their leaves. These results indicate that, despite the physiological plasticity to shade in Araucaria, the saplings grow better under a high-irradiance environment or low-shade condition (S-30%). In this sense, shaded cultivation of this species should be avoided in nurseries and reforestations due to the significant total dry mass reduction. This study highlights the importance of optimal light intensity to promote the growth of this endangered species. morphophysiological morpho conditions 2 S0% S0 S (S0% levels 30 30% 50 50% 80 S30%, S30 (S-30% S50% S50 S-50 S80%, S80 80%, S-80% respectively. respectively . respectively) Growth lightharvesting harvesting carotenoids, , carotenoids) fluorescence analyzed 0% 0 S-0 S30% S-30 diameter index achlorophyll ratio content rate Conversely (S-50 S80% leaves that highirradiance high irradiance lowshade low S30%. (S-30%) sense reduction (S0 3 5 8 S3 (S-30 S5 S-5 S8 S-80 S- S-3 (S-5 (S (S-3 S-8 (S-

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar as adaptações morfofisiológicas de mudas de Araucaria angustifolia sob diferentes condições de sombreamento. As mudas foram cultivadas durante 21 meses em pleno sol (S0%) e em três níveis de sombreamento: 30%, 50% e 80% (S-30%, S-50% e S-80%, respectivamente). Foram analisadas variáveis de crescimento, pigmentos de captação de luz (clorofila e carotenoides), fluorescência da clorofila e a estrutura anatômica da folha. As mudas sob S0% e S30% apresentaram maior diâmetro do caule, massa seca total e radicular, índice de qualidade de Dickson, relação clorofila a/clorofila b, teor de carotenoides e taxa de transporte de elétrons. Plantas sob S-50% e S-80% apresentaram adaptações fisiológicas, compensando a diminuição da disponibilidade de luz principalmente aumentando a quantidade de clorofila a e a eficiência quântica do fotossistema II, e reduzindo a espessura da folha. Esses resultados indicam que, apesar da plasticidade fisiológica da araucária à sombra, as mudas crescem mais em ambientes de alta irradiação ou baixo sombreamento (S-30%). Assim, plantios sombreados desta espécie devem ser evitados em viveiros e reflorestamentos devido à significativa redução do acúmulo de massa seca. Este estudo destaca a importância da intensidade ideal de luz para melhorar o crescimento de mudas desta espécie que está ameaçada de extinção. 2 S0 S (S0% 30 30% 50 80 S30%, S30 (S-30% S50% S50 S-50 S80%, S80 80%, respectivamente. respectivamente . respectivamente) carotenoides, , carotenoides) folha caule radicular Dickson aclorofila b elétrons S80% S-80 fisiológicas II sombra S30%. (S-30%) Assim extinção (S0 3 5 8 S3 (S-30 S5 S-5 S8 S-8 (S (S-3 S- (S-

Abstract Sharks of the genus Sphyrna are under intense exploitation globally. In Brazil’s northern coast, this genus represents a high proportion of fisheries landings and comprises four species. However, due to difficulty of specific identification when specimens are landed, most of the records are limited to the genus level. Here we analyzed the effectiveness of ITS2 (Internal Transcribed Spacer 2 of rDNA) fragment length protocol (Abercrombie et al., 2005) for identifying hammerhead shark species, comparing with the analysis of COI (Cytochrome oxidase subunit I) and ITS2 sequences. We evaluated samples of muscle tissue acquired in the main fishing ports of Maranhão: Carutapera, Raposa e Tutóia. Sampling was conducted between March 2017 to March 2018 and complemented with material deposited in collection (2015). COI results indicated the occurrence of endangered species which are prohibited to be landed. These include Sphyrna mokarran (67%), S. lewini (15%), S. tudes (3%), and S. tiburo (15%). For the ITS2 marker, we investigated the optimization of the protocol developed by Abercrombie (2005) for to improve the use in this geographical area througout design of a new primers. globally Brazils Brazil s coast However landed level ITS Internal rDNA al al. 2005 Cytochrome I sequences Maranhão Carutapera Tutóia 201 2015. 2015 . (2015) 67%, 67 67% , (67%) S 15%, 15 15% (15%) 3%, 3 3% (3%) 15%. marker (2005 primers 200 20 (2015 6 (67% 1 (15% (3% (200 (201 (67 (15 (3 (20 (6 (1 ( (2

Resumo Os tubarões do gênero Sphyrna estão sob intensa exploração em todo o mundo. No litoral norte do Brasil, esse gênero representa grande proporção dos desembarques pesqueiros e compreende quatro espécies. Porém, devido à dificuldade de identificação específica no momento do desembarque dos espécimes, a maioria dos registros limita-se ao nível do gênero. Aqui analisamos a eficácia do protocolo baseado no comprimento de fragmentos de ITS2 (Abercrombie et al., 2005) para identificar espécies de tubarão-martelo, comparando com a análise das sequências COI e ITS2. Foram avaliadas amostras de tecido muscular adquiridas nos principais portos pesqueiros do Maranhão: Carutapera, Raposa e Tutóia. A amostragem foi realizada entre março de 2017 a março de 2018 e complementada com material depositados em coleção (2015). Os resultados do COI indicaram a ocorrência de espécies ameaçadas cujo desembarque é proibido. Estes incluem Sphyrna mokarran (67%), S. lewini (15%), S. tudes (3%) e S. tiburo (15%). Para o marcador ITS2, investigamos a otimização do protocolo desenvolvido por Abercrombie (2005) para melhorar o uso nesta área geográfica através do desenho de novos primers. mundo Brasil Porém espécimes limitase limita se ITS al al. 2005 tubarãomartelo, tubarãomartelo tubarão martelo, martelo tubarão-martelo Maranhão Carutapera Tutóia 201 2015. 2015 . (2015) proibido 67%, 67 67% , (67%) S 15%, 15 15% (15%) 3% 3 (3% 15%. (2005 primers 200 20 (2015 6 (67% 1 (15% (3 (200 2 (201 (67 (15 ( (20 (6 (1 (2

Resumo A percepção tradicional de direitos e obrigações mútuos no mundo em desenvolvimento estava praticamente limitada apenas aos seres humanos. Felizmente, esse entendimento convencional está crescendo para incluir todos os seres vivos no âmbito de certos direitos básicos. Também está abordando aquelas criaturas que coexistem naturalmente com as sociedades humanas ou estão associadas à subsistência e interdependência delas. Isso significa que deve haver um corpo prescrito de regras e regulamentos para regular a conduta humana na sociedade. No Paquistão, o despertar social para os direitos dos animais, apoiado por campanhas internacionais, levou as instituições estatais a criar um corpo adequado de regras e regulamentos para a proteção dos direitos dos animais. O objetivo de desenvolver a compreensão necessária é, em primeiro lugar, esclarecer: o que é um direito e o que é uma obrigação? Em segundo lugar, qual deve ser a natureza desses direitos e obrigações? Devem ser apenas específicos dos seres humanos ou existem outros seres que também possuem certos direitos? Se outros seres vivos e espécies têm direitos, como esses direitos devem ser conferidos e regulamentados? Quem está obrigado a fornecer esses direitos? Quem é o responsável por garantir o cumprimento de tais obrigações? Está ficando mais claro que, assim como os seres humanos, os animais têm certos direitos enquanto seres vivos. Quase todas as religiões do mundo prescreveram certos direitos a eles que estão criptografados em seus livros sagrados. A maioria das pessoas está ciente do conceito básico de observar o comportamento suave e gentil apenas para animais de estimação. Hoje, sabemos cientificamente que a humanidade e os animais têm uma inevitabilidade coexistente. Ao observar o comportamento e a sensação mútuos, o mundo concedeu direitos especiais aos animais, fazendo leis e atos. A implementação desses direitos só pode ser feita por meio do entendimento mútuo dos cidadãos sob a supervisão das agências de aplicação da lei. É responsabilidade do Estado e dos cidadãos dos Estados proteger conjuntamente os animais quando seus direitos estão sendo violados.

Abstract The traditional perception of mutual rights and obligations in the developing world was practically confined to human beings only. Fortunately, this conventional understanding is growing to include all living beings in the scope of certain basic rights. It is also addressing those creatures which are co-existing with human societies naturally or are associated for their subsistence and interdependence. It means that there should be prescribed body of rules and regulations to regulate human conduct in the society. In Pakistan social awakening for animal rights supported by international campaigns have urged state institutions to make adequate body of rules and regulations for protection of animal rights. Purpose of developing required understanding, at the first place is to clarify what is a right and what is an obligation? Secondly what should be the nature of these rights and obligations. Should these be only specific to human beings or there are other beings who also possess certain rights? If other living beings, species have rights, how these rights are to be conferred and regulated? Who is under obligation to provide these rights? Who is liable and responsible to ensure observance of such obligations? It is becoming clearer that like human beings’ animals do have certain rights as living beings. All most all religions of the world have prescribed certain rights to them which are encrypted in their holy books. Most of the people are aware of basic concept of observing mild and kind behavior towards pet animals only. Today we scientifically know that humanity and animals have co-existing inevitability. By observing mutual behavior and sensation, the world has provided special rights to the animals by making laws and Acts. Implementation of those rights can only be made through mutual understanding of the citizens under the supervision of law enforcing agencies. It is the responsibility of state and citizens of the states jointly to protect the animals when their rights are being violated.

Abstract Over the decades, riverine ecosystems is suffering from intense human intervention resulting in degradation and habitat loss as a consequence, many fish species become endangered, particularly in rivers where heavy demand is placed on freshwater. Wallago attu is fast growing catfish belongs to the family siluridae has good market demand having high protein content and nutritional value in it’s flesh. The data was obtained for metal concentration in wet and dry body weight in wild Wallago attu. All metal was found under permissible limit as recommended by different international organizations. Calcium was found highest, while cadmium in lowest concentration. Fe, Zn, Cu, Ni, Mn, K, Na, Ca and Mg showed highly significant (P<0.001) positive correlation with wet body weight except Co and Cd showed non-significant (P>0.05) correlation. Metals such as Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, K, Ca, Mg and Co shown negative allometric pattern with increasing body weight concentration of Cu, Fe, Zn, Ni, Pb, Mn, Na, Ca and K showed positive relationship (P<0.001) with total length (cm), except for Co and Cd, which indicated non significant correlation (P>0.05). Present Study will helpful to assess toxicity due to presence of heavy metals for researchers and different organizations from River Chenab, Punjab, Pakistan. decades consequence endangered freshwater its it s flesh highest Fe Zn Cu Ni Mn Na P<0.001 P0001 P 0 001 (P<0.001 nonsignificant P>0.05 P005 05 (P>0.05 Pb cm, cm , (cm) P>0.05. . Chenab Punjab Pakistan P<0.00 P000 00 (P<0.00 P>0.0 P00 (P>0.0 (cm P<0.0 (P<0.0 P>0. P0 (P>0. P<0. (P<0. P>0 (P>0 P<0 (P<0 P> (P> P< (P< (P

Resumo Ao longo das décadas, os ecossistemas ribeirinhos sofreram intensa intervenção humana, resultando em degradação e perda de habitat. Como consequência, muitas espécies de peixes tornaram-se ameaçadas, principalmente em rios onde há grande demanda de água doce. Wallago attu é um bagre de crescimento rápido pertencente à família Siluridae tem boa demanda de mercado com alto teor de proteína e valor nutricional em sua carne. Os dados foram obtidos para concentração de metal no peso corporal úmido e seco em Wallago attu selvagem. Todo o metal foi encontrado no limite permitido, conforme recomendado por diferentes organizações internacionais. O cálcio foi encontrado em maior concentração, enquanto o cádmio em menor concentração. Fe, Zn, Cu, Ni, Mn, K, Na, Ca e Mg apresentaram correlação positiva altamente significativa (P < 0,001) com o peso corporal úmido, exceto Co e Cd que apresentaram correlação não significativa (P > 0,05). Metais como Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, K, Ca, Mg e Co apresentaram padrão alométrico negativo com o aumento do peso corporal(P < 0,001) e do comprimento total (em centímetros), exceto para Co e Cd, que indica correlação não significativa (P > 0,05). O presente estudo será útil para avaliar a toxicidade devido à presença de metais pesados para pesquisadores e diferentes organizações de River Chenab, Punjab, Paquistão. décadas humana habitat consequência tornaramse tornaram se ameaçadas doce carne selvagem permitido internacionais Fe Zn Cu Ni Mn K Na P 0,001 0001 0 001 0,05. 005 0,05 . 05 0,05) Pb corporalP centímetros, centímetros , centímetros) Chenab Punjab Paquistão 0,00 000 00 0,0 0,

ABSTRACT. Native to the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest, cambuci fruits can be consumed either in natura or in the processed form, and cambuci trees can be used to recover degraded areas. However, studies regarding cambuci germination and seedling development are scarce. The main aim of this study was to understand how different substrates and containers influence the growth of cambuci seedlings. To this end, two experiments were conducted: five different substrates were tested in the first experiment, and based on the multivariate analysis of the first experiment, the effect of combination of the best-performing substrates and three commonly employed plant growth containers on seedling development was investigated. Overall, good quality cambuci seedlings were obtained when they were grown in the commercial pine bark substrate and peat and perlite mixture in a 260 cm3 container. ABSTRACT Rainforest form areas However scarce end conducted experiment bestperforming best performing investigated Overall 26 cm container 2

Abstract Morphoanatomy and histochemistry of Baccharis palustris: insights into a highly endangered endemic species from Southeastern America. The phenotypic plasticity of the Baccharis genus makes species identification difficult, even at the flowering stage. In this context, morphoanatomical studies are a powerful tool for botanical authentication, mainly emphasizing the recognition of diagnostic characteristics that may be useful for distinguishing similar species. Given the limited knowledge available about the endemic species B. palustris, this work aimed to characterize the morphoanatomy and histochemistry of its vegetative aerial parts to identify characters with diagnostic value and to elucidate the sites of synthesis and accumulation of metabolites of medicinal importance. B. palustris leaf showed pinnate, camptodrome-brochidodrome venation patterns. Blade with dorsiventral mesophyll, aerenchymatous spongy parenchyma, collateral vascular bundles, and different types of stomata and trichomes, including glandular trichomes with a multi-layered base evidenced and described for the first time in the genus. The petiole was winged, with three collateral vascular bundles. The stem showed a penta-lobulated contour with unusual growth, starch, and crystals in the pith. The presence of secretory ducts and glandular trichomes, which synthesized lipids, terpenes/polyacetylenes, and phenolic compounds, was observed. The morphological/histochemical characteristics described in this work contribute to the knowledge of the species, highlighting the importance of its preservation as a valuable resource. America difficult stage context authentication B pinnate camptodromebrochidodrome camptodrome brochidodrome patterns mesophyll parenchyma bundles multilayered multi layered winged pentalobulated penta lobulated growth starch pith lipids terpenespolyacetylenes terpenes polyacetylenes terpenes/polyacetylenes compounds observed morphologicalhistochemical morphological histochemical resource

Resumen Morfoanatomía e histoquímica de Baccharis palustris: ampliando el conocimiento de una especie endémica altamente amenazada del sureste de América. La plasticidad fenotípica del género Baccharis dificulta la identificación de las especies, incluso en la etapa de floración. En este contexto, la descripción morfoanatómica es una herramienta poderosa para la autenticación botánica, haciendo hincapié en las características de valor diagnóstico que pueden ser útiles para distinguir especies similares. Dado el escaso conocimiento disponible sobre la especie endémica B. palustristis, el objetivo de este trabajo fue caracterizar la morfoanatomía y la histoquímica de las partes aéreas vegetativas de B. palustris y establecer los sitios de síntesis y acumulación de metabolitos de importancia medicinal. La hoja de B. palustris mostró venación pinnada, camptódroma, broquidódromo. Lámina con mesofilo dorsiventral con parénquima esponjoso aerenquimático, haces vasculares colaterales y distintos tipos de estomas y tricomas, entre los que se destacan tricomas glandulares de base pluriceriada nunca antes descriptos para el género. El pecíolo se presentó alado, con tres haces vasculares colaterales. El tallo mostró contorno pentalobulado con crecimiento poco usual, almidón y cristales en la médula. Se observó la presencia de conductos secretores y tricomas glandulares, los cuales pueden sintetizar lípidos, terpenos/poliacetilenos y compuestos fenólicos. Las características morfológicas/histoquímicas descritas en este trabajo contribuyen al conocimiento de la especie, destacando la importancia de su preservación como un recurso valioso. América floración contexto botánica similares B palustristis medicinal pinnada camptódroma broquidódromo aerenquimático alado usual médula lípidos terpenospoliacetilenos terpenos poliacetilenos fenólicos morfológicashistoquímicas morfológicas histoquímicas valioso