Resumen: La educación no debe estar confinada a los centros urbanos ni diseñada únicamente para grandes públicos. Los proyectos en esta sección evidencian la escasez de instalaciones educativas fuera de las grandes concentraciones urbanas, un problema significativo en América Latina. Las cuatro escuelas en la Araucanía, al sur de Chile, acogen a pequeños grupos de estudiantes de diferentes edades y de entornos rurales, muchos de los cuales viajan varios kilómetros para asistir a clases. Juntas, ofrecen una exploración tipológica donde pasillos o halls se transforman en animados interiores multipropósito. Su materialidad, dimensiones y emplazamiento estratégico les permiten funcionar como patios de recreo, comedores, aulas y espacios para reuniones públicas, sirviendo a profesores, estudiantes y la comunidad en general. El Bosque Learning Center en La Barra, Uruguay, es una iniciativa de una organización sin fines de lucro ante la falta de espacios culturales y de aprendizaje en este enclave costero. Como un espacio para la reunión social y cultural, el edificio posiciona el bosque en el corazón de la experiencia de aprendizaje. Las salas circulares translúcidas, construidas con materiales simples, y a la larga desmontables, alojan espacios para talleres y clases. Organizadas alrededor de un espacio social de mayor tamaño, se abren y cierran al bosque circundante. El diseño fomenta una conexión visual y sensorial con la naturaleza, enriqueciendo formas organizadas y espontáneas de aprendizaje en y desde el bosque.

Abstract: Education should not be confined to urban centers or designed solely for mass publics. The projects in this section highlight the critical shortage of educational facilities outside large urban areas, a significant issue across Latin America. The four schools in Araucanía, in the south of Chile, accomodate small groups of students of various ages from rural backgrounds, who often travel several miles to attend classes. Each school doubles as a communal center. Presented together they offer a typological exploration to transform halls or distribution spaces into lively indoor patios and multipurpose interiors. The materiality, dimensions, and thoughtful placement allow these spaces to function as playgrounds, cafeterias, classrooms, and venues for public gatherings, serving teachers, students and the broader community. Bosque Learning Center in La Barra, Uruguay, is a self-organized response from a non-profit organization to the lack of cultural and learning spaces in this seaside enclave. As a space for social and cultural gathering, the building places the forest at the heart of the learning experience. Translucent circular rooms, constructed with simple and sustainable materials, are organized around a central square space, opening and closing to the forest beyond. The design fosters a visual and perceptual connection with nature, enhancing organized and spontaneous forms of learning in, and from the forest.

Resumen: La educación no debe estar confinada a los centros urbanos ni diseñada únicamente para grandes públicos. Los proyectos en esta sección evidencian la escasez de instalaciones educativas fuera de las grandes concentraciones urbanas, un problema significativo en América Latina. Las cuatro escuelas en la Araucanía, al sur de Chile, acogen a pequeños grupos de estudiantes de diferentes edades y de entornos rurales, muchos de los cuales viajan varios kilómetros para asistir a clases. Juntas, ofrecen una exploración tipológica donde pasillos o halls se transforman en animados interiores multipropósito. Su materialidad, dimensiones y emplazamiento estratégico les permiten funcionar como patios de recreo, comedores, aulas y espacios para reuniones públicas, sirviendo a profesores, estudiantes y la comunidad en general. El Bosque Learning Center en La Barra, Uruguay, es una iniciativa de una organización sin fines de lucro ante la falta de espacios culturales y de aprendizaje en este enclave costero. Como un espacio para la reunión social y cultural, el edificio posiciona el bosque en el corazón de la experiencia de aprendizaje. Las salas circulares translúcidas, construidas con materiales simples, y a la larga desmontables, alojan espacios para talleres y clases. Organizadas alrededor de un espacio social de mayor tamaño, se abren y cierran al bosque circundante. El diseño fomenta una conexión visual y sensorial con la naturaleza, enriqueciendo formas organizadas y espontáneas de aprendizaje en y desde el bosque.

Abstract: Education should not be confined to urban centers or designed solely for mass publics. The projects in this section highlight the critical shortage of educational facilities outside large urban areas, a significant issue across Latin America. The four schools in Araucanía, in the south of Chile, accomodate small groups of students of various ages from rural backgrounds, who often travel several miles to attend classes. Each school doubles as a communal center. Presented together they offer a typological exploration to transform halls or distribution spaces into lively indoor patios and multipurpose interiors. The materiality, dimensions, and thoughtful placement allow these spaces to function as playgrounds, cafeterias, classrooms, and venues for public gatherings, serving teachers, students and the broader community. Bosque Learning Center in La Barra, Uruguay, is a self-organized response from a non-profit organization to the lack of cultural and learning spaces in this seaside enclave. As a space for social and cultural gathering, the building places the forest at the heart of the learning experience. Translucent circular rooms, constructed with simple and sustainable materials, are organized around a central square space, opening and closing to the forest beyond. The design fosters a visual and perceptual connection with nature, enhancing organized and spontaneous forms of learning in, and from the forest.

Resumen: Podemos conceptualizar un programa educativo de gran escala (como una escuela o universidad) como una pequeña ciudad, pero ¿cuál es la impronta urbana de una institución educativa? Los proyectos en esta sección ofrecen respuestas basadas en estrategias y contextos urbanos distintos. El Centro Cívico de la Universidad de Los Andes representa la primera fase de un ambicioso proyecto para abrir una manzana en el denso distrito histórico de La Candelaria en Bogotá, Colombia. Para llevarlo a cabo, los arquitectos proponen multiplicar y conectar niveles: pasajes y patios articulan el programa universitario con nuevos itinerarios y vistas a lo largo de la manzana. Esta porosidad se evidencia en la sección, revelando la densa y pensada capa de conexiones dentro y alrededor del nuevo edificio. En contraste, Chamisero, un enclave suburbano de estratos socioeconómicos altos en Santiago, Chile, se caracteriza por su clima seco y vegetación árida. Los arquitectos del colegio Alianza Francesa Antoine de Saint-Exupéry internalizaron ingeniosamente este paisaje y la ubicación del sitio en una ladera. Una serie de patios, algunos excavados y otros rellenados, forman terrazas a lo largo de la pendiente que permiten organizar las aulas en “barrios” de diferentes tamaños y programas. La imponente fachada de dos pisos hacia la avenida principal es testimonio de la demanda de una imagen institucional memorable, característica de la educación privada en Chile (y más allá). Sin embargo, la imagen más perdurable es la operación topográfica, especialmente vista desde la fachada trasera. Casi completamente incrustado en la ladera, el edificio ofrece a sus vecinos vistas despejadas hacia las colinas, cercanas y lejanas, que conforman el paisaje de este suburbio.

Abstract: We can conceptualize a large educational program like a school or university as a small city, but what is the urban imprint of an educational institution? Both projects in this section offer answers rooted in distinct urban strategies and contexts. The Universidad de Los Andes Civic Center is the first phase of an ambitious project to open up a block in Bogotá’s dense historic district of La Candelaria in Colombia. To achieve this, the architects propose multiplying and connecting floors: passageways and patios articulate the university program with new itineraries and vistas across the block. This porosity is perhaps more evident in section, revealing the thoughtful and dense layering of spaces within and around the new building. In contrast, Chamisero, a wealthy suburban enclave in Santiago de Chile, is defined by its dry climate and arid vegetation. The architects of the Alianza Francesa Antoine de Saint-Exupéry school ingeniously internalized this landscape and the plot’s foothill location. They crafted a series of patios, some excavated and others filled-in, creating terraces along the slope that organize classrooms into “neighborhoods” of varying sizes and programs. The building’s imposing two-floor facade towards the main avenue stands as a testimony of the demand for a memorable institutional image that is a trait of private education in Chile (and beyond). Yet, the image that endures is the overall topographic operation. Almost fully embedded in the hillside, the building offers its neighbors unobstructed views of the hills, near and far, that define the landscape of this suburb.

Resumen: Podemos conceptualizar un programa educativo de gran escala (como una escuela o universidad) como una pequeña ciudad, pero ¿cuál es la impronta urbana de una institución educativa? Los proyectos en esta sección ofrecen respuestas basadas en estrategias y contextos urbanos distintos. El Centro Cívico de la Universidad de Los Andes representa la primera fase de un ambicioso proyecto para abrir una manzana en el denso distrito histórico de La Candelaria en Bogotá, Colombia. Para llevarlo a cabo, los arquitectos proponen multiplicar y conectar niveles: pasajes y patios articulan el programa universitario con nuevos itinerarios y vistas a lo largo de la manzana. Esta porosidad se evidencia en la sección, revelando la densa y pensada capa de conexiones dentro y alrededor del nuevo edificio. En contraste, Chamisero, un enclave suburbano de estratos socioeconómicos altos en Santiago, Chile, se caracteriza por su clima seco y vegetación árida. Los arquitectos del colegio Alianza Francesa Antoine de Saint-Exupéry internalizaron ingeniosamente este paisaje y la ubicación del sitio en una ladera. Una serie de patios, algunos excavados y otros rellenados, forman terrazas a lo largo de la pendiente que permiten organizar las aulas en “barrios” de diferentes tamaños y programas. La imponente fachada de dos pisos hacia la avenida principal es testimonio de la demanda de una imagen institucional memorable, característica de la educación privada en Chile (y más allá). Sin embargo, la imagen más perdurable es la operación topográfica, especialmente vista desde la fachada trasera. Casi completamente incrustado en la ladera, el edificio ofrece a sus vecinos vistas despejadas hacia las colinas, cercanas y lejanas, que conforman el paisaje de este suburbio.

Abstract: We can conceptualize a large educational program like a school or university as a small city, but what is the urban imprint of an educational institution? Both projects in this section offer answers rooted in distinct urban strategies and contexts. The Universidad de Los Andes Civic Center is the first phase of an ambitious project to open up a block in Bogotá’s dense historic district of La Candelaria in Colombia. To achieve this, the architects propose multiplying and connecting floors: passageways and patios articulate the university program with new itineraries and vistas across the block. This porosity is perhaps more evident in section, revealing the thoughtful and dense layering of spaces within and around the new building. In contrast, Chamisero, a wealthy suburban enclave in Santiago de Chile, is defined by its dry climate and arid vegetation. The architects of the Alianza Francesa Antoine de Saint-Exupéry school ingeniously internalized this landscape and the plot’s foothill location. They crafted a series of patios, some excavated and others filled-in, creating terraces along the slope that organize classrooms into “neighborhoods” of varying sizes and programs. The building’s imposing two-floor facade towards the main avenue stands as a testimony of the demand for a memorable institutional image that is a trait of private education in Chile (and beyond). Yet, the image that endures is the overall topographic operation. Almost fully embedded in the hillside, the building offers its neighbors unobstructed views of the hills, near and far, that define the landscape of this suburb.

The history of the ora (with the symbol Φ) as a trade instrument is inextricably linked to the history of Orania, a village on the southern bank of the Orange River in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa. The closest town to Orania is Hopetown (43 kilometres to the northwest). Orania is about 160 kilometres south of Kimberley, the biggest city in the Northern Cape. Orania has a number of unique features. Firstly, all inhabitants are white and speak Afrikaans, with the implication that this is the language used for all activities (business, education, religion and social interaction). It is therefore viewed as a white Afrikaner cultural enclave. Secondly, the aim of Orania is self-determination as far as its future is concerned. In this context it has been described as a continuation of the Verwoerdian ideal of the 1960s. This aim is supported by "selfwerksaamheid" (loosely meaning "to work with our own for our own"), that is, a policy in terms of which preference is given to the employment of people from Orania. Thirdly, Orania has its own trade instrument, the ora, the symbol for which is Φ.2 The ora is described as a coupon used in settlement of cash transactions. Calling the ora currency would be a contravention of the South African Reserve Bank Act, 1989. The Orania Sakekamer [chamber of commerce] issues the ora. It is linked on a one-to-one basis to the South African rand, that is, at a rate of Φ 1,00 = R1,00. The inhabitants of Orania prefer to use ora when referring to amounts and this paper follows the same convention. Literature on Orania refers to the ora and its use in trade, but there is no research focusing on the development of the ora since it wasfirst launched in 2004. This paper seeks to contribute to filling this gap in the existing literature. The ora serves the needs of the inhabitants of Orania. A population census undertaken in Orania in December 2021 and early in 2022 reported the town'spopulation as 2 377 people, of whom 1 635 were 20 years and older. The same census also showed that Orania comprised 649 households and 220 businesses. Based on the 2021/22 census, the total personal annual income of the residents of Orania in 2021 was estimated at Φ295 672 222. Per capita personal annual income of the 2 377 inhabitants was therefore estimated at Φ124 389. Based on the same census data, the annual household income in Orania was estimated at Φ190 331179. The difference in estimates cannot be explained in terms of the 2021/2022 census data and was previously highlighted as an area for further research. These estimates show some correlation with the survey data obtained from the 2021 business survey conducted in Orania. Business turnover in 2021 was estimated at Φ281 950 000. More research is necessary to ascertain whether the increase in the value of ora issued correlates at all with the growth rate of economic activity in Orania. If this correlation can be determined, ora in circulation will be a useful indicator of the growth of economic activities in Orania. The growth rate of ora coupons cannot be compared with growth in economic activity because the latter has not previously been calculated on a comparable basis. Recently research was published that will contribute to a basis for determining future economic growth. This research shows that the ora contributes to "community building" (a sense that the residents are building their own future) in Orania and limits cash risks in the town. However, the ora also has certain disadvantages for residents of Orania. Holders of ora coupons and dOra must exchange them for rand in Orania for cash transactions outside the town. Any discount that businesses grant on ora transactions reduces their turnover and gross profit. The fact that ora coupons are not machine-readable increases the administration costs of the coupons. The final conclusion is that the ora is inextricably linked to Orania. The town can exist without the ora, but the ora cannot exist without Orania.

Hierdie artikel fokus op die geskiedenis van die ora (Φ3) sedert die eerste vrystelling daarvan 20 jaar gelede in 2004. Die ora is onlosmaaklik verweef met Orania, 'n Afrikaanse dorp in die Noord-Kaap. Die ora is op 'n een-tot-een-grondslag gekoppel aan die Suid-Afrikaanse rand. Die ora sirkuleer as 'n wettige betaalmiddel vir gebruik in kontanttransaksies in Orania. Die bestaan en sirkulasie van die ora is een van die unieke eienskappe van Orania. 'n Verdere unieke eienskap van Orania is die uitsluitlike gebruik van Afrikaans in die dorp. Alle bedrywighede (godsdiensbeoefening, kultuuraktiwiteite, onderrig en saketransak-sies) geskied uitsluitlik in Afrikaans. Voorts het Orania net wit inwoners. Die dorp word dus as 'n wit Afrikaner enklawe beskou. Daarbenewens is die oogmerk van Orania selfbeskikking wat die dorp se toekoms betref. Dit bring Orania in lyn met die voortsetting van die Verwoerdiaanse ideaal van afsonderlike ontwikkeling tot selfbeskikking. Hierdie ideaal word in Orania ondersteun deur "selfwerk-saamheid", met ander woorde 'n beleid dat voorkeur gegee word aan indiensneming van die inwoners van Orania. Die inwoners van Orania verkies om bedrae in ora te noem en nie in rand nie. Gevolglik word daardie praktyk in hierdie artikel gebruik. Gebaseer op die 2021/22-sensusopname in Orania, is totale persoonlike jaarlikse inkomste op Φ295 672 222 beraam. Per capita persoonlike jaarlikse inkomste vir die 2 377 inwoners is dus op Φ124 389 beraam. Hierteenoor is die jaarlikse inkomste van huishoudings in Orania in 2021 op Φ190 331 179 beraam. Hierdie verskil in ramings kan nie met behulp van die bestaande sensusopnamedata verklaar word nie en is tevore aangestip as 'n gebied vir verdere navorsing. Die 2021-besigheidsopname van Orania rapporteer data oor sake-ondernemings in die dorp. Op grond van hierdie opnamedata is die jaarlikse omset van sakeondernemings in Orania in 2021 op Φ281 950 000 beraam. Meer navorsing is nodig om te bepaal of die groei in ora-koepons wat uitgereik word, hoegenaamd korreleer met die groei in ekonomiese bedrywighede in Orania. Die groeikoers van ora-koepons kan nie met groei in ekonomiese bedrywighede vergelyk word nie omdat laasgenoemde nie voorheen op 'n vergelykbare basis bereken is nie. Onlangse navorsing is die eerste inisiatief om 'n basis te skep vir die bepaling van Orania se toekomstige ekonomiese groei. Indien hierdie korrelasie deur toekomstige navorsing bepaal kan word, sal dit 'n nuttige en maklike aanwyser van ekonomiese bedrywighede op die dorp wees. Die navorsing toon ook dat die ora tot gemeenskapsbewussyn bydra, byvoorbeeld omdat die inwoners bedrae in ora uitdruk, eerder as in rand. Die ora verminder ook kontantrisiko in Orania, omdat die ora nie buite die dorp gebruik kan word nie. Die ora het egter ook sekere nadele vir inwoners van Orania. Houers van ora-koepons en dOra moet dit in Orania vir rand inwissel vir kontanttransaksies buite die dorp. Enige afslag wat sake-ondernemings op ora-transaksies toestaan, verminder hul omset en bruto wins. Die feit dat ora-koepons nie masjienleesbaar is nie, verhoog die administrasiekoste van die koepons. Die ora en Orania is onlosmaaklik met mekaar verweef. Die dorp kan egter sonder die ora bestaan, terwyl die ora nie sonder Orania kan bestaan nie.

RESUMEN En Ecuador, una nueva clase social crece exponencialmente; el precariado. Tal que este, parece ser un tema social que a nadie le concierne y sin embargo, tiene un alto proceder en el ámbito laboral y empresarial. Tanto es así, que su condición es muy relevante para la clase obrera; motivo, de que se arraiga en la precariedad e inseguridad. A la par, el proletariado tampoco tiene privilegios y menos, estabilidad; es aquí, cuando actúa el neoliberalismo y la xenofobia. Momento en el cual, esta vez y con lógica, se propone sensatez en el ideal contrario y más que todo, en el respeto merecido de la estabilidad laboral en busca del bienestar común; encausando la mercantilización, el esfuerzo del trabajo y la prosperidad familiar.

ABSTRACT In Ecuador, a new social class is growing exponentially; the precariat Such that this seems to be a social issue that concerns no one and yet, it has a high profile in the workplace and business environment. So much so, that their condition is very relevant for the working class; reason, that it is rooted in precariousness and insecurity. At the same time, the proletariat does not have privileges and even less stability; This is when neoliberalism and xenophobia act. Moment in which, this time and with logic, reasonableness is proposed in the opposite ideal and, above all, in the deserved respect for job stability in search of common well-being; leading to commercialization, work effort and family prosperity.

Abstract After decades of repeated socio-environmental conflicts in the port region of São Luís, Maranhão, triggered by the appropriation of land from traditional communities, the State and capital have used planning for changes in land use and occupation, legitimizing the land expansion and unifying different business interests. Understanding the process as the result of neoextractivist strategies of the local economic enclave, this article analyzes the relations between port and municipal planning which, based on the developmentalist discourse, have incorporated the demands of real estate capital in a new movement of “accumulation by spoliation” for the submission of Land and Labor to the captivity of capitalist reproduction. socioenvironmental socio environmental Luís Maranhão communities occupation interests enclave which discourse accumulation spoliation reproduction

Resumo Após décadas de repetidos conflitos socioambientais na região portuária de São Luís, Maranhão, provocados pela apropriação de terras de comunidades tradicionais, Estado e Capital se utilizaram do planejamento para mudanças no uso e ocupação do solo, legitimando a expansão fundiária e unificando diferentes interesses empresarias. Entendendo o processo como fruto de estratégias neoextrativistas do enclave econômico local, o artigo analisa as relações entre planejamento portuário e municipal que, a partir do discurso desenvolvimentista, incorporou as demandas do capital imobiliário em um novo movimento de “acumulação por espoliação” para submissão da Terra e do Trabalho ao cativeiro da reprodução capitalista. Luís Maranhão tradicionais solo empresarias local que desenvolvimentista acumulação espoliação capitalista

Abstract In the following article, I present an alternative version of Cancun’s history that attempts to go beyond the discourse of the foreign enclave of “sea, sun and sand” tourism, by exploring the implications that the project had for national sovereignty as the last pioneering front in the “conquest of the East”. Through a cross-referencing of primary and secondary sources, I propose an ethnography of the history of Cancun, ranging from the implementation of the project and the early years of the city (1968-1977), to the junctures that marked, onwards, the construction of an ad hoc historical present. The objective is to understand how this emblem of international tourism negotiates its local identity by claiming belonging to the nation and the Caribbean, without disregarding the pioneering nativism erected as its foundation myth. This allows us to glimpse to what extent the invention of this new Mexican Caribbean destabilizes or updates the borders of the national narrative.

Resumo No artigo a seguir, apresento uma versão alternativa da história de Cancún que tenta ir além do discurso do enclave estrangeiro de turismo de sol e praia, explorando as implicações do projeto para a soberania nacional, entendido como a última frente pioneira na “conquista do Leste”. Através de um cruzamento de fontes primárias e secundárias, proponho uma etnografia da história de Cancún que vai da implementação do projeto e os primeiros anos da cidade (1968-1977) às conjunturas que marcaram, a partir de então, a construção de um presente histórico ad hoc. O objetivo é entender como esse emblema do turismo internacional negocia sua identidade local, afirmando pertencer à nação e ao Caribe, sem descartar o nativismo pioneiro erigido como seu mito fundador. Isso nos permite vislumbrar até que ponto a invenção desse novo Caribe mexicano desestabiliza ou reatualiza os limites da narrativa nacional.

Resumen En el siguiente artículo, presento una versión alternativa de la historia de Cancún que intenta rebasar el discurso del enclave extranjerizante de turismo de sol y playa, a partir de explorar las implicaciones que el proyecto tuvo para la soberanía nacional como último frente pionero en la “conquista del Este”. A través de un cruce de fuentes primarias y secundarias, propongo una etnografía de la historia de Cancún, que va de la implementación del proyecto y los primeros años de la ciudad (1968-1977) hasta las coyunturas que marcaron, en adelante, la construcción de un presente histórico ad hoc. El objetivo es entender cómo este emblema del turismo internacional negocia su identidad local a través de reclamar pertenencia a la nación y al Caribe, sin por ello desestimar el nativismo pionero erigido como su mito fundacional. Esto permite vislumbrar hasta qué punto, la invención de este nuevo Caribe mexicano, desestabiliza o reactualiza las fronteras del relato nacional.

Resumen: La expresión, selva de pedra, es uno de los epítetos más comunes que se utilizan para describir la megalópolis que es São Paulo, Brasil. Esta selva de piedra se caracteriza por un paisaje repleto de edificios que constituyen el triunfo de la modernidad, y a la misma vez esconde los desechos y mecanismos más crueles del capitalismo. Por ejemplo, el peonaje por deudas es un sistema de mecanismos capitalistas que subyugan y explotan al individuo en una manifestación de esclavitud moderna. Dicho lo anterior, el tema del peonaje por deudas aún es un discurso muy escaso en la producción cultural brasileña, pero recientemente ha surgido dentro del ámbito social gracias a la película 7 prisoneiros (2021) que trata el mismo tema para explorar la trata y explotación del ser humano en el paisaje urbano paulistano. Asimismo, el paisaje refleja la metamorfosis que ocurre en los personajes que sufren la explotación en el texto fílmico. En este artículo, uso el marco teórico de Teresa P.R. Caldeira, y su noción de fortified enclaves, y el discurso sociológico de Zygmunt Bauman, para analizar cómo el paisaje urbano (des)construye la subjetividad de los personajes en 7 prisoneiros (2021). A lo largo del texto, reconceptualizo el término de fortified enclaves, como enclaves de atrapamiento, para destacar cómo este espacio produce vidas desperdiciadas. De esta manera se puede delinear cómo el mecanismo de peonaje por deudas es un producto del sistema capitalista de extractivismo y explotación del ser humano que también se esconde en las sombras de la inmensa selva de piedra que es la ciudad de São Paulo.

Abstract: The expression, selva de pedra, is one of the most common epithets used to describe the megalopolis that is São Paulo, Brazil. This selva de pedra is characterized by a landscape of high-rises that indicate the triumph of modernity, but at the same time hides the wastes of capitalism and its cruellest mechanisms of power. For example, debt-bondage is a capitalistic system of mechanisms which subjugate and exploit individuals in a manifestation of modern-day slavery. Debt-bondage is a rare topic in today’s Brazilian cultural production but has come to surface recently in the social sphere due to the film, 7 prisoneiros (2021) that deals with the exploitation of individuals in the urban landscape of São Paulo. In this manner, the landscape reflects the metamorphosis that occurs in the characters who are exploited in the film. In this article, I use the theoretical framework of Teresa P.R. Caldeira and her notion of fortified enclaves, as well as Zygmunt Bauman’s sociological discourse, to analyse how the urban landscape (de)constructs the subjectivity of the characters in 7 prisoneiros. Throughout the text, I reconceptualize the notion of a fortified enclave, into an enclave of entrapment, to argue that this space produces wasted lives. Thus, one can delineate how debt-bondage is a by-product of extractivism and how this system exploits the individual and hides in the shadows of the immense concrete jungle that is São Paulo.

Resumo O presente artigo parte de um desafio para tratar o tema da habitação, tendo por referência a população afrodescendente em Portugal. Não havendo uma delimitação absoluta, nem contabilização, dessa população, o que se sabe é que esta está sobre-representada entre os residentes de bairros marcados pela precariedade habitacional. O texto que se segue foca-se no hiato entre as vidas desses habitantes e as formas de conhecer e agir sobre as questões habitacionais que os afectam. Fá-lo cruzando o tema com a história e experiências de pessoas ligadas à Cova da Moura, bairro da Área Metropolitana de Lisboa predominantemente representado como um enclave migrante africano e associado a condições de precariedade habitacional. Considera três casos pessoais exemplificativos, que remetem para a vida de famílias ligadas a trânsitos que reúnem Cabo Verde e Portugal num mesmo quadro de experiência e referência. O artigo propõe-se ser útil para pensar formas mais democráticas de equacionar as questões relativas a bairros “alterizados” (othered) da Área Metropolitana de Lisboa e de imaginar caminhos para com elas lidar.

Abstract This article addresses the theme of housing for Afro-Portuguese populations, with a focus on Cova da Moura, a Lisbon neighbourhood often portrayed as an African migrant enclave and its housing precarity. It draws on three biographies that illustrate the life experiences of families with migrant trajectories that connect them to both Cape Verde and Portugal. The article aims to show the complexity of realities that are often simplistically considered as situations of linear poverty and disempowerment. In particular, it aims to contribute to more democratic ways of considering different issues regarding ‘othered’ neighbourhoods in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area and devising ways to address them.

Abstract This article describes the performance and progress of South Korea's commercial diplomacy in Mexico based on the study of its country brand. This research seeks to be a contribution to the study of the bilateral relations of Korea and Mexico. Through surveys and two semi-structured interviews, conducted with the Korean Trade-Investment Promotion Agency (Kotra) and Dr. Eduardo Luciano Tadeo, in which they sought to identify the importance of the Mexican market for Korea in order to establish a direct relationship between the concepts of commercial diplomacy and country brand and how from its application it can be a preamble to a free trade agreement. This research is descriptive, exploratory, mixed and starts with a theoretical review of the concepts of commercial diplomacy and country brand. It is concluded that Korea has had a positive influence through its country brand and the joint support of other cultural, social and educational policies, generating favorable conditions to develop its objectives of commercial expansion in Mexico, which is the door not only to the Latin American market, but also to the North American, being a strategic enclave within the continent.

Resumen En este artículo se describe el desempeño y avance de la diplomacia comercial de Corea del Sur en México a partir del estudio de su marca país. Esta investigación busca ser un aporte para el estudio de las relaciones bilaterales de Corea y México. A través de encuestas y dos entrevistas semiestructuradas, realizadas a la Korean Trade-Investment Promotion Agency (Kotra) y al doctor Eduardo Luciano Tadeo, en las que se buscó identificar la importancia del mercado mexicano para Corea con el fin de establecer una relación directa entre los conceptos de diplomacia comercial y marca país y cómo a partir de su aplicación puede ser un preámbulo a un tratado de libre comercio. Esta investigación es descriptiva, exploratoria, mixta y parte de una revisión teórica de los conceptos de diplomacia comercial y marca país. Se concluye que Corea ha tenido una influencia positiva a través de su marca país y el apoyo en conjunto de otras políticas culturales, sociales y educativas, generando condiciones favorables para desarrollar sus objetivos de expansión comercial en México, que es la puerta no sólo al mercado latinoamericano, sino también al norteamericano, al ser un enclave estratégico dentro del continente.

Resumen Este trabajo presenta diversos indicadores de minería prehispánica en la cuenca de Ratones, Puna de Salta, Noroeste argentino, principalmente de época tardía preincaica e inca. Se estudia el registro relacionado con la explotación de turquesa en una fuente de este mineral ubicada en el cerro Inca Viejo, donde se encuentra una cueva con numerosa evidencia minero-ritual. En este marco, se analizan conjuntos artefactuales vinculados con la minería lapidaria, procedentes de esta fuente y de un enclave incaico denominado Abra de Minas, localizado en sus cercanías. Específicamente, en ambos sitios, se relevaron martillos y yunques de distintos tamaños usados como herramientas líticas para los trabajos extractivos y de procesamiento. Estos instrumentos representan una evidencia de importancia para el estudio de contextos mineros prehispánicos del Noroeste argentino. Asimismo, se ha recuperado una alta frecuencia de fragmentos de turquesa y otros minerales de cobre y, en menor medida, cuentas y preformas. Los resultados obtenidos permiten señalar el valor que tuvo la turquesa para las sociedades andinas prehispánicas y, en particular, para los incas, dada la alta intensidad e inversión de trabajo minero en el área.

Abstract This work presents various indicators of pre-Hispanic mining in the Ratones basin, Puna of Salta, Northwestern Argentina, mainly from the late pre-Inca and Inca times. The record related to the exploitation of turquoise in a source of this mineral located in cerro Inca Viejo is studied, where there is a cave with numerous mining-ritual evidence. In this framework, artifactual sets linked to lapidary mining are analyzed, which come from this source and from an Inca enclave called Abra de Minas, located nearby. Specifically, in both sites, hammers and anvils of different sizes used as stone tools for extractive and processing work were found. These instruments represent important evidencefor the study ofpre-Hispanic mining contexts in Northwestern Argentina. Likewise, a high frequency of fragments of turquoise and other copper mineralsand, to a lesser extent, beadsandpreformshave been recovered. The results allow us to point out the value that turquoise hadfor pre-Hispanic Andean societies and, in particular, for the Incas, given the high intensity and investment of mining work in the area.

Abstract The work aims to contribute to the discussion on development theories, specifically focusing on agro-extractivism, from a Global South perspective, based on a brief historical and current review of ways in which connections with international markets have occurred and continue to occur in Paraguay. This type of connection was characterized in dependency theory as enclave economies; the concept conveys a form of exploitation of natural resources with weak or no ties to national economies. It highlights the use of physical coercion and the subordination of the national state to extraterritorial powers, facilitated by its capture by local elites lacking their own development agenda. The category remains useful for understanding current processes and for preventing their reproduction in emerging contexts, primarily through political means, which are related to emerging scenarios.

Resumen El trabajo busca contribuir a la discusión sobre teorías del desarrollo y más específicamente acerca del agro extractivismo, mirando desde el Sur Global, en base a una breve revisión histórica y actual de formas de conexión con los mercados internacionales que se dieron y se dan hoy en el Paraguay. Este tipo de conexión fue caracterizado en la teoría de la dependencia como economías de enclave; el concepto connota una forma de explotación de recursos naturales sin vínculos, o con vínculos muy débiles con las economías nacionales. Se destacan el uso de coerción física y la sumisión del Estado nacional a poderes extraterritoriales, facilitada por su captura por élites locales carentes de un proyecto de desarrollo propio. La categoría sigue siendo útil para la comprensión de procesos actuales y para evitar su reproducción en contextos emergentes. Esto último por medio de la vía política, que está referida a escenarios emergentes.

Abstract Aim Humid forest enclaves are areas with privileged rainfall patterns compared to the surrounding regions, which favours their use for human settlement and agricultural activities, actions that promote severe transformations of the landscape and can contribute to the degradation of local water resources. From this perspective, given the great importance of water reservoirs for this region and the high demand for water, this study aimed to analyse the conservation status of water quality in reservoirs subjected to different anthropic disturbance in a humid forest enclave in the State of Paraíba, Brazil. Methods Sampling campaigns were carried out for one year in six reservoirs: Mazagão I, Mazagão II, Vaca Brava, Saulo Maia, Rio do Canto and Lagoa do Paó, to measure the physic-chemical variables of the water. Results The influence of annual rainfall patterns on the capacity of these ecosystems to respond to anthropic pressures, indicating the effects of seasonality in the Lagoa do Paó reservoir. For the Vaca Brava, the low accumulated water volumes turned out to be more critical for changes in water quality than the use and occupation of the margins of this reservoir. Furthermore, the Mazagão I and II reservoirs showed low electrical conductivity. The Saulo Maia reservoir exhibit clear waters with low phosphorus content and can be used as a reference for a preserved environment for a highland humid forest enclave. Conclusions The conservation of the reservoir environment in the highland humid forest enclave is not sufficient to guarantee the water quality, as it is concentrated an affected at a certain time of the year. These aquatic ecosystems are under great pressure and the lack of decisions based on technical criteria makes them vulnerable to eutrophication. regions activities resources perspective Paraíba Brazil Brava physicchemical physic chemical pressures Furthermore conductivity eutrophication

Resumo Objetivo Os Brejos de Altitude são áreas com regime pluviométrico privilegiado em relação ao seu entorno, o que favorece seu uso para ocupação humana e atividades agrícolas, ações que promovem severas transformações na paisagem e podem contribuir para a degradação dos recursos hídricos locais. Nessa perspectiva, dada a grande importância dos reservatórios de água para essa região e a alta demanda hídrica, este estudo teve como objetivo analisar o estado de conservação da qualidade da água em reservatórios submetidos a diferentes níveis de perturbação antrópica no Brejo de Altitude do Estado da Paraíba, Brasil. Métodos Campanhas de amostragem foram realizadas durante um ano em seis reservatórios: Mazagão I, Mazagão II, Vaca Brava, Saulo Maia, Rio do Canto e Lagoa do Paó, para medir as variáveis físico-químicas da água. Resultados Há influência dos padrões pluviométricos anuais sobre a capacidade desses ecossistemas de responder às pressões antrópicas, indicando os efeitos da sazonalidade no reservatório Lagoa do Paó. Para Vaca Brava, os baixos volumes de água acumulados revelaram-se mais críticos para mudanças na qualidade da água do que o uso e ocupação das margens desse reservatório. Além disso, os reservatórios Mazagão I e II apresentaram baixa condutividade elétrica. O reservatório Saulo Maia apresentou águas límpidas com baixo teor de fósforo e pode ser utilizado como referência de ambiente conservado para Brejos de Altitude. Conclusões A conservação do entorno dos reservatórios no Brejo de Altitude não é suficiente para garantir a qualidade da água, pois, a precipitação elevada concentrada em determinada época do ano a afeta negativamente. Esses ecossistemas aquáticos estão sob grande pressão, e a ausência de decisões baseadas em critérios técnicos os torna vulneráveis à eutrofização. agrícolas locais perspectiva hídrica Paraíba Brasil Brava Paó físicoquímicas físico químicas antrópicas revelaramse revelaram se disso elétrica pois negativamente pressão eutrofização

Abstract The purpose of the article is to understand the processes of incorporation and rootedness of South American migrants in Santiago de Chile, in the context of South-South mobility. The analysis is based on qualitative research conducted between 2017 and 2022, on the Colombian and Venezuelan collectives, according to two issues: i. Settlement; and ii. Evaluation of imaginaries of the future. It is concluded that Colombians have a memory of violence due to the armed conflict and the unfinished peace process in their country, which makes them feel a sense of staying in Chile; and Venezuelans have a feeling of living in a state of transience and nostalgia that generates ambivalence about settling in Chile. Furthermore, in the last three years (in the context of the political crisis and pandemic), Venezuelans have experienced an internal stratification and a dispute of imaginaries in their coexistence with the Chilean population, as well as the consolidation of an ethnic enclave in the commune of Santiago. Chile SouthSouth mobility 201 2022 collectives issues i Settlement ii future country Furthermore pandemic, pandemic , pandemic) population 20 202 2

Resumen El propósito del artículo es comprender los procesos de incorporación y arraigo de migrantes sudamericanos en Santiago de Chile, en el contexto de la movilidad Sur-Sur. El análisis se realiza a partir de una investigación cualitativa realizada entre 2017 y 2022, sobre los colectivos colombiano y venezolano, de acuerdo con dos asuntos: i. asentamiento; y ii. evaluación de imaginarios de futuro. Se concluye que en los colombianos(as) hay una memoria de violencia por el conflicto armado y proceso de paz inconcluso en su país, que les produce sentido permanecer en Chile; y en los venezolanos(as) hay un sentimiento de vivir un estado de transitoriedad y nostalgia que generan ambivalencia respecto a arraigarse en Chile. Además, en los tres últimos años (en contexto de crisis política y pandemia), se observa en los venezolanos(as) una estratificación interna y disputa de imaginarios en la convivencia con la población chilena, así como la consolidación de lo que parece ser un enclave étnico en la comuna de Santiago. Chile SurSur. SurSur Sur Sur. Sur-Sur 201 2022 venezolano asuntos i asentamiento ii futuro colombianosas colombianos as colombianos(as país venezolanosas venezolanos venezolanos(as Además pandemia, pandemia , pandemia) chilena 20 202 2