Abstract We report a case of a 12-year-old adolescent diagnosed with Pott’s puffy tumor (PPT) and epidural empyema as a complication of acute rhinosinusitis. PPT is described as an inflammation in the frontal region due to the formation of a subperiotic abscess and osteomyelitis of the frontal bone. Although uncommon nowadays, this entity usually appears in adolescents, and it is frequently associated with intracranial complications. Early diagnosis, antibiotic therapy and endoscopic treatment when required are essential to avoid the risk of intracranial progression.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Parapneumonic pleural effusion, empyema, pneumothorax and bronchopleural fistula are complications of pneumonia. It is recommende to use intrapleural fibrinolytics for treating empyema in the absence of bronchopleural fistula, due to the risk of tension pneumothorax. Objective: To exhibit the clinical and radiological evolution of a seriously ill child with pneumonia complicated by empyema and pneumothorax, treated with intrapleural Heberkinasa®. Case report: The case of a seven-year-old patient is reported. He was admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit due to high fever, mucous skin paleness, respiratory difficulty, polypnea, nasal flaring, intercostal and subcostal indrawing, chest pain, and abolished vesicular murmur. in the lower ½ of the left lung field; these manifestations, together with what was observed in the chest x-ray and ultrasound, allowed the diagnosis of left-sided pneumonia complicated with empyema. After performing the thoracentesis and placing the pleural drain, a left pneumothorax appeared that required placement of a second-high chest tube for evacuation. The next day it was decided to apply Heberkinasa® intrapleurally for treating the empyema. There was no need for surgical treatment, nor did any adverse events appear with causality attributable to intrapleural Heberkinase® Administration. Conclusions: Intrapleural Heberkinase® was successfully used in a seriously ill patient with pneumonia complicated by empyema and iatrogenic pneumothorax, once the presence of bronchopleural fistula had been resolved and ruled out. The clinical and radiological evolution was favorable, with no complications related to the intrapleural fibrinolysis technique or the thrombolytic agent used.

RESUMEN Introducción: El derrame pleural paraneumónico, el empiema, el neumotórax y la fístula broncopleural son complicaciones de la neumonía. Para el tratamiento del empiema se recomienda el uso de fibrinolíticos intrapleurales, en ausencia de fístula broncopleural, por el riesgo de aparición de neumotórax a tensión. Objetivo: Mostrar la evolución clínica y radiológica de un niño grave con neumonía complicada con empiema y neumotórax, tratado con Heberkinasa® intrapleural. Presentación de caso: Se presenta un paciente de siete años de edad que ingresó en la unidad de terapia intensiva pediátrica por tener fiebre elevada, palidez cutáneo mucosa, dificultad respiratoria, polipnea, aleteo nasal, tiraje intercostal y subcostal, dolor torácico, murmullo vesicular abolido en la ½ inferior del campo pulmonar izquierdo; manifestaciones que junto a lo observado en la radiografía y ecografía torácica permitieron hacer el diagnóstico de neumonía izquierda complicada con empiema. Posterior a la realización de la toracocentesis y colocación del drenaje pleural apareció neumotórax izquierdo que requirió colocación de una segunda sonda pleural alta para su evacuación. Al día siguiente se decidió aplicar Heberkinasa® por vía intrapleural para el tratamiento del empiema. No hubo necesidad de tratamiento quirúrgico, ni aparecieron eventos adversos con causalidad atribuible a la administración de la Heberkinasa® intrapleural. Conclusiones: Se utilizó con éxito la Heberkinasa® intrapleural en un paciente grave con neumonía complicada con empiema y neumotórax iatrogénico, una vez resuelto y descartada la presencia de fistula broncopleural. La evolución clínica y radiológica fue favorable, sin complicaciones relacionadas con la técnica de la fibrinolisis intrapleural, ni con el agente trombolítico utilizado.

Abstract Objective: This study aims to correlate the RAPID score with the 3-month survival and surgical results of patients undergoing lung decortication with stage III pleural empyema. Methods: This was a retrospective study with the population of patients with pleural empyema who underwent pulmonary decortication between January 2019 and June 2022. Data were collected from the institution’s database, and patients were classified as low, medium, and high risk according to the RAPID score. The primary outcome was 3-month mortality. Secondary outcomes were the length of hospital stay, readmission rate, and the need for pleural re-intervention. Results: Of the 34 patients with pleural empyema, according to the RAPID score, patients were stratified into low risk (23.5 %), medium risk (47.1 %), and high risk (29.4 %). The high-risk group had a 3-month mortality of 40 %, while the moderate-risk group hada 6.25 % and the low-risk group had no deaths within 90days, confirmingagood correlation with the RAPID score (p < 0.05). Sensitivity and specificity for the primary outcome in the high-risk score were 80.0 % and 79.3%, respectively. The secondary outcomes did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions: In this retrospective series, the RAPID score had a good correlation with 3-month mortality in patients undergoing lung decortication. The morbidity indicators did not reach statistical significance. The present data justifies further studies to explore the capacity of the RAPID score to be used as a selection tool for treatment modality in patients with stage III pleural empyema. Objective 3month month 3 Methods 201 2022 institutions institution s database stay rate reintervention. reintervention re intervention. intervention re-intervention Results 23.5 235 23 5 (23. , %) 47.1 471 47 1 (47. 29.4 294 29 4 (29. %. . highrisk moderaterisk moderate 625 6 25 6.2 lowrisk 90days days p 0.05. 005 0.05 0 05 0.05) 800 80 80. 793 79 79.3% respectively significance Conclusions series 20 202 23. 2 (23 47. (47 29. (29 62 6. 00 0.0 8 7 79.3 (2 (4 0. 79. (

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify how pediatric surgeons manage children with pneumonia and parapneumonic pleural effusion in Brazil. Methods: An online cross-sectional survey with 27 questions was applied to pediatric surgeons in Brazil through the Brazilian Association of Pediatric Surgery. The questionnaire had questions about type of treatment, exams, hospital structure, and epidemiological data. Results: A total of 131 respondents completed the questionnaire. The mean age of respondents was 44 ± 11 years, and more than half (51%) had been practicing pediatric surgery for more than 10 years. The majority of respondents (33.6%) reported performing chest drainage and fibrinolysis when facing a case of fibrinopurulent parapneumonic pleural effusion. A preference for video-assisted thoracic surgery instead of chest drainage plus fibrinolysis was noted only in the Northeast region. Conclusions: Chest drainage plus fibrinolysis was the treatment adopted by most of the respondents in this Brazilian sample. There was a preference for large drains; in contrast, smaller drains were preferred by those who perform chest drainage plus fibrinolysis. Respondents would rather change treatment when facing treatment failure or in critically ill children. Objective Methods crosssectional cross sectional 2 Surgery exams structure data Results 13 4 1 years 51% 51 (51% 33.6% 336 33 6 (33.6% videoassisted video assisted region Conclusions sample contrast 5 (51 33.6 3 (33.6 (5 33. (33. ( (33 (3

Resumo: O empiema epidural espinhal multinível (EEE) e uma infecção rara e grave da coluna vertebral, com alta taxa de morbidade e mortalidade. Embora os abscessos ou empiemas de um setor da coluna vertebral sejam bem estudados, esta patologia surpreende pela sua raridade e desafio diagnóstico e terapêutico. Destaca-se por ser mais comum na idade adulta, no sexo masculino, e estar associada a patologias predisponentes. O agente bacteriológico responsável na maioria dos casos e o Staphylococcus aureus. O tratamento precoce e essencial e baseia-se em dois pilares: antibioticoterapia e cirurgia descompressiva. Apresentamos dois casos clínicos com envolvimento multinível que evoluíram favoravelmente tanto infecciosa quanto neurologicamente sem causar instabilidade da coluna vertebral e realizamos uma revisão bibliográfica do assunto. Nível de Evidencia IV; Estudo de Caso-controle. Resumo EEE (EEE mortalidade estudados terapêutico Destacase Destaca se adulta masculino predisponentes aureus baseiase baseia pilares descompressiva assunto IV Casocontrole. Casocontrole Caso controle. controle Caso-controle

ABSTRACT Multilevel spinal epidural empyema (SEE) is a rare and serious infection of the spine with a high rate of morbidity and mortality. Although abscesses or empyema of the spine sector are well studied, this pathology is surprising due to its rarity and diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. It stands out for being more common in adulthood and in males and is associated with predisposing pathologies. The bacteriological agent responsible in most cases is Staphylococcus aureus. Early treatment is essential and is based on two pillars: antibiotic therapy and decompressive surgery. We present two clinical cases with multilevel involvement that evolved favorably both infectiously and neurologically without causing spine instability and we carried out a bibliographic review of the subject. Level of Evidence IV; Case Report. SEE (SEE mortality studied challenge pathologies aureus pillars surgery subject IV Report

Resumen: El empiema epidural espinal (EEE) multinivel es una infección rara y grave de la columna vertebral con alta tasa de morbimortalidad. Si bien los abscesos o empiemas de un sector de la columna están bien estudiados, esta patología sorprende por su rareza, reto diagnóstico y terapeutico. Se destaca por ser más frecuente en la edad adulta, en el sexo masculino y se ve asociada a patologías predisponentes. El agente bacteriológico responsable en la mayoría de los casos es el Staphylococcus aureus. El tratamiento precoz es fundamental y está basado en dos pilares: antibioticoterapia y quirúrgico descompresivo Presentamos dos casos clínicos con afectación multinivel que evolucionaron favorablemente tanto en lo infeccioso como en lo neurológico sin provocar una inestabilidad del raquis y realizamos revisión bibliográfica del tema. Nivel de Evidencia IV; Estudio de Caso-control. Resumen EEE (EEE morbimortalidad estudiados rareza terapeutico adulta predisponentes aureus pilares tema IV Casocontrol. Casocontrol Caso control. control Caso-control

ABSTRACT Objective: Talc pleurodesis is a widely used treatment option for malignant pleural effusion (MPE). However, the optimal form of administration remains controversial. Thus, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the effectiveness of talc slurry (TS) in comparison with thoracoscopic talc insufflation/poudrage (TTI) for MPE treatment. Methods: We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases for studies that compared TS with TTI in patients with MPE. We used a random-effects model with a 95% CI to pool the data. Heterogeneity was assessed with I2 statistics. Results: We included eight studies involving 1,163 patients, 584 of whom (50.21%) underwent TS. Pleurodesis failure rates were similar between the procedures (OR = 1.07; 95% CI: 0.56-2.06; p = 0.83; I2 = 62%); and 68% of patients (95% CI: 0.31-1.47; p = 0.33; I2 = 58%) had postoperative complications, which were lower in patients in the TS group than in the TTI group. In a subgroup analysis considering only randomized clinical trials, the failure rate was significantly lower in the TS treatment group (OR = 0.62; 95% CI: 0.42-0.90; p = 0.01; I2 = 0%). Similarly, dyspnea was less common in the TS group (OR = 0.74; 95% CI: 0.41-1.34; p = 0.32; I2 = 55%). Adverse effects were reported in 86 patients, and no significant difference was seen between the TS and TTI groups: empyema (OR = 1.43; 95% CI: 0.36-5.64; p = 0.86; I2 = 0%), pain (OR = 1.22 (95% CI: 0.67-2.21; p = 0.51; I2 = 38%), and pneumonia (OR = 1.15; 95% CI: 0.30-4.46; p = 0.86; I2 = 27%). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that TS is an effective treatment for MPE, with no significant increase in adverse events. Results suggest equivalent efficacy and safety for both procedures. Objective . (MPE) However controversial Thus metaanalysis meta (TS insufflationpoudrage insufflation poudrage (TTI Methods PubMed EMBASE randomeffects random 95 data I statistics 1163 1 163 1,16 58 50.21% 5021 50 21 (50.21% OR 1.07 107 07 0.562.06 056206 0.56 2.06 0 56 2 06 0.56-2.06 0.83 083 83 62% 62 62%) 68 (95 0.311.47 031147 0.31 1.47 31 47 0.31-1.47 0.33 033 33 58% complications trials 0.62 062 0.420.90 042090 0.42 0.90 42 90 0.42-0.90 0.01 001 01 0%. 0% 0%) Similarly 0.74 074 74 0.411.34 041134 0.41 1.34 41 34 0.41-1.34 0.32 032 32 55%. 55 55% 55%) 8 groups 1.43 143 43 0.365.64 036564 0.36 5.64 36 5 64 0.36-5.64 0.86 086 0%, , 122 22 1.2 0.672.21 067221 0.67 2.21 67 0.67-2.21 0.51 051 51 38%, 38 38% 38%) 1.15 115 15 0.304.46 030446 0.30 4.46 30 4 46 0.30-4.46 27%. 27 27% 27%) Conclusions events (MPE 9 116 16 1,1 50.21 502 (50.21 1.0 10 562 0.562.0 05620 056 0.5 206 2.0 0.56-2.0 0.8 08 6 (9 311 0.311.4 03114 031 0.3 147 1.4 3 0.31-1.4 03 0.6 420 0.420.9 04209 042 0.4 090 0.9 0.42-0.9 0.0 00 0.7 7 411 0.411.3 04113 041 134 1.3 0.41-1.3 14 365 0.365.6 03656 036 564 5.6 0.36-5.6 12 1. 672 0.672.2 06722 067 221 2.2 0.67-2.2 05 1.1 11 304 0.304.4 03044 030 446 4.4 0.30-4.4 1, 50.2 (50.2 0.562. 0562 0. 20 2. 0.56-2. ( 0.311. 0311 0.31-1. 0.420. 0420 04 09 0.42-0. 0.411. 0411 13 0.41-1. 0.365. 0365 5. 0.36-5. 0.672. 0672 0.67-2. 0.304. 0304 44 4. 0.30-4. 50. (50. 0.562 0.56-2 0.311 0.31-1 0.420 0.42-0 0.411 0.41-1 0.365 0.36-5 0.672 0.67-2 0.304 0.30-4 (50 0.56- 0.31- 0.42- 0.41- 0.36- 0.67- 0.30- (5

Resumen Objetivo: Exponer nuestra experiencia con el colgajo vertical de trapecio y destacar su utilidad en la reconstrucción de la pared torácica en pacientes con fístulas broncopleurales. Material y métodos: Presentamos una serie de cinco pacientes con cavidades y fístulas broncopleurales de larga evolución. Utilizamos el colgajo musculocutáneo vertical de Trapecio, con un redireccionamiento del mismo a través de una ventana costal que permite acortar la distancia entre el colgajo y el defecto. Resultados: La fístula y el defecto fueron solucionados en el 80% de los casos. La calidad de vida mejoró y las necesidades de oxígeno disminuyeron. Conclusiones: El manejo de las toracotomías es un reto. El desbridamiento, toracoplastia y cobertura con colgajo son los pilares de su tratamiento, pero estos pacientes tienen escasa disponibilidad muscular. El colgajo musculocutáneo vertical de Trapecio representa la mayor unidad intacta musculocutánea en el tórax tras cirugía pulmonar. Su componente dérmico ofrece una matriz rígida para sellar el muñón bronquial, su componente muscular añade una gran cantidad de tejido vascularizado. No se han descrito déficits funcionales tras su uso.

Abstract Objective: The aim of the study was to present our experience with the vertical musculocutaneous trapezius (VMCT) flap and highlight its utility in the thoracic wall reconstruction in patients with bronchopleural fistula (BPF). Materials and methods: We present a five case series of patients with long-standing cavities and BPF. The VMCT flap was used, and a direct pathway into the defect was made through a separate posterior thoracotomy shortening the distance between the flap and the defect. Results: In 80% of the cases, the flap succeeded in solving the fistula and filling the defect, quality of life improved, and the need for oxygen decreased. Conclusions: Management of open window thoracostomy is challenging. Debridement, thoracoplasty, and flap coverage are the mainstream of their treatment, but these patients have scarce available muscle. The VMCT flap represents the major non-affected musculocutaneous unit in the thoracic area after lung surgery. Its dermal component offers a rigid matrix to form a seal over the bronchial stump. Its muscular component adds a good amount of vascularized tissue. No functional impairment has been described after its use.

ABSTRACT Spinal cord compression syndrome is a neurosurgical emergency because early diagnosis and early treatment could reverse the disabling consequences caused by this disease. The causes of this syndrome can be traumatic, metastatic, infectious, and vascular (hematomas). Infectious etiology is not frequent and the main germ involved is usually Staphylococcus aureus. Below we present the case of a 58-year-old patient with spinal cord compression syndrome of infectious etiology who was admitted to the Medical Clinic Service of the National Medical Center.

RESUMEN El síndrome de compresión medular es una urgencia neuroquirúrgica debido a que un diagnóstico precoz y un tratamiento temprano podría revertir las incapacitantes secuelas ocasionadas por esta enfermedad. Las causas de este síndrome pueden ser traumática, metastásica, infecciosa y vascular (hematomas). La etiología infecciosa no es frecuente y el principal germen involucrado suele ser Staphylococcus aureus. A continuación presentamos el caso de una paciente de 58 años con síndrome de compresión medular de etiología infecciosa quien fue ingresada en el Servicio de Clínica Médica del Centro Médico Nacional.

Resumen Introducción: El empiema pleural secundario a ruptura de absceso amebiano hepático es una complicación poco frecuente en la población pediátrica. Caso clínico: Se reporta el caso de un paciente de sexo masculino de 13 años que presentó dolor abdominal en flanco derecho, tos productiva con esputo de mal olor, fiebre y dificultad respiratoria. Al examen físico se encontró amplexación y murmullo vesicular disminuido en hemitórax derecho, distensión abdominal, hepatomegalia y edema de miembros inferiores. Los resultados del laboratorio evidenciaron anemia leve, leucocitosis sin eosinofilia, elevación de fosfatasa alcalina, hipoalbuminemia y anticuerpos IgG contra Entamoeba histolytica positivo en líquido pleural. Requirió tubo de drenaje torácico y tratamiento con metronidazol. A los dos meses de seguimiento los abscesos desaparecieron y el empiema disminuyó. Conclusiones: El empiema pleural masivo secundario a ruptura de absceso hepático es una complicación poco frecuente. El nexo epidemiológico asociado con la sintomatología y pruebas serológicas pueden ser de ayuda en el diagnóstico.

Abstract Background: Pleural empyema secondary to a ruptured amoebic liver abscess is a rare complication in the pediatric population. Case report: We report the case of a 13-year-old male with right flank abdominal pain, productive cough with foul-smelling sputum, fever, and respiratory distress. Physical examination revealed breathlessness, decreased vesicular murmur in the right hemithorax, abdominal distension, hepatomegaly, and lower limb edema. Laboratory tests revealed mild anemia, leukocytosis without eosinophilia, elevated alkaline phosphatase, hypoalbuminemia, and positive immunoglobulin G antibodies against Entamoeba histolytica in pleural fluid. He required a chest tube and treatment with metronidazole. After 2 months of follow-up, the abscesses disappeared, and the empyema decreased. Conclusions: Massive pleural empyema secondary to a ruptured liver abscess is a rare complication. The epidemiological link associated with the symptoms and serological tests can help in the diagnosis.

RESUMEN Se presenta el caso de un paciente joven inmunocompetente, con antecedente de tuberculosis pulmonar, que acude al hospital por un cuadro clínico subagudo de fiebre persistente, baja de peso, disnea y abolición del murmullo vesicular. La tomografía de tórax mostró un extenso empiema en hemitórax izquierdo. Se le toman muestras para detección de gérmenes comunes y se le colocan un tubo de drenaje torácico y se inicia antibioticoterapia. La prueba de MALDI-TOF MS identificó a Parvimonas micra, una bacteria anaerobia, comensal de la flora oral, asociado a periodontitis severa, escasamente reportado en empiema pleural, especialmente, en personas inmunocompetentes. En la evaluación odontológica se realizó el diagnóstico de gingivitis y pericoronaritis de la tercera molar. El paciente evolucionó favorablemente. Se sugiere que, en casos de empiemas pleurales subagudos o crónicos, se debe considerar, además de las micobacterias, como agente etiológico al Parvimonas micra, y optar por exámenes como MALDI-TOF MS o secuenciamiento del 16S rRNA, colocación de tubo de tórax, cobertura antibiótica empírica y evaluación odontológica.

ABSTRACT We present the case of a young immunocompetent patient, with a history of pulmonary tuberculosis, who attended the hospital with a subacute clinical picture of persistent fever, weight loss, dyspnea and abolition of vesicular murmur. Chest CT scan showed an extensive empyema in the left hemithorax. Samples were taken for detection of common germs. Then, a chest drainage tube was placed and antibiotic therapy started. The MALDI-TOF MS test identified Parvimonas micra, an anaerobic bacterium, commensal to the oral flora, associated with severe periodontitis, but rarely reported in cases of pleural empyema, especially in immunocompetent patients. Gingivitis and pericoronaritis of the third molar were diagnosed during oral evaluation. The patient progressed favorably. Parvimonas micra should be considered as a possible etiological agent in cases of subacute or chronic pleural empyema, in addition to mycobacteria. Tests such as MALDI-TOF MS or 16S rRNA sequencing, chest tube placement, empirical antibiotic coverage and an adequate oral evaluation should be considered in these cases.

Resumen: Introducción: la perforación espontánea de la vesícula biliar es una complicación poco frecuente de las patologías vesiculares, en la colecistitis aguda se presenta aproximadamente 2% de los casos, se asocia con una mortalidad entre 12 y 42%. Si se presenta con un absceso hepático concomitante es aún más rara. Material y métodos: paciente femenino de 55 años quien acudió al servicio de urgencias por dolor abdominal en epigastrio e hipocondrio derecho, irradiado a región interescapular de un mes de evolución. Se encontró leucocitosis, elevación de fosfatasa alcalina (FA) y gamma-glutamil transferasa (GGT); la tomografía axial computarizada (TAC) abdominal contrastada mostró vesícula biliar con litos impactados en su interior, ruptura intrahepática y absceso intrahepático. Resultados: realizamos colecistectomía más drenaje de absceso y colocación de drenajes por laparoscopia. Colocamos cuatro trocares, encontramos vesicular biliar Parkland 5 y absceso hepático en segmentos IV y V, se extrajo pieza con bolsa extractora y finalmente se colocaron drenajes de 19 Fr a hiato de Winslow y a cavidad del absceso. Conclusiones: la ruptura vesicular con formación de absceso hepático es una complicación poco frecuente. Representa un reto diagnóstico para el cirujano; sin embargo, gracias a las nuevas herramientas diagnósticas se puede realizar el diagnóstico de manera oportuna.

Abstract: Introduction: spontaneous gallbladder perforation is a rare complication of gallbladder pathologies, it’s seen in approximately 2% with mortality risk reported between 12-42%. If a secondary hepatic abscess is associated is even a less frequent complication. Material and methods: 55 year old woman, who visits the emergency room referring approximately a month with abdominal pain which irradiates to the inter-scapular region. Laboratory tests reported elevated leukocytes, alkaline phosphatase and gamma glutamyl transferase. The contrasted abdominal CT showed a gallbladder with impacted biliary calculus, as well as an intrahepatic rupture of the gallbladder associated to a hepatic abscess. Results: a laparoscopic cholecystectomy, abscess drainage and intraabdominal drain placement was carried out. We used four laparoscopic trocars. We found a Parkland 5 gallbladder and a hepatic abscess in segments IV and V. The surgical piece was extracted with an extracting bag and 19 Fr drains were placed to Winslow hiatus and the abscess cavity. Conclusions: gallbladder perforation with a secondary formation of a hepatic abscess is a very rare complication. It represents a diagnostic challenge, though due to recent diagnostic tools, prompt diagnosis is a possibility.

ABSTRACT We present the case of a young immunocompetent patient, with a history of pulmonary tuberculosis, who attended the hospital with a subacute clinical picture of persistent fever, weight loss, dyspnea and abolition of vesicular murmur. Chest CT scan showed an extensive empyema in the left hemithorax. Samples were taken for detection of common germs. Then, a chest drainage tube was placed and antibiotic therapy started. The MALDI-TOF MS test identified Parvimonas micra, an anaerobic bacterium, commensal to the oral flora, associated with severe periodontitis, but rarely reported in cases of pleural empyema, especially in immunocompetent patients. Gingivitis and pericoronaritis of the third molar were diagnosed during oral evaluation. The patient progressed favorably. Parvimonas micra should be considered as a possible etiological agent in cases of subacute or chronic pleural empyema, in addition to mycobacteria. Tests such as MALDI-TOF MS or 16S rRNA sequencing, chest tube placement, empirical antibiotic coverage and an adequate oral evaluation should be considered in these cases.

RESUMEN Se presenta el caso de un paciente joven inmunocompetente, con antecedente de tuberculosis pulmonar, que acude al hospital por un cuadro clínico subagudo de fiebre persistente, baja de peso, disnea y abolición del murmullo vesicular. La tomografía de tórax mostró un extenso empiema en hemitórax izquierdo. Se le toman muestras para detección de gérmenes comunes y se le colocan un tubo de drenaje torácico y se inicia antibioticoterapia. La prueba de MALDI-TOF MS identificó a Parvimonas micra, una bacteria anaerobia, comensal de la flora oral, asociado a periodontitis severa, escasamente reportado en empiema pleural, especialmente, en personas inmunocompetentes. En la evaluación odontológica se realizó el diagnóstico de gingivitis y pericoronaritis de la tercera molar. El paciente evolucionó favorablemente. Se sugiere que, en casos de empiemas pleurales subagudos o crónicos, se debe considerar, además de las micobacterias, como agente etiológico al Parvimonas micra, y optar por exámenes como MALDI-TOF MS o secuenciamiento del 16S rRNA, colocación de tubo de tórax, cobertura antibiótica empírica y evaluación odontológica.

ABSTRACT We report a fatal subdural empyema caused by Campylobacter rectus in a 66-year-old female who developed acute onset of confusion, dysarthria, and paresis in her left extremities. A CT scan showed hypodensity in a crescentic formation with a mild mid-line shift. She had a bruise on her forehead caused by a fall several days before admission, which initially raised subdural hematoma (SDH) diagnosis, and a burr hole procedure was planned. However, her condition deteriorated on the admission night, and she died before dawn. An autopsy revealed that she had subdural empyema (SDE) caused by Campylobacter rectus and Slackia exigua. Both microorganisms are oral microorganisms that rarely cause extra-oral infection. In our case, head trauma caused a skull bone fracture, and sinus infection might have expanded to the subdural space causing SDE. CT/MRI findings were not typical for either SDH or SDE. Early recognition of subdural empyema and prompt initiation of treatment with antibiotics and surgical drainage is essential for cases of SDE. We present our case and a review of four reported cases. 66yearold yearold 66 year old confusion dysarthria extremities midline mid line shift (SDH diagnosis planned However night dawn SDE (SDE exigua extraoral extra fracture CTMRI MRI 6

RESUMO A colecistite aguda (CA) é um processo inflamatório agudo da vesícula biliar que pode estar associado a complicações potencialmente graves, como empiema, gangrena, perfuração da vesícula biliar e sepse. O tratamento padrão para a CA é a colecistectomia laparoscópica. No entanto, para um pequeno grupo de pacientes com CA, o risco de colecistectomia laparoscópica pode ser muito alto, principalmente em idosos com doenças graves associadas. Nestes pacientes críticos, a colecistectomia percutânea ou a drenagem endoscópica da vesícula biliar guiada por ultrassom podem ser uma opção terapêutica temporária, como ponte para a colecistectomia. O objetivo deste artigo de posicionamento do Colégio Brasileiro de Cirurgia Digestiva é apresentar novos avanços no tratamento da CA em pacientes cirúrgicos de alto risco, para auxiliar cirurgiões, endoscopistas e clínicos a selecionar o melhor tratamento para os seus pacientes. A eficácia, segurança, vantagens, desvantagens e resultados de cada procedimento são discutidos. As principais conclusões são: a) Pacientes com CA e risco cirúrgico elevado devem ser tratados preferencialmente em hospitais terciários onde a experiência e os recursos cirúrgicos, radiológicos e endoscópicos estão disponíveis. b) A modalidade de tratamento ideal para pacientes com elevado risco cirúrgico, deve ser individualizada, com base nas condições clínicas e na experiência disponível. c) A colecistectomia laparoscópica continua sendo uma excelente opção de tratamento, principalmente em hospitais em que a drenagem da vesícula biliar percutânea ou endoscópica não está disponível. d) A colecistostomia percutânea e a drenagem endoscópica da vesícula biliar devem ser realizadas apenas em hospitais bem equipados e com radiologista intervencionista e/ou endoscopista experientes. e) O cateter de colecistostomia deve ser removido após a resolução da CA. No entanto, em pacientes que não têm condição clínica para realizar colecistectomia, o cateter pode ser mantido por um período prolongado ou mesmo definitivamente. f) Se o cateter de colecistostomia for mantido por longo período de tempo podem ocorrer várias complicações, como sangramento, fístula biliar, obstrução, dor no local de inserção, remoção acidental do cateter e CA recorrente. g) O tempo de espera ideal entre a colecistostomia e a colecistectomia ainda não foi estabelecido, e vai desde imediatamente após a melhoria clínica, até meses após. h) Longos períodos de espera entre colecistostomia e colecistectomia podem estar associados a novos episódios de CA, múltiplas readmissões hospitalares e aumento dos custos. Finalmente, ao selecionar a melhor opção de tratamento, outros aspectos também devem ser considerados, como custos, disponibilidade dos procedimentos no centro médico e o desejo do paciente. O paciente e sua família devem ser completamente informados sobre todas as opções de tratamento, para que possam ajudar a tomar a decisão final. (CA empiema gangrena sepse entanto associadas críticos temporária cirurgiões eficácia segurança vantagens discutidos disponíveis b individualizada disponível c d eou experientes definitivamente f sangramento obstrução inserção recorrente g estabelecido h custos Finalmente considerados final

ABSTRACT Acute cholecystitis (AC) is an acute inflammatory process of the gallbladder that may be associated with potentially severe complications, such as empyema, gangrene, perforation of the gallbladder, and sepsis. The gold standard treatment for AC is laparoscopic cholecystectomy. However, for a small group of AC patients, the risk of laparoscopic cholecystectomy can be very high, mainly in the elderly with associated severe diseases. In these critically ill patients, percutaneous cholecystostomy or endoscopic ultrasound gallbladder drainage may be a temporary therapeutic option, a bridge to cholecystectomy. The objective of this Brazilian College of Digestive Surgery Position Paper is to present new advances in AC treatment in high-risk surgical patients to help surgeons, endoscopists, and physicians select the best treatment for their patients. The effectiveness, safety, advantages, disadvantages, and outcomes of each procedure are discussed. The main conclusions are: a) AC patients with elevated surgical risk must be preferably treated in tertiary hospitals where surgical, radiological, and endoscopic expertise and resources are available; b) The optimal treatment modality for high-surgical-risk patients should be individualized based on clinical conditions and available expertise; c) Laparoscopic cholecystectomy remains an excellent option of treatment, mainly in hospitals in which percutaneous or endoscopic gallbladder drainage is not available; d) Percutaneous cholecystostomy and endoscopic gallbladder drainage should be performed only in well-equipped hospitals with experienced interventional radiologist and/or endoscopist; e) Cholecystostomy catheter should be removed after resolution of AC. However, in patients who have no clinical condition to undergo cholecystectomy, the catheter may be maintained for a prolonged period or even definitively; f) If the cholecystostomy catheter is maintained for a long period of time several complications may occur, such as bleeding, bile leakage, obstruction, pain at the insertion site, accidental removal of the catheter, and recurrent AC; g) The ideal waiting time between cholecystostomy and cholecystectomy has not yet been established and ranges from immediately after clinical improvement to months. h) Long waiting periods between cholecystostomy and cholecystectomy may be associated with new episodes of acute cholecystitis, multiple hospital readmissions, and increased costs. Finally, when selecting the best treatment option other aspects should also be considered, such as costs, procedures available at the medical center, and the patient’s desire. The patient and his family should be fully informed about all treatment options, so they can help making the final decision. (AC empyema gangrene sepsis However high diseases highrisk surgeons endoscopists effectiveness safety advantages disadvantages discussed radiological b highsurgicalrisk c d wellequipped well equipped andor endoscopist e definitively f occur bleeding leakage obstruction site g months h readmissions costs Finally considered center s desire options decision

Abstract Objective: Identify the one-year survival rate and major complications in patients submitted to pneumonectomy for infectious disease. Methods: Retrospective data from all cases of infectious disease pneumonectomy over the past 10 years were collected from two reference centers. The authors analyzed: patient demographics, etiology, laterality, bronchial stump treatment, presence of previous pulmonary resection, postoperative complications in the first 30 days, the treatment used in pleural complications, and one-year survival rate. Results: 56 procedures were performed. The average age was 44 years, with female predominance (55%). 29 cases were operated on the left side (51%) and the most frequent etiology was post-tuberculosis (51.8%). The overall incidence of complications was 28.6% and the most common was empyema (19.2%). Among empyema cases, 36.3% required pleurostomy, 27.3% required pleuroscopy and 36.3% underwent thoracoplasty for treatment. Bronchial stump fistula was observed in 10.7% of cases. From all cases, 16.1% were completion pneumonectomies and 62.5% of these had some complication, a significantly higher incidence than patients without previous surgery (p = 0.0187). 30-day in-hospital mortality was (7.1%) with 52 cases (92.9%) and 1-year survival. The causes of death were massive postoperative bleeding (1 case) and sepsis (3 cases). Conclusions: Pneumonectomy for benign disease is a high-risk procedure performed for a variety of indications. While morbidity is often significant, once the perioperative risk has passed, the one-year survival rate can be very satisfying in selected patients with benign disease. Objective oneyear one year Methods 1 centers analyzed demographics laterality resection 3 days Results 5 4 55%. 55 55% . (55%) 2 51% 51 (51% posttuberculosis post tuberculosis 51.8%. 518 51.8% 8 (51.8%) 286 28 6 28.6 19.2%. 192 19.2% 19 (19.2%) 363 36 36.3 pleurostomy 273 27 27.3 107 7 10.7 161 16 16.1 625 62 62.5 complication p 0.0187. 00187 0.0187 0 0187 0.0187) 30day day inhospital hospital 7.1% 71 (7.1% 92.9% 929 92 9 (92.9% 1year ( case cases) Conclusions highrisk high indications significant passed (55% (51 51.8 (51.8% 28. 19.2 (19.2% 36. 27. 10. 16. 62. 0018 0.018 018 7.1 (7.1 92.9 (92.9 (55 (5 51. (51.8 19. (19.2 001 0.01 01 7. (7. 92. (92. (51. (19. 00 0.0 (7 (92 (19 0. (9