Resumen Introducción: La informalidad laboral y la formalización del empleo han sido ya ampliamente discutidas. Sin embargo, el problema sigue vigente en las agendas públicas y de gobierno tanto a nivel nacional como subnacional. Objetivo: El objetivo es evaluar el diseño de los instrumentos de política pública que ha implementado el gobierno estatal (2015-2021) para la formalización del empleo en Nuevo León. La población objetivo de los instrumentos son las Micro, Pequeñas y Medianas empresas (Mipymes) del estado de Nuevo León. Método y técnica: En una primera instancia, se llevó a cabo una investigación documental y de fuentes secundarias. Posteriormente, se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas con funcionarios a cargo de los instrumentos de política pública para la formalización del empleo. Se entrevistó al Director de Apoyo y Fomento a Pequeñas y Medianas empresas del Gobierno del Estado de Nuevo León; al Coordinador del Centro de Atención a Pequeñas y Medianas empresas del Gobierno del Estado de Nuevo León; a la titular de la Comisión Estatal de Mejora Regulatoria del Estado de Nuevo León; al Coordinador de Promoción y Vinculación del Programa Impulsa Nuevo León de la Secretaría de Economía del Gobierno del Estado de Nuevo León; a la Directora de Planeación y Políticas Públicas del Gobierno del Estado de Nuevo León; y al Director de la Comisión de Desarrollo Económico del Consejo Nuevo León. Para sistematizar las opiniones de los entrevistados se utilizó el programa de computadora ATLAS.ti y en su análisis se crearon las categorías que se presentan en la Tabla 2. Finalmente, se contrastó la ideología de los actores involucrados con tres preceptos clave del neoliberalismo que se identificaron. Resultados: 1. El Gobierno de Nuevo León no cuenta con información sobre el número de empleos que generan las empresas que reciben los apoyos. 2. La planeación de los instrumentos de política pública se lleva a cabo, principalmente, por el sector privado. 3. Las cámaras empresariales de las Pequeñas y Medianas empresas (Pymes) son las que se encuentran principalmente involucradas. 4. Los apoyos se otorgan a partir de que las empresas acuden al gobierno a solicitarlos y no hay investigación y desarrollo. 5. Los apoyos se concentran principalmente en las Mipymes formales, pero no se cuenta con un padrón actualizado. 6. El seguimiento y monitoreo se realiza en la medida que las empresas continúan asistiendo a las oficinas del gobierno de Nuevo León. Conclusiones: Se concluye que se requiere rediseñar los instrumentos de política pública bajo el liderazgo del gobierno estatal y vincular, concretamente, a la población objetivo de los programas con las formas de intervención estatal.

Abstract Introduction: Labor informality and the formalization of employment have already been widely discussed. However, the problem remains on the public and government agendas at both the national and subnational levels. Objective: The objective is to assess the design of the public policy instruments that the government of Nuevo León has implemented (2015-2021) for the formalization of employment. The target population of the instruments are the Micro, Small and Medium enterprises of the state of Nuevo León. Method and technique: Firstly, a documentary research in secondary sources was carried out. Subsequently, semi-structured interviews were conducted with officials in charge of the public policy instruments for the formalization of employment. The people interviewed were: the Director of Support and Development for Small and Medium Enterprises of the Government of the State of Nuevo León; the Coordinator of the Service Center for Small and Medium Enterprises of the Government of the State of Nuevo León; the head of the State Commission for Regulatory Improvement of the Government of the State of Nuevo León; the Coordinator for the Promotion of the Impulsa Nuevo León Program; the Director of Planning and Public Policies of the Government of the State of Nuevo León; and the Director of the Economic Development Commission of the Nuevo León Council. To systematize the opinions of the interviewees, the ATLAS.ti computer program was used and the categories created are presented in Table 2. Finally, the ideology of the actors involved was contrasted with three key precepts of neoliberalism that were identified. Results: 1. The Government of Nuevo León does not have information about the number of jobs generated by the companies that receive government financial support. 2. The planning of public policy instruments is carried out, mainly, by the private sector. 3. The business chambers of Small and Medium Enterprises are the ones that are mainly involved. 4. Financial support is granted after companies go to the government to request it and there is no research and development. 5. Financial support is mainly concentrated in the formal Micro, Small and Medium-sized enterprises, but there is no updated registry. 6. Monitoring is carried out as long as the companies continue to attend to the offices of the government of Nuevo León. Conclusions: It is concluded that it is necessary to redesign the public policy instruments under the leadership of the government of Nuevo León and to link, specifically, the target population of the programs with the forms of state intervention.

Resumo: Este artigo analisa as discussões sobre o modelo alemão de aprendizagem dupla durante o diálogo social tripartite realizadona Costa Rica entre 27 de fevereiro e 1º de setembro de 2017. Essa arena de diálogo, moderada pela Organização Internacional do Trabalho, contou com a participação de representantes de empresas, sindicatos e do governo. A análise se concentra nas representações sociais e nas referências intersubjetivas especificamente desenvolvidas por atores estatais e paraestatais sobre as características e os potenciais do modelo alemão de aprendizagem dupla para resolver determinados problemas sociais na Costa Rica. Para isso, foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com representantes do Estado que participaram do diálogo, bem como com representantes paraestatais que estiveram envolvidos nas discussões sobre o tema. Como resultado, uma das principais constatações é que, na dinâmica da cooperação política, o modelo alemão de aprendizagem dual é tratado como um produto de “exportação/importação” capaz de resolver problemas como o desemprego juvenil e a pobreza entre os jovens. A referência ao modelo alemão de melhores práticas e à Alemanha como tal é usada para limitar a participação adequada dos atores e a compreensão dos problemas sociais.

Resumen: Este artículo analiza las discusiones sobre el modelo alemán de aprendizaje dual durante el diálogo social tripartito celebrado en Costa Rica entre el 27 de febrero y el 1 de setiembre de 2017. A este escenario de diálogo, moderado por la Organización Internacional del Trabajo, asistieron representantes de empresas, sindi- catos y el gobierno. El análisis se centra en las representaciones sociales y referencias intersubjetivas elaboradas específicamente por actores estatales y paraestatales sobre las características y potencialidades del modelo alemán de aprendizaje dual para resolver determinados problemas sociales en Costa Rica. Para ello, se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a representantes estatales que participaron en el diálogo, así como a representantes paraestatales que intervinieron en las discusiones sobre el tema. Como resultado, uno de los principales hallazgos es que, dentro de la dinámica de cooperación política, el modelo alemán de aprendizaje dual es tratado como un producto de “exportación/importación” capaz de resolver problemas como el desempleo juvenil y la pobreza entre los jóvenes. La referencia al modelo alemán de buenas prácticas y a Alemania como tal se utiliza para limitar la adecuada participación de los actores y la comprensión de los problemas sociales.

Abstract: This article analyzes the discussions on the German dual apprenticeship model during the tripartite social dialogue held in Costa Rica between February 27 and September 1, 2017. This dialogue arena, moderated by the International Labour Organization, was attended by representatives of companies, trade unions, and the government. The analysis focuses on the social representations and intersubjective references specifically developed by state and parastatal actors on the characteristics and potentials of the German dual apprenticeship model to solve certain social problems in Costa Rica. For this purpose, semi-structured interviews were conducted with state representatives who participated in the dialogue, as well as with parastatal representatives who were involved in the discussions on the topic. As a result, one of the main findings is that within the dynamics of political cooperation, the German dual apprenticeship model is treated as an “export/import” product capable of solving problems such as youth unemployment and poverty among young people. The reference to the German best practice model and to Germany as such is used to limit the adequate participation of actors and the understanding of social problems.

RESUMEN En este artículo, se lleva a cabo un análisis de los factores que obstaculizan la efectiva y eficiente administración de los recursos del Estado, y se realiza una propuesta de un nuevo paradigma para la gestión pública. Múltiples obstáculos impiden alcanzar el bienestar de la ciudadanía con atención a su diversidad; eliminarlos; y redefinir la gestión pública con un cambio de prioridades de las políticas públicas que permitirá alcanzar crecimiento con inclusión. El vector de inclusión requiere inversiones importantes en capital humano -educación, salud y tecnología- para elevar el bienestar y la calidad de vida, y en infraestructura física, para alcanzar mayor productividad y absorción del progreso tecnológico. Las prioridades son: empleo registrado (formal) y productivo, reforma del sector salud, educación e inversiones con criterio de integración social. Estas prioridades son comprendidas por siete lecciones de la política macroeconómica que pueden adaptarse a la nueva gestión pública.

ABSTRACT This article conducts an analysis of the factors hindering the effective and efficient administration of state resources and proposes a new paradigm for public management. Multiple obstacles prevent achieving the well-being of the diverse citizenry, necessitating their elimination and a redefinition of public management with a shift in policy priorities to promote inclusive growth. The inclusion vector requires significant investments in human capital, including education, health, and technology, to enhance well-being and quality of life, as well as in physical infrastructure to boost productivity and absorb technological progress. Priorities include formal and productive employment, healthcare sector reform, education, and socially integrated investments. Seven lessons from macroeconomic policy are outlined as applicable to the new public management.

Resumo Este artigo discute o RBI como política que promove a reciprocidade na sociedade, olhando para os dados disponíveis sobre experiências sociais de transferências monetárias, em particular experiências de rendimento mínimo garantido e de rendimento básico. Os resultados destas experiências mostram que com a atribuição do rendimento incondicional os indivíduos não deixam de investir o seu tempo num emprego mas antes diversificam as suas atividades, investindo no cuidado prestado a familiares ou em atividades na comunidade. As experiências indicam também que, contrariamente a propostas de rendimento mínimo condicional (ex. rendimento social de inserção), o rendimento básico promove a redução do estigma social. Estes resultados permitem-nos expandir a nossa ideia de contribuição produtiva para além do emprego, e discutir o papel do RBI como um mecanismo que, ao invés de violar a norma de reciprocidade, funciona como política essencial para a sua promoção numa sociedade mais justa.

Abstract This article explores the idea that a UBI might be a superior mechanism in promoting reciprocity in society, looking at available data from social experiments with cash transfers. The results of these experiments show that when people receive an unconditional grant, they don’t usually stop working. Instead, they tend to diversify their time-use, opting to invest in caring for family members or in community activities. Experiences also shows that unlike conditional cash transfers, basic income is less stigmatizing to beneficiaries. These results and their interpretation allow us to expand our idea of productive contribution beyond paid employment. It also allows us to discuss the role of basic income as an essential policy for promoting reciprocity in a fairer society, instead of a mechanism that violates the norm of reciprocity.

This article deals with the nature of social cost-benefit analysis (SCBA) and economic impact analysis (ECIA) of road projects and describes the coherence of and distinctions between the two types of analysis. In the final part of the article, the reasons are given for not including in an SCBA the economic impacts of a road as determined through an ECIA, regardless of how positive they may be. The SCBA of a road project is a systematic procedure to determine the economic viability of the road project by considering the costs and benefits that accrue when the road is constructed and during the service period of the project. The cost component in the SCBA of a road project is the once-off investment or capital cost of taking the road into service or improving it. The benefit component in the SCBA of a road is the difference between recurring costs associated with an improved road and without the road improvement. Recurring costs of a road include (a) road user costs, (b) external costs arising from road use and (c) maintenance costs to protect and preserve the usefulness of the road. The beneficiaries in an SCBA are the road users. The following road user groups can be distinguished: (i) Normal traffic (consisting of existing, normal-growth and non-induced development traffic; (ii) diverted traffic; and (iii) induced traffic (consisting of generated, induced development, and transferred traffic.) To assess the efficiency of resource allocation, an SCBA is based on the consideration of social cost. From the perspective of allocative efficiency, as determined by an SCBA, a road project is regarded as economically viable when the current value of the reduction in recurring costs associated with the road during its service life exceeds the current value of the once-off investment cost of taking the road into service. Road provision and use have economic impacts. Unlike an SCBA, which focuses on the efficiency with which a road project increases accessibility for and the mobility of road users, a regional economic impact analysis (ECIA) focuses on the effectiveness of a project to affect the performance of the economy of a region by enhancing time and place utilities creation by non-road-users. Consequently, an analysis of the effect construction, operation and use of a road will have on regional economic performance should focus on their expected income multiplier and accelerator effects on the number and size of activities in the economy of a region. The following non-road-user groups can be distinguished: (a) The public, (b) landowners, occupants and land users, (c) roadside enterprises, (d) utility enterprises and (e) goods consignors and consignees (in their capacity as non-road-users). An ECIA is based on a consideration of market prices. In an ECIA the following objectives serve as criteria for judging the impact of a road project on the performance of the economy: • Economic growth (including economic development) • Full employment • Price stability • Balance of payments stability • Equitable distribution of income These impacts, regardless of how positive they may be, are not included in an SCBA for the following reasons: • A comprehensive economic assessment consists of two components that are performed in tandem, namely an SCBA and an ECIA. An SCBA relies on allocative efficiency as assessment criterion, while an ECIA relies on output effectiveness as assessment criterion. The inclusion of effectiveness criteria among efficiency criteria in an SCBA will result in a misrepresentation of project viability. • Double counting of benefits will occur when road user cost savings and economic impacts are combined. • Not all the economic benefits obtained through coordinated investment in various sectors, one of which may be a road, can be ascribed to the investment in the road alone. The reason for conducting an ECIA of a road project is to determine to what measure the analysed road is expected to affect the performance of the economy of the region concerned. Although the results of an ECIA do not form part of the outcome of an SCBA, an ECIA can be used as an instrument in the pursuit of the economic policy objectives of a government.

Die hoofdoel van die sosialekoste-voordeel-ontleding (SKVO) van 'n pad is om die inligting oor die koste en voordele te verskaf wat nodig is om die lewensvatbaarheid, al dan nie, van die voorsiening en gebruik van die pad te beraam. Die kostekomponent in die SKVO is die eenmalige investeringskoste om die pad tot stand te bring, en die voordeelkomponent is die daling van die herhalende koste wat uit die gebruik en instandhouding van die pad sal spruit. Die hoofdoel van die ekonomiese-impakontleding (EKIO) van 'n pad behels dat die verwagte gevolge van die voorsiening en gebruik van die pad op die ekonomiese vertoning van 'n bepaalde streek geïdentifiseer en bereken word. Dié ontleding berus hoofsaaklik op die volgende: (a) die beraming van die verwagte eenmalige streeksinkome-vermenigvuldigereffek wat uit die investeringsbesteding aan die pad sal spruit, en (b) die beraming van die herhalende streeksinkome-versnellereffek wat uit die gebruik en instandhouding van die pad sal spruit. Die ekonomiese uitwerking van 'n padprojek word nie by 'n SKVO ingereken nie. Die rede hiervoor is drievoudig: Eerstens berus 'n SKVO op toewysingsdoelmatigheid as beoordelingsnorm, en 'n EKIO op doeltreffendheid as beoordelingsnorm. Die kombinering van doeltreffendheidsnorme en doelmatigheidsnorme sal tot 'n wanvertolking van 'n projek se ekonomiese lewensvatbaarheid lei. Tweedens sal voordele dubbeld getel word indien padgebruikerskostebesparings en ekonomiese impakte saamgevoeg word. Derdens kan ekonomiese voordele wat verkry word deur gekoördineerde investering in verskeie sektore, waarvan een 'n pad is, nie alles aan investering in die pad toegeskryf word nie.

Resumo Este estudo teve dois objetivos: conhecer as percepções dos professores da DGETP-UTU sobre os efeitos da mobilidade geográfica em suas práticas profissionais e analisar os regulamentos, o funcionamento e a organização do sistema de "subsídio de ensino". O desenho metodológico foi misto (CUAL-quan), sequencial, com clara predominância qualitativa e contribuições quantitativas, e de escopo exploratório. Na primeira fase, foi realizada uma análise quantitativa descritiva com base em duas fontes de dados secundários: o Censo Nacional de Professores de 2007 (ANEP, 2008) e o Censo Nacional de Professores de 2018 (ANEP, 2020), em dois formatos: relatório e banco de dados. Na segunda fase da pesquisa qualitativa, foram realizadas 18 entrevistas semiestruturadas com professores de sala de aula do DGETP-UTU de instituições em Canelones, Florida e San José. Além disso, foi utilizada uma análise documental de 19 documentos de legislação nacional e resoluções da ANEP sobre a política e o financiamento do transporte de professores. Os resultados destacam que a política de bônus para profesores da ANEP data de 1971 e envolve um orçamento crescente. A “mobilidade geográfica dos professores” não é homogénea no país, pelo que 12 departamentos são emissores de professores, enquanto sete departamentos os recebem. Em relação às percepções dos professores, as evidências mostram que a "mobilidade geográfica de professores" tem um impacto negativo nas atividades de planejamento, coordenação e inserção na comunidade educacional. Para eles, algumas estratégias para mitigar o impacto seriam: a atribuição de trabalho com base em cargos de ensino por um período superior a um ano (3 anos) e o estabelecimento de critérios de "regionalização" no sistema de ordenação de professores e "escolha de horários".

Abstract This study serves two purposes: first, to know the perceptions of classroom teachers from the DGETP-UTU regarding the effects of geographic mobility on their professional practices, and second, to analyze the regulations, operation, and organization of the "teaching bonus" system. The methodological design adopts a mixed type (CUAL-quan), following a sequential design, with a predominant qualitative emphasis, supplemented by quantitative contributions and having an exploratory scope. In the first phase, a descriptive quantitative analysis was conducted based on two secondary data sources: the 2007 National Teacher Census (ANEP, 2008) and the 2018 National Teacher Census (ANEP, 2020), presented in both report and database formats. In the second phase of qualitative deepening, 18 semi-structured interviews were conducted with DGETP-UTU classroom teachers from Canelones, Florida, and San José institutions. Additionally, a documentary analysis was performed on nineteen documents comprising national legislation and ANEP resolutions related to the policy and financing of teacher transportation. The findings show that ANEP's "teaching allowance" policy dates back to 1971 and involves a growing budget. However, the "geographical mobility of teachers" is not homogeneous across the country, with twelve departments sending teachers and seven receiving them. Regarding teachers' perceptions, the evidence shows that "geographical teacher mobility" has a negative impact on planning, coordination, and insertion activities within the educational community. For them, some strategies to mitigate the impact would be the assignment of work based on teaching positions for a term longer than one year (three years) and the establishment of "regionalization" criteria in the system of teacher assignment and "choice of hours".

Resumen Este estudio tuvo dos propósitos: conocer las percepciones de los docentes de aula de la DGETP-UTU sobre los efectos de la movilidad geográfica en sus prácticas profesionales y analizar la normativa, funcionamiento y organización del sistema de “abono docente”. El diseño metodológico fue de tipo mixto (cual-cuan), de diseño secuencial, con clara predominancia cualitativa, con aportes cuantitativos y alcance exploratorio. En la primera fase se realizó un análisis cuantitativo descriptivo basado en dos fuentes de datos secundarios: el Censo Nacional Docente del año 2007 (ANEP, 2008) y el Censo Nacional Docente del año 2018 (ANEP, 2020), en dos soportes: informe y base de datos. En la segunda fase de profundización cualitativa se realizaron 18 entrevistas semiestructuradas a docentes de aula de la DGETP-UTU de instituciones de Canelones, Florida y San José. Además, se utilizó el análisis documental de 19 documentos de la legislación nacional y resoluciones de la ANEP sobre la política y financiamiento del transporte docente. En los hallazgos, se destaca que la política del “abono docente” de la ANEP data de 1971 e implica un presupuesto creciente. La “movilidad geográfica docente” no es homogénea en el país, así, 12 departamentos son emisores de docentes, en tanto que siete departamentos son receptores. Respecto a las percepciones docentes, las evidencias muestran que la “movilidad geográfica docente” tiene una incidencia negativa en las actividades de planificación, coordinación e inserción en la comunidad educativa. Para ellos, algunas estrategias de mitigación de la afectación serían: la asignación de trabajo basada en cargos docentes por un plazo mayor al de un año (tres años) y establecer criterios de “regionalización” en el sistema de ordenamiento docente y “elección de horas”.

Abstract Although Mexican law provides norms that protect gender equality, actual gender equality has not yet been achieved, as shown by the so-called “salary gap,” which states that a woman in Mexico must work 51 days more than a man to earn the same. The objective of this paper is to show that the mere promulgation of regulations or the threat of sanctions for non-compliance does not necessarily lead to an immediate change in social reality, but rather that it is necessary for the state to take other measures that go beyond the creation of laws and penalties. In other words, it must work toward premium law. Through an analytical, historical, descriptive and comparative law study, it will be concluded that the public measures reviewed in our country on this matter are still insufficient, since gender inequality prevails, contrary to the constitutional and legal design that propagates the opposite, namely: equality. Therefore, it is necessary to propose a different type of measures that encourage employers to balance the working conditions and situations in companies so as to achieve the desired equality, such as: Tax incentives, credit incentives, requiring employment quotas, gender equality in hiring, or awarding badges that indicate egalitarian industries, among others.

Resumen Si bien es cierto que el Derecho mexicano contempla normas protectoras de la igualdad entre hombres y mujeres, aún no se consigue una igualdad sustantiva de género, lo cual se demuestra con la denominada “brecha salarial”, que implica que una mujer en México tiene que trabajar 51 días más que un hombre para ganar lo mismo. El objetivo del presente trabajo es evidenciar que la simple enunciación normativa o la amenaza de sanción ante el incumplimiento, no conduce necesariamente a un cambio inmediato de la realidad social, sino que es necesario que el Estado tome otra especie de acciones, más allá de la producción de leyes y el castigo. O sea, dirigirse hacia un derecho premial. A través de un estudio analítico, histórico, descriptivo y de derecho comparado, se llegará a la conclusión de que las políticas públicas que en esta materia se han verificado en nuestro país, aun son insuficientes, pues impera la desigualdad de género, contrario al diseño constitucional y legal que propugna por lo contrario; a saber: la igualdad. En esa virtud, se impone sugerir otra especie de medidas que incentiven a los empleadores a equilibrar en las empresas las condiciones y situaciones laborales que conduzcan a la igualdad deseada, como pudiesen ser: los beneficios fiscales, las ventajas crediticias, la exigencia de cuotas de género en la contratación o el otorgamiento de distintivos que destaquen a las industrias igualitarias, entre otros.

In the historical and current transformation discourses in South Africa and Namibia, the concept of decolonisation is no longer a mere abstract concept. Decolonisation is now a fundamental policy and regulatory imperative that is heavily centred on, among other things, the land question and debates around the historical as well as present-day use of indigenous cheap and unskilled labour in underpaid sectors of industry -particularly the mining sector. During the colonial era, as the mining industries in South Africa and Namibia expanded, a substantial number of migrant labourers and local workers entered the mines. To safeguard these mineworkers' legal rights, labour laws were passed. Despite the implementation of such labour laws, regular strikes were a feature of the mining industries in South Africa and Namibia at the time. In the post-colonial dispensation, the South African mining industry has been characterised by numerous strike actions, while in Namibia, widespread dissatisfaction with working conditions has been noted. This raises the question of whether or not South Africa and Namibia have made progress in defending mineworkers' labour rights. This question is critical when viewed through the lens of a post-colonial society governed by a constitutionalised labour law framework. While there has arguably been a noticeable improvement in mineworkers' employment conditions, labour-related inequities continue to characterise the mining industries in South Africa and Namibia in the post-colonial era. Profiteering, capitalism, safeguarding the security of tenure of foreign mining corporations, and the persistent need to ensure the ease of doing business in the mining sector appear to take precedence over defending mineworkers' rights. Thus, this article explores the labour rights discourse developed by South African and Namibian mineworkers, as well as the applicable labour legislation. A strong case is made for reconsidering the extent to which South African and Namibian labour laws have been decolonised. This is done in a manner that is attentive to investment security and sustainable growth of the mining sector in the two countries as well as the realisation of African mineworkers' fundamental labour rights.

ORIENTATION: Public sector organisations in South Africa, including educational institutions, experience high employee turnover. There is a general need for public sector organisations to retain valuable talent RESEARCH PURPOSE: This study aimed to explore the reasons behind turnover intentions at the government education council MOTIVATION FOR THE STUDY: Studies on employee turnover in the public sector focused on government departments and municipalities, with a scarcity of research studies on government education councils RESEARCH APPROACH/DESIGN AND METHOD: An exploratory qualitative research approach was followed which allowed for the usage of semi-structured interviews to collect data from employees (N = 11). Data were analysed using content analysis. The inductive coding method was used to get to themes and subthemes MAIN FINDINGS: Employees may leave the government education council because of the micromanagement leadership styles, lack of trust by management, inadequate communication, poorly implemented performance management system, persistent workload, low pay and lack of work-life balance. However, they currently remain within the employment of the council because of its reputation, sense of belonging (teamwork), conducive work environment and career growth prospects PRACTICAL/MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS: The government education council should promote autonomy and prioritise leadership skills, team building and other interventions to enhance trust, communication and work-life balance. The government education council should ensure the buy-in of the performance management system and its remuneration policy by employees CONTRIBUTION/VALUE ADD: This study's findings provide insights into the turnover intentions of employees at the government education council and then assist the organisation in strengthening its retention strategies

Resumen En el presente escrito se analizan las condiciones laborales de las trabajadoras domésticas en México, considerando aspectos asociables al ingreso, seguridad social y grado de formalización tributaria con la finalidad de valorar el grado de avance de las acciones gubernamentales encaminadas a la mejora de las condiciones de este grupo. Para ello, se desarrolla un modelo de análisis basado en la remuneración, estabilidad laboral, seguridad social y formalización fiscal. Asimismo, se consideran sus principales características socioeconómicas. Se emplean los microdatos provenientes de la Encuesta Nacional de Ocupación y Empleo (ENOE) al primer trimestre del periodo comprendido entre el 2018 y el 2021 para considerar la etapa previa a la implementación del programa prueba piloto de la incorporación de los trabajadores domésticos al Régimen Obligatorio del Seguro Social, su implementación y los dos años posteriores. Como principal resultado se identificó que las empleadas domésticas son en la actualidad un grupo social vulnerable e invisible del foco de la atención gubernamental, caracterizado por una serie de factores que agravan su vulnerabilidad, tanto por su origen como por su actividad profesional, que nos remite a su precariedad histórica.

Abstract In this papper, we analyze the working conditions of domestic workers in Mexico considering aspects associated with income, social security and tax formalization in order to assess the degree of succes of government actions aimed at improving the conditions of this group. For this, we designed an analysis model based on remuneration, job stability, social security and fiscal formalization. Likewise, its main socioeconomic characteristics are considered. For that, we used the microdata from the National Occupation and Employment Survey for the first quarter of the period between 2018 and 2021 to consider the stage prior to the implementation of the pilot test program for the incorporation of domestic workers into the Mandatory Social Security Regime, its implementation, and the two subsequent years. As the main result, it was identified that domestic workers are nowadays a vulnerable and invisible social group in the focus of government attention. They are characterized by a series of factors that aggravate their vulnerability: both due to their origin and their professional activity, which refer us to their historical precariousness.

Abstract The article reviews and reformulates theoretically and empirically the non-linear relationship between inflation and economic growth proposed by Thirlwall (1974) for the set of Latin American economies that strictly use the inflation targeting regime during the period 2003-2020. The hypothesis of this research resides in the existence of an optimal inflation level for which the economic growth rate reaches a maximum level, an inflation rate which differs from the current monetary policy target. Consequently, the argument developed in this article deals with the existence of a positive relationship between growth and inflation at low levels, while the degree of preference of central banks has been such that they have given up growth and employment opportunities to price stability.

Resumen El artículo revisa y reformula teórica y empíricamente la relación no lineal entre la inflación y el crecimiento económico planteada por Thirlwall (1974) para el conjunto de economías de América Latina que han seguido stricto sensu el régimen de metas de inflación durante el periodo 2003-2020. La hipótesis de esta investigación reside en la existencia de un nivel de inflación óptimo en el que la tasa de crecimiento económico logra un nivel máximo, horizonte de inflación distinto al objetivo de política monetaria actual. Por consiguiente, el argumento que se desarrolla en este artículo trata sobre la existencia de una relación positiva entre el crecimiento y la inflación a niveles moderados, pero el grado de preferencia de los bancos centrales ha sido tal que ha sacrificado crecimiento y empleo en aras de la estabilidad de los precios.

Resumen: El presente artículo analiza los impactos de género del Desplazamiento Interno Forzado (DIF) ocasionados por la expansión de la mina Tayahua en Salaverna, Zacatecas. Se argumenta que los hombres experimentan el DIF principalmente a través de la pérdida de empleo, mientras que las mujeres son más afectadas por deficiencias en los servicios de agua, luz, educación y salud. Nuevo Salaverna, su nuevo lugar de residencia, se caracteriza por el desempleo, la migración de la juventud, la falta de espacio para sembrar alimentos y cuidar animales, y la fractura social. Se concluye resaltando la importancia de analizar al DIF con enfoque de género y de diseñar política pública capaz de proteger los derechos humanos de los y las desplazadas.

Abstract: This paper analyzes the gender impacts of Forced Internal Displacement (FID) caused by the expansion of the Tayahua mine in Salaverna, Zacatecas. It is argued that men experience FID mainly through employment loss while women are more affected by deficiencies in water, electricity, education, and health services. Nuevo Salaverna, their new place of residence, is characterized by unemployment, youth migration, lack of space to grow food and raise animals, and social disarray. Conclusions highlight the importance to analyze FID from a gender perspective and to design public policy aimed at protecting the human rights of the women and men being displaced.

ABSTRACT There are 553 development banks in the world: 18% of these institutions have emerged since the 2008 financial crisis. There is a large theoretical literature on such institutions, but the evidence on their effectiveness is scattered. This paper provides a systematic review of causal effect studies of one of the largest and most representative development banks in the world, the Brazilian Development Bank (BNDES). We review 48 academic papers that estimate BNDES loans and credit programs impact in several policy dimensions. In general, the evidence indicates that development banks can be an effective instrument to increase investment, exports, employment and GDP, particularly when borrowers are micro, small and medium-sized companies. The Brazilian experience also suggests that development banks can be an important tool to fight against climate change, reducing deforestation. On the other hand, evidence indicates that the greatest difficulty for these institutions is to generate positive impacts on productivity, an essential variable for economic growth. Finally, the evidence is inconclusive on political influence on development bank’s loans.

RESUMO Existem 553 bancos de desenvolvimento no mundo: 18% dessas instituições surgiram desde a crise financeira de 2008. Existe uma vasta literatura teórica sobre tais instituições, mas as evidências sobre sua eficácia são dispersas. Este artigo fornece uma revisão sistemática dos estudos de efeito causal de um dos maiores e mais representativos bancos de desenvolvimento do mundo, o Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (BNDES). Analisamos 48 trabalhos acadêmicos que estimam o impacto dos empréstimos e programas de crédito do BNDES em várias dimensões de políticas. Em geral, as evidências indicam que os bancos de desenvolvimento podem ser um instrumento eficaz para aumentar o investimento, as exportações, o emprego e o PIB, principalmente quando os tomadores de empréstimo são micro, pequenas e médias empresas. A experiência brasileira também sugere que os bancos de desenvolvimento podem ser uma importante ferramenta de combate às mudanças climáticas, reduzindo o desmatamento. Por outro lado, evidências indicam que a maior dificuldade dessas instituições é gerar impactos positivos na produtividade, variável essencial para o crescimento econômico. Finalmente, as evidências são inconclusivas sobre a influência política nos empréstimos do banco de desenvolvimento.

Abstract This article examines the percent increase in the values of the square meter of land and built area attributed to the “Barrio para Vivir Mejor” (BVM) program in the intervened areas of the city of Cuenca (2013-2017). The BVM program goal is to improve inhabitant’s living conditions through the employment of local labour in infrastructure works and public services. This study applies methods such as Difference-in-Difference; Propensity Score Matching and Double Matched Difference in a sample of 27,720 properties, the data was obtained from the Project Execution Department (UEP), and the Appraisals and Cadastres Department (UAC) of the GAD Cuenca. The results show that, on average, the properties had a 7% and 4% increase of in the value of the square meter of built area respectively. Despite the positive effects on residential properties, it is concluded that investment in infrastructure did not reach the spillover effect on the local economy.

Resumen Este artículo examina el porcentaje de incremento de los valores del metro cuadrado del suelo y área de construcción del programa Barrio para Vivir Mejor (BVM) en las zonas intervenidas de la ciudad de Cuenca (2013-2017). El programa BMV busca mejorar las condiciones socio-económicas de las personas mediante el empleo de mano de obra en trabajos de infraestructura y servicios públicos en los barrios. Se aplicaron los métodos Diferencias en Diferencias, Propensity Score Matching y Doble Diferencia Emparejada, en una muestra de 27 720 predios, datos obtenidos de la Unidad Ejecutora de Proyectos (UEP) y de la Unidad de Avalúos y Catastros (UAC) del GAD Municipal de Cuenca. Los resultados revelan que, en promedio, los predios tuvieron un incremento del 7 % y 4 % del valor del metro cuadrado del suelo y del área construida, de forma respectiva. Pese a los efectos positivos en los predios residenciales, se concluye que la inversión en infraestructura pública no alcanzó el efecto derrame sobre la economía local.

Resumen Este ensayo científico aborda la relación entre la subsunción de las políticas en educación para desarrollar habilidades para el trabajo y el aumento de la ocupación en tareas de calificación media y baja. El objetivo es analizar la política educativa costarricense en concatenación con la visión de educación que desarrolló en el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo 2018-2022; para ello, metodológicamente se utiliza un enfoque cualitativo, de carácter interpretativo de los principales contenidos de la política educativa y los fines estratégicos que se desarrollaron en el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo 2019-2022, así como el uso referencial de los microdatos del INEC sobre grupo ocupacional mediante la distribución de frecuencias simples por periodos. Desde esta óptica se muestra la utilización de la educación como mecanismo coyuntural de validación de promoción de formas de trabajo de instrucción media y el fomento del discurso de mejoramiento continuo en términos de utilidad reducidas a los mercados laborales. Por tanto, se evidencia el estrecho margen que imponen los sectores productivos, la demanda laboral y la especialización disciplinar sobre la formación y la experiencia curricular.

Abstract This scientific essay addresses the relationship between the subordination of education policies aimed at developing skills for work and the increase in employment in medium and low-skilled tasks. The objective is to analyze the Costa Rican educational policy in conjunction with the vision of education developed in the National Development Plan 2018-2022. Methodologically, a qualitative approach is used, with an interpretive character of the main contents of the educational policy and the strategic objectives developed in the national development plan 2019-2022, as well as the referential use of microdata from the INEC on occupational groups through simple frequency distributions by periods. From this perspective, the use of education as a conjunctural mechanism for validating forms of medium-level instructional work and the promotion of a discourse of continuous improvement in terms of usefulness reduced to labor markets is shown. Therefore, the narrow margin imposed by productive sectors, labor demand, and disciplinary specialization on training and curricular experience is evident.

Résumé Cet essai scientifique porte sur la relation entre les politiques en éducation pour développer des habiletés pour le travail et l’augmentation des emplois moyennement et moins qualifiés. L’essai vise à analyser la politique éducative costaricienne concaténée avec la vision de l’éducation développée dans le Plan National de Développement 2018-2022. Pour ce faire, en ce qui concerne la méthodologie, on a utilisé l’approche qualitative à caractère interprétative pour analyser les principaux contenus de la politique et les buts stratégiques qui ont été développés dans le plan national du développement 2019-2020; d’un autre côté on a eu recours à l’usage des référentiels des micro-données de l’INEC sur le groupe professionnel à travers de la distribution des fréquences simples par périodes. De ce point de vue, il est démontré l’utilisation de l’éducation comme mécanisme conjoncturel de la validation de la promotion des formes de travail d’instruction moyenne et de l’encouragement du discours de l’amélioration continue en termes d’utilité réduite aux marchés du travail. Dès lors, il est évident la justesse imposée par les secteurs productifs, la demande de travail et la spécialisation disciplinaire sur la formation et l’expérience curriculaire.