Abstract This article provides a thorough review of the main web scraping tools available on the market and it is comparing their features and functionalities. A specific tool is selected to demonstrate it is use in obtaining data on percentages of graduates in various careers in Mexico, as well as the distribution related to gender and salaries in several states of the country. The main objective of the article is to illustrate how data can be collected using a data extraction tool. Additionally, the importance of accessing reliable data sources is highlighted and a detailed description of the data extraction process using the WebHarvy tool is provided. Ultimately, it is highlighting the importance of web scraping as a powerful technique and professional ethical to collect valuable data from the web to effectively and responsibly. functionalities Mexico country Additionally provided Ultimately responsibly

Resumen Este artículo realiza una revisión exhaustiva de las principales herramientas de web scraping disponibles en el mercado y compara sus características y funcionalidades. Se selecciona una herramienta específica para demostrar su uso en la obtención de datos sobre porcentajes de egresados en diversas carreras en México, así como la distribución relacionada con género y salarios en varios estados del país. El artículo tiene como objetivo principal ilustrar cómo se pueden recopilar datos mediante una herramienta de extracción. Además, se destaca la importancia de acceder a fuentes de datos confiables y se proporciona una descripción detallada del proceso de extracción de datos utilizando la herramienta WebHarvy. En última instancia, se destaca la importancia del web scraping como una técnica poderosa y ética profesional para recopilar datos valiosos de la web de manera eficaz y responsable. funcionalidades México país Además WebHarvy instancia responsable

Abstract Introduction: Nursing is the largest occupational group in the health sector, representing approximately 59%. However, there is a worldwide shortage of professionals, which is especially relevant when the importance of nursing, both in numbers and education for global public health, has been described. Objective: To analyze the number of students enrolled, duration, number of graduates, professional training, and salary of nurses in Chile. Methods: Reflection article based on the bibliographic methodology, whose sample used was documentary. Results: The number of people enrolled in nursing, the standard and actual duration of education in the Chilean educational system, the number of graduates, and finally, professional training and salary were described. Conclusion: In 2022, there were 6958 students enrolled in nursing; the standard duration in Chile is ten semesters, while the actual time is approximately 12 semesters. As for the number of graduated professionals, in 2021, there were 7332; professional training in 2021 was 97.9% in the first year and a salary of $2,104 USD per month was identified in the fifth year of graduation.

Resumo Introdução: A enfermagem é o maior grupo profissional do sector da saúde, representando aproximadamente 59%, mas existe uma escassez mundial de profissionais, o que é particularmente relevante quando se descreve a importância da enfermagem, tanto em número como em educação para a saúde pública global. Objetivo: Analisar o número de estudantes matriculados, duração, número de graduados, formação profissional e salário dos enfermeiros no Chile. Métodos: Artigo de reflexão com base na metodologia bibliográfica, cuja amostra utilizada foi documental. Resultados: Descreveu o número de matrículas em enfermagem, a duração padrão e real da educação no sistema educacional chileno, o número de licenciados e, finalmente, a empregabilidade e o salário. Conclusão: Em 2022 havia 6958 estudantes inscritos em enfermagem, a duração formal no Chile é de 10 semestres, enquanto a duração real é de aproximadamente 12 semestres; em termos de número de licenciados, em 2021 havia 7332; a empregabilidade em 2021 era de 97,9% no primeiro ano e foi identificado um salário de 2.104 USD por mês no quinto ano de graduação.

Resumen Introducción: Enfermería corresponde al grupo ocupacional más numeroso del sector de la salud, representando un 59% aproximadamente, no obstante, existe una escasez de profesionales a nivel mundial, lo que adquiere especial relevancia cuando se ha descrito la importancia de enfermería, tanto en número como en educación para la salud pública global. Objetivo: Analizar el número de matriculados, la duración, cantidad de titulados, empleabilidad y el salario de enfermería en Chile. Métodos: Artículo de reflexión basado en la metodología bibliográfica, cuya muestra utilizada fue documental. Resultados: Se describió el número de matriculados en enfermería, la duración formal y real de la educación en el sistema educativo chileno, número de titulados, y finalmente, la empleabilidad y el salario. Conclusión: En el año 2022 hubo 6958 estudiantes matriculados en enfermería, la duración formal en Chile es de 10 semestres, mientras que la duración real es de aproximadamente 12 semestres; en cuanto al número de profesionales egresados, en el año 2021 hubo 7332; la empleabilidad en el año 2021 fue del 97,9% al primer año y se identificó un salario de $2.104 USD mensuales al quinto año de egreso.

Resumen Esta investigación tiene como objetivo capturar la segregación ocupacional y la discriminación salarial por género en la Universidad del Cauca, ubicada en el suroccidente colombiano, durante cuatro momentos en el tiempo (2005, 2010, 2015 y 2020). La metodología es cuantitativa e implementa en el primer caso el Índice de Karmel y MacLachlan (KM) y la descomposición de Kitagawa-Oaxaca-Blinder (KOB) en el segundo. Se utiliza información de datos panel en la descomposición KOB, lo que permite evaluar la evolución de la segregación en el tiempo. Las variables incluyen el género, el salario, la edad, los años de experiencia, el nivel de formación, los cargos administrativos, la unidad académica, entre otros. La información fue suministrada por la Vicerrectoría académica de la Universidad de forma totalmente anonimizada. Los resultados muestran evidencia de segregación ocupacional y discriminación salarial por género; a pesar de que en los últimos años ambas brechas se están cerrando levemente, el problema permanece. La segregación ocupacional ocurre aún en ocupaciones beta tradicionalmente ocupadas por las mujeres pese a la baja percepción de discriminación laboral por parte de las profesoras universitarias. En cuanto a las ocupaciones alfa, estas mantienen la hegemonía masculina. Las características observables hacen que existan diferencias en la modificación salarial entre profesores y profesoras, pero estas cada vez se hacen menos fuertes por el aumento en el nivel de formación y la disminución en el número de hijos e hijas. Existen factores discriminatorios no observados que mantienen la discriminación salarial femenina en respuesta a factores culturales arraigados en el patriarcado y tradicionalismo de la región donde se encuentra la universidad.

Abstract This research aims to capture occupational segregation and wage discrimination by gender in the University of Cauca, located in southwestern Colombia, during four periods (2005, 2010, 2015 y 2020). There are few studies in this direction, and the existing ones do not address it in depth, at least in emerging countries. In this sense, it is the first time it has been done for Colombian higher education institutions. The methodology is quantitative and it implements the Karmel and MacLachlan Index (KM) in the first case and the Kitagawa-Oaxaca-Blinder (KOB) decomposition in the second one. To deepen the analysis panel data information was used for the first time in the KOB decomposition for these issues, which allows evaluating the evolution of segregation over time. The variables analysed include gender, wage, age, years of experience, education level, administrative charges, and academic departments of origin, among others. The information used comes from the official data provided by the Administrative Office of the University of Cauca. This is characterized by being totally anonymous and by exclusively comprising full-time teachers, that is, those with an indefinite term contract. Temporal teachers and/or professors with a defined term contract are excluded, due to the volatility in the employment relationship, which would otherwise introduce noise into the analysis. In general, the information shows that alpha professions (better paid, with greater projection and public recognition) have been dominated in the last five years by professors; while beta professions (that is those with lower salaries, little projection and recognition) have been led by women. This preliminary result leads to consider that there is labor and/or wage segregation within this university. The estimates of the KM index showed, firstly, that all professions, both alpha and beta, have at least some segregation in the period analysed, since this is greater than zero. Second, segregation has been low and slightly decreasing over time for beta professions. In fact, it was 0.09 in 2005 and 0.072 in 2020. Third, for alpha professions, the index has been markedly increasing over time, which suggests that the proportion of female teachers who must change professions so that segregation from men was zero is increasing. Regarding wage discrimination, all the differences were negative, which shows that the average salaries of female teachers are lower than those of male teachers and therefore their difference is less than zero. Although the results are only statistically significant for the years 2011, 2014 and 2020, it can be highlighted that these differentials have been decreasing over time. In effect, it was -0.24 log-wage in 2005 and -0.051 log-wage in 2020. These results are partially in line with those obtained in the KM index. Occupational and salary segregation seems to have decreased slightly in recent years in this university, but it still exists. In the case of decomposition change, all the variations in the endowment are positive and significant but are characterized as decreasing, which indicates that changes in average wage differentials have been narrowing over time. The empirical evidence suggest that occupational segregation still occurs in beta professions traditionally occupied by women despite the low perception of job discrimination by university professors. As for alpha occupations, they maintain male hegemony. The observable characteristics mean that there are differences in the wage modification between male and female teachers, but this is becoming less strong due to the increase in the education level and the decrease in the number of children. There are unobserved discriminatory factors that maintain female wage discrimination in response to cultural factors rooted in the patriarchy and traditionalism of the region where the university is located.

Abstract The paper examines, with data from the second quarter of 2019, the determinants of the probability of having a quality job in the six entities that make up the northern border of Mexico. To this goal, probit models were estimated in which the dependent variable was quality employment and the independent variables were schooling, sex, marital status and experience of the worker, as well as the size of the economic unit, type of locality and sector of activity. One result that stands out is that, in five of the six border states analyzed, the most important variable for obtaining quality employment is the size of the economic unit. The findings are limited by the temporality of the information used; however, they are original, contribute to the existing literature and can be taken into account to develop public policies aimed at creating quality jobs in the region under study.

Resumen El artículo examina, con datos del segundo trimestre del 2019, los determinantes de la probabilidad de tener un empleo de calidad en las seis entidades que componen la frontera norte de México. Para tal fin se estimaron modelos probit en los cuales la variable dependiente fue el empleo de calidad y las independientes la escolaridad, sexo, estado civil y experiencia del trabajador, así como el tamaño de la unidad económica, tipo de localidad y sector de actividad. Un resultado que destaca es que, en cinco de los seis estados fronterizos analizados, la variable más importante para obtener un empleo de calidad es el tamaño de la unidad económica. Los hallazgos están limitados por la temporalidad de la información utilizada; sin embargo, resultan originales, contribuyen a la literatura existente y pueden tomarse en cuenta para elaborar políticas públicas encaminadas a crear trabajos de calidad en la región objeto de estudio.

Resumo: No Brasil, o crédito público tem papel relevante no apoio às empresas, em especial àquelas pertencentes ao setor industrial. Nesse sentido, este estudo tem por objetivo realizar uma avaliação do impacto dos desembolsos do Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (BNDES) na geração de empregos na agroindústria brasileira. Para tanto, utilizaram-se microdados da Relação Anual de Informações Sociais (RAIS) e do BNDES no âmbito empresarial. As técnicas econométricas empregadas foram Propensity Score Matching (PSM) e Diferenças em Diferenças (DID). Foram tomados como referência os períodos pré e pós-expansão dos desembolsos do BNDES, em virtude da política anticíclica adotada pelo governo em 2009, para conter os impactos da crise internacional deflagrada em 2008. Os resultados encontrados apontam que, para a amostra em análise, empresas financiadas entre 2009 e 2010, o impacto no crescimento do emprego foi estatisticamente significativo e as empresas que receberam crédito do BNDES apresentaram dinâmica diferenciada em termos de geração de emprego. Tais resultados evidenciam que a ampliação da política de desembolsos do BNDES consistiu em um instrumento importante sobre a geração de emprego em empresas pertencentes à agroindústria.

Abstract: In Brazil, public credit plays an important role in supporting companies, especially those belonging to the industrial sector. In this regard, this study aims at carrying out an assessment of the impact of disbursements by Brazilian Development Bank (BNDES) on job creation in Brazilian agroindustry. For this purpose, the microdata of the Annual Listing of Employees and Salaries (RAIS) and the BNDES were used at the company scope. The econometrics techniques used were the Propensity Score Matching (PSM) and Differences-in-Differences (DID). The period before and after expansion of BNDES disbursements was taken as a reference, due to the countercyclical policy adopted by the government in 2009 to contain the impacts of the international crisis triggered in 2008. The results found indicate that, for the sample under analysis, companies financed between 2009 and 2010, the impact on employment growth was statistically significant and revealed that the companies that received credit from BNDES had different dynamics in terms of job creation. These results show that the expansion of the BNDES disbursement policy was an important instrument on job creation in companies belonging to the agroindustry.

RESUMO O artigo examina as formas de contratação e designação, carreira, jornada e vencimentos do conjunto de profissionais da educação – docentes, professores coordenadores, diretores de escola, supervisores de ensino e funcionários – vinculados à Secretaria Estadual de Educação de São Paulo no período compreendido entre 1995 e 2018. Com base em ampla pesquisa documental e análise de dados estatísticos, constata-se forte adesão, nos diversos mandatos, aos valores intrínsecos à Nova Gestão Pública, que, coadunados às práticas empresariais, promoveram flexibilização nas relações de trabalho, reconfigurando o trabalho educativo e descumprindo leis nacionais, a exemplo da Lei do Piso Salarial Nacional do Magistério.

ABSTRACT The article examines forms of hiring and designation, career, working hours, and salaries of the education professionals’ group – teachers, coordinating teachers, school principals, teaching supervisors, and administration fonctionnaires – linked to the São Paulo State Department of Education in the period between 1995 to 2018. Based on extensive documentary research and analysis of statistical data, it’s possible to verify a strong adherence, in the various mandates, to the intrinsic values of the New Public Management, which, according with business practices, promoted flexibility in labor relations, reconfiguring educational, and not complying with national laws, such as the Law on the National Teaching Salary Floor.

RESUMEN El artículo examina las formas de contratación y asignación, carrera, jornada y salario del conjunto de profesionales de la educación – docentes, docentes coordinadores, directores de escuela, supervisores docentes y empleados – vinculados a la Secretaría de Educación del Estado de São Paulo en el período 1995 al 2018. A partir de una extensa investigación documental y análisis de datos estadísticos, existe un fuerte apego, en los distintos mandatos, a los valores intrínsecos a la Nueva Gestión Pública, que, en línea con las prácticas empresariales, promovieron la flexibilidad en las relaciones laborales, reconfigurando la labor educativa y no cumpliendo con las leyes nacionales, como la Ley sobre el Piso Salarial Nacional de Maestros

Resumen Este ensayo científico analiza las posibilidades y condiciones de trabajo de las disciplinas de la educación básica, para reconocer el enfrascamiento e incertidumbres en los cuales se desenvuelven debido a los modelos de desarrollo capitalistas y su impacto en la estructura y el funcionamiento de los mercados laborales supeditados a criterios distorsionados de productividad y rendimiento de los mercados laborales. Para ello es importante analizar la contradicción entre las altas tasas de desempleo y subempleo en las disciplinas de la educación básica, el bajo promedio salarial con respecto a otras áreas de educación, los espacios de trabajo saturados con opciones poco compatibles con los perfiles profesionales, y los grados de satisfacción de las personas expertas en educación con datos del Observatorio Laboral Profesional (OLaP) de Conare y la encuesta trimestral de empleo. Para este análisis se consideró la desigualdad salarial, los contenidos y tareas de los trabajos disponibles que evidencian cómo se instrumentaliza la educación básica, su perfil vocacional y laboral. En consecuencia, este proceso mostró un desfase entre la formación universitaria en la educación básica y las exigencias profesionales moldeadas por la competitividad laboral, lo cual asienta las incertidumbres sociolaborales y educativas entre la adecuación de la carrera y las exigencias ─técnicas─ de los nuevos puestos de trabajo, lo cual demanda que se deban ejecutar, actualmente, ajustes vocacionales y laborales.

Abstract This essay, which has a scientific nature, analyzes the possibilities and work conditions available in Primary Education with the objective of recognizing bottlenecks and uncertainties characteristic of capitalist development models and their impact on the structure and function of labor markets, subject to distorted productivity criteria and labor market performance. This requires comparing the high rates of unemployment and underemployment in Primary Education, low average salaries with respect to other areas of Education, saturated work spaces with incompatible professional profiles, degree of satisfaction of educational experts based on data obtained from the National Council of Rectors (CONARE) Labor Market Observatory (OLaP) and the country´s Quarterly Employment Survey. The study examines pay gaps, job duties required for available jobs, vocational and professional profile. Disparities were revealed in Primary School Teacher Training at universities and actual job requirements and skillsets, as molded by the labor market, therefore, establishing socio-labor and educational uncertainties related to career adaptability juxtaposed with the skills required new jobs, reflecting a need for current vocational and labor adjustments.

RESUMO O objetivo de este trabalho é analisar os efeitos gerados pelas políticas de isolamento social, no contexto do COVID-19, sobre a situação laboral e a estrutura ocupacional na Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires (AMBA). Aborda os seguintes interrogantes: ¿Com que magnitude a crise económica provocada pelas políticas sanitárias causou perdas de postos de trabalho? ¿Qual foi a desigualdade de esses efeitos em termos socio-ocupacionais? ¿Como impactaram nos salários dos trabalhadores? ¿Que proporção dos trabalhadores ocupados contaram com permissões especiais ou acessaram ao teletrabalho? ¿Qual foi o impacto sobre o bem-estar subjectivo dos ocupados? As evidências empíricas indicam que a quarentena gerou alterações regressivas num cenário laboral que há varias décadas presenta um alto nível de precariedade, desigualdade e exclusão. No período de quarentena, 8,2% dos ocupados perderam o emprego ou não puderam exercer a atividade por conta própria, 19,8% não tinham renda e apenas 26,8% conseguiram realizar um trabalho virtual. Ao considerar os trabalhadores que não possuíam renda, observase que 35,3% apresentaram sofrimento psíquico, 28,3% orientação negativa para o enfrentamento, 17,1% expressaram sentimento de infelicidade e 23% crença de controle externo.O estudo faz parte de uma pesquisa mais ampla cuja finalidade foi dar conta do impacto das políticas sanitárias sobre o nível de bem-estar da população da AMBA. Entre o 7 e o 12 de Maio de 2020 -transcorridos 55 dias de quarentena-, realizou-se uma enquête (EDSA COVID-19) a um painel de 500 famílias consultadas pela EDSA-Agenda para la Equidad (Julho-Outubro de 2019). Os casos seleccionados constituem uma mostra aleatória estratificada dos 1.776 casos do 2019.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this paper is to analyse the effects produced by social isolation policies, within the COVID-19 context, on the labour situation and the occupational structure in the Buenos Aires Metropolitan Area (AMBA, in Spanish). It addresses the following questions: To what extent the economic crisis triggered by health policies has led to a loss of jobs? How unequal have these effects been in socio-occupational terms? In what way have they had an impact on workers’ wages and salaries? What percentage of the workforce has been granted special permits to go to work or has shifted to teleworking? What impact has this had on the subjective wellbeing of the employed? Empirical results show that the lockdown had negative consequences in the urban labor market, which was already characterized by social exclusion, precariousness and inequality. During the lockdown, 8.2% of the workers lost their job or did not work, 19.8% did not have labor income and only 26,8% worked remotely. Among the workers that lost their income, 35.3% experienced psychological pain, 28.3% revealed negative coping, 17.1% declared feeling not happy and 23% experienced external locus of control.This study forms part of a broader research aimed at accounting for the impact of health policies on the wellbeing of AMBA’s population. Between May 7 and 12, 2020 -after a 55-day lockdown- a panel survey (EDSA COVID-19) was conducted among 500 households selected from a survey undertaken by EDSA-Agenda para la Equidad [EDSA-Agenda for Equity] in July-October 2019. The cases selected make up a stratified random sample of the 1,776 cases surveyed in 2019.

RESUMEN Este trabajo tiene como objeto analizar los efectos generados por las políticas de aislamiento social, en el contexto del COVID-19, sobre la situación laboral y la estructura ocupacional en el Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires. Aborda los siguientes interrogantes: ¿Con qué magnitud la crisis económica suscitada por las políticas sanitarias ocasionó pérdidas de puestos de trabajo? ¿Qué tan desiguales fueron estos efectos en términos socio-ocupacionales? ¿Cómo impactaron en los ingresos de los trabajadores? ¿Qué proporción de los ocupados contaron con permisos especiales o accedieron al teletrabajo? ¿Cuál fue el impacto sobre el bienestar subjetivo de los ocupados? Las evidencias empíricas indican que la cuarentena generó alteraciones regresivas en un escenario laboral que desde hace varias décadas presenta un alto nivel de precariedad, desigualdad y exclusión. En el período de la cuarentena, el 8,2% de los ocupados perdió su empleo o no pudo realizar su actividad por cuenta propia, el 19,8% no tuvo ingresos y sólo el 26,8% pudo realizar un trabajo virtual. Al considerar a los trabajadores que no tuvieron ingresos se observa que el 35,3% presentaron malestar psicológico, el 28,3% orientación de afrontamiento negativo, el 17,1% expresaron sentirse nada o poco felices y el 23% una creencia de control externo. El estudio forma parte de una investigación más amplia cuya finalidad fue dar cuenta del impacto de las políticas sanitarias sobre el nivel de bienestar de la población del AMBA. Entre el 7 y el 12 de mayo de 2020 -transitados 55 días de cuarentena-, se realizó una encuesta (EDSA COVID-19) a un panel de 500 hogares relevados por la EDSA-Agenda para la Equidad (julio-octubre de 2019). Los casos seleccionados constituyen una muestra aleatoria estratificada de los 1.776 casos del 2019.

Abstract Purpose. The purpose of this paper is to examine whether cross-country differences in pensionable age explain such differences in economic activity of people at near-retirement age. Design/methodology/approach. The empirical study uses regression models for macro-panel encompassing 21 European countries in the period 2008-2014. Findings. Empirical results indicate that pensionable age is a determinant of cross-country differences in employment rate in the near-retirement age group, and less a factor differentiating average effective retirement age. It turns out that other factors matter, including salaries and wages as percentage of GDP (treated as a proxy for the occupational composition of populations across the countries studied), self-employment, participation in education and training, or self-perceived health. Social implications. The problem of economic activity at the near-retirement age is complex and cannot be limited to legal regulations concerning pensionable age. The policy aiming at stimulating the economic activity of the near-elderly should include actions on many sides including labour market, pension system, education, training, or health care. Originality/value. The results complement studies based on the single-country approach and demonstrate that pensionable age does not account for cross-country differences in terms of average effective age of retirement when controlling for other factors. Moreover, factors differentiating effective retirement age and employments rates across countries studied are not similar.

Resumo: A indústria da construção civil tem grande destaque na economia nacional, entretanto, o setor é responsável por gerar uma grande quantidade de Resíduos de Construção Civil (RCC). As usinas de reciclagem de RCC apresentam soluções tecnológicas que visam minimizar o impacto ambiental causado pela disposição inadequada dos RCC, sendo que o material gerado deixa de ser um problema e passa a ser uma saída sustentável para escassez dos recursos naturais. Este artigo analisou os aspectos econômico, social e ambiental de uma usina de reciclagem de RCC, instalada em Passo Fundo/RS. Como resultados obteve-se a quantificação e classificação dos resíduos enviados à usina de reciclagem de RCC no período de março a dezembro de 2016. Realizou-se a avaliação econômica da usina com base na comparação dos critérios econômicos de decisão entre a Taxa Mínima de Atratividade (TMA) e Taxa Interna de Retorno (TIR). Posteriormente foram avaliados os aspectos sociais, como os perfis dos colaboradores, seus salários e questões relacionadas à saúde e segurança, educação e treinamento. Na avaliação do aspecto ambiental da usina de reciclagem de RCC, determinou-se a composição, o processo de separação empregado e a forma de utilização destes resíduos. As conclusões demonstraram que a empresa é viável economicamente visto que a TIR foi maior que a TMA. Na avaliação social destaca-se a oportunidade de emprego para gêneros distintos e na questão ambiental a capacidade de reaproveitar os resíduos de construção civil em 97,98% do material recebido.

Abstract: The civil construction industry has great prominence in the national economy, however, the sector is responsible for generating a large amount of Construction Waste (CW). The CW recycling plants present technological solutions that aim to minimize the environmental impact caused by the inadequate disposal of the CW, and that the generated material is no longer a problem and becomes a sustainable outlet for the scarcity of natural resources. This article analysed the economic, social and environmental aspects of an CW recycling plant, situated in Passo Fundo / RS. As a result, the quantification and classification of waste sent to the CW recycling plant was obtained from March to December 2016. An economic evaluation of the plant was carried out based on the comparison of the economic decision criteria between the Minimum Acceptable Rate of Return (MARR) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR). Subsequently, social aspects were evaluated, such as the profiles of employees, their salaries and issues related to health and safety, education and training. When assessing the environmental aspect of the CW recycling plant, the composition, the separation process employed and the way in which these residues were used were determined. The conclusions demonstrated that the company is economically viable since the IRR was higher than the MARR. In the social assessment, the employment opportunity for different genres stands out and regarding the environmental question, the ability to reuse civil construction waste in 97.98% of the material received.

This article provides a reflection on the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and its effect on poor women in South Africa. The article provides a unique insight into the gendered impact of COVID-19, specifically assessing women in informal settlements and townships. The article interrogates poor women who are unable to implement the suggested measures to reduce the spread of the virus. The focus is on poor women as this group was considered most vulnerable, notably because of the dependency on the salaries of poor women. The article enlists how this pandemic is different from others in the sense that there is a differentiated impact on poor women. The differentiated impact is discussed under various themes, including ability to social distance, transportation implications, access to food and access to the COVID-19 relief grant. Access to COVID-19 grants and subsequent relief measures are assessed for their accessibility to poor women. The discussion engages the latest statistics available in 2020 during the pandemic and also reflects on what this means for the future. The article broadly explores the poverty gap and how this impacts poor women and looks at inequality in terms of labour demands on poor women during the pandemic. Finally, the article suggests some reforms that could be implemented going forward for poor women by government and other stakeholders, given that many cannot access their employment in a safe manner, and also looks at social reforms in terms of access to relief efforts for poor communities.CONTRIBUTION: This article focuses on the most marginalised group of people in South African society affected by COVID-19, namely, poor women. The article provides a unique contribution by assessing the consequences of the pandemic and looks at possible recommendations for addressing the plight of poor women in South Africa post-COVID-19

Abstract Due to the limited information on the employment status of accounting graduates nationwide, this document presents the results of an analysis of 28 studies of alumni carried out in 17 universities located in 19 states of the country with a sample of 5,120 graduates. The aim is to describe some features of the insertion of accountants in the labor market, characterize this labor market, and determine if it provides the conditions for their professional development. The results show high insertion rates but conditions of precarious employment, being located in micro and small companies in the tertiary sector at operational levels, working as accounting or administrative assistants, with low salaries and longer working hours than those established by labor laws. We concluded that the labor market poses limitations for accountants to develop upward career paths in the medium term.

Resumen Debido a la escasa información sobre la situación laboral de los egresados de Contaduría a nivel nacional, en este artículo se presentan los resultados del análisis de 28 estudios de egresados llevados a cabo por 17 universidades ubicadas en 19 estados del país, en el cual participó una muestra de 5,120 egresados. El objetivo es describir algunos rasgos de la inserción laboral del contador, caracterizar al mercado de trabajo y determinar si les brinda las condiciones para su desarrollo laboral y profesional. Los resultados muestran altas tasas de inserción pero en condiciones de precariedad laboral, ubicándose en micro y pequeñas empresas del sector terciario en niveles operativos, desempeñándose como auxiliares contables o administrativos, con salarios bajos y jornadas laborales superiores a lo que dictan las leyes laborales. Se concluye que el mercado de trabajo presenta limitantes para que el contador pueda desarrollar en el mediano plazo trayectorias laborales ascendentes.

Abstract Labor flexibility and the reduction of State participation have had negative effects on the well-being of the population, and more on youth people, because they maintain unstable and insecure jobs, with low salaries and no social benefits. The objective of this work was to analyze the variables that determine the process of labor exclusion of youth people in the countries of Spain and Mexico between 2005 and 2017, in order to compare the situation in both countries. For this purpose, the Labor Exclusion Index was developed. The methodology used was the Principal Component Factor Analysis with time series. According to the results, it was observed that youth people are at risk of labor exclusion in both countries. In Spain, youth people maintain involuntary part-time jobs, while in Mexico, they have even more severe informal labor conditions. In both countries, youth people have been included in jobs where they do not have social security or job certainty in order to avoid excluding them from the labor market.

Resumen La flexibilidad laboral y la disminución de la participación del Estado han tenido efectos negativos en el bienestar de la población, y más en los jóvenes, porque mantienen empleos inestables e inseguros, con bajos salarios y sin prestaciones sociales. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar las variables que determinan el proceso de exclusión laboral de los jóvenes en España y México en el periodo de 2005 a 2017, para comparar su situación. Se construyó un índice, que se denomina índice de exclusión laboral, de ambos países. La metodología utilizada fue el análisis factorial por componentes principales con series de tiempo. De acuerdo a los resultados, se observó que los jóvenes están en riesgo de exclusión laboral en ambos países. En España mantienen trabajos a tiempo parcial involuntarios, mientras que en México presentan condiciones de informalidad laboral aún más severas. En ambos países, para no excluir del mercado laboral a los jóvenes, se les ha incluido en trabajos donde no cuentan con protección social ni certidumbre en el empleo.

Resumen La Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires se caracteriza por una estructura productiva intensiva en servicios, tanto en su absorción de mano de obra como en su participación en el producto. Los servicios intensivos en conocimiento (SIC) explican, a su vez, una buena parte de estos, de modo que merecen un cuidadoso análisis del tipo de demanda laboral asociada. Buena parte de la discusión académica redunda en la importancia de la oferta de capital humano para el desarrollo de la industria del conocimiento, por eso, entendido su rol en la proliferación del sector SIC, el objetivo principal de este trabajo es comprender este mecanismo, pero de forma inversa; es decir, entender la morfología de la demanda de empleo generada con base tanto en la calificación de la mano de obra como en sus tareas realizadas. Además de los controles habituales, se incorpora la precisión de la actividad laboral realizada, entendida bajo un específico esquema de tareas. El análisis permite concluir, entre otras cosas, que, aun con remuneraciones muy por encima del promedio, el control por tareas muestra una notoria disparidad salarial y en términos de creación de empleo. Al mismo tiempo, sobresale el sector SIC en la demanda laboral de puestos con mayor complementariedad tecnológica -intensidad en tareas cognitivas no rutinarias- y de calificación profesional y técnica.

Résumé La ville de Buenos Aires se caractérise par une structure productive à forte intensité de services utilisant une main d’oeuvre locale et qualifiée. Cet article s’interressera à ces services hautement qualifiés (SHQ) et analysera le type de main-d'œuvre associée. Si une grande partie de la discussion académique retient l'importance de la qualité des ressources humaines pour le développement de l'industrie du savoir et son rôle dans la croissance du secteur SHQ, ce travail a pour objectif de comprendre ce mécanisme et la typolologie de la demande d'emploi générée selon les qualifications associées et les tâches exécutées par cette main d’oeuvre. L'analyse montre que, même avec des salaires bien supérieurs à la moyenne du secteur, le contrôle par tâches crée une importante disparité salariale et disparité en termes de création d'emplois. Dans le même temps, le secteur SHQ se démarque par une demande en main-d'œuvre pour des postes necessitant des connaissances et complémentarités technologiques, cognitives et techniques.

Abstract The Autonomous City of Buenos Aires is marked by an intensive productive structure in services, both in its absorption of labor and in its participation in the product. A good part of these are explained by the Knowledge-Intensive Services (KIS), so they deserve a careful analysis of the type of demand for labor that is associated. Much of the academic discussion revolves around the importance of supplying human capital for the development of the knowledge industry; therefore, with a clear understanding of its role in the proliferation of the KIS sector, the primary objective of this paper is to understand this mechanism, but in reverse; that is, to understand the morphology of the demand for labor that has been generated, based on both the qualification of the labor force and the tasks that are performed. Besides the usual controls, it incorporates the precision of the work activity, understood under a specific scheme of tasks. This analysis leads to conclude that even with salaries well above the average, the control by tasks shows a notorious gap in salaries and in terms of job creation. At the same time, the KIS sector stands out in the labor demand for positions with greater technological complementarity -intensity in non-routine cognitive tasks- and of professional and technical qualification.

Resumo A Cidade Autônoma de Buenos Aires se caracteriza por uma estrutura produtiva intensiva em serviços, tanto na sua absorção de mão de obra como na sua participação no produto. Os serviços intensivos em conhecimento (SIC) explicam, por sua vez, boa parte destes, merecendo uma análise criteriosa do tipo de demanda de trabalho associada. Grande parte da discussão acadêmica redunda na importância da oferta de capital humano para o desenvolvimento da indústria do conhecimento, portanto, entendendo seu papel na proliferação do setor de SIC, o objetivo principal deste trabalho é entender esse mecanismo, mas inversamente; isto é, compreender a morfologia da demanda de trabalho gerada a partir da qualificação da mão de obra e das tarefas desempenhadas. Além dos controles usuais, incorpora-se a precisão da atividade de trabalho realizada, entendida sob um esquema específico de tarefas. A análise permite concluir, entre outras coisas, que, mesmo com salários bem acima da média, o controle por tarefas mostra uma notória disparidade salarial e de geração de empregos. Ao mesmo tempo, destaca-se o setor SIC na demanda de trabalho por cargos com maior complementaridade tecnológica -intensidade em tarefas cognitivas não rotineiras- e de qualificação profissional e técnica.

RÉSUMÉ: Cet article mettre l’accent sur la participation inégale des femmes mexicaine dans l’accès et la satisfaction des bénéfices fourni par l’Etat mexicain comme une partie de la sécurité sociale. On analyse l’iné- galité du point de vue de la théorie des égalités des sexes en soulignant les modalités d’insertion dans le marché du travail et tout type d’occupation que montre les différences du salaire et, en particulier, avec l’accès aux pensionnes, la santé et tous les inégalités dérivées de la revenue et les appuis qu’elle peut obtenir pour confronter les risques du cycle de la vie. On fait l’analyse sur la systématisation de l’Enquête National du Travail and la Sécurité Social (INEGI, 2017).

ABSTRACT: This article highlights Mexican women unequal participation in access and enjoyment of the benefits provided by the Mexican state as part social security. The analysis looks at inequality from the gender perspective and it underlines the modalities of insertions in the job market, all types of occupations that show salaries differences, coverage of social security services, and, particularly, access to pensions and health. It also includes the inequalities derived from income and the support they can get to confront the risks of the life cycle. The analysis is based on the systematization of the National Survey on Employment and Social Security (INEGI, 2017).

RESUMEN: Este artículo destaca la desigual participación de las mujeres mexicanas en el acceso y en el disfrute de los beneficios que el Estado mexicano ha propiciado como parte de la seguridad social. Se analiza la desigualdad desde la perspectiva de género, destacando las modalidades de inserción en el empleo y en todo tipo de ocupaciones para mostrar las diferencias salariales, la cobertura de servicios de seguridad social, particularmente el acceso a pensiones y salud; así como las desigualdades que se derivan de los apoyos que obtienen para enfrentar los riesgos del ciclo vital. El análisis se deriva de la sistematización de la información de la Encuesta Nacional de Empleo y Seguridad Social (INEGI, 2017)