RESUMEN La empleabilidad es un proceso complejo, caracterizado en los últimos años por disímiles requerimientos, por lo que representa un reto para los graduados de las universidades, debido a la exigencia de competencias profesionales y sociales que demanda el mercado. Dada la preocupación existente, para garantizar de forma eficaz el proceso de empleo de los graduados de las carreras de turismo en las Universidades de Santiago de los Caballeros, de la República Dominicana, se realizó un diagnóstico que permitió la identificación de los factores que inciden en el proceso.

ABSTRACT Employability is a complex process, characterized in recent years by dissimilar requirements, which represents a challenge for university graduates, due to the demand for professional and social competencies demanded by the market. Given the existing concern to effectively guarantee the employment process of the graduates of the tourism careers in the Universities of Santiago de los Caballeros, in the Dominican Republic, a diagnosis was carried out to identify the factors that affect the process.

Abstract: The objectives of this study are to typify the research designs used in research on adult learner workers and to identify the topics addressed in the research published during the years 2011 to October 2023 on Scopus and ERIC databases. A literature review is conducted using the following English descriptors: non-traditional students AND higher education AND adult education OR post-traditional students. A total of 191 publications are identified and 32 are included in the sample. Of the selected studies, 18 correspond to qualitative methodologies, 10 to quantitative methodologies, and four to mixed methodologies. The topics addressed are related to motivations, difficulties, learning, commitment, retention, abandonment, employability, and work. It is concluded that it is necessary to develop research that addresses possible teaching-learning strategies that facilitate the achievement of a defined graduation profile and, as a consequence, reduce dropouts.

Resumen: Los objetivos del presente estudio son tipificar los diseños de investigación utilizados en investigaciones en torno a estudiantes adultos trabajadores e identificar las temáticas que se abordan en las investigaciones realizadas durante los años 2011 a octubre del 2023, en bases de datos Scopus y ERIC. Se realiza una revisión de la literatura empleándose los descriptores en inglés: non-traditional students AND higher education AND adults education OR post-traditional students. Se identifican 191 publicaciones y se incluyen en la muestra 32. De los estudios seleccionados 18 corresponden a metodologías cualitativas, 10 a metodologías cuantitativas y 4 a metodologías mixtas. Las temáticas abordadas dicen relación con motivaciones, dificultades, aprendizaje, compromiso, retención, abandono, empleabilidad y trabajo. Se concluye que es necesario el desarrollo de investigaciones que aborden posibles estrategias de enseñanza-aprendizaje que faciliten el logro del perfil de egreso definido y como consecuencia se produzca una disminución en la deserción.

International literature reflects that doctoral graduate attributes (DGAs) include a range of academic, soft skills and personal qualities. This study described multi-stakeholder perceptions of DGAs in the South African higher education context. Fourteen semi-structured interviews were conducted with doctoral students, doctoral graduates and academic staff from four South African higher education institutions. Participants understood DGAs as the outcomes of the doctorate degree, which are developed over time. Participants' experiences of DGAs included discussion of "academic" attributes, which align with the Qualifications Standards for Doctoral Degrees. Participants also discussed a range of personal attributes and "soft skills". Doctoral supervisors focused on the academic attributes, whereas doctoral students and graduates gave comparatively greater weight to the personal qualities that supported the completion of their doctorates. DGAs extend beyond the traditional academic attributes, and include the "soft skills" and personal attributes that are invaluable for completion and employability. South African higher education institutions need to utilise a more comprehensive, dynamic conceptualisation of DGAs, and provide developmental support for both academic and non-academic attributes.

BACKGROUND: Maintaining or promoting employment in the presence of disability or reducing the impact of disability on employability should be the adopted focus to decrease the negative impact that disability has on the economy and just as important on the livelihood and well-being of exposed insured individuals. Group risk disability insurance protects an employee's income when illness or injury result in work disability. To achieve this, factors that promote the success of rehabilitation and support for return-to-work of employees following illness and injury need to be understood from an insurance perspective. OBJECTIVES: To explore principles of disability claims management during the rehabilitation and work reintegration stage using a multi-stakeholder approach for the purpose of successful return to work. METHODS: An exploratory qualitative design was used to collect data via semi-structured interviews with 26 purposively selected participants. Interviews were audio-recorded, data were transcribed and analysed thematically. Qualitative research was used to understand the necessary role players in the work reintegration process, factors that hinder and promote work reintegration and best practice principles for Disability Claims Management (DCM). RESULTS: Three themes emerged from the study; (i) role players and their functions with collaboration is integral to disability claims management, (ii) various factors promote and restrict return-to-work planning, and (iii) best practice principles in the DCM pathway that promote return-to-work. These principles include behavioural economics as the central principle, with resource identification and competency, governance, role engagement and education and awareness as supporting principles. CONCLUSION: Collaborative and integrated approaches by role players within a workers' family unit, health system, employer structure and insurance compensation are required for positive return-to-work outcomes. The various role players are responsible for creating policies, structures, intervention strategies, and environments that foster return-to-work. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE • An integrated approach is required for optimal RTW outcomes as employers' policies restrict work integration. • A collaborative approach by all role players involved in DCM, focusing on positive RTW outcomes is required in the RTW process • Occupational therapists can influence employer incapacity and disability policies in order to keep people employed and productive in the presence of medical conditions with the application of reasonable accommodations where necessary. • Occupational therapists are suitably positioned to outline workplace environment and other supports required to guide and support employees through rehabilitation and RTW and in ensuring that employees who can remain at work while on a partial or fully insured benefit, can engage optimally in aspects of work function.

Abstract At a time when it is critical to understand humanity and its various forms of socioeconomic and political life, anthropology and other social sciences are being threatened by a neoliberal emphasis on “relevant” courses in universities in Kenya. Universities are suffering from a push for “relevance” at the detriment of their traditional role of being a public good. Using personal experiences, comparative secondary data overview and analysis, I discuss the challenges facing university education in Kenya under neoliberalism. I argue that the erstwhile role of universities serving the public good has been transformed so much that they struggle to be “sustainable” through “income generating activities” and teach “marketable courses” that will guarantee graduates employment upon graduation. This neoliberal approach to university education follows the growth of a capitalist ethic which started with Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) that has continually erased the welfare state and turned university education into a commodity and students as customers with preferences rather than as citizens with a right to education. Such a focus is detrimental to cultivating graduates who are well rounded and can respond to the challenges and opportunities of our ever-changing world.

Abstract Introduction: In the contemporary globalized and interconnected landscape, technical students pursuing successful career paths must possess indispensable employability skills. This paper acknowledges the shifting demands within the job market, where mere technical expertise may no longer suffice. Objective: In response to this imperative, the study suggests the implementation of a Task-Based methodology, wherein students actively engage in genuine, real-world assignments that mimic the professional challenges they are likely to encounter in their future careers. These practical tasks serve as catalysts for developing employability skills. Moreover, this approach incorporates the integration of Intercultural Competence into the educational framework. This adaptation recognizes the growing diversity within workplaces and aims to equip technical students with the competencies needed. Intercultural Competence encompasses cultural awareness, empathy, communication abilities, and proficiency in working harmoniously within multicultural teams. Methods: This research adopts a quantitative approach, where an online questionnaire is distributed via Google Forms to assess the effectiveness of the Task-Based Approach through Intercultural Competence. The study examines a sample size of 500 technical students from selected colleges in Madhya Pradesh. The statistical technique employed for analysis is Linear Regression in the SPSS software, enabling the exploration of correlations and variations among independent and dependent variables. Results: The results show that there is a high correlation between the variables and the significance of the model. Considering the limitations of the study, the benefits of implementing a task-based approach through Intercultural Competence are evident. The challenge may include designing culturally relevant tasks, ensuring that faculty members are adequately trained to facilitate intercultural learning, and assessing students' progress in the areas of technical and transversal competencies. Conclusion: Overall, this study underscores the significance of Task-Based learning and Intercultural Competence in nurturing employability skills among technical students, thereby making a meaningful contribution to their personal and professional advancement.

Resumo Introdução: No panorama contemporâneo globalizado e interligado, os estudantes do ensino técnico que pretendem seguir carreiras de sucesso devem possuir competências indispensáveis para a empregabilidade. Este documento reconhece as mudanças nas exigências do mercado de trabalho, onde a mera especialização técnica pode já não ser suficiente. Objectivo: Em resposta a este imperativo, o estudo sugere a implementação de uma metodologia baseada em tarefas, em que os estudantes se envolvem ativamente em tarefas genuínas do mundo real que imitam os desafios profissionais que provavelmente encontrarão nas suas futuras carreiras. Estas tarefas práticas servem de catalisadores para o desenvolvimento de competências de empregabilidade. Para além disso, esta abordagem incorpora a integração da Competência Intercultural no quadro educativo. Esta adaptação reconhece a crescente diversidade nos locais de trabalho e tem por objetivo dotar os estudantes técnicos das competências necessárias. A Competência Intercultural engloba a consciência cultural, a empatia, as capacidades de comunicação e a proficiência no trabalho harmonioso em equipas multiculturais. Métodos: Esta investigação adopta uma abordagem quantitativa, em que um questionário em linha é distribuído através do Google Forms para avaliar a eficácia da Abordagem Baseada em Tarefas através da Competência Intercultural. O estudo examina uma amostra de 500 estudantes técnicos de faculdades seleccionadas em Madhya Pradesh. A técnica estatística utilizada para a análise é a Regressão Linear no software SPSS, permitindo a exploração de correlações e variações entre variáveis independentes e dependentes. Resultados: Os resultados mostram que há uma alta correlação entre as variáveis, bem como mostram a significância do modelo. Considerando as limitações do estudo, são evidentes os benefícios da implementação de uma abordagem baseada em tarefas através da Competência Intercultural. O desafio pode incluir a conceção de tarefas culturalmente relevantes, a garantia de que os membros do corpo docente são adequadamente formados para facilitar a aprendizagem intercultural e a avaliação do progresso dos alunos nos domínios das competências técnicas e transversais. Conclusão: Em termos gerais, este estudo sublinha a importância da Aprendizagem Baseada em Tarefas e da Competência Intercultural no desenvolvimento de competências de empregabilidade entre os estudantes do ensino técnico, contribuindo assim de forma significativa para o seu progresso pessoal e profissional.

Resumen Introducción: En el mundo globalizado e interconectado de hoy en día, los estudiantes de enseñanza técnica que quieran seguir una carrera profesional de éxito deben poseer competencias esenciales para la empleabilidad. Este documento reconoce las exigencias cambiantes del mercado laboral, en el que la mera especialización técnica puede que ya no sea suficiente. Objetivo: En respuesta a este imperativo, el estudio sugiere implantar una metodología basada en tareas, en la que los estudiantes participen activamente en auténticas tareas del mundo real que imiten los retos profesionales a los que probablemente se enfrentarán en sus futuras carreras. Estas tareas prácticas sirven de catalizador para el desarrollo de competencias de empleabilidad. Además, este enfoque incorpora la integración de la competencia intercultural en el marco educativo. Esta adaptación reconoce la creciente diversidad en el lugar de trabajo y pretende dotar a los estudiantes técnicos de las competencias necesarias. La competencia intercultural engloba la conciencia cultural, la empatía, las habilidades comunicativas y la destreza para trabajar en armonía en equipos multiculturales. Métodos: Esta investigación adopta un enfoque cuantitativo, en el que se distribuye un cuestionario en línea a través de Google Forms para evaluar la eficacia del Enfoque Basado en Tareas a través de la Competencia Intercultural. El estudio examina una muestra de 500 estudiantes técnicos de colegios seleccionados en Madhya Pradesh. La técnica estadística utilizada para el análisis es la Regresión Lineal en el software SPSS, que permite explorar las correlaciones y variaciones entre las variables independientes y dependientes. Resultados: Los resultados muestran que existe una alta correlación entre las variables, además de demostrar la significatividad del modelo.Teniendo en cuenta las limitaciones del estudio, los beneficios de aplicar un enfoque basado en tareas a través de la Competencia Intercultural son evidentes. El reto puede incluir el diseño de tareas culturalmente relevantes, asegurar que los miembros del profesorado están adecuadamente formados para facilitar el aprendizaje intercultural y evaluar el progreso de los estudiantes en las áreas de competencias técnicas y transversales. Conclusión: En general, este estudio subraya la importancia del Aprendizaje Basado en Tareas y la Competencia Intercultural en el desarrollo de las habilidades de empleabilidad entre los estudiantes de educación técnica, contribuyendo así significativamente a su progreso personal y profesional.

Abstract We use 2812 online job advertisements from 21 European countries to identify attributes demanded by employers and explore economic and labour market characteristics associated with the set of required skills. Whereas some employers clearly target ready-to-work candidates for high skilled occupations, others do not even specify skill requirements. The latter are from countries that are moderate or modest innovators with varying levels of high-tech employment activities, a high level of youth unemployment and a low job vacancy rate. The findings suggest employers have raised hiring criteria and have therefore contributed to credential inflation.

Resumen Utilizamos 2812 anuncios de empleo en línea de 21 países europeos para identificar los atributos exigidos por los empleadores y explorar las características económicas y del mercado laboral asociadas al conjunto de cualificaciones requeridas. Mientras que algunos empleadores se dirigen claramente a candidatos listos para trabajar en ocupaciones de alta cualificación, otros ni siquiera especifican los requisitos de cualificación. Estos últimos proceden de países que son innovadores moderados o modestos, con niveles variables de actividades de empleo de alta tecnología, un alto nivel de desempleo juvenil y una baja tasa de vacantes. Las conclusiones sugieren que los empleadores han elevado los criterios de contratación y, por tanto, han contribuido a la inflación de credenciales.

Resumo Esta pesquisa explora 2812 anúncios de emprego publicados no sítio da internet de 21 países europeus para identificar as exigências de emprego e analisar as características económicas e do mercado de trabalho associadas a esse conjunto de competências procuradas. Enquanto alguns empregadores preferem claramente candidatos prontos a trabalhar para profissões altamente qualificadas, outros não especificam as competências requeridas. Estes últimos são de países com um nível de inovação moderado ou modesto, têm um baixo nível de emprego em atividades intensivas em tecnologia e conhecimento, com um elevado nível de desemprego jovem e uma baixa taxa de ofertas de emprego. Os resultados empíricos sugerem que os empregadores aumentaram os critérios de contratação e, por conseguinte, contribuíram para a inflação dos diplomas.

Résumé Cette recherche explore 2812 offres d’emploi publiées sur le site web provenant de 21 pays européens pour identifier les attributs exigés par les employeurs et explorer les caractéristiques de l’économie et du marché du travail associées à l’ensemble des compétences requises. Alors que certains employeurs ciblent clairement des candidats prêts à l’emploi pour des professions hautement qualifiées, d’autres ne précisent même pas les compétences requises. Ces derniers proviennent de pays qui sont des innovateurs modérés ou modestes avec des niveaux variables d’activités d’emploi de haute technologie, un niveau élevé de chômage des jeunes et un faible taux de vacance d’emploi. Les résultats suggèrent que les employeurs ont relevé les critères d’embauche et ont donc contribué à l’inflation des diplômes.

Abstract The objective of this paper was to analyze the scope that English Language Certification EnglishScore of the British Council has in Senior Students of a public institution in the state of Tabasco. The analysis carried out through the certification process shows that obtaining an English language certification focused on employability serves to evaluate teaching processes-learning obtained in the English assignment of the educational programs of the academic institution. Likewise, it optimizes the student’s employability process in their professional areas by mastering a second language and having a document to approve it. Similarly, it demonstrates that the use of Artificial Intelligence in language certifications through mobile devices is effective and guarantees the reliability of the results according to remote security monitoring protocols that are used in the application of the assessment tool.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o alcance da certificação de língua inglesa EnglishScore do British Council em estudantes de nível superior de uma instituição pública do estado de Tabasco. A análise realizada por meio do processo de certificação demonstra que a obtenção de uma certificação focada em empregabilidade serve para avaliar os processos de ensino-aprendizagem obtidos na disciplina de inglês dos programas educacionais da instituição acadêmica. Da mesma forma, otimiza o processo de empregabilidade do aluno em suas áreas profissionais, por meio do domínio de um segundo idioma e da posse de documento que o aprova. Similarmente, demonstra que o uso da inteligência artificial nas certificações linguísticas através de dispositivos móveis é eficaz e garante a confiabilidade dos resultados de acordo com os protocolos de monitoramento remoto de segurança utilizados na aplicação do instrumento.

Resumen El objetivo del presente trabajo fue analizar el alcance de la certificación del idioma Inglés EnglishScore del British Council en estudiantes de nivel superior de una institución pública del estado de Tabasco. El análisis realizado a través del proceso de certificación demuestra que la obtención de una certificación enfocada en la empleabilidad sirve para evaluar los procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje obtenidos en la asignatura Inglés de los programas educativos de la institución académica. Asimismo, optimiza el proceso de empleabilidad del estudiante en sus áreas profesionales al dominar una segunda lengua y tener un documento aprobatorio de esta. De la misma forma, demuestra que el uso de la inteligencia artificial en certificaciones de idiomas a través de dispositivos móviles es efectivo y garantiza la fiabilidad de los resultados de acuerdo con los protocolos de monitoreo de seguridad remota que se emplean en la aplicación del instrumento de evaluación.

Abstract The protean career orientation refers to career agentic and values-driven attitudes in today’s changing contexts. This orientation shows readiness for facing lifespan tasks and challenges in diverse work roles, contributing, for example, to university students’ academic engagement and employability. Given the importance of this construct, there is a need for valid and reliable measures of protean career orientation. Our study aimed to analyze the internal and criterion-related validity and reliability of a Portuguese language version of the Protean Career Orientation Scale. Participants were 407 Portuguese university students who responded to measures of protean career orientation, academic engagement, and career self-management strategies. Factorial analyses, Pearson correlations, and reliability indicators were computed. Adequate psychometric properties were found after one item deletion. Findings provide evidence for the scale’s usage among groups of university students, whether for research or practical purposes. Nevertheless, more studies are needed.

Abstract The results of the study carried out during the years 2021 and 2022, called Contributions of Counseling in the promotion of employability in students of Vocational Technical Education and Training (VTET), whose objective was to analyze the contribution of Counseling in promoting employability in VTET students, are presented in the context of the Costa Rican Ministry of Public Education. This study is stated in the naturalistic paradigm, with a qualitative approach and phenomenological method; since it seeks to describe and interpret what was expressed through semi-structured interviews with the people participating in the research, who were counseling professionals and twelfth-level students of Professional Technical High Schools (PTHS). The results obtained were organized into categories: Counseling for employability in VTET, a contextualization in the PTHS which refers to the functions of professionals in Counseling in the PTHS, teamwork as a condition that implies the promotion of employability and adjustment in the professional work in VTET from the COVID-19 pandemic; Promotion of the employability of professional people in Counseling, in which it was found that attitudes, skills, and tools for employability are offered; and Contributions of Counseling professionals in promoting employability in VTET of the Costa Rican Educational Minister, where it is evident that counselors carry out actions that facilitate self-knowledge and the context-knowledge, which contributes to their employability. Among the most important conclusions, it can be mentioned that the group of Counseling professionals face challenges in the promotion of employability, since, in the diversified cycle, there is no guidance counseling lesson; however, they manage to work together with teachers and administrative staff of educational institutions in order to promote the employability of the students. As a recommendation, among others, the professional person in Counseling is urged to look for different spaces, from where to develop processes, and actions that promote the employability of the PTHS students.

Resumen Se presentan los resultados del estudio Aportes de la orientación en la promoción de la empleabilidad en estudiantes de la Educación y Formación Técnica Profesional (EFTP), cuyo objetivo fue analizar el aporte de la orientación en la promoción de la empleabilidad en estudiantes de EFTP en el contexto del Ministerio de Educación Pública (MEP) realizado durante los años 2021 y 2022. Se parte del paradigma naturalista, con enfoque cualitativo y método fenomenológico, ya que se busca describir e interpretar lo expresado mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas a las personas participantes en la investigación, es decir, a profesionales en Orientación y estudiantes de duodécimo nivel de Colegios Técnicos Profesionales (CTP). Los resultados obtenidos se organizaron en categorías: Orientación para la empleabilidad en la EFTP; una contextualización en los CTP, la cual remite a las funciones de las personas profesionales en Orientación en los CTP; el trabajo en equipo como condición que supone la promoción de la empleabilidad y el ajuste en el quehacer profesional en EFTP, a partir de la pandemia por el COVID-19; promoción de la empleabilidad de las personas profesionales en orientación, en la cual se encuentra que se promocionan actitudes, habilidades y se ofrecen herramientas para la empleabilidad; y aportes de las personas profesionales en orientación en la promoción de la empleabilidad en la EFTP del MEP, donde se evidencia que las personas orientadoras realizan acciones que facilitan el conocimiento de sí y del contexto, lo que contribuye en su empleabilidad. Entre las conclusiones más importantes se puede mencionar que el grupo de profesionales en orientación enfrenta retos para la promoción de la empleabilidad, ya que, en el ciclo diversificado, no se cuenta con la lección de Orientación; sin embargo, logran realizar un trabajo en conjunto con el personal docente y administrativo de las instituciones educativas con el fin de promocionar la empleabilidad del estudiantado. Como recomendación, entre otras, se insta a la persona profesional en Orientación, a buscar diferentes espacios, desde donde desarrollar procesos, acciones que promocionen la empleabilidad del estudiantado de los CTP.

This research explores the employability of Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) college graduates in the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) era in South Africa. It examines the role of TVET lecturers in providing skills that are relevant to the contemporary period. The study uses qualitative research inspired by the interpretivist approach, and a purposive sampling strategy to get the perspectives of TVET lecturers and employers. It was observed that TVET lecturers play a minimal role in the development of the curriculum due to a rigid top-down approach from the Ministry of Higher Education. Companies are forming partnerships with TVET colleges by offering places for in-service training, practicals and internships. The study reveals that South African businesses have adopted 4IR-related technologies, requiring a skilled TVET force that is ready for these transformations. The findings highlight the need for regular curriculum transformation and the importance of TVET education in producing artisans, technologists and technicians that are vital for the South African economy on an ongoing basis.

RESUMEN En este artículo se analizan los resultados de la primera etapa de un proyecto de innovación social cuyo objetivo central consistió en favorecer la empleabilidad de las mujeres víctimas de violencia de género egresadas de los programas del Servicio Nacional de la Mujer y Equidad de Género (SernamEG) de la Región de la Araucanía, sur de Chile. Dieciséis empresas participaron de una encuesta estructurada e inspirada en la norma chilena NCh 3262-2012, que regula el Sistema de Gestión de Igualdad de Género y Conciliación de la Vida Laboral, Familiar y Personal. Los resultados sugieren que las empresas son lideradas por hombres, están integrada por personal que apenas cuenta con formación y/o sensibilización sobre violencia de género, suelen reproducir los roles de género y cuentan con ínfimo interés en implementar políticas de igualdad de género en el ámbito organizacional, incluidas aquí las direccionadas a la inserción de las mujeres víctimas de violencia por parte del compañero o ex compañero íntimo. La investigación demuestra que hay que seguir trabajando para que las empresas asuman - dentro del abordaje integral - su rol como multiplicadoras del derecho a una vida libre de violencia de género.

ABSTRACT This article analyzes the results of the first stage of a social innovation project whose main objective was to promote the employability of women victims of gender-based violence who finished a SernamEG programs in the Araucanía Region, southern Chile. Sixteen companies participated in a structured survey inspired on NCh3262-2012, which regulates the Gender Equality and Work-Life Balance Management System. The results suggest that the companies are led by men, are composed of personnel with little training and/or awareness of gender violence, tend to reproduce gender roles and have little interest in implementing gender equality policies in the organizational environment, including those aimed at the inclusion of women who have suffered violence by a partner or former intimate partner. The research show that it is necessary to continue working so that companies assume - within the integral approach - their role as multipliers of the right to a life free of gender violence.

Despite being responsible for many essential products in our daily lives, the chemical industries have not given proper attention to environmental issues for a long time. In the late 90’s, Green Chemistry (GC) emerged as a field of chemistry responsible for dealing with the relationship between the products used and their effects on human health and the environment. However, the employability of GC, in practice, is still incipient due to the little importance given to this field during the training of professionals. In Brazil, without a legislation that collaborates for its insertion, GC struggles to be part of the contents studied and the curricular matrices of higher education courses. This work aimed at revisiting the subject through an analysis of whether Brazilian higher educational institutions are working on disciplines related to Green Chemistry in their courses and how they are doing so. Based on the data obtained, it was noticed that this topic is more present in elective and theoretical disciplines, mainly for postgraduate and teaching training courses, taught predominantly in public institutions located substantially in the Southeast region. Although there are interesting proposals, the number of educational institutions that promote GC in their disciplines is still considered low. lives time 90s, 90s s 90 s, 90’s (GC environment However practice professionals Brazil insertion so obtained region proposals low 9

Abstract Background Therapeutic adherence is a decisive issue on chronic disease management in patients requiring long-term pharmacotherapy, such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Although it is well known that socioeconomic factor is a barrier to medication adherence in many chronic diseases, its impacts on PD still need to be investigated. Objective Explore what and how socioeconomic factors impact medication adherence in people with PD. Methods We carried out a scoping review across three databases to identify studies exploring what and how socioeconomic factors impact medication adherence in people with PD considering eight attributes: 1. educational level, 2. disease-related knowledge, 3. income, 4. cost of medication, 5. drug subsidy (meaning presence of subsidies in the cost of medication), 6. employability, and 7. ethnicity (black, indigenous, immigrants). Results Of the 399 identified studies (Embase = 294, Medline = 88, LILACS = 17), eight met inclusion criteria. We identified factors covering the eight attributes of socioeconomic impact, and all of them negatively impacted the medication adherence of people with PD. The most prevalent factor in the studies was low patient educational level (four studies), followed by costs of medications (three studies), income (three studies), and disease-related knowledge (three studies). Distinctly from most of the studies selected, one of them evidenced suboptimal adherence in individuals receiving the medication free of charge, and another one could not find correlation between suboptimal adherence and educational level. Conclusion Socioeconomic factors negatively impact medication adherence in PD patients. This review provides basis for developing patient and population-based interventions to improve adherence to treatment in PD. longterm long term pharmacotherapy Parkinsons Parkinson s . (PD) diseases investigated 1 2 diseaserelated related 3 4 5 meaning , medication) 6 employability 7 black, black (black indigenous immigrants. immigrants immigrants) 39 Embase 294 88 17, 17 17) criteria four studies, studies) studies. selected charge populationbased population based (PD 29 8

Resumo Antecedentes A adesão à medicação é um componente crucial no manejo correto da doença de Parkinson (DP) e, embora esteja bem estabelecido que o fator socioeconômico é uma barreira à adesão medicamentosa em muitas doenças crônicas, seus impactos na DP ainda precisam ser investigados. Objetivo Explorar quais são e como os fatores socioeconômicos afetam a adesão à medicação em pessoas com DP. Métodos Realizamos uma revisão de escopo em três bases de dados para identificar estudos que explorassem quais e como os fatores socioeconômicos impactam na adesão à medicação em pessoas com DP, considerando oito atributos: 1. nível educacional, 2. conhecimento relacionado à doença, 3. renda, 4. custo de medicamentos, 5. subsídio de medicamentos (ou seja, presença de subsídios no custo dos medicamentos), 6. empregabilidade e 7. etnia (negra, indígena, imigrantes). Resultados Dos 399 estudos identificados (Embase = 294, Medline = 88, LILACS = 17), oito preencheram os critérios de inclusão. Identificamos fatores que abrangem os oito atributos de impacto socioeconômico e todos impactaram negativamente na adesão medicamentosa de pessoas com DP. Foram mais prevalentes o baixo nível educacional do paciente (quatro estudos), custos dos medicamentos, nível de renda e conhecimento relacionado à doença (três estudos cada). Diferentemente da maioria dos estudos selecionados, um deles evidenciou adesão subótima em indivíduos que receberam a medicação gratuitamente, e outro não encontrou correlação entre adesão subótima e nível educacional. Conclusão Fatores socioeconômicos impactam negativamente a adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso em pessoas com DP. Esta revisão fornece base para o desenvolvimento de intervenções baseadas em pacientes e populações no intuito de melhorar a adesão ao tratamento farmacológico de pessoas com DP. (DP crônicas investigados 1 2 3 4 5 ou seja , medicamentos) 6 7 negra, negra (negra indígena imigrantes. imigrantes . imigrantes) 39 Embase 294 88 17, 17 17) inclusão quatro estudos, estudos) cada. cada cada) selecionados gratuitamente 29 8

ABSTRACT Introduction: Building upon the theoretical frameworks of Pierre Bourdieu and Nan Lin regarding social capital, this study examined the capacity of two Portuguese intentional communities (ICs) to cultivate and promote social capital. Our goal was to assess the decommodification potential of these alternative social structures and their role in mitigating social inequality. Materials and methods: Our data collection involved a combination of participant observation and semi-structured interviews. Additionally, we employed slightly adapted versions of social capital mapping and measurement techniques, incorporating the identification of contacts with prestigious positions/occupations (Position-Generator) and access to relevant resources (Resource-Generator). Results: Our findings indicate that social networks developed in the context of intentional communities can play a crucial role in promoting the accumulation of economic benefits and human capital, as well as in fostering the development of social identity and offering emotional support. However, notable disparities emerged between the two case studies concerning their capacity to reduce market dependence and the value of the different forms of mobilized social capital. In one instance, community economies based on collective, profitable activities effectively addressed basic needs through communal labour. Conversely, in the other case, while community economies based on individual enterprises reduced the personal costs associated with meeting basic needs, this led to increased dependence on external, temporary employment. Within this context, individual social capital, such as intra-community relationships, emerges as pivotal for securing economic gains, such as enhanced employability and the acquisition of new skills. Discussion: The internal structure of intentional communities directly impacts the development of social capital and the reduction of market dependence, thereby playing a crucial role in promoting equality and inclusion. While intentional communities offer emotional benefits, they may also present barriers to entry for individuals with limited financial resources. Continued longitudinal studies are essential to assess whether the initial diversity within these communities translates into social equality and to identify the contributing factors to such outcomes. Introduction ICs (ICs inequality methods semistructured semi structured interviews Additionally techniques positionsoccupations positions occupations PositionGenerator Position Generator (Position-Generator ResourceGenerator. ResourceGenerator Resource . (Resource-Generator) Results support However instance collective labour Conversely external employment intracommunity intra relationships gains skills Discussion inclusion outcomes (Resource-Generator

RESUMO Introdução: Partindo de uma concepção de capital social baseada nas teorias de Pierre Bourdieu e Nan Lin, analisamos a capacidade de duas comunidades intencionais (ICs) portuguesas para fomentar o desenvolvimento de capital social. Procuramos avaliar o potencial desmercantilizador destas organizações sociais alternativas e o seu papel na mitigação de desigualdade social. Materiais e métodos: Os dados foram recolhidos através de observação-participante e entrevistas semiestruturadas. Incluímos também versões ligeiramente modificadas de mecanismos de mapeamento e medição de capital social através da identificação de contatos com cargos/ocupações reputadas (Position-Generator) e acesso a recursos relevantes (Resource-Generator). Resultados: Redes sociais podem promover a acumulação de benefícios econômicos e capital humano, além de apoiar a construção de identidade social e fornecer suporte emocional. Contudo, há distinções significativas entre os dois casos quanto à capacidade de reduzir a dependência do mercado e ao valor das distintas formas de capital social mobilizado. Em um caso, economias comunitárias baseadas em atividades coletivas lucrativas se mostram eficientes em atender necessidades básicas por meio do trabalho comunitário. No outro, apesar das economias comunitárias apoiadas em empreendimentos individuais diminuírem os custos pessoais de atender necessidades básicas, isso leva a uma maior dependência de trabalhos temporários externos. Neste contexto, o capital social individual, como os relacionamentos dentro da comunidade, é crucial para benefícios econômicos, como empregabilidade aquisição de novas competências. Discussão: A estrutura interna das comunidades intencionais influencia diretamente o desenvolvimento de capital social e a redução da dependência do mercado, sendo fundamental para a promoção de igualdade e inclusão. Apesar de oferecerem benefícios emocionais, podem existir barreiras à entrada para indivíduos menos abastados. Pesquisas longitudinais são necessárias para avaliar se a diversidade inicial dessas comunidades leva à igualdade social e quais fatores contribuem para isso. Introdução Lin ICs (ICs métodos observaçãoparticipante observação participante semiestruturadas cargosocupações cargos ocupações PositionGenerator Position Generator (Position-Generator ResourceGenerator. ResourceGenerator Resource . (Resource-Generator) Resultados humano emocional Contudo mobilizado caso comunitário outro externos contexto individual comunidade competências Discussão inclusão emocionais abastados (Resource-Generator