Novel nanocomposites synthesized with pollen grain, as a precursor, were tested for CO2 adsorption performance. The pollen-derived carbons were obtained by direct calcination (PC), calcination followed by KOH-chemical activation (PCKOH), and MgO incorporation using high-energy ball-milling (PC-MgO and PCKOH-MgO). All the as-prepared materials were texturally, morphologically and structurally characterized by N2 physisorption, scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD); CO2 adsorption/desorption was measured by thermogravimetry. The four materials were able to adsorb CO2 at 30 ºC and 1 bar, but PCKOH-MgO, with the high surface area (12.4 m2 g-1), total pore volume of (0.13 cm3 g-1) and microporosity, was the best (2.06 mmol g-1 and percentage of adsorption (Qad) = 9.06%, at 1 bar). This result is due to the synergic effect of both synthesis methods. Neither temperature (from 30 to 100 ºC), nor pressure (from 1 to 15 bar), improved the adsorption process of PCKOH-MgO. CO2 desorption times at 300 ºC were 47 min for PCKOH-MgO and 30 min for the other adsorbents, showing the possibility of cycling. Based on the obtained results, the PCKOH-MgO activated carbon nanocomposite stands as a promising adsorbent to be potentially used for industrial CO2 capture applications and to contribute to long-term solutions to avoid dangerous climate-change and reduce CO2 emissions. grain precursor CO performance pollenderived derived PC, PC , (PC) KOHchemical KOH chemical PCKOH, PCKOH (PCKOH) highenergy energy ballmilling ball milling PCMgO PCKOHMgO. PCKOHMgO . PCKOH-MgO) asprepared prepared texturally N physisorption SEMEDS SEM EDS (SEM-EDS Xray X ray XRD (XRD) adsorptiondesorption thermogravimetry 3 bar PCKOHMgO, MgO, 12.4 124 12 4 (12. m g1, g1 g 0.13 013 0 13 (0.1 cm microporosity 2.06 206 2 06 (2.0 g- Qad (Qad 906 9 9.06% bar. bar) methods from 10 ºC, ºC) MgO. adsorbents cycling results longterm long term climatechange climate change emissions (PC (PCKOH (XRD 12. (12 0.1 01 (0. 2.0 20 (2. 90 9.06 (1 0. (0 2. (2 9.0 ( 9.

To control vehicle emissions, the new homologation process must be reported according to the California Maximum Incremental Reactivity (MIR) scale’s procedure to calculate the ozone forming potential (OFP) of each new vehicle. This work calculates an MIR scale suitable for the Brazilian reality. Meteorological and hourly pollutant data from the Bangu Automatic Air Quality Station was inventoried and processed from March to September 2020 to adjust OZIPR Lagrangean model and obtain the MIR scale by making small increments in the concentrations of each volatile organic compounds (VOC) and calculate the ozone increase/decrease. It was found that the VOC that had the greatest impact on ozone formation was 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, with 2.06 ppb O3 ppbC-1 VOC. The OFP was calculated based on the VOC emissions of a vehicle and it was found a value of 9.421 mg O3 km-1, a much lower value when compared using the California MIR scale of 136.608 mg O3 km-1. It is concluded that meteorological conditions and VOC speciation data in the air mixture in the studied region directly affect the photochemical reactions of ozone formation. (MIR scales s (OFP reality 202 (VOC increasedecrease increase decrease increase/decrease 1,2,4trimethylbenzene, 124trimethylbenzene trimethylbenzene 1,2,4 trimethylbenzene, 1 2 4 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene 206 06 2.0 O ppbC1 ppbC ppbC- 9421 9 421 9.42 km1, km1 km 1, km-1 136608 136 608 136.60 km1. 1. 20 4trimethylbenzene 1,2,4trimethylbenzene 124 1,2, 0 2. 942 42 9.4 km- 13660 13 60 136.6 12 1,2 94 9. 1366 6 136.

Asphaltenes are complex molecules with a tendency to aggregate. This property can be an issue for the oil industry due to CO2 reinjection into reservoirs to mitigate these gas emissions. The present theoretical study aimed to study the CO2 interaction with no-substitute and substituted coronene as an asphaltene model compound at CAM-B3LYP-D3/6-311G(d,p) level. The electronic properties were evaluated using harmonic oscillator model of aromaticity (HOMA), quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM), and reduced density gradient (RDG) methods. The results showed that the coronene’s functionalization by a sulfur atom changes the coronene’s electronic structure. However, functionalization does not change the type of interactions between the monomers, as they remain predominantly van der Waals interactions. CO2 interaction with substituted coronene barely changed due to the presence of sulfur atoms. However, in dimers, the position of the heteroatom directly influences the interaction with CO2, although it is insufficient to change the interaction’s magnitude. For this reason, our results indicate that the sulfur heteroatom in asphaltenes should be addressed. However, new studies must be conducted by increasing the number of substituents, CO2 numbers, and the model size. aggregate CO emissions nosubstitute no substitute CAMB3LYPD3/6311Gd,p CAMB3LYPD36311Gdp CAMBLYPDGdp CAM B3LYP D3/6 311G d,p D3 6 d p B LYP D G CAM-B3LYP-D3/6-311G(d,p level HOMA, HOMA , (HOMA) QTAIM, QTAIM (QTAIM) RDG (RDG methods coronenes s structure However monomers dimers magnitude reason addressed substituents numbers size CAMB3LYPD3 6311Gd CAMB LYPD Gd Gdp BLYP D36 D3/ dp (HOMA (QTAIM CAMBLYPD CAMB3LYPD

Abstract The aim of this study is to explore more sustainable approaches by replacing Portland cement (OPC) with recycled mixed powder (RMP) derived from construction and demolition waste (CDW), with a focus on reducing carbon emissions. The CDW was subjected to grinding and sieving until a fraction <0.15 mm was obtained. The particles were then thermally activated at 800°C in a muffle for 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 hours. The OPC replacement levels by RMP were defined based on the particle packing method, ranging from 0 to 65%. The study was carried out on pastes with a water/fines ratio ranging from 0.07 to 0.14 and superplasticizer admixture (SP), evaluating the compressive strength at 28, 63, and 91 days. The mechanical and environmental performance of Portland cement pastes composed with RMP showed compressive strength higher than the reference, reaching 37 MPa for a 45% replacement content at 28 days, reducing the CO2 emissions per m³ of paste by up to 53%. This study suggested that the treatment and packaging RMP particles may potentially increase the mechanical and environmental performance, making it an alternative to promote the circular economy and low-carbon cement. (OPC (RMP CDW, , (CDW) 015 15 <0.1 obtained 800C C 800 05 5 0.5 1 2 hours method 65 65% waterfines water fines 007 07 0.0 014 14 0.1 SP, SP (SP) 63 9 days reference 45 CO m 53 53% lowcarbon low (CDW 01 <0. 80 0. 6 00 (SP 4 <0 8 <

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo é explorar abordagens mais sustentáveis, substituindo o cimento Portland (OPC) por pó reciclado misto (RMP) derivado de resíduos de construção e demolição (RCD), focado na redução das emissões de carbono. O RCD foi submetido à moagem e peneiramento até a obtenção de uma fração < 0,15 mm. Em seguida, as partículas foram termicamente ativadas a 800°C em mufla por 0,5, 1, 2 e 3 horas. Os níveis de substituição de OPC por RMP foram definidos a partir do método de empacotamento de partículas, variando entre 0 e 65%. O estudo foi realizado em pastas com relação água/finos entre 0,07 e 0,14 e aditivo superplastificante (SP), com avaliação da resistência à compressão aos 28, 63 e 91 dias. Quanto ao desempenho mecânico e ambiental das pastas de cimento Portland compostas com RMP a resistência à compressão foi superior à referência, chegando a 37 MPa para um teor de substituição de 45% aos 28 dias, promovendo uma redução de 53% na emissão de CO 2 por m³ de pasta. O estudo indicou que tratar e empacotar as partículas de RMP aumenta o desempenho mecânico e ambiental, tornando-se alternativa para promover a economia circular e reduzir as emissões do cimento. sustentáveis (OPC (RMP RCD, , (RCD) carbono 015 15 0,1 mm seguida 800C C 800 05 5 0,5 1 horas 65 65% águafinos água finos 007 07 0,0 014 14 SP, SP (SP) 6 9 dias referência 45 53 m pasta tornandose tornando se (RCD 01 0, 80 00 (SP 4 8

Abstract Given the environmental impacts associated with the production of conventional Portland cement, the study of special cements with reduced environmental impact has been a trend. In this context, cements containing ye'elimite (YCC) stand out due to their low CO 2 emissions. Despite the environmental advantages, the high demand for aluminum economically limits the production of these cements.An alternative to making its production feasible is using residual raw materials as a source of Al 2 O 3 , such as SFCC (spent fluidized catalytic cracking).In view of this, this work aims to evaluate hydration at the initial age of cements. For this, six clinkers were produced with different ye'elimite contents, with and without SFCC. These were characterized by XRD/Rietveld. The pastes were evaluated by TG/DTG and XRD/Rietveld to understand the hydration mechanism on the third day of these cements. It was possible to synthesize the main phases of YCC, in clinkers with and without SFCC. In addition, at the age evaluated, the pastes with and without SFCC presented comparable phase composition, indicating the potential for co-processing this residue. cement trend context yeelimite ye elimite YCC (YCC emissions advantages cementsAn An spent cracking.In crackingIn cracking .In contents XRDRietveld XRD Rietveld TGDTG TG DTG addition composition coprocessing co processing residue

Resumo Diante dos impactos ambientais associados à produção do cimento Portland convencional, o estudo de cimentos especiais de reduzido impacto ambiental tem sido uma tendência. Neste contexto, os cimentos contendo ye’elimita (YCC) se destacam devido à baixa emissão de CO2. Apesar das vantagens ambientais, a alta demanda por alumínio limita economicamente a produção destes cimentos. Uma alternativa para viabilizar a sua produção é o uso de matérias-primas residuais como fonte de Al2O3, a exemplo do SFCC (catalizador gasto do craqueamento catalítico de leito fluidizado). Diante disso, este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a hidratação na idade inicial de cimentos YCC produzidos a partir do coprocessamento do SFCC. Para isso, foram produzidos seis clínqueres com diferentes teores de ye’elimita, com e sem SFCC. Estes foram caracterizados por DRX/Rietveld. As pastas foram avaliadas por TG/DTG e DRX/Rietveld para compreender o mecanismo de hidratação em idade inicial destes cimentos. Foi possível sintetizar as principais fases dos YCC, nos clínqueres com e sem SFCC. Além disso, na idade avaliada, as pastas com e sem SFCC apresentaram composição de fases comparáveis indicando o potencial de coprocessamento do SFCC neste tipo de cimento. convencional tendência contexto yeelimita ye elimita (YCC CO2 CO matériasprimas matérias primas Al2O3 AlO Al O catalizador fluidizado. fluidizado . fluidizado) disso isso yeelimita, elimita, DRXRietveld DRX Rietveld TGDTG TG DTG avaliada Al2O

Abstract The use of wood is often indicated as a decarbonization strategy for the construction sector. However, the CO 2 footprint of native wood, that is, the emissions during wood harvesting, transportation, and processing, depends on the type of forest management practiced. This study quantifies the CO 2 footprint of native rough sawn lumber from forests with three types of harvesting: sustainable management, conventional management, and conventional selective extraction (deforestation). CO 2 emissions were analyzed from harvesting to the end of wood processing based on data from the literature and the Construction Environmental Performance Information System. The CO 2 footprint of rough sawn lumber varies between 25 and 19,860 kCO 2 /m 3 , with the lowest values for wood from sustainable management and the highest for conventional selective extraction. In addition, managed wood stores temporarily in its cell structure ~353kgC/m 3 . Native wood from sustainable harvesting can contribute to decarbonizing buildings, whereas wood from conventional harvesting and deforestation are relevant sources of CO 2 emissions, considering the wood life cycle. sector However transportation practiced deforestation. (deforestation) System 19860 19 860 19,86 m addition 353kgCm kgCm 353kgC kgC buildings cycle (deforestation 1986 1 86 19,8 198 8 19,

Resmo O uso da madeira é frequentemente apontado como uma estratégia de descarbonização para a construção. Entretanto, a pegada de CO2 da madeira nativa, ou seja, que são as emissões decorrentes da sua exploração florestal, transporte e beneficiamento, depende do tipo de manejo florestal. Este estudo quantifica a pegada de CO2 da madeira nativa serrada bruta, proveniente de três tipos de exploração florestal: manejo sustentável, manejo convencional e extração seletiva convencional (desmatamento). Analisaram-se as emissões de CO2 da exploração florestal até o término do beneficiamento da madeira, com dados da literatura e do Sistema de Informação do Desempenho Ambiental da Construção. A pegada de CO2 da madeira serrada bruta varia entre 25 e 19.860 kgCO2/m3, com os menores valores para a madeira de manejo sustentável e os maiores para a madeira de extração seletiva convencional. Além disso, a madeira manejada estoca temporariamente, em sua estrutura celular, ~353 kgC/m3. Madeiras nativas de manejo florestal sustentável podem contribuir com a descarbonização dos edifícios, enquanto as madeiras de manejo convencional e, sobretudo, de desmatamentosão fontes expressivas de CO2 dentro do seu ciclo de vida. construção Entretanto CO seja desmatamento. desmatamento . (desmatamento) Analisaramse Analisaram se Construção 2 19860 19 860 19.86 kgCO2m3 kgCOm kgCO2 m3 kgCO m kgCO2/m3 disso temporariamente celular 353 ~35 kgCm3 kgCm kgC kgC/m3 edifícios sobretudo vida (desmatamento 1986 1 86 19.8 kgCO2m kgCO2/m 35 ~3 kgC/m 198 8 19. 3 ~

Resumo Analisou-se a viabilidade técnica e ambiental da Erythrina poeppigiana para produzir compensados com os adesivos: fenol-formaldeído (FF); uréia-formaldeído (UF) e poliuretano à base de mamona (PU). Avaliou-se as propriedades física e mecânica: densidade aparente, teor de umidade, absorção de água, inchamento em espessura, resistência ao cisalhamento e flexão estática. Os testes apontaram a viabilidade da eritrina para produção de compensados não estruturais. A avaliação ambiental, através dos indicadores, quantificação da energia embutida e emissão de CO 2 e, demonstrou que os pain compensado produzido com adesivo PU teve melhor desempenho que os painéis com FF e UF. O tratamento T1 (FF) apresentou maior energia embutida, o T2 (UF) a maior emissão de CO 2 e. A viabilidade técnica e ambiental da eritrina para produzir compensados pode promover o desenvolvimento socioeconômico regional, ambientalmente sustentável, com vantagens em relação aos compensados estrangeiros, bem como ao desempenho ambiental. Analisouse Analisou se adesivos fenolformaldeído fenol formaldeído uréiaformaldeído uréia UF (UF PU. . (PU) Avaliouse Avaliou mecânica aparente umidade água espessura estática estruturais indicadores T (FF regional sustentável estrangeiros (PU

Abstract The study analyzed the technical and environmental feasibility of using Erythrina poeppigiana to produce plywood with different adhesives: phenol-formaldehyde (PF), urea-formaldehyde (UF), and castor oil-based polyurethane (PUA). The physical and mechanical properties of the plywood were evaluated, including apparent density, moisture content, water absorption, thickness swelling, shear resistance, and static bending. Tests proved erythrina’s suitability for non-structural plywood production. The environmental impact of the production process was also evaluated, using embedded energy and CO2e emissions as indicators. The results showed that plywood produced with PU adhesive had better environmental performance compared to panels with FF and UF adhesives. T1 treatment (PF) had the highest embodied energy, while T2 (UF) had the highest CO2e emission. Overall, the study suggests that using erythrina to produce plywood can be a viable option for promoting regional socioeconomic development while also being environmentally sustainable and presents an advantage over foreign plywood in terms of environmental performance. adhesives phenolformaldehyde phenol formaldehyde PF, PF , ureaformaldehyde urea UF, oilbased oil based PUA. PUA . (PUA) evaluated density content absorption swelling resistance bending erythrinas s nonstructural non structural COe CO e indicators T (PF (UF emission Overall (PUA

Abstract Sanitary ware waste (RLS) is proposed as an ecologically environmental alternative, replacing fine aggregates and gravel, used in the production of self-compacting concrete (SCC). The environmental efficiency in energy life cycles and carbon dioxide emissions of SCC with different mixtures of RLS, were compared with the self-compacting concrete without RLS (CAA_REF). The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) showed that the replacement of RLS aggregates in CAA_REF, can generate an absolute reduction of approximately 45.42 MJ/m³ and 2.67 kg of CO2/m³ respectively, which corresponds to reductions of 2.2% and 0.6%. It was also verified that the use of an indicator of eco-efficiency of the environmental behavior in relation to the parameter mechanical resistance to compression, can contribute and be adequate in projects of dosages of SCC. Thus, it was observed that the use of RLS can contribute to environmental sustainability, reducing the inadequate disposal of RLS in the environment and implementing an adequate reuse. (RLS alternative gravel selfcompacting self compacting . (SCC) CAA_REF. CAAREF CAA_REF CAA REF (CAA_REF) LCA (LCA 4542 45 42 45.4 MJm³ MJm MJ m³ m MJ/m 267 2 67 2.6 CO2m³ COm CO2 CO CO2/m respectively 22 2.2 06 0 6 0.6% ecoefficiency eco compression Thus sustainability reuse (SCC (CAA_REF 454 4 45. 26 2. CO2m 0.6 0.

Resumo O resíduo de louça sanitária (RLS) é alvitrado como uma alternativa ecologicamente ambiental, em substituição aos agregados finos e pedriscos, empregados na produção de concretos autoadensáveis (CAA). A eficiência ambiental nos ciclos de vida energético e das emissões de dióxido de carbono de CAA com diferentes misturas de RLS, foram comparadas com o concreto autoadensável sem RLS (CAA_REF). A Análise do Ciclo de Vida (ACV) evidenciou que a substituição de agregados de RLS em CAA_REF, pode gerar uma redução absoluta de aproximadamente 34,70 MJ/m³ e 2,07 kg de CO2/m³, respectivamente, o que corresponde a reduções de 1,5% e 0,5%. Verificou-se ainda que o uso de um indicador de ecoeficiência do comportamento ambiental em relação ao parâmetro resistência mecânica à compressão, pode contribuir e ser adequado em projetos de dosagens de CAA. Assim, observou-se que o uso de RLS, pode colaborar para a sustentabilidade ambiental, reduzindo a disposição inadequada dos RLS no meio ambiente e implementado um reuso adequado. (RLS pedriscos . (CAA) CAA_REF. CAAREF CAA_REF REF (CAA_REF) ACV (ACV 3470 34 70 34,7 MJm³ MJm MJ m³ m MJ/m 207 2 07 2,0 CO2m³ COm CO2 CO CO2/m³ respectivamente 15 1 5 1,5 05 0 0,5% Verificouse Verificou se compressão Assim observouse observou (CAA (CAA_REF 347 3 7 34, 20 2, CO2m CO2/m 1, 0,5 0,

Abstract This study aimed to estimate CO2 emission and uptake due to the mixed rendering mortars carbonation process, replacing natural aggregate (NA) with recycled aggregate (RA) and lime contents to produce less emissive final material. Mortars were subjected to natural carbonation in three environments. Carbonation depth was evaluated until 119 days of CO2 environmental exposure, and thermogravimetric analysis determined absorbed carbon content. The scenario evaluation considered different depths for the potential CO2 uptake. It was found that the higher the lime content, the higher the carbon emissions and capture. However, the CO2 captured amount (25.41 KgCO2/m³) does not balance its emission from raw materials production. Replacing NA for RA, the mortars reduced emissions associated with production by approximately 8.15%. The scenario simulation proved that constructive control is essential for rendering mortar depths less than 20 mm, the maximum carbon fixation is reached before rendering. Mortars with recycled aggregate are less emissive, which is essential in selecting more sustainable building materials. CO process (NA RA (RA material environments 11 exposure content capture However 25.41 2541 25 41 (25.4 KgCO2/m³ KgCO2m³ KgCOm KgCO2 m³ KgCO m 815 8 15 8.15% 2 mm 1 25.4 254 4 (25. KgCO2/m KgCO2m 81 8.15 25. (25 8.1 (2 8. (

Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo estimar a emissão e captura de CO2 devido ao processo de carbonatação de argamassas mistas, substituindo agregado natural (AN) por agregado reciclado (AR) e teores de cal para produzir material final menos emissivo. As argamassas foram submetidas à carbonatação natural em três ambientes. A profundidade de carbonatação foi avaliada aos até 119 dias de exposição ao tempo com presença de CO2, e a análise termogravimétrica determinou o teor de carbono absorvido. A avaliação dos cenários considerou diferentes profundidades para o potencial absorção de CO2. Verificou-se que quanto maior o teor de cal, maiores as emissões e captura de carbono. Contudo, a quantidade de CO2 capturada (25,41 KgCO2/m³) não neutraliza a sua emissão proveniente da produção de matérias-primas. Substituindo o AN pelo AR, as argamassas reduziram as emissões associadas à produção, em aproximadamente 8,15%. A simulação dos cenários comprovou que o controle construtivo é essencial, pois em espessuras inferiores a 20 mm a fixação máxima de carbono é alcançada antes da aplicação de revestimento. As argamassas com agregados reciclados são menos emissivas, o que é essencial na seleção de materiais de construção mais sustentáveis. CO mistas (AN AR (AR emissivo ambientes 11 absorvido Verificouse Verificou se Contudo 25,41 2541 25 41 (25,4 KgCO2/m³ KgCO2m³ KgCOm KgCO2 m³ KgCO m matériasprimas. matériasprimas matérias primas. primas matérias-primas 815 8 15 8,15% 2 revestimento emissivas sustentáveis 1 25,4 254 4 (25, KgCO2/m KgCO2m 81 8,15 25, (25 8,1 (2 8, (

Abstract The use of sandwich panels in construction is a viable alternative in the search for materials with low self-weight, lower thermal conductivity, and resistance to compression. To increase the sustainability of this solution, it is necessary to replace the steel reinforcement of the faces and the EPS core with materials that have lower energy costs and reduce greenhouse gas emissions during production. In this context, this study aims to develop a sandwich panel with a lightweight concrete core made from oil palm endocarp as a substitute for conventional coarse aggregate and faces with mortar reinforced with short sisal fibers. The bioconcrete was produced with two levels of oil palm endocarp (100% and 150% of the binder mass) and two water/binder ratios, 0.35 and 0.45. The increase in the content of endocarp results in increased water absorption and reduced mechanical strength, but the panels had a specific mass lower than 1480 kg/m³ and compressive strength greater than 7 MPa, qualifying them for use as infill masonry. The use of sisal fibers allowed an increase in toughness under flexure even after the initiation of panel cracking. selfweight, selfweight self weight, weight self-weight conductivity compression solution production context 100% 100 (100 150 waterbinder ratios 035 0 35 0.3 045 45 0.45 148 kgm³ kgm kg m³ m kg/m MPa masonry cracking 10 (10 15 03 3 0. 04 4 0.4 14 1 (1 (

Resumo O uso de painéis sanduíche na construção civil é uma alternativa viável na busca por materiais com baixo peso próprio, menor condutividade térmica e resistentes à compressão. Para aumentar a sustentabilidade dessa solução, é preciso substituir o reforço de aço das faces e o núcleo em EPS por materiais que apresentem menor custo energético e redução da emissão de gases do efeito estufa durante a produção. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo, desenvolver um painel sanduíche com núcleo de concreto leve feito com endocarpo do dendê em substituição do agregado graúdo convencional e faces com argamassa reforçada com fibras curtas de sisal. O bioconcreto foi produzido com dois teores de endocarpo do dendê (100% e 150% da massa de aglomerante) e duas relações água/aglomerante, de 0,35 e 0,45. O aumento do teor de endocarpo resulta em aumento da absorção de água e redução da resistência mecânica, mas os painéis apresentaram massa específica menor que 1480 kg/m³ e resistência a compressão maior que 7 MPa o que os qualifica para uso como alvenaria de vedação. O uso de fibras vegetais permitiu o aumento da tenacidade sob flexão mesmo após o início da fissuração do painel. próprio solução produção contexto objetivo sisal 100% 100 (100 150 aglomerante águaaglomerante água/aglomerante 035 0 35 0,3 045 45 0,45 mecânica 148 kgm³ kgm kg m³ m kg/m vedação 10 (10 15 03 3 0, 04 4 0,4 14 1 (1 (

Abstract Since 2010, there has been an approximate annual increase of 1% in CO2 emissions due to buildings. The reduction of energy consumption and consequently the mitigation of Greenhouse Gases are global goals due to the global issue of climate change. A key step in achieving these goals is to improve the energy performance of buildings, thereby reducing energy consumption and emissions generated by the built environment. In this regard, the present research focuses on identifying and estimating strategies to reduce energy consumption in buildings known as Community Police Units (UPCs) located in the city of Guayaquil, which corresponds to a very hot and humid climate zone. The study consists of statistical analysis of the historical energy performance of 43 buildings sharing the same architectural design. Additionally, the selection of a representative building was made for energy use monitoring and energy simulation. The results revealed a potential saving of 16 000 kWh per year by reducing the control temperature of the air conditioning system by 1°C and adjusting the on/off schedule. This is equivalent to 1 150 USD and 5 metric tons of CO2 emissions.

Resumen: Desde el 2010 existe un incremento aproximado del 1% anual respecto a las emisiones de CO2 a causa de los edificios. La disminución del consumo energético y consecuentemente la mitigación de los Gases de Efecto Invernadero son metas a nivel mundial debido a la problemática global del cambio climático. Un paso clave para alcanzar estas metas es mejorar el desempeño energético de las edificaciones y de esta manera reducir la energía consumida y las emisiones generadas por el parque edificado. En este sentido, la presente investigación se centra en identificación y estimación de estrategias para reducir el consumo de energía de los edificios llamados Unidades de Policía Comunitaria (UPC) localizadas en la ciudad de Guayaquil, y que corresponde a una zona climática húmeda muy calurosa. El estudio está compuesto por el análisis estadístico del rendimiento energético histórico de 43 edificios, que comparten el mismo diseño arquitectónico. Además, se realizó la selección de un edificio representativo para el monitoreo del uso de energía y simulación energética. Los resultados evidenciaron un potencial de ahorro de 16 000 kWh al año, al disminuir 1°C la temperatura de control del sistema de climatización y modificando el horario de encendido y apagado. Esto es equivalente a 1 150 USD y 5 toneladas equivalentes de CO2.

Summary: A methodology is proposed for the interpretation of gas emissions that come from the soil based on the integration of the primary actors in the production systems and members of the ecosystems. The methodology presents data in units that are easy to understand by people outside the study of gas emissions in different ecosystems and production systems, and optimizes the calculation of small and medium scale predictions through estimation with a high degree of ratio and mathematical adjustment. From the use of the ideal gas equation, it was possible to develop the methodology to obtain a conversion factor taking into account variables such as the pressure and temperature of the site where the gas quantification experiment is being carried out. With the aforementioned, it is easier to obtain the constant of the molar volume of the container used and data transformation to ensure compliance with basic statistical parameters such as normality, variance similar to zero, and confidence intervals with less deviation. The present methodological development represents a tool for the generation of data at the laboratory and plot level with mathematical support that facilitates the execution of mathematical models in comparison with other methodologies.

Resumen: Se propone una metodología para la interpretación de las emisiones de gases que proceden del suelo a partir de la integración de los actores primarios en los sistemas de producción e integrantes de los ecosistemas. La metodología presenta datos en unidades de fácil comprensión por personas ajenas al estudio de emisiones de gases en los distintos ecosistemas y sistemas de producción, optimiza el cálculo de predicciones a pequeña y mediana escala mediante la estimación con alto grado de razón y ajuste matemático. A partir del empleo de la ecuación general de los gases ideales se pudo desarrollar la metodología para obtener un factor de conversión teniendo en cuenta variables como la presión y temperatura del sitio donde se esté ejecutando el experimento de cuantificación de gases, con lo anterior se facilita la obtención de la constante del volumen molar propio del contenedor utilizado y la transformación de datos para garantizar el cumplimiento de parámetros estadísticos básicos como normalidad, varianza similar a cero e intervalos de confianza con menor desviación. El presente desarrollo metodológico representa una herramienta para la generación de datos a nivel de laboratorio y parcelario con soporte matemático que facilita la ejecución de modelos matemáticos en comparación con otras metodologías.

Summary: The use of rhizobacteria has the ability to colonize the root system, promote plant growth and biocontrol or suppress phytopathogenic fungi. The objective of this research was to select and analyze fluorescent rhizobacteria solubilizing nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, producing lytic enzymes with antagonistic activity towards P. palmivora and L. theobromae. The bacteria were isolated from root and leaf tissue of endemic CCN-51 cacao cultivars from the provinces of Los Ríos, Santa Elena and Esmeralda. Characterization of antagonistic activity was based on the selection of proteolytic activity, siderophore production and fluorescent pigmentation under ultra violet light. In addition, antagonistic activity was performed using cell extracts. Nine bacterial strains (BF 567, FZ 9-7, LH 5-10, MH 4-20, MN 5-20, MN 5-19, AC3, PV-25) with protease production, siderophore production and fluorescence emission were selected. The ability of the bacteria to solubilize complex minerals (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) was analyzed and their solubilization efficiency varied, ranging from 50 to 100 %. The antagonistic factor of cell supernatants from FZ 9-7, BF 567 and PV-25 inhibited mycelial growth toward P. palmivora and L. theobromae by 40, 60 and 85%, respectively. The use of rhizobacteria could be used as an alternative biofertilizer to chemical fertilizers and biological control of phytopathogenic soil fungi through their volatile emissions.

Resumen: El empleo de rizobacterias tiene la capacidad de colonizar el sistema radicular, promover el crecimiento en plantas y la capacidad biocontroladora o suprimir hongos fitopatógenos. El objetivo de esta investigación fue seleccionar y analizar las rizobacterias fluorescentes solubilizadoras de nitrógeno, fósforo y potasio, productoras de enzimas líticas de actividad antagonistas hacia P. palmivora y L. theobromae. Las bacterias se aislaron del tejido radicular y foliar de cultivares endémicos de cacao CCN-51 de las provincias de Los Ríos, Santa Elena y Esmeralda. La caracterización de la actividad antagonista se apoyó en la selección de actividad proteolítica, producción de sideróforos y pigmentación fluorescente bajo luz ultra violeta. Además, se realizó la actividad antagonista mediante los extractos celulares. Se seleccionaron nueve cepas bacterianas (BF 567, FZ 9-7, LH 5-10, MH 4-20, MN 5-20, MN 5-19, AC3, PV-25) con producción de proteasa, sideróforos y emisión de fluorescencia. Se analizó la capacidad de las bacterias para solubilizar minerales complejos (nitrógeno, fosforo y potasio) su eficiencia de solubilización vario, oscilando entre 50 y 100%. El factor antagónico de los sobrenadantes celulares de FZ 9-7, BF 567 y PV-25 inhiben el crecimiento del micelio hacia P. palmivora y L. theobromae en un 40, 60 y 85%, respectivamente. La utilización de las rizobacterias podría usarse como biofertilizante alternativo a los fertilizantes químicos y control biológico de hongos fitopatógenos del suelo a través de sus emisiones volátiles.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este trabajo fue estimar las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero procedentes de la ganadería de Cuba para el período 1990-2016. La metodología utilizada fue las Directrices del IPCC 2006. Se trabajó con dos métodos de estimación, el de nivel 1, donde se utilizan datos del país y factores de emisión por defecto de las Guías del IPCC 2006 y el método de nivel 2 que utiliza datos del país, pero factores de emisión calculados a partir de datos del país. Se estimaron las emisiones de CH4 por la categoría Fermentación entérica y las emisiones de CH4 y N2O por la categoría Gestión del estiércol. La Fermentación entérica fue la categoría de mayor relevancia con un 76,1 % de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero del sector Ganadería. A nivel de componente animal, el ganado vacuno fue el de mayor importancia con un 72,1 % de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero del sector Ganadería. Las subcategorías significativas en el sector Ganadería fueron: Fermentación entérica “Ganado vacuno”, Gestión del estiércol “Ganado vacuno”, Gestión del estiércol “Porcinos”; que son a las que habrá que dedicar mayor esfuerzo y recursos.

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to estimate greenhouse gas emissions from livestock farming in Cuba for the period 1990-2016. The methodology used was the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. We worked with two estimation methods, level 1, where country data and default emission factors from the 2006 IPCC Guidelines are used, and level 2 method that uses data of the country, but emission factors calculated from country data. CH4 emissions were estimated for the Enteric Fermentation category and CH4 and N2O emissions for the Manure Management category. Enteric Fermentation was the most relevant category with 76.1% of greenhouse gas emissions from the Livestock sector. At the animal component level, cattle were the most important with 72.1% of greenhouse gas emissions from the Livestock sector. The significant subcategories in the Livestock sector were: Enteric fermentation “Cattle”, Manure management “Cattle”, Manure management “Swines”; which are the ones to which greater effort and resources will have to be dedicated.

Resumen El objetivo de la presente investigación fue estimar las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero procedentes de la ganadería de Cuba en el período 1990-2020. La metodología utilizada fue las Directrices del IPCC 2006. Se estimaron las emisiones de CH4 por la subcategoría Fermentación entérica y las emisiones de CH4 y N2O por la subcategoría Gestión del estiércol. Los datos de actividad fueron obtenidos de los Anuarios Estadísticos de la Oficina Nacional de Estadísticas e Información. Se dispuso de datos paramétricos característicos de la ganadería vacuna en el país, proporcionados por el Ministerio de la Agricultura. Estos datos permitieron calcular, para cada tipo de ganado vacuno, factores de emisión propios de país y el promedio anual de excreción de nitrógeno, para estimar las emisiones de CH4 por Fermentación entérica y Gestión del estiércol, y las de N2O por Gestión del estiércol, respectivamente. Para las restantes especies se usaron factores de emisión por defecto de las Directrices del IPCC 2006. Las emisiones de ambas subcategorías en el año 2020 disminuyeron con respecto al año base 1990, como consecuencia de la reducción de las poblaciones de ganado. La Fermentación entérica fue la subcategoría de mayor relevancia con un 81.2 % de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero de la categoría Ganadería. El ganado vacuno constituyó la única subcategoría significativa de emisiones por Fermentación entérica y Gestión del estiércol.

Abstract The objective of this research was to estimate greenhouse gas emissions from livestock in Cuba in the period 1990-2020. The methodology used is based on the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. CH4 emissions were estimated for the Enteric Fermentation subcategory, and CH4 and N2O emissions for the Manure Management subcategory. The activity data were obtained from the Annual Statistical Yearbooks published by the National Office of Statistics and Information. Characteristic parametric data of bovine livestock in the country were available, provided by the Ministry of Agriculture. These data made possible to calculate, for each type of cattle, country-specific emission factors and the annual average nitrogen excretion, to estimate CH4 emissions from Enteric Fermentation and Manure Management, and N2O emissions from Manure Management, respectively. Default emission factors from the 2006 IPCC Guidelines were used for the remaining species. Emissions for both subcategories in 2020 decreased with respect to the 1990 base year, as a consequence of reduced livestock populations. Enteric fermentation was the most relevant subcategory with 81.2% of greenhouse gas emissions from the Livestock category. Cattle constituted the only significant subcategory of emissions from Enteric Fermentation and Manure Management.