SUMMARY: There exists a scarcity of neurocognitive research that has successfully used electrophysiology as an objective tool to assess different learning modalitiesthat are commonly used in anatomy. The objective of this study was to explore the trend in the expression of brain waves in medical students when using different didactic strategies in learning anatomy. An exploratory, observational, cross-sectional study was conducted on 22 first- semester medical students in anatomy. Using didactic strategies with different pedagogical tools such as biological models (human skulls and pig hearts) and/or digital application (Visible Body software), and different evaluation methods, students were grouped into three groups: "EOR1" students who learned using a skull and were evaluated with it; "EOV1" students who learned using a pig heart and were evaluated with the Visible Body software; and "EOV2" for students who learned through the Visible Body software and were evaluated with it. During the evaluation, each student was monitored in real-time using an electroencephalogram and the Emotiv EPOC brain-computer interface system to record the electro-physiological activity of beta (B), theta (T), and gamma (G) waves. The data obtained (the trend of the electrical activity of each wave and its relationship with students' performance in each didactic strategy) were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient. Groups EOR1 and EOV1 had satisfactory results in their evaluations and showed a predominance of B waves (x=67.33) and T waves (x=57.67). Additionally, a strongly positive correlation (r=0.82) was found between the presence of B waves and the duration of T waves. Students who used three-dimensional biological models as a pedagogical tool showed a predominance of B and T waves, which are associated with sensorimotor and exploratory learning necessary for studying anatomy.

RESUMEN: Son escasos los estudios de neurociencia cognitiva que permitan comprender, de manera objetiva, las manifestaciones electrofisiológicas de los estudiantes de medicina expuestos a diferentes herramientas pedagógicas utilizadas en el área de anatomía. El objetivo de este trabajo fue explorar la tendencia en la expresión de las ondas cerebrales de estudiantes de medicina, al utilizar diferentes estrategias didácticas en el aprendizaje de la anatomía. Se realizó un estudio exploratorio, observacional, de corte transversal en 22 estudiantes de medicina de primer semestre en anatomía. Utilizando estrategias didácticas con diferentes herramientas pedagógicas; como modelos biológicos (cráneos humanos y corazones porcinos) y/o aplicación digital (software Visible Body (SVB)), y diferente método de evaluación, se agruparon los estudiantes en tres grupos: “EOR1” estudiantes que aprendieron usando un cráneo y se evaluaron con este, “EOV1” estudiantes que aprendieron usando un corazón porcino y fueron evaluados con el SVB, y “EOV2” para los estudiantes que aprendieron a través del SVB y fueron evaluados con este. Durante la evaluación, cada estudiante fue monitorizado en tiempo real, utilizando un electroencefalograma y el sistema interfaz cerebro - computadora Emotiv EPOC para registrar la actividad electrofisiológica de las ondas beta (B), theta (T) y gamma (G). Los datos obtenidos (tendencia de la actividad eléctrica de cada onda y su relación con el desempeño de los estudiantes en cada estrategia didáctica) fueron analizados usando el índice de correlación de Pearson. Los grupos EOR1 y EOV1, tuvieron resultados satisfactorios en sus evaluaciones y presentaron predominio de ondas B (X=67,33) y T (X=57,67), además, se evidenció una correlación fuertemente positiva (r=0,82) entre la presencia de B y el tiempo de permanencia de T. Los estudiantes que utilizaron modelos biológicos tridimensionales como herramienta pedagógica presentaron predominio de las ondas B y T, asociadas con aprendizajes sensoriomotores y de tipo exploratorio necesarios para el estudio en anatomía.

Abstract Introduction Auditory evoked potentials are widely used in clinical practice to complement the assessment of central auditory processing. However, it is necessary to understand whether these potentials are highly accurate, to assist in the diagnosis of auditory processing disorder. Objective To measure the accuracy of middle and long latency auditory evoked potentials in the diagnosis of auditory processing disorder in adults. Methods This is a case-control study, formed by a control group of 30 individuals with normal auditory processing assessment, and a case group composed of 43 individuals with altered auditory processing assessment. Their sensitivities, specificities, accuracies, positive and negative predictive values for the diagnosis of alterations were measured and compared between the potentials. Results The accuracies of the middle and long latency potentials were 51% and 67%, respectively. The P1-N1-P2 and N2-P300 complexes had an accuracy of 57.5% and 58.9%, respectively. The cognitive potential P300 showed an accuracy of 55%. There was no significant result for the middle-latency potential (OR = 1.8; 95% CI: 0.6–5.4, p > 0.42) and for P300 (OR = 2.63, 95% CI: 0.85–8.43, p > 0.11). However, the result was significant for the long-latency potential (OR = 6.3; 95% CI: 2–19.6, p < 0.01). There was a significant result for the P1-N1-P2 complexes (OR = 6.76, 95% Cl:1.4–32.5, p = < 0.010) and N2-P300 (OR = 3.60; 95% CI: 10.16–11.20, p < 0.039). Conclusion Individuals with altered long-latency auditory evoked potential are more likely to have auditory processing disorder and, as such, this test can be used as a complementary tool to confirm the diagnosis. However accurate adults casecontrol study 3 4 sensitivities specificities 51 67 67% respectively P1N1P2 PNP P1 N1 P2 P N P1-N1-P N2P300 NP N2 N2-P30 575 57 5 57.5 589 58 9 58.9% P30 55 55% middlelatency OR 1.8 18 1 8 95 CI 0654 0 6 0.6–5.4 0.42 042 42 263 2 63 2.63 085843 85 0.85–8.43 0.11. 011 0.11 . 11 0.11) longlatency 6.3 2196 19 2–19.6 0.01. 001 0.01 01 0.01) 676 76 6.76 Cl1.4–32.5, Cl14325 Cl 1.4–32.5, 32 Cl:1.4–32.5 0.010 0010 010 3.60 360 60 10161120 10 16 20 10.16–11.20 0.039. 0039 0.039 039 0.039) such P1N1P N2P30 N2-P3 57. 58.9 P3 1. 065 0.6–5. 0.4 04 26 2.6 08584 0.85–8.4 0.1 6. 219 2–19. 00 0.0 7 6.7 Cl1 Cl1.4–32.5 Cl1432 14325 1.4–32.5 Cl:1.4–32. 3.6 36 1016112 10.16–11.2 003 0.03 03 N2P3 N2-P 58. 06 0.6–5 0. 2. 0858 0.85–8. 21 2–19 Cl1.4–32. Cl143 1432 1.4–32. Cl:1.4–32 3. 101611 10.16–11. N2P 0.6– 085 0.85–8 2–1 Cl1.4–32 Cl14 143 1.4–32 Cl:1.4–3 10161 10.16–11 0.6 08 0.85– 2– Cl1.4–3 14 1.4–3 Cl:1.4– 1016 10.16–1 0.85 Cl1.4– 1.4– Cl:1.4 101 10.16– 0.8 Cl1.4 1.4 Cl:1. 10.16 Cl1. Cl:1 10.1 Cl: 10.

Abstract Introduction Noise obscures speech signal, causing auditory masking. The effects of this masking can be observed through the cortical auditory evoked potentials (CAEPs). White noise, in turn, has an effect on the auditory cortex, interfering, for example, with lexical decision making. Objective To analyze the effect of simultaneous masking by contralateral white noise on CAEPs elicited by speech stimuli. Methods Cross-sectional observational analytical study carried out with 15 participants of both sexes, who were submitted to CAEPs in two conditions: 1) without noise; 2) with white noise at 100 dBSPL intensity, contralaterally and simultaneously. To compare these conditions, the Student t test or the Wilcoxon test were used, depending on the sample normality. Differences with p values < 0.05 were considered significant. Results: When white noise was presented contralaterally and simultaneously to the CAEPs with speech stimulus, an increase in P1, N1 and P2 wave latencies was observed. P1 and P2 amplitudes and N1-P2 peak to peak amplitude also increased, unlike N1 amplitude, which decreased. The differences were significant for P1 and P2 wave latencies and for P2 wave amplitude. Conclusion The simultaneous masking effect was observed from the morphological alterations of the CAEPs with speech stimulus when white noise was presented in the contralateral ear. There was a significant increase in P1 and P2 wave latencies, as well as in P2 wave amplitude. signal CAEPs. . (CAEPs) turn cortex interfering example making stimuli Crosssectional Cross sectional 1 sexes conditions 2 10 intensity used normality 005 0 05 0.0 Results P N N1P2 NP N1-P increased decreased ear (CAEPs 00 0. N1P

Abstract Background The ablation of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) with cryoablation is an alternative to radiofrequency (RF) ablation in patients due to the low risk of total atrioventricular block. An increase in early-late recurrences after cryoablation is reported as an important disadvantage. Objectives In this study, we aimed to compare the acute procedural success and the long-term recurrence rates of patients, with AVNRT who underwent methods. Methods 73 patients with AVNRT were included in the study: 32 with cryoablation and 41 with RF ablation. There was no statistically significant difference between acute procedural success in methods. The ablation procedure was performed by an operator experienced in arrhythmology. The choice of RF or cryoablation was made in the electrophysiology laboratory based on the material already available during the procedure. After the procedure, the patients were evaluated every 3 months for 2 years in polyclinic control. The significance level adopted in the statistical analysis was 5%. Results The 2 groups of patients were homogeneous. The fluoroscopy time (p<0.001) was shorter, but atrium-his (p=0.004) and his-ventricular (p=0.015) times were longer in the cryoablation group. There was no significant difference, in terms of acute procedural success, post-procedure jump without a single echo, and presence of echo and jump. Conclusions Cryoablation requires less fluoroscopy time and is a safe non-inferior alternative to RF ablation in patients with AVNRT. The risk of AV block is a significant problem with the use of RF energy, making it less suitable for use in young and physically active patients. (AVNRT (RF earlylate early late disadvantage study longterm long term methods 7 4 arrhythmology control 5 5% homogeneous p<0.001 p0001 p 0 001 (p<0.001 shorter atriumhis atrium his p=0.004 p0004 004 (p=0.004 hisventricular ventricular p=0.015 p0015 015 (p=0.015 group postprocedure post noninferior non inferior energy p<0.00 p000 00 (p<0.00 p=0.00 (p=0.00 p=0.01 p001 01 (p=0.01 p<0.0 p00 (p<0.0 p=0.0 (p=0.0 p<0. p0 (p<0. p=0. (p=0. p<0 (p<0 p=0 (p=0 p< (p< p= (p= (p

Resumo Fundamento A ablação da taquicardia por reentrada nodal atrioventricular (TRNAV) com crioablação é uma alternativa à ablação por radiofrequência (RF) em pacientes devido ao baixo risco de bloqueio atrioventricular total. Um aumento nas recorrências precoces e tardias após a crioablação é relatado como uma desvantagem importante. Objetivos Neste estudo, objetivamos comparar o sucesso do procedimento agudo e as taxas de recorrência em longo prazo de pacientes com TRNAV submetidos a métodos. Métodos Foram incluídos no estudo 73 pacientes com TRNAV: 32 com crioablação e 41 com ablação por RF. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre o sucesso agudo do procedimento nos métodos. O procedimento de ablação foi realizado por operador com experiência em arritmologia. A escolha entre RF ou crioablação foi feita no laboratório de eletrofisiologia com base no material já disponível durante o procedimento. Após o procedimento, os pacientes foram avaliados a cada 3 meses durante 2 anos em controle policlínico. O nível de significância adotado na análise estatística foi de 5%. Resultados Os dois grupos de pacientes foram homogêneos. O tempo de fluoroscopia (p<0,001) foi menor, mas os tempos his-átrio (p=0,004) e his-ventricular (p=0,015) foram maiores no grupo crioablação. Não houve diferença significativa em termos de sucesso agudo do procedimento, salto pós-procedimento sem eco único e presença de eco e salto. Conclusões A crioablação requer menos tempo de fluoroscopia e é uma alternativa segura e não inferior à ablação por RF em pacientes com TRNAV. O risco de bloqueio AV é um problema significativo com o uso de energia de RF, tornando-o menos adequado para uso em pacientes jovens e fisicamente ativos. (TRNAV (RF total importante métodos 7 4 arritmologia policlínico 5 5% homogêneos p<0,001 p0001 p 0 001 (p<0,001 menor hisátrio his átrio p=0,004 p0004 004 (p=0,004 hisventricular ventricular p=0,015 p0015 015 (p=0,015 pósprocedimento pós tornandoo tornando ativos p<0,00 p000 00 (p<0,00 p=0,00 (p=0,00 p=0,01 p001 01 (p=0,01 p<0,0 p00 (p<0,0 p=0,0 (p=0,0 p<0, p0 (p<0, p=0, (p=0, p<0 (p<0 p=0 (p=0 p< (p< p= (p= (p

ABSTRACT Purpose: to correlate pure-tone audiometry thresholds with electrophysiological thresholds, using NB CE-Chirp® stimuli in listeners aged 18 to 30 years from Santiago, Chile, and determine the estimated threshold at 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz. This can contribute to the battery of objective and subjective tests applicable to children, aiding the timely detection and implementation before 3 months old, as recommended by the Joint Committee on Infant Hearing. Methods: a quantitative, nonexperimental study with a sample of 30 hearing subjects, aged 18 to 30 years. The Pearson´s correlation test was applied, with a significance p-value of 0.01. Results: higher frequencies (2000 and 4000 Hz) have lower correction factors than medium and lower frequencies (1000 and 500 Hz), which tend to be higher as the frequency is lower. Conclusions: the study obtained the following estimated thresholds: 15 dB at 500 Hz, 10 dB at 1000 and 2000 Hz, and 5 dB at 4000 Hz. Purpose puretone pure tone CEChirp® CEChirp CE Chirp® Chirp CE-Chirp 1 Santiago Chile 400 Hz children old Hearing Methods quantitative subjects Pearsons Pearson s applied pvalue p value 001 0 01 0.01 Results (200 (100 50 , Conclusions 100 200 40 00 0.0 (20 (10 20 4 0. (2 (1 2 (

RESUMEN Objetivo: correlacionar umbrales tonales a través de audiometría tonal y umbrales electrofisiológicos usando estímulos NB CE-Chirp® en oyentes de entre 18 a 30 años de la ciudad de Santiago de Chile, de esta forma determinar el umbral estimado para las frecuencias 500, 1000, 2000 y 4000 Hz. De esta forma, es posible aportar con la batería de test objetivos y subjetivos aplicables en la población infantil, colaborando con la detección e implementación oportuna antes de los 3 meses de edad, según lo recomendado por el Joint Committee on Infant Hearing. Métodos: corresponde a un estudio de enfoque cuantitativo, de tipo no experimental, transversal. Utilizando 30 sujetos oyentes, entre 18 y 30 años. Se aplicó la prueba de correlación de Pearson, con un valor p de significancia de 0,01. Resultados: las frecuencias 2000 y 4000 Hz, poseen factores de corrección menores en comparación con las frecuencias medias y graves (1000 y 500 Hz), las cuales tienden a ser mayores a medida que la frecuencia es más baja. Conclusiones: los umbrales estimados obtenidos son de 15dB para 500Hz, 10dB para 1000 y 2000Hz y 5dB para 4000Hz. Objetivo CEChirp® CEChirp CE Chirp® Chirp CE-Chirp 1 Chile 200 400 Hz infantil edad Hearing Métodos cuantitativo experimental transversal Pearson 001 0 01 0,01 Resultados (100 50 , Hz) baja Conclusiones dB 500Hz 100 4000Hz 20 40 00 0,0 (10 5 10 2 4 0, (1 (

Abstract Amyloidosis results from deposition of insoluble fibrillar protein compounds in various organs, including the heart. Cardiac involvement occurs in both atria and ventricles, leading to restrictive cardiomyopathy, heart failure (HF), and arrhythmias. Five amyloid proteins affect cardiac tissue: light and heavy chain forms of immunoglobulin, transthyretin (TTR), apolipoprotein 1, and amyloid A. Approximately 95% of cardiac involvement stems from light chain of immunoglobulin and TTR deposition in heart. Chamber stiffness and rhythm disturbances occur in cardiac amyloidosis (CA), encompassing from HF to atrial and ventricular arrhythmias (VA), and both can compromise each other. It is known that conduction system disorders and VA increase sudden death risk, as amyloid infiltration, inflammation, and fibrosis alter myocardial electrophysiology. Beyond the heart, autonomous nerve systems suffer amyloid deposition, contributing to syncope manifestation and increasing the risk of death and poor prognosis. In this context, our review sheds light on the importance of recognizing syncope and rhythm disturbances as crucial markers in the early identification and management of CA, potentially offering avenues for prompt intervention and improved patient outcomes. organs ventricles cardiomyopathy HF, , (HF) tissue TTR, (TTR) 1 A 95 CA (CA) VA, (VA) other infiltration inflammation electrophysiology prognosis context outcomes (HF (TTR 9 (CA (VA

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the peripheral and central auditory pathways in adult individuals after COVID-19 infection. Method: A total of 44 individuals aged between 19 and 58 years, of both genders, post-COVID-19 infection, confirmed by serological tests, with no previous hearing complaints and no risk factors for hearing loss, were assessed. All the participants underwent the following procedures: pure tone audiometry, logoaudiometry, immitanciometry, and Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials (BAEP), in addition to answering a questionnaire about auditory symptoms. Results: Thirteen individuals (29.5 %) had some hearing threshold impairment, mainly sensorineural hearing loss. In the BAEP, 18 individuals (40.9 %) presented longer latencies, mainly in waves III and V. According to the questionnaire answers, 3 individuals (9.1 %) reported worsened hearing and 7 (15.9 %) tinnitus that emerged after the infection. As for the use of ototoxic drugs during treatment, 7 individuals (15.9 %) reported their use, of which 5 showed abnormalities in peripheral and/or central auditory assessments. Conclusion: Considering the self-reported hearing complaints after COVID-19 infection and the high rate of abnormalities found in both peripheral and central audiological assessments, it is suggested that the new COVID-19 may compromise the auditory system. Due to the many variables involved in this study, the results should be considered with caution. However, it is essential that audiological evaluations are carried out on post-COVID-19 patients in order to assess the effects of the infection in the short, medium, and long term. Future longitudinal investigations are important for a better understanding of the auditory consequences of COVID-19. Purpose COVID19 COVID COVID-1 Method 4 1 years genders postCOVID19 postCOVID post post-COVID-1 tests loss assessed procedures audiometry logoaudiometry immitanciometry BAEP , (BAEP) symptoms Results 29.5 295 29 (29. % impairment 40.9 409 40 9 (40. latencies V answers 9.1 91 (9. 15.9 159 15 (15. treatment andor or assessments Conclusion selfreported self system caution However short medium term COVID19. 19. COVID1 COVID- postCOVID1 post-COVID- (BAEP 29. 2 (29 40. (40 9. (9 15. (15 post-COVID (2 (4 ( (1

Abstract The effect of peptide toxins on voltage-gated ion channels can be reliably assessed using electrophysiological assays, such as the patch-clamp technique. However, much of the toxinological research done in Central and South America aims at purifying and characterizing biochemical properties of the toxins of vegetal or animal origin, lacking electrophysiological approaches. This may happen due to technical and infrastructure limitations or because researchers are unfamiliar with the techniques and cellular models that can be used to gain information about the effect of a molecule on ion channels. Given the potential interest of many research groups in the highly biodiverse region of Central and South America, we reviewed the most relevant conceptual and methodological developments required to implement the evaluation of the effect of peptide toxins on mammalian voltage-gated ion channels using patch-clamp. For that, we searched MEDLINE/PubMed and SciELO databases with different combinations of these descriptors: “electrophysiology”, “patch-clamp techniques”, “Ca2+ channels”, “K+ channels”, “cnidarian venoms”, “cone snail venoms”, “scorpion venoms”, “spider venoms”, “snake venoms”, “cardiac myocytes”, “dorsal root ganglia”, and summarized the literature as a scoping review. First, we present the basics and recent advances in mammalian voltage-gated ion channel’s structure and function and update the most important animal sources of channel-modulating toxins (e.g. cnidarian and cone snails, scorpions, spiders, and snakes), highlighting the properties of toxins electrophysiologically characterized in Central and South America. Finally, we describe the local experience in implementing the patch-clamp technique using two models of excitable cells, as well as the participation in characterizing new modulators of ion channels derived from the venom of a local spider, a toxins’ source less studied with electrophysiological techniques. Fostering the implementation of electrophysiological methods in more laboratories in the region will strengthen our capabilities in many fields, such as toxinology, toxicology, pharmacology, natural products, biophysics, biomedicine, and bioengineering. voltagegated voltage gated assays patchclamp patch clamp However origin approaches patchclamp. clamp. MEDLINEPubMed MEDLINE PubMed descriptors electrophysiology, electrophysiology , “electrophysiology” techniques, techniques” Ca2+ Ca2 Ca “Ca2 channels, channels” K+ K “K venoms, venoms venoms” scorpion spider snake cardiac myocytes, myocytes myocytes” dorsal ganglia, ganglia ganglia” review First channel s channelmodulating modulating e.g. eg e g (e.g snails scorpions spiders snakes, snakes snakes) Finally cells fields toxinology toxicology pharmacology products biophysics biomedicine bioengineering “electrophysiology “Ca e.g

Abstract The expression of PKCε, a member of the protein kinase C family, has been found to be decreased in the frontal cortex of patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Bryostatin-1 is a PKCε activator and has shown benefits in AD animal models. However, how Bryo-1 protects neuronal activity and synaptic function in AD pathology is still unknown. In the present study, we first established an Aβ toxicity cell model by administering Aβ 25-35 oligomers to cultured primary hippocampal neurons. We then evaluated the protective effect of Bryo-1 on this model by administering Bryo-1 together with Aβ oligomers. Finally, we investigated the autophagic influx of primary hippocampal neurons in the presence of Aβ oligomers and Bryo-1. Imaging and electrophysiology recordings showed that Bryo-1 protected synaptic dynamics and functions against the neurotoxicity of Aβ oligomers. Furthermore, Bryo-1 was also found to rescue autophagy influx that was impaired by Aβ oligomer treatment. This discovery may explain the beneficial effects of Bryo-1 in AD animal models. In summary, we discovered a novel mechanism by which Bryo-1 protects neurons against Aβ oligomer-induced neurotoxicity. Our results may support the concept of developing PKCε activators as therapeutics for AD. family Alzheimers Alzheimer s . (AD) Bryostatin1 Bryostatin 1 Bryostatin- models However Bryo1 Bryo Bryo- unknown study 2535 25 35 25-3 Finally Bryo1. 1. Furthermore treatment summary oligomerinduced induced (AD 253 2 3 25-

Abstract Introduction NB CE-Chirp LS was developed to improve the audiogram estimation by auditory brainstem response (ABR) thresholds during audiological assessment of infants and difficult to test children. However, before we know how the stimulus behaves in several types of hearing loss, it is important we know how the stimulus behaves in normal hearing infants. Objective To describe ABR thresholds with NB CE-Chirp LS stimulus for 500, 1,000, 2,000, and 4,000 Hz, as well as the amplitude and absolute latency for ABR thresholds. Methods Auditory brainstem response thresholds were evaluated with the Eclipse EP25 system. NB CE-Chirp LS was presented using an ER-3A insert earphone. EEG filter was 30 Hz high-pass and 1,500 Hz low-pass. The ABR threshold was defined as the lowest intensity capable of clearly evoke wave V, accompanied by an absent response 5 dB below. Results Eighteen normal hearing infants were evaluated. The mean and standard deviation (SD) of the ABR threshold (dB nHL) were: 23.8 (±4.2); 14.4 (±5.7); 6.0 (±5.0); and 7.0 (±5.9). The mean and SD of the absolute latency (ms) were: 8.86 (±1.12); 9.21 (±0.95); 9.44 (±0.78); and 9.64 (±0.52). The mean amplitude (nV) and SD were: 0.123 (±0.035); 0.127 (±0.039); 0.141 (±0.052); and 0.105 (±0.028), respectively, for 500, 1,000, 2,000 and 4,000 Hz. Conclusion Auditory brainstem response threshold with NB CE-Chirp LS reaches low levels, in special for high frequencies. It provides absolute latencies similar between frequencies with robust amplitude. The results obtained brings to the examiner more confidence in the results registered. CEChirp CE Chirp (ABR children However loss 500 1000 1 000 1,000 2000 2 4000 4 4,00 EP EP2 system ER3A ERA ER 3A A earphone 3 highpass pass 1500 1,50 lowpass. lowpass pass. low-pass V below (SD nHL 238 23 8 23. ±4.2 42 (±4.2) 144 14 14. ±5.7 57 7 (±5.7) 60 6 0 6. ±5.0 50 (±5.0) 70 7. ±5.9. 59 ±5.9 . 9 (±5.9) ms (ms 886 86 8.8 ±1.12 112 12 (±1.12) 921 21 9.2 ±0.95 095 95 (±0.95) 944 44 9.4 ±0.78 078 78 (±0.78) 964 64 9.6 ±0.52. 052 ±0.52 52 (±0.52) nV (nV 0123 123 0.12 ±0.035 0035 035 (±0.035) 0127 127 ±0.039 0039 039 (±0.039) 0141 141 0.14 ±0.052 0052 (±0.052) 0105 105 0.10 ±0.028, 0028 ±0.028 , 028 (±0.028) respectively 2,00 levels registered 100 00 1,00 200 400 4,0 150 1,5 ±4. (±4.2 ±5. (±5.7 (±5.0 (±5.9 88 8. ±1.1 11 (±1.12 92 9. ±0.9 09 (±0.95 94 ±0.7 07 (±0.78 96 05 ±0.5 (±0.52 012 0.1 ±0.03 003 03 (±0.035 (±0.039 014 ±0.05 005 (±0.052 010 10 002 ±0.02 02 (±0.028 2,0 1,0 20 40 4, 15 1, ±4 (±4. ±5 (±5. ±1. (±1.1 ±0. (±0.9 (±0.7 (±0.5 01 0. ±0.0 (±0.03 (±0.05 (±0.02 2, ± (±4 (±5 ±1 (±1. ±0 (±0. (±0.0 (± (±1 (±0 (

Abstract Introduction The P300 auditory evoked potential is a long-latency cortical potential evoked with auditory stimulation, which provides information on neural mechanisms underlying the central auditory processing. Objectives To identify and gather scientific evidence regarding the P300 in adult cochlear implant (CI) users. Data Synthesis A total of 87 articles, 20 of which were selected for this study, were identified and exported to the Rayyan search software. Those 20 articles did not propose a homogeneous methodology, which made comparison more difficult. Most articles (60%) in this review compare CI users with typical hearing people, showing prolonged P300 latency in CI users. Among the studies, 35% show that CI users present a smaller P300 amplitude. Another variable is the influence of the kind of stimulus used to elicit P300, which was prolonged in 30% of the studies that used pure tone stimuli, 10% of the studies that used pure tone and speech stimuli, and 60% of the studies that used speech stimuli. Conclusion This review has contributed with evidence that shows the importance of applying a controlled P300 protocol to diagnose and monitor CI users. Regardless of the stimuli used to elicit P300, we noticed a pattern in the increase in latency and decrease in amplitude in CI users. The user’s experience with the CI speech processor over time and the speech test results seem to be related to the P300 latency and amplitude measurements. P P30 longlatency long stimulation processing (CI 8 2 study software methodology difficult 60 (60% people 35 30 10 user s measurements P3 6 (60 3 1 (6 (

Abstract: Introduction: fluoroscopy has been the main navigation tool in electrophysiology for decades, but it has inherent risks to both patients and the medical team. Zero-fluoroscopy systems have been used for several years now and they show a safer profile, although their costs are of concern. Material and methods: in 2022, we collected information about patients selected for electrophysiological study and supraventricular arrhythmia ablation in our group in central Mexico City and presented them as a series of cases. Results: ten patients were treated without fluoroscopy or with minimal radiation exposure during the year. They were mostly young (43.6 ± 20.8 years old) female subjects (80%). The mean procedure duration time was 118 ± 17.1 minutes. There were no immediate complications, and all the procedures were successful regarding the elimination of the arrhythmia substrate. Conclusions: this is a small series of patients representing an initial approach in our community to introduce 0-F procedures with good results and within safe limits for patients and the medical team.

Resumen: Introducción: la fluoroscopia ha sido la herramienta de navegación empleada en electrofisiología por décadas, sin embargo, tiene riesgos inherentes para el paciente y el equipo médico. Los sistemas de cero-fluoroscopia se han usado desde hace varios años y han mostrado ser seguros, aunque los costos deben considerarse. Material y métodos: durante 2022 se recopilaron los datos de pacientes consecutivos sometidos a estudio electrofisiológico y ablación por arritmias supraventriculares en una ciudad del centro de la República Mexicana. Se presentan los datos como una serie de casos. Resultados: durante el año se trataron 10 pacientes sin fluoroscopia o con una exposición mínima a radiación. Fueron predominantemente mujeres (80%) jóvenes (43.6 ± 20.8 años). El tiempo promedio de duración del procedimiento fue de 118 ± 17.1 minutos. No hubo complicaciones inmediatas y se logró la eliminación del sustrato arrítmico en todos los casos. Conclusiones: esta es una pequeña serie de pacientes que representa la experiencia inicial en nuestra comunidad para introducir procedimientos de 0-fluoroscopia con buenos resultados y seguridad tanto para el paciente como para el equipo sanitario.

Abstract Introduction Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have abnormalities in auditory perception and sensitivity. The mismatch negativity (MMN) component of the evoked potential demonstrates a brain detection response to an auditory change due to memory, and enables the identification of changes in the auditory system. Objectives To analyze MMN responses in children and adolescents with ASD and compare them with those of a control group. Methods Cross-sectional and comparative study. The sample was composed of 68 children and adolescents, divided into study group (SG), which contained those diagnosed with ASD, and the control group (CG), which contained those with typical development, normal hearing thresholds, and without hearing complaints. All participants were submitted to peripheral and central electrophysiological auditory evaluations. For the electrophysiological auditory evaluation and MMN recording, the electrodes were fixed in the following positions: Fz (active electrode), M1 and M2 (reference electrodes), and on the forehead (ground electrode). Auditory stimuli were presented in both ears simultaneously, with a frequency of 1,000 Hz for the frequent stimulus, and of 2,000 Hz for the rare stimulus, in an intensity of 80 dBNA. Results Latency and amplitude values were increased in the SG, with a statistically significant difference in comparison with the CG. In the MMN analysis, there was no statistically significant difference in the comparison between right and left ears and between genders. Conclusions Children and adolescents with ASD had higher latency and amplitude values in the MMN component than the individuals in the CG. (ASD sensitivity (MMN memory system Crosssectional Cross sectional 6 SG , (SG) CG, CG (CG) development thresholds complaints evaluations recording positions active electrode, electrode electrode) M reference electrodes, electrodes) ground electrode. . simultaneously 1000 1 000 1,00 stimulus 2000 2 2,00 8 dBNA analysis genders (SG (CG 100 00 1,0 200 2,0 10 0 1, 20 2,

Abstract Introduction Auditory processing refers to the efficiency and effectiveness with which the central auditory nervous system uses auditory information. Middle- and long-latency auditory evoked potentials are objective electrophysiological tests that can complement the diagnosis of alterations involving central auditory processing. Objectives To standardize latency and amplitude values for short-, middle-, and long-latency auditory evoked potentials in adults with normal hearing thresholds. Methods This is a cross-sectional study. Thirty-three adults with normal hearing thresholds, without hearing complaints, and with normal central auditory processing were evaluated. All underwent basic audiological evaluation, central auditory processing assessment, and short-, middle-, and long-latency auditory evoked potentials. Results Absolute latency and interpeak values for middle- and long-latency auditory evoked potentials were lower than internationally suggested. However, for the brainstem auditory evoked potential, the means were within the range considered as normal, as suggested in the equipment. Conclusions The present study provided measurements of normal latencies and amplitudes for short-, middle-, and long-latency auditory evoked potentials in adults. information Middle longlatency long short, short , short- middle, middle thresholds crosssectional cross sectional Thirtythree Thirty three complaints evaluated evaluation assessment However potential equipment

Abstract Introduction Auditory-evoked potentials are influenced by several factors, including polarity, filter, stimulus intensity and stimulation rate. The presentation of higher rates of stimuli per second enables the collection of a greater number of responses in a given period of time, promoting a shorter testing time; however, the collected recordings are subject to changes related to wave morphology. Objectives To compare the brainstem auditory-evoked-potential responses with click stimulus with the most commonly used stimulation rates in the clinical practice. Methods The present cross-sectional analytical study was performed with fifteen participants of both genders and normal hearing thresholds. The brainstem auditoryevoked potential was performed at four different stimulation rates (21.1, 26.7, and 27.7 stimuli/s, and a rate determined based on a mathematical calculation using the a measurement of the transmission frequency of the power grid at the time of the examination). Results We observed that the rate of 21.1 stimuli/s showed the highest amplitudes for waves I, III, and V when compared with the other rates. The rate of 26.7 stimuli/s, when compared with 27.7 stimuli/s, showed a higher amplitude for wave V. The latency if wave V was significantly lower with the rate of 21.1 stimuli/s than with 27.7 stimuli/s. Conclusions The stimulation rate interferes with wave latencies and amplitudes; its decrease from 27.7 to 21.1 stimuli/s decreases the latency of wave V and increases the amplitues and improves the morphology of waves I, III and V. In addition, we found evidence that suggests an improvement in the visualization of wave III by adjusting the stimulation rate based on a measurement of the local transmission frequency of the power grid. Auditoryevoked Auditory evoked factors polarity filter however auditoryevokedpotential auditory practice crosssectional cross sectional thresholds 21.1, 211 21 1 (21.1 267 26 7 277 27 27. stimulis s examination. examination . examination) 21. I 26. addition 2 (21. (21 (2 (