One advantage of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) era is the expedient exchange of goods and services via the Internet. The Electronic Communications and Transactions Act 25 of 2002 (ECTA) plays a critical role in regulating transactions and communications. However, ECTA excludes the provisions of the Wills Act 7 of 1953 from its ambit. Inevitably, this creates difficulties for the recognition and/or validity of electronic wills in South Africa. If technology is not acknowledged and applied in the space of testate succession, enhanced 4IR innovations threaten the Wills Act with obsolescence. We argue in this contribution that the rapid changes brought about by the 4IR and the exclusion of the Wills Act from the ambit of ECTA mean that testate succession is not responding to the current impact of technology on people. In this contribution we seek to create a synergy between the two statutes with a view to ensuring the relevance of the Wills Act in the 4IR. Ultimately we propose that both statutes be amended to cater for electronic wills. This can be achieved by combining the use of digital signatures and Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) technology. In reaching this conclusion we draw some lessons from the statutory changes in the United States of America (USA).

BACKGROUND: Good record-keeping is fundamental in clinical practice and essential for practising dental practitioners and those in training. AIM: This study aimed to evaluate the level of compliance with clinical record-keeping by undergraduate dental students and staff at a university dental hospital. SETTING: The selected study setting was the Admissions and Emergency section at a university dental hospital. METHODS: A retrospective, cross-sectional review was undertaken of 257 clinical records. The CRABEL scoring system was used to evaluate 12 variables. The 12 variables included: patient name, patient hospital number, date of examination, patient main complaint, medical history, dental history, proposed treatment, proposed procedure for next visit, patient consent signature, treatment and treatment codes, student name and signature, clinical supervisor name and signature. STATA® 13 was used for descriptive analysis and all tests were conducted at 5% significance level. RESULTS: The median CRABEL score was 87 and interquartile range (IQR: 70-92). A CRABEL score of 100 was achieved by the students in the variable patient main complaint, indicating a 100% compliance with this variable. Other variables such as signature of supervisors showed poor compliance. The CRABEL scores showed no statistically significant difference (p = 0.86) between the students and clinical supervisors. CONCLUSION: The overall audit showed that there was poor compliance with record-keeping. CONTRIBUTION: The study highlights the importance of good record keepings so that key information can be accessed for proper diagnosis and treatment of the patient. An electronic filing system presents an alternative manner of documenting medical records.

Resumen Objetivo principal: Conocer la experiencia de estudiantes de carreras de la salud al publicar un artículo en una revista académica de pregrado, creada en el marco de los proyectos de innovación de una universidad chilena. Metodología: Investigación de diseño mixto, en la que se utilizó un cuestionario electrónico con preguntas abiertas, de selección y tipo Likert, previa firma de consentimiento informado. Se evaluaron las variables descritas como el proceso de publicación, las instrucciones a los autores, la comunicación con el equipo editor, la satisfacción con la publicación y el acceso electrónico a la revista. El cuestionario cualitativo contempló las dimensiones razones de publicar y aportes a los valores y competencias de la universidad. Se realizó análisis cuantitativo y análisis de contenido con enfoque cualitativo de una muestra de 54 estudiantes. Resultados principales: La comunicación con el equipo editor obtuvo la más alta calificación (83,33%). La calificación más baja (37%) fue obtenida en el acceso al número completo de la revista ya publicado. Los estudiantes reportaron que se fortaleció el valor de la "responsabilidad" y la competencia "visión analítica" luego de publicar. Conclusión principal: La experiencia de publicar fue muy bien evaluada por los estudiantes. La motivación de publicar fortalece competencias y valores y se consolida como una experiencia positiva. Los estudiantes se sienten parte de una comunidad del conocimiento colaborativa entre pares. Se debe mejorar algunos procesos editoriales que fortalezcan la comunicación con los estudiantes que son autores.

Abstract Objective: Know the experience of health career students by publishing an article in an undergraduate academic journal, created within the framework of innovation projects of a Chilean university. Methods: Mixed design research in which an electronic questionnaire with open-ended, selection and Likert questions was used, prior signature of informed consent. The variables described as the publication process, instructions to the authors, communication with the editorial team, satisfaction with the publication and electronic access to the journal were evaluated. The qualitative questionnaire contemplated the dimensions reasons for publishing and contributions to the values and competencies of the university. Quantitative analysis and content analysis were performed with a qualitative approach from a sample of 54 students. Results: Communication with the editorial team obtained the highest rating (83.33%). The lowest rating (37%) was obtained in access to the full issue of the journal already published. Students reported that the value of "responsibility" and competence "analytical vision" was strengthened after publishing. Conclusions: The publishing experience was very well evaluated by the students. The motivation to publish strengthens skills and values and is consolidated as a positive experience. Students feel part of a collaborative peer-to-peer knowledge community. Some editorial processes that strengthen communication with students who are authors must be improved.

Abstract For the development of this article, it was taken into account that from the COVID-19 pandemic on March 17, 2020, through Presidential Decree No. 1017 was declared a State of Emergency issued by the Constitutional President of the Republic of Colombia. 1017 was declared the State of Emergency issued by the Constitutional President of the Republic of Ecuador and with it brought consequences to society and one of them were the procedures and judicial processes, in matters relating to the General Organic Code of Processes, because in the documents was made use of the electronic signature, also attaching digital evidence that must comply with the requirements established in the same regulations and thus be resolved by the competent authority.

Resumen Para el desarrollo del presente artículo se tomó en cuenta que a partir de la pandemia COVID-19 el día 17 de marzo del año 2020, a través de Decreto Presidencial No. 1017 se declaró el Estado de Emergencia emitido por el Presidente Constitucional de la República del Ecuador y con ello trajo consecuencias a la sociedad y una de ellas fueron los trámites y procesos judiciales, en materia referente al Código Orgánico General de Procesos, porque en los documentos se hizo uso de la firma electrónica, adjuntando además pruebas digitales que deben cumplir con los requisitos establecidos en la misma normativa y de esta forma ser resueltos por la autoridad competente.

ABSTRACT Computer security has become a necessity and a right for all citizens. The IT systems used in the health sector have much easier and more sustainable digital storage and guarantee the privacy and integrity of information, which are sensitive issues. In Cuba, there is no centralized PKI (Public Key Infrastructure) scheme at the national level that promotes and guarantees the security of sensitive information in the public health system, which puts the authenticity, integrity and confidentiality of personal medical data at risk. The aim of our work was to design a security structure centered on PKI among health institutions, based on the national public key infrastructure as root certificate authority (CA). In order to achieve this, a documentary analysis was carried out on the current state of the art in the subject; as well as interviews with administrative staff, hospital managers and specialists in computer security, which allowed the research bases to be created. As a result, a trust scheme was obtained that promotes the secure exchange of patients' medical records between health institutions. The implementation of a PKI infrastructure in the health sector allows institutions to exchange medical records through a network with a high level of security.

RESUMEN La seguridad informática se ha convertido en una necesidad y un derecho de todos los ciudadanos. Los sistemas informáticos empleados en el sector de salud poseen un almacenamiento digital fácil y sostenible que debe garantizar la privacidad e integridad de la información, lo cual constituye cuestión delicada. En Cuba no está definido un esquema PKI (Públic Key Infraestructure) o Infraestructura de Clave Pública, centralizado a nivel nacional que propicie y garantice la seguridad de la información sensible en el sistema de salud pública, lo cual pone en riesgo la autenticidad, integridad y confidencialidad de los datos médicos personales. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo diseñar una estructura de seguridad centrada en la PKI entre las instituciones de salud, a partir de la infraestructura de llave pública nacional como autoridad de certificación raíz. Se realizó un análisis documental sobre la actualidad del tema, se realizaron entrevistas a administrativos, gestores hospitalarios y especialistas en seguridad informática, lo cual permitió crear las bases de la investigación. Se obtuvo un esquema de confianza que propicia el intercambio seguro de los registros médicos de los pacientes entre instituciones de salud. La implementación de una infraestructura PKI en el sector sanitario permite que las instituciones que requieran intercambiar registros médicos, a través de una red, puedan hacerlo con un alto nivel de seguridad.

Abstract Green sulfur bacteria is a photosynthetic organism whose light-harvesting complex accommodates a pigment-protein complex called Fenna-Matthews-Olson (FMO). The FMO complex sustains quantum coherence and quantum correlations between the electronic states of 7 separated chromophores as energy moves with nearly a 100% quantum efficiency to the reaction center. We present a method based on the quantum uncertainty associated to local measurements to quantify discord-like quantum correlations between two subsystems where one is a qubit and the other is a qudit. We implement the method by calculating local quantum uncertainty (LQU), concurrence, and coherence between subsystems of pure and mixed states represented by the eigenstates and by the thermal equilibrium state determined by the FMO Hamiltonian. Three partitions of the seven chromophores network define the subsystems: one chromophore with six chromophores, pairs of chromophores, and one chromophore with two chromophores. The robustness of the LQU method allows quantification of quantum correlations that had not been studied before, identification of the strongest correlations in qubits networks , and a possible implementation in dynamical models to study efficient energy transport pathways. Finally, we take the LQU of the most quantum correlated subsets of chromophores as the signature of the non-classicity of the system to study physical properties such as populations, energy fluctuations, and specific heat. We find that a Schottky-like anomaly in the specific heat identifies the availability of energy levels, which in turn define the relation between a measurable macroscopic magnitude and non-classical resources.

Resumo O sistema judicial brasileiro passou por uma transformação com a informatização do processo judicial. Por meio de uma abordagem qualitativa, analisou-se a percepção do uso da tecnologia na rotina dos profissionais. A interpretação da transformação contemplava modernidade, agilidade, sustentabilidade, melhora do serviço jurisdicional, facilidade no acesso, maior disponibilização de informações e redução de riscos e custos. Entre os mecanismos de negociação identificou-se a imposição por parte do Poder Judiciário e a necessidade de uso pelos escritórios de advocacia. Diferentes aspectos dos sistemas informatizados moldaram o uso da tecnologia na prática, por exemplo, a migração de atividades administrativas do judiciário para advogados, a rotina de trabalho ditada pelo sistema e a migração da fidúcia. Alguns desses aspectos geraram efeito maior em processos de tecnologia e outros na prática da advocacia. Entre as práticas listam-se a migração de atividades administrativas, o compartilhamento de senha, o armazenamento e a impressão de autos do processo, a utilização de robôs, a ausência de assinatura em atas de audiências, o maior tempo dedicado aos processos, a replicação de informações entre o sistema judicial e os escritórios de advocacia, a utilização de sistemas de gestão em escritórios e tribunais, o uso de dois monitores de vídeo, o vácuo criativo, a mudança na maneira de referenciar dados do processo, a necessidade de conhecimento para examinar documentos digitais, a busca por conciliação entre as partes, a migração da fidúcia e a alteração da rotina de trabalho dos advogados, passando a ser ditada pelo sistema.

Abstract The Brazilian judicial system underwent a transformation with the computerization of the judicial process. Through a qualitative approach, it was analyzed the perception of the use of technology in the routine of professionals. The interpretation of the transformation contemplated modernity, agility, sustainability, improved judicial service, easier access, greater availability of information and reduction of risks and costs. Among the negotiation mechanisms was the imposition by the judiciary and the need for use by law firms. Different aspects of computerized systems have shaped the use of technology in practice, for example, migration of administrative activities from the judiciary to lawyers, work routine dictated by the system and migration of trust. Some of these aspects had a greater effect on technology processes and others on the practice of advocacy. Practices include migration of administrative activities, password sharing, storage and printing of case records, use of robots, absence of signature in court minutes, increased time devoted to proceedings, replication of information between the court system and law firms, use of management systems in offices and courts, use of two video monitors, creative vacuum, change in the way process data is referenced, need for knowledge to examine digital documents, search for conciliation between parties, migration fidelity and alteration of the work routine of lawyers is now dictated by the system.

Abstract In this work we have developed a digital signature protocol using hash functions that once implemented on mobile devices have demonstrated to be secure and efficient. It has been incorporated a model for a Certification Authority to exchange public keys between users. This work constitutes an experimental research, which bears a certain resemblance to theoretical research, but is not intended to propose a new theory, but to establish the behavior of a system to know its characteristics, in order to improve its knowledge and/or its performance.The hash signature system was tested on mobile communication devices. The experimental results show that the hash signature improves the efficiency to generate the cryptographic keys and the signing and verification processes when compared to ECC. Likewise, when generating 2048 keys, the hash signature is faster than RSA. In addition, the larger RSA keys consume a significative time, while the hash does not require to increase the size of the keys. Although we have not included here a formal analysis about the protocol, we highlight some points that improve the security of the proposed protocol. Finally, this work constitutes a new approach to public key cryptography based on hash functions that could be used to make digital signatures in electronic commerce. This method is suitable for mobile network devices due to the high speed and low hardware requirements of the hash functions. The method described here, which is compatible with hash functions, belongs to the field of post-quantum cryptography. The security of the method is based on the security of the hash cryptography, which is widely known and discussed.

Resumen En este trabajo se ha desarrollado un protocolo de firma digital utilizando funciones hash que demuestra que es seguro, eficiente y adecuado para operar en dispositivos móviles. Además, se desarrolló el modelo de una Autoridad Certificadora para el intercambio seguro y eficiente de llaves públicas. El método que se utilizó fue la investigación experimental, que tiene cierta semejanza con la investigación teórica, pero no tiene por objeto plantear una teoría nueva, sino establecer el comportamiento de un sistema para conocer sus características, a fin de mejorar su conocimiento y su rendimiento. El sistema de firma hash fue implementado en dispositivos móviles. Los resultados experimentales demuestran que la firma hash mejora la eficiencia para generar las claves y los procesos de firma y verificación cuando se compara a ECC. Asimismo, al generar 2048 claves la firma hash es más rápida que RSA. Además, las claves RSA más grandes consumen mucho tiempo, mientras que el sistema hash no requiere aumentar el tamaño de las claves. Aunque no se ha incluido un análisis formal sobre la seguridad del protocolo, se destacan algunos puntos que mejoran la seguridad del protocolo propuesto. Finalmente, este trabajo constituye un nuevo enfoque para la criptografía de llave pública basada en funciones hash que podrían aprovecharse para realizar firmas digitales en comercio electrónico. Este método es adecuado para dispositivos de red móvil debido a la velocidad y los requisitos de hardware de las funciones hash. El método descrito aquí, el cual es compatible con las funciones hash, pertenece al campo de la criptografía post-cuántica. La seguridad del método se basa en la seguridad de la criptografía hash, la cual es ampliamente conocida y discutida.

Abstract: The development of electronic operations is normally carried out in unsafe environments, and therefore requires certain technical mechanisms to identify the signer and to be able to demonstrate the will manifested in a secure environment covered by legality. In this sense, the present research seeks to determine the regulatory aspects that allow the use of electronic signatures and digital signatures in Peru this field also seeks recognize the environments where the above mentioned technologies can be legally admitted by Computer Law.

Resumen: El desarrollo de las operaciones electrónicas normalmente se efectúa en entornos inseguros, por lo que requieren ciertos mecanismos técnicos que permitan identificar al firmante y acreditar la voluntad manifestada en un medio seguro revestido de legalidad. En ese sentido, la presente investigación busca determinar cuáles son los aspectos normativos que permite el uso de las firmas electrónicas y las firmas digitales en el Perú; en ese ámbito también se busca conocer los entornos donde las tecnologías antes mencionadas pueden ser admitidas legalmente por el Derecho Informático.

Abstract: Today we live in a "Network Society", where information and communication as well as the enormous storage and traffic of data, have impacted in all social areas, and the public notary is not an exception of this in the exercise of its function. The technological tools, especially the use of the Internet, social networks and electronic signature, have produced an unprecedented revolution within the global public notary and, in particular, within the Uruguayan notary by its own characteristics. In this paper, we will begin by making a brief analysis of Uruguayan legislation in the field of electronic signatures and advanced electronic notary signature. Then we will visualize the challenges that the Uruguayan Notary has had to face, sudden appearance of these technological tools and the great development of electronic commerce. Challenges that will have to manage without affecting in any way the essence of the notary function and the public faith, essential elements of the profession.

Resumen: Hoy vivimos en una "Sociedad Red", donde la información y la comunicación así como el enorme almacenamiento y tráfico de datos, han impactado en todos los ámbitos sociales, y el notario no es ajeno a esto en el ejercicio de su función notarial. Las herramientas tecnológicas, en especial el uso de Internet, las redes sociales y la firma electrónica, han producido una revolución sin precedentes dentro del notariado global y, en forma particular, dentro del notariado uruguayo por sus propias características. En este trabajo, comenzaremos por hacer un breve análisis de la legislación uruguaya en materia de firma electrónica y firma electrónica avanzada notarial. Luego, visualizaremos cuáles son los retos que el Notariado uruguayo tiene frente a la irrupción de estas herramientas tecnológicas y al gran desarrollo del comercio electrónico. Retos que tendrá que gestionar sin afectar en nada la esencia de la función notarial y de la fe pública, elementos esenciales de la profesión.

Abstract After six months of its publishing in Mexico´s Official Journal, the bill, which creates the Shares Simplified Corporation (Sociedad por Acciones Simplificada), came into effect on September 14th, 2016 as a reform of the General Act of Mercantile Corporations (Ley General de Sociedades Mercantiles). This new scheme for corporations is inspired on the Principles for Corporate Governance issued by the Organization for Development and Economic Cooperation (OCDE) in order to reach international standards. This innovative corporation can be constituted online by one or several shareholders in 24 hours. Shareholders must bear an electronic signature in order to apply for this corporation. Furthermore, if controversies arise among shareholders, mandatorily Alternative Dispute Resolution Mechanisms (ADR´s) are preferred over adjudication. Shareholders are not required to use the services of fedatarios públicos( notarios públicos and corredores públicos). Surprisingly, in implementing this new corporation system, the Mexican state set aside one of its legal cornerstones: public faith, which is vested by the state upon public notaries (notarios públicos), who give public faith on all juridical acts and upon brokers (corredores públicos), who give public faith specifically on commercial acts. Mexico´s efforts to increase Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) led the Federal Legislative Power to promote this reform in order to implement a new way to constitute a business corporation without considering the violation of human rights of future investors, national and foreign because the constitution of business corporations lies primarily in the concept of public faith as provided in state and federal laws as well as the judiciary. Although Mexico has entered into more than a dozen free trade agreements with several countries from different economic blocs, future national and foreign direct investments are at peril due to the legal uncertainty in constituting these kinds of business corporations.

Resumen El pasado 14 de marzo de 2016, Enrique Peña Nieto, Presidente de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos publicó en el Diario Oficial de la Federación el decreto por medio del cual el Congreso de la Unión reformó la Ley General de Sociedades Mercantiles para crear una nueva modalidad de persona jurídica que se denomina Sociedad por Acciones Simplificada (SAS). El estado mexicano aspira a cumplir a través de este reciente estatuto con algunos estándares internacionales sugeridos por la Organización para la Cooperación y Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE). En esta novedosa sociedad mercantil se introduce entre otras cosas, la utilización de la firma electrónica avanzada como requisito indispensable para su constitución lo que significa un avance en la utilización de tecnología informática para abatir trámites burocráticos. Otra innovación interesante en este nuevo régimen societario lo constituye la privilegiación de los mecanismos alternativos de solución de controversias previstos en el Código de Comercio para sustanciar conflictos que surjan entre los accionistas, así como de éstos con terceros. Asimismo, los accionistas no requieren en la constitución de este régimen societario de la intervención de fedatarios públicos (notarios públicos, quienes dan fé pública de actos jurídicos en general ni de corredores públicos quienes otorgan fé pública a los actos jurídicos de comercio) El Congreso de la Unión promovió esta reforma como resultado de los esfuerzos del estado mexicano para atraer Inversión Extranjera Directa (IED), a fin de establecer una sociedad mercantil sin tomar en cuenta la violación de los derechos humanos de los futuros socios o inversores, nacionales o extranjeros, ya que la constitución de una sociedad mercantil se basa en el concepto de fe pública delegada a particulares, tal y como se establece en las leyes estatales y federales. El concepto de fe pública ya ha sido definido en tesis vigentes por los órganos del Poder Judicial de la Federación. A pesar de que México ha celebrado más de una docena de tratados de libre comercio con diversos países de diferentes bloques económicos, los inversionistas nacionales y extranjeros están en riesgo al utilizar esta modalidad de régimen mercantil en razón de la incertidumbre que existe al constituir este tipo de sociedades mercantiles, ante la ausencia de fe pública en su constitución.

Abstract: This article analyzes the sentence dictated by the Supreme Court of Justice related to an economic action interposed by a certification services provider against the Ministry Secretary General of the Presidency. The Court ruled that certification of a public servant advanced electronic signature could be certified by the certifying officer of each public administration, without the need of being accredited before any authority, but fulfilling similar requirements to those required of certification service providers. Exceptionally, certificated service providers could perform such certification with a resolution based on technical and economic convenience for the public administration.

Resumen: El presente comentario de jurisprudencia analiza la sentencia dictada por la Corte Suprema de Justicia ante el recurso de amparo económico interpuesto por una empresa prestadora de servicios de certificación acreditada en contra del Ministerio Secretaria General de la Presidencia. El fallo establece que la certificación de la firma electrónica avanzada de una autoridad o funcionario de un órgano del Estado se podrá realizar por medio de sus respectivos ministros de fe, sin la necesidad de que los organismos públicos deban acreditarse ante alguna autoridad, debiendo cumplir los requisitos técnicos similares a los exigidos a los prestadores de servicios de certificación acreditados. Excepcionalmente, dicha certificacion podrá ser realizada por un prestador de servicios de acreditación previa resolución fundada, siempre que sea conveniente técnica y económicamente para el órgano público.

The electronic notarial signature is a challenge for the institution of notaries. This paper studies the Mexican electronic notarial signature and how it compares with its Spanish counterpart. It studies the obstacles in the use of the signature and the possible advantages of society to have notaries who with their electronic signature can authorize electronic documents.

La firma electrónica notarial es un reto para la propia institución del notariado. En esta investigación se estudia la firma electrónica notarial mexicana y se compara con la española; se estudian los obstáculos para el uso de dicha firma y las posibles ventajas de la sociedad al tener notarios que con su firma electrónica autoricen documentos electrónicos notariales.

Public documents are set forth and regulated in the Civil and Commercial Code of Argentina. It is of interest to distinguish the public documents, according to the agent and the content, for their consequences and effects; but all public documents must meet certain essential requirements. The competency of public official is particularly important by reason of the subject-matter, territory and person. The grounds for invalidity and substantiality are regulated by the new Code, with some innovations; as well as the probative value, and the free movement in defense of the rights of users and consumers, protected under constitutional rules and of the Civil and Commercial Code in Argentina. The signature on public documents and its projection in digital and electronic document is envisaged with special reference to the law of digital signature number 25,508.

Los instrumentos públicos están enunciados y regulados en el Código Civil y Comercial de Argentina. Resulta de interés distinguir los instrumentos públicos según el agente y el contenido por sus consecuencias y efectos; mas todo instrumento público debe reunir ciertos requisitos que son esenciales. En especial es relevante la competencia del oficial público en razón de la materia, territorio y persona. Las causales de invalidez formal y sustancial del instrumento público se regulan en el Código nuevo con algunas innovaciones, así como la eficacia probatoria y la libre circulación en defensa de los derechos de los usuarios y consumidores, resguardado por normas Constitucionales y del Código Civil y Comercial Argentino. La firma en los instrumentos públicos y su proyección en el documento digital y electrónico se contempla con remisión a la ley especial de firma digital número 25.508.

The African continent has been consistent in placing its concerns regarding the manner in which international criminal justice is administered on the international platform. For the past decade, the continent has minced no words about its misgivings concerning the use of universal jurisdiction (UJ) by both foreign States and the International Criminal Court (ICC). The African Union (AU) has been very supportive of UJ and its utility in fighting impunity and affording justice to victims of the core crimes of international law, namely, genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity. Often referred to as core crimes, these are regarded as customary law crimes which are an affront to entire humankind. These crimes were also codified by the Rome Statute of the ICC. However, the political and selective use of the principle of universality by foreign States to prosecute perpetrators of these crimes was seen as causing conflicts and undermining peace efforts, reconciliation and regional stability. As a result the African continent voiced its concerns at various public platforms, including under the auspices of the UN and it therefore called for reforms. This prompted the AU to produce its own model law on UJ, which African States could adapt to their own socio-political circumstances and legal context. The debates that ensued around UJ on the African continent offered African States a chance to contribute to the development of international law, especially on the rules concerning UJ. This paper analyses the interaction amongst African states that eventually led to the development of UJ regulations within their individual legal systems, and tries to determine if there is indeed an African signature in those legal rules.