RESUMEN El comercio electrónico se ha convertido en una actividad global practicada por un número cada vez más creciente de personas que interactúan en el mercado de bienes y servicios. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar y analizar las costumbres y hábitos de compras de los consumidores de Asunción y del Departamento Central de Paraguay en relación a las compras en línea. Se utilizó un enfoque cuali-cuantitativo y se aplicó una encuesta en formato electrónico a un total de 400 participantes residentes en las zonas de influencia del estudio. Se observo que gran parte de la población analizada utiliza este método de compras y qué lo hacen de manera frecuente, aunque con una clara preferencia por ciertos tipos de productos como es el caso de los alimentos, que mayormente son adquiridos vía servicios de delivery desde tiendas locales; y también los pedidos de ropas, que generalmente son adquiridos desde tiendas internacionales, aunque también provienen en un número importante de tiendas locales que ofrecen sus productos principalmente a través de redes sociales. Los resultados más relevantes señalan que la mayoría de los participantes ya realizan compras en línea y que estarían dispuestos a repetir las compras en esa modalidad, debido a que las experiencias en general han sido positivas. Como recomendación, se expresa que las empresas locales deberían invertir mayores recursos para dotar a sus negocios de un sistema de comercio electrónico que les permita concretar transacciones en línea incluyendo el proceso de cobros con distintos medios de pago.

ABSTRACT E-commerce has become a global activity practiced by an increasing number of people who interact in the market for goods and services. The objective of this study was to identify and analyze the customs and shopping habits of consumers in Asunción and the Central Department of Paraguay in relation to online shopping. A quantitative approach was used and a survey in electronic format was applied to a total of 400 participants residing in the areas of influence of the study. It was observed that a large part of the population analyzed uses this shopping method and that they do so frequently, although with a clear preference for certain types of products such as food, which are mostly purchased via delivery services from local stores; and also clothing orders, which are generally purchased from international stores, although they also come in a significant number from local stores that offer their products mainly through social networks. The most relevant results indicate that most of the participants already make purchases online and that they would be willing to repeat purchases in this modality, since the experiences have generally been positive. As a recommendation, it is expressed that local companies should invest more resources to provide their businesses with an e-commerce system that allows them to carry out online transactions, including the collection process with different means of payment.

BACKGROUND. Trends data up to 2018 suggest that tobacco smoking was increasing in South Africa (SA), but only limited information is available on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the current pattern of use of tobacco and nicotine products (TNPs). OBJECTIVES. To assess trends in sociodemographic patterns in the use of TNPs and the extent to which sociodemographic factors and non-cigarette tobacco use may explain possible changes in rates of TNP use between 2017/18 and 2021. METHODS. Data from three waves (2017, 2018 and 2021) of the South African Social Attitudes Survey (total N=8 140) were analysed. The sociodemographic correlates of current daily and non-daily use of factory-manufactured cigarettes (FMCs), roll-your-own (RYO) cigarettes, waterpipe/hubbly, electronic cigarettes (ECigs), snuff (a smokeless tobacco) and any combination of FMCs, RYO cigarettes and waterpipe/hubbly ('current smoking') in 2017/18 (pre-pandemic) were compared with those for 2021 (during the pandemic). Chi-square analyses and generalised linear models were used to compare the prevalence of TNP use between the two periods. A Blinda-Oaxaca decomposition analysis was also used to explore the roles of various sociodemographic factors, including any differences in the use of TNPs, that may explain any observed differences in smoking rates between 2017/18 and 2021. RESULTS. Current smoking increased significantly from 22.4% (95% confidence interval (CI) 20.4 - 24.5) in 2017/18 to 27.6% (95% CI 24.3 - 31.1) in 2021 (p=0.009). Smoking of FMCs did not change significantly overall between these two periods (20.1% v. 22.1%; p=0.240), except for a significant increase among those who self-identified as black African and a decrease among those who self-identified as coloured and those currently employed. However, the use of waterpipe/hubbly, ECigs, RYO cigarettes and snuff increased significantly. Women, individuals aged <35 years and black Africans had the largest increase in waterpipe/hubbly and ECig use. A decomposition analysis showed that increased waterpipe/hubbly and RYO use explained 52% and 15%, respectively, of the increase in smoking rates, while lower employment during 2021 compared with 2017/18 explained 15% of the increase in smoking rates during 2021. CONCLUSION. The use of all TNPs continued to increase in SA, particularly among women and unemployed people. These findings have policy and practice implications for addressing socioeconomic disparities in tobacco-related diseases.

Hierdie studie het ten doel gehad om die aanraakreaksies van elektroniese produkte te verbeter. Die verbeteringsmetode was gebaseer op die ses sigma verbeteringstappe. Produkgehalte is verbeter deur gebruik te maak van definieer, meet, analiseer, verbeter, beheer ("DMAIC") en statistiese gehaltebeheermetodes om die koste en vermorsing van gebrekkige produkte te verminder. Die projek het vyf kritieke prosesse uit die vervaardigingsproses geïdentifiseer en agt kritieke tot kenmerke (CTC's). Daarna is CTC's geïdentifiseer deur die krities-tot-kenmerkende diagram. Die oorsake is geverifieer deur die eksperimentele planmetode, verstrooiingsdiagram en dubbelverhoudingtoets. Hierdie studie het drie hoofoorsake geïdentifiseer, naamlik 'swak roerdotswaarde, 'basisholtebreedte' en 'klem akkuraatherid'. Die laaste twee oorsake is geëvalueer, en teenmaatreëls is getref om 'die grootte van die basisholte te verander', 'die ontwerp van die samestellingshulpstuk te verander', en 'die proses van die samestellingshulpstuk te verander'. Die teikenkoers van die algehele produkdefektesyfer het 127% bereik.

This study aimed to improve the touch responses of electronic products. The improvement method was based on six sigma improvement steps. Product quality was improved using define, measure, analyse, improve, control (DMAIC) and statistical quality control methods to reduce the cost and waste of defective products. The project identified five critical processes from the manufacturing process and eight critical to characteristics (CTCs). Then CTCs were identified through the critical to characteristic diagram. The root causes were verified using the experimental plan method, scatter diagram, and double ratio test. This study identified three root causes, namely 'poor reed touch value', 'base cavity width', and 'jig precision'. The last two causes were evaluated, and countermeasures were taken to 'change the size of the base cavity', 'change the design of the assembly jig', and 'change the process of the assembly jig'. The target rate of the overall product defect rate reached 127%.

Resumo Esta revisão sistemática integra os dados disponíveis na literatura sobre as atividades biológicas dos extratos de fungos endofíticos isolados de Annona muricata e seus metabólitos secundários. A busca foi realizada em quatro bases de dados eletrônicas e a qualidade dos estudos foi avaliada por meio de instrumento de avaliação adaptado. A pesquisa inicial no banco de dados gerou 436 resultados; dez estudos foram selecionados para inclusão. A folha foi a parte mais estudada da planta (em nove estudos); Periconia sp. foi o fungo mais testado (n = 4); a atividade biológica mais avaliada foi anticâncer (n = 6), seguida de antiviral (n = 3). As atividades antibacteriana, antifúngica e antioxidante também foram testadas. Terpenóides ou compostos híbridos de terpenóides foram os metabólitos químicos mais abundantes. Compostos fenólicos, ésteres, alcalóides, ácidos graxos saturados e insaturados, compostos aromáticos e peptídeos também foram relatados. Os estudos selecionados destacaram a potencialidade biotecnológica dos extratos de fungos endofíticos de A. muricata. Por conseguinte, esta planta pode ser considerada uma fonte promissora de compostos biológicos com efeitos antioxidantes e ativos contra diversos micro-organismos e células cancerígenas. Mais pesquisas são necessárias envolvendo diferentes tecidos vegetais, outros microorganismos, como SARS-CoV-2, e diferentes células cancerosas.

Abstract This systematic review integrates the data available in the literature regarding the biological activities of the extracts of endophytic fungi isolated from Annona muricata and their secondary metabolites. The search was performed using four electronic databases, and studies' quality was evaluated using an adapted assessment tool. The initial database search yielded 436 results; ten studies were selected for inclusion. The leaf was the most studied part of the plant (in nine studies); Periconia sp. was the most tested fungus (n = 4); the most evaluated biological activity was anticancer (n = 6), followed by antiviral (n = 3). Antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant activities were also tested. Terpenoids or terpenoid hybrid compounds were the most abundant chemical metabolites. Phenolic compounds, esters, alkaloids, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, aromatic compounds, and peptides were also reported. The selected studies highlighted the biotechnological potentiality of the endophytic fungi extracts from A. muricata. Consequently, it can be considered a promising source of biological compounds with antioxidant effects and active against different microorganisms and cancer cells. Further research is needed involving different plant tissues, other microorganisms, such as SARS-CoV-2, and different cancer cells.

Resumo O avanço e intensificação de atividades industriais e mineradoras tem gerado uma série de impactos sobre ecossistemas naturais, combinados ao uso inadequados de agroquímicos e o descarte errôneo de produtos eletrônicos, contribuem para contaminação de solos com uma diversidade de elementos químicos, entre eles os metais pesados. Devido a isto, este trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar a o efeito das dosagens crescentes de níquel na anatomia, bioquímica e sistema oxidativo do mogno brasileiro (Swietenia macrophylla), espécie florestal da Amazônia, buscando indicar o potencial de uso desta espécie em programas de fitorremediação de solos contaminados com metais pesados. As sementes foram cultivadas sob temperatura constante de 28°C, umidade relativa do ar (UR) de 90% com fotoperíodo de 12h por 43 dias. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi blocos casualizados (DBC), com cinco tratamentos (0, 2, 4, 6 e 8 mg.L-1 de Níquel), com seis repetições. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância (ANOVA) e as médias foram testadas para diferenças significativas pelo teste Tukey a 5% de significância. Foi observado mudanças na anatomia dos diferentes órgãos, com diferenças nas células da região central da folha, no caule e na raiz. A concentração de carboidratos totais não teve diferenças estatísticas com a aplicação do níquel, porém foi observado mudanças nos pigmentos fotossintéticos, açúcares redutores e sacarose como forma adaptativa ao níquel. O aumento das dosagens de níquel foi acompanhado pela síntese de amônio, aminoácidos e prolina na raiz, em contra partida diminui-se a síntese de glicina. Já na folha, houve o aumento dos aminoácidos com o aumento do metal, acompanhado da diminuição de glicina. O sistema de defesa antioxidante de plantas foi eficiente para atenuar os efeitos tóxicos das EROs, com ações significativas das enzimas CAT e SOD na raiz, enquanto na folha teve ação principal da APX e CAT. O cultivo de plantas de mogno pode ser defendido para mitigar a poluição de Ni nessas áreas, já que esta espécie florestal possui uma característica particular de resistência às condições de estresse em contato com o metal pesado. naturais eletrônicos químicos pesados isto Swietenia macrophylla, macrophylla , macrophylla) Amazônia 28C C 28 28°C UR (UR 90 h 4 dias DBC, DBC (DBC) 0, 0 (0 2 mg.L1 mgL1 mgL mg.L 1 mg L mg.L- Níquel, Níquel Níquel) repetições ANOVA (ANOVA 5 significância órgãos raiz fotossintéticos amônio diminuise diminui se glicina EROs áreas pesado 9 (DBC ( L1

Abstract The advancement and intensification of industrial and mining activities has generated a series of impacts on natural ecosystems, combined with the inappropriate use of agrochemicals and the erroneous disposal of electronic products, contributing to soil contamination with a diversity of chemical elements, including heavy metals. Due to this, this work aimed to evaluate the effect of increasing dosages of nickel on the anatomy, biochemistry and oxidative system of Brazilian mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla), a forest species from the Amazon, seeking to indicate the potential use of this species in phytoremediation programs. of soils contaminated with heavy metals. The seeds were grown under a constant temperature of 28°C, relative humidity (RH) of 90% with a 12-hour photoperiod for 43 days. The experimental design used was randomized blocks (DBC), with five treatments (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 mg.L-1 of Nickel), with six replications. Data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and means were tested for significant differences using the Tukey test at 5% significance. Changes in the anatomy of the different organs were observed, with differences in the cells in the central region of the leaf, the stem and the root. The concentration of total carbohydrates had no statistical differences with the application of nickel, however changes were observed in photosynthetic pigments, reducing sugars and sucrose as an adaptive form to nickel. The increase in nickel dosages was accompanied by the synthesis of ammonium, amino acids and proline in the root, while the synthesis of glycine was reduced. In the leaf, there was an increase in amino acids with an increase in metal, accompanied by a decrease in glycine. The plant antioxidant defense system was efficient in attenuating the toxic effects of ROS, with significant actions of CAT and SOD enzymes in the root, while the leaf had the main action of APX and CAT. The cultivation of mahogany plants can be advocated to mitigate Ni pollution in these areas, as this forest species has a particular characteristic of resistance to stressful conditions in contact with the heavy metal. ecosystems products elements metals Swietenia macrophylla, macrophylla , macrophylla) Amazon programs 28C C 28 28°C RH (RH 90 12hour hour 12 4 days DBC, DBC (DBC) 0, 0 (0 2 mg.L1 mgL1 mgL mg.L 1 mg L mg.L- Nickel, Nickel Nickel) replications ANOVA (ANOVA 5 significance root pigments ammonium reduced metal ROS areas 9 (DBC ( L1

Resumo: Introdução: Diante das particularidades e desafios no manejo e tratamento de feridas em recém-nascidos torna-se importante para o enfermeiro conhecer, indicar e avaliar a eficácia e segurança das coberturas e produtos, inclusive na análise dos produtos para o público neonatal. Objetivo: Identificar na literatura as principais coberturas e produtos utilizados no tratamento de feridas em recém-nascidos. Metodologia: Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa de literatura, com artigos publicados entre os anos de 2018 a 2022, que abordaram os temas de coberturas e produtos utilizados no tratamento de feridas em recém-nascidos. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de consulta na Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde e Scientific Eletronic Library Online. Foram utilizados os descritores “newborn”, “wounds” e “bandage”. A análise foi realizada conforme a estratégia PICO e estruturados pelo PRISMA. Resultados: Diante dos achados foi possível identificar 13 artigos que abordavam produtos e coberturas destinados ao tratamento de feridas em neonatos. Foram encontrados 14 tipos de coberturas/produtos e dispositivos que utilizam a terapia por pressão negativa. Considerações finais: A literatura indica o uso de produtos e cobertura com princípios passivos, ativos e biológicos para o tratamento de feridas em neonatos, inclusive no prematuro, valendo destacar a importância em considerar o uso seguro de coberturas adequadas a esse público.

Abstract: Introduction: Given the particularities and challenges in the management and treatment of wounds in newborns, it becomes important for nurses to know, indicate and evaluate the efficacy and safety of dressings and products, even in the analysis of products for the neonatal population. Objective: To identify in the literature the main dressings and products used to treat wounds in newborns. Methodology: This is an integrative literature review, with articles published between 2018 and 2022, which addressed the topics of dressings and products used in the treatment of wounds in newborns. Data collection was carried out through consultation in Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde and in the Scientific Electronic Library Online. The “newborn”, “wounds” and “bandage” descriptors were used. The analysis was carried out according to the PICO strategy and structured following PRISMA. Results: Given the findings, it was possible to identify 13 articles that addressed products and dressings intended for treating wounds in newborns. Fourteen types of dressings/products and devices that use negative pressure therapy were found. Final considerations: The literature indicates the use of products and dressings with passive, active and biological principles for the treatment of wounds in newborns, including premature neonates, and it is worth highlighting the importance of considering the safe use of dressings that are suitable for this population.

Resumen: Introducción: Dadas las particularidades y desafíos en el manejo y tratamiento de heridas en recién nacidos, es importante que los enfermeros conozcan, indiquen y evalúen la efectividad y seguridad de apósitos y productos, incluido el análisis de productos para el público neonatal. Objetivo: Identificar en la literatura los principales apósitos y productos utilizados para el tratamiento de heridas en recién nacidos. Metodología: Se trata de una revisión integrativa de la literatura, con artículos publicados entre 2018 y 2022, que abordaron los temas de apósitos y productos utilizados en el tratamiento de heridas en recién nacidos. La recolección de datos se realizó mediante consulta en la Biblioteca Virtual en Salud y Biblioteca Científica Electrónica en Línea. Se utilizaron los descriptores “newborn”, “wounds” y “bandage”. El análisis se realizó según la estrategia PICO y estructurado por PRISMA. Resultados: Teniendo en cuenta los hallazgos, fue posible identificar 13 artículos que abordaron productos y apósitos destinados al tratamiento de heridas en recién nacidos. Se encontraron 14 tipos de revestimientos/productos y dispositivos que utilizan terapia de presión negativa. Consideraciones finales: La literatura indica el uso de productos y coberturas con principios pasivos, activos y biológicos para el tratamiento de heridas en recién nacidos, incluidos los prematuros, y cabe resaltar la importancia de considerar el uso seguro de coberturas adecuadas para esta población.

Abstract Self-medication (SM) is the practice of consuming medicines without a prescription. Despite being a potentially dangerous action, SM is practiced globally and has been highlighted during the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this study was to evaluate SM for the prevention or treatment of COVID-19 and the factors associated with this practice among undergraduate students in Southern Brazil. A cross-sectional study was conducted between July and November 2020 using an electronic questionnaire to collect information about the practice of SM and the associated sociodemographic characteristics, health perception, and lifestyle. We collected 1,553 responses and identified a prevalence of 14.9% for SM. The risk factors for SM were earning between BRL 2,101 and BRL 5,250, studying at a public university, and studying a distance undergraduate course. The protective factors were age above 30 years, female sex, working or participating in internships, occasionally recommending their own medications to other people, and worsening health during the pandemic. The main drugs or products used were ivermectin, vitamins C and D, tea, azithromycin, zinc, and propolis. Our data could help in the development of health education measures to reduce SM among undergraduate students and guide the population regarding the risks of this practice. Selfmedication Self medication (SM prescription action COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 pandemic Brazil crosssectional cross sectional 202 characteristics perception lifestyle 1553 1 553 1,55 149 14 9 14.9 2101 2 101 2,10 5250 5 250 5,250 university course 3 years sex internships people ivermectin D tea azithromycin zinc propolis COVID1 COVID- 20 155 55 1,5 14. 210 10 2,1 525 25 5,25 15 1, 21 2, 52 5,2 5,

The catalytic performance of γ-Fe2O3 nanopowder was investigated in the acetone hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) reaction, an essential catalytic reaction in biomass valorization. Sequential reduction/oxidation thermal pre-treatments of the γ-Fe2O3 nanopowder induced significant structural and electronic modifications that directly impacted its catalytic performance. The co-existence of Fe3+/Fe2+/Fe0 sites led to different reaction pathways (C-C coupling, hydrogenolysis, hydrogenation, and (hydro)deoxygenation) that formed a wide range of products. The correlation of the catalytic and structural data provided a better understanding of C-O, C-C, and C-H bond activation under the HDO reactional stream in the presence of metallic and oxidized phases of iron. This study demonstrates the tunability of FeOx catalysts in the acetone HDO reaction to favor different reaction pathways and the formation of products. It highlights that tailoring active sites is crucial for developing selective and optimized catalysts for the HDO reaction. γFe2O3 γFeO γ Fe2O3 Fe O γ-Fe2O (HDO valorization reductionoxidation reduction oxidation pretreatments pre treatments coexistence co existence Fe3Fe2Fe0 FeFeFe Fe3 Fe2 Fe0 Fe3+/Fe2+/Fe CC C coupling hydrogenolysis hydrogenation hydro deoxygenation (hydro)deoxygenation products CO, CO O, C-O CC, C, C-C CH H iron γFe γFe2O FeO Fe2O Fe3Fe2Fe

With the rise in popularity of electric vehicles and portable electronic devices, having a reliable, lightweight and long-lasting battery is crucial. This has led to the mass commercialisation of lithium-ion batteries (LIB's) because they offer several advantages over other battery technologies. Over the years, one of the concerns was with the ease the batteries can burn or explode when subjected to certain extreme conditions. In order to build trust in these products and to expand the technology into more diverse applications, safety aspects of the batteries has become a key area of research. One aspect of improving the safety by reducing the flammability of the battery is the addition of certain chemicals that stop or suppress the thermal runaway effect. However, this in-turn reduces the battery's capacity and life-cycle performance. Researchers have used the idea of encapsulating these chemicals thereby physically separating them within the (lithium-ion battery) LIB electrolyte system with a minimum effect on performance. This paper reviews some of the novelty that is currently being developed to encapsulate certain active chemicals to aid not only the LIB thermal safety but also to enhance their performance.

Abstract The global demand for milk and dairy products is rising, with cow's milk dominating production. However, goat dairy products have gained attention due to their nutritional value and bioactive components. Goat milk, in particular, is priced attractively, leading to increased interest from producers and investors. Goat milk-based products like yogurt, cheese, and fermented milk are available in the market and prepared using advanced processing technologies. Goat milk's exceptional quality, nutritional composition, and adaptability make it a superior choice, containing essential minerals and vitamins. The gourmet market has elevated goat cheese to a refined culinary delight. Therefore, this systematic review aims to summarize the state of successful research on goat milk cheese production from 2013 to 2023. The bibliographic search was carried out in September 2023 in electronic databases of scientific journals, namely Google Scholar, Science Direct, PUBMED, SCIELO, and Web of Science. Twenty (20) articles were included to discuss results that addressed the research question, meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The content presented provides a comprehensive overview of the cheese manufacturing process, encompassing stages such as filtration, pasteurization, addition of lactic cultures, coagulation (using various methods such as enzymatic, rennet, charcoal, or enzymes), cutting the curd, molding, salting, and maturation. The inclusion of bibliographic references further enhances understanding, highlighting the evolution of practices over time. These contributions are essential for improving the quality and efficiency of goat milk cheese production, offering valuable insights for researchers, producers, and industry enthusiasts. rising cows cow s However components particular attractively investors milkbased based yogurt technologies milks composition choice vitamins delight Therefore 201 202 journals Scholar Direct PUBMED SCIELO 20 (20 question criteria process filtration pasteurization cultures enzymatic rennet charcoal enzymes, enzymes , enzymes) curd molding salting maturation understanding time researchers enthusiasts 2 (2 (

Resumo A demanda global por leite e produtos lácteos está em ascensão, com o leite de vaca dominando a produção. No entanto, os produtos lácteos de cabra têm ganhado destaque devido ao seu valor nutricional e aos seus componentes bioativos. O leite de cabra, em particular, apresenta um preço atrativo, despertando um interesse crescente por parte de produtores e investidores. Produtos à base de leite de cabra, como iogurte, queijo e leite fermentado, estão disponíveis no mercado, e são preparados por meio de tecnologias avançadas de processamento. A qualidade excepcional, a composição nutricional e a adaptabilidade do leite de cabra o tornam uma escolha superior, contendo minerais e vitaminas essenciais. O mercado gourmet elevou o queijo de cabra a uma delícia culinária refinada. Portanto, o objetivo desta revisão sistemática foi resumir o estado da pesquisa bem-sucedida sobre a produção de queijo de leite de cabra de 2013 a 2023. A busca bibliográfica foi realizada em setembro de 2023, em bases de dados eletrônicas de revistas científicas, nomeadamente Google Scholar, Science Direct, PUBMED, SciELO e Web of Science. Vinte artigos foram incluídos para a discussão dos resultados que abordaram a pergunta de pesquisa, atendendo aos critérios de inclusão e exclusão. O conteúdo apresentado oferece uma visão abrangente do processo de fabricação de queijo de leite de cabra, abrangendo estágios, como filtração, pasteurização, adição de culturas lácticas, coagulação (utilizando vários métodos, como enzimática, coalho, carvão ou enzimas), corte da coalhada, moldagem, salga e maturação. A inclusão de referências bibliográficas aprimora ainda mais a compreensão, destacando a evolução das práticas ao longo do tempo. Essas contribuições são essenciais para a melhoria da qualidade e da eficiência na produção de queijo de leite de cabra, oferecendo insights valiosos para pesquisadores, produtores e entusiastas da indústria. ascensão entanto bioativos particular atrativo investidores iogurte fermentado processamento excepcional superior refinada Portanto bemsucedida bem sucedida 201 2023 científicas Scholar Direct PUBMED exclusão estágios filtração pasteurização lácticas utilizando métodos enzimática coalho enzimas, enzimas , enzimas) coalhada moldagem maturação compreensão tempo pesquisadores indústria 20 202 2

RESUMEN Objetivo. Documentar las estrategias de la industria tabacalera para influir en la regulación de los productos de tabaco y nicotina novedosos y emergentes (PTNNE) en América Latina y el Caribe. Métodos. Se analizaron los sitios web de la industria, los informes de defensa de la salud, los medios de información y los documentos gubernamentales relacionados con los PTNNE, prestando especial atención a los cigarrillos electrónicos y los productos de tabaco calentado. También se realizó una encuesta a líderes de la promoción de la salud. Aplicamos el modelo de distopía política para analizar las estrategias de acción y argumentación de la industria en relación con la regulación de los PTNNE. Resultados. Las partes interesadas de la industria recurrieron a cuatro estrategias instrumentales para influir en la regulación de los PTNNE: gestión de coaliciones, gestión de la información, participación directa y acceso al proceso de formulación de políticas, y litigios. Sus acciones incluyeron: trabajar con los principales responsables de la formulación de políticas, académicos y asociaciones de vapeo; conceder subvenciones a grupos de medios de comunicación para que difundan información favorable a los PTNNE; participar en consultas públicas; realizar presentaciones en audiencias públicas; introducir un lenguaje inspirado por la industria en la legislación sobre los PTNNE; y presentar demandas judiciales para dificultar las prohibiciones de los PTNNE. La industria difundió su argumentación, denominada de reducción de daños, en países grandes e influyentes como, por ejemplo, Argentina, Brasil y México. Las estrategias discursivas de la industria afirmaban que los PTNNE eran menos nocivos, proporcionaban alternativas más seguras y debían regularse del mismo modo que los denominados productos de reducción de daños o tener menos restricciones que las vigentes en la actualidad para su venta y consumo. Conclusión. Este análisis permite comprender mejor las estrategias de la industria para socavar el control del tabaco y la nicotina. Para contribuir a contrarrestar los esfuerzos de la industria, los defensores de la salud deberían fortalecer activamente las capacidades gubernamentales y alertar a los responsables políticos de los intentos de la industria de crear nuevas categorías reglamentarias (los denominados productos de riesgo reducido), proporcionar información engañosa sobre las autorizaciones gubernamentales de los PTNNE y apropiarse de los denominados mensajes de reducción de daños que responden a la agenda de la industria.

ABSTRACT Objective. To document tobacco industry strategies to influence regulation of new and emerging tobacco and nicotine products (NETNPs) in Latin America and the Caribbean. Methods. We analyzed industry websites, advocacy reports, news media and government documents related to NETNPs, focusing on electronic cigarettes and heated tobacco products. We also conducted a survey of leading health advocates. We applied the policy dystopia model to analyze industry action and argument-based strategies on NETNP regulations. Results. Industry actors engaged in four instrumental strategies to influence NETNP regulation – coalition management, information management, direct involvement in and access to the policy process, and litigation. Their actions included: lobbying key policy-makers, academics and vaping associations; providing grants to media groups to disseminate favorable NETNP information; participating in public consultations; presenting at public hearings; inserting industry-inspired language into draft NETNP legislation; and filing lawsuits to challenge NETNP bans. The industry disseminated its so-called harm reduction argument through large/influential countries (e.g., Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico). Industry discursive strategies claimed NETNPs were less harmful, provided safer alternatives, and should be regulated as so-called harm reduction products or have fewer restrictions on their sale and use than those currently in place. Conclusion. Our analysis provides a better understanding of industry strategies to undermine tobacco and nicotine control. To help counter industry efforts, health advocates should proactively strengthen government capacities and alert policy-makers to industry attempts to create new regulatory categories (so-called reduced-risk products), provide misleading information of government authorizations of NETNPs, and co-opt so-called harm-reduction messages that serve the industry’s agenda.

RESUMO Objetivo. Documentar as estratégias usadas pela indústria do tabaco para influenciar a regulamentação de produtos novos e emergentes de tabaco e nicotina (NETNPs, sigla em inglês) na América Latina e no Caribe. Métodos. Foram analisados sites do setor, relatórios de ativistas, notícias em meios de comunicação e documentos governamentais relacionados aos NETNPs, com foco em cigarros eletrônicos e produtos de tabaco aquecido. Também foi realizada uma pesquisa com ativistas importantes na área da saúde. O modelo de distopia política foi utilizado para analisar as ações e as estratégias baseadas em argumentos do setor para a regulamentação de NETNPs. Resultados. Os agentes do setor utilizaram quatro estratégias instrumentais para influenciar a regulamentação de NETNPs: gestão de coalizões; gestão de informações; envolvimento direto e acesso ao processo de formulação de políticas; e ações legais. As ações dos agentes incluíram: trabalhar com os principais formuladores de políticas, acadêmicos e associações de cigarros eletrônicos; conceder subsídios a grupos de comunicação para disseminar informações favoráveis aos NETNPs; participar de consultas públicas; fazer apresentações em audiências públicas; inserir linguagem gerada pela indústria na legislação de NETNPs; e entrar com ações judiciais para contestar proibições de NETNPs. O setor disseminou seu argumento de “redução de danos” em países grandes e influentes (por exemplo, Argentina, Brasil e México). As estratégias discursivas do setor afirmavam que os NETNPs eram menos prejudiciais, ofereciam alternativas mais seguras e deveriam ser regulamentados como “produtos de redução de danos” ou ter menos restrições à venda e ao uso do que as atualmente em vigor. Conclusão. Nossa análise oferece uma melhor compreensão das estratégias usadas pelo setor para enfraquecer o controle do tabaco e da nicotina. Para ajudar a combater os esforços do setor, os ativistas em saúde devem fortalecer de forma proativa a capacidade dos governos e alertar os formuladores de políticas sobre as tentativas da indústria de criar novas categorias regulatórias (os chamados “produtos de risco reduzido”), fornecer informações enganosas sobre as autorizações governamentais de comercialização dos NETNPs e cooptar mensagens de “redução de danos” para atender aos interesses do setor.

Abstract The social networks have become virtual spaces that facilitate interaction between individuals and allow the sharing of personal and professional information. Upon identifying this characteristic, companies to take advantage of it to attract customers, leaving traditional communication actions to develop digital strategies that would allow them to position their products and services, so that they could build closer ties with users in this context, the present research aims to analyze whether recommendations on social networks influence the purchase intention of generations Y (millennials) and Z (centennials). Two types of recommendations were considered: online reviews and those made by opinion leaders; it was also determined whether the electronic word of mouth (eWOM) effect influences purchase intention. A quantitative methodology with an explanatory scope was used to review a sample of 388 participants, who are between 25-39 years old (generation Y) and 15-24 years old (generation Z). The results showed that the purchase intention of millennials is influenced by eWOM, online reviews and opinion leaders; similarly the purchase intention of centennials is influenced by eWOM and opinion leaders, however, in the case of this group, online reviews have no impact.

Resumen Las redes sociales se han convertido en espacios virtuales que facilitan la interacción entre individuos y permiten compartir información de índole personal y profesional. Al identificar esta característica, las empresas se apresuraron a aprovecharla para captar clientes, dejando las acciones de comunicación tradicional para desarrollar estrategias digitales que les permitieran posicionar sus productos y servicios, de manera que llegaran a construir vínculos más cercanos con los usuarios. En este contexto, la presente investigación tiene como objetivo analizar si las recomendaciones en las redes sociales influyen sobre la intención de compra de las generaciones Y (millennials) y Z (centennials). Se consideraron dos tipos de recomendaciones: las reseñas en línea y las realizadas por los líderes de opinión; asimismo, se determinó si el efecto del electronic word of mouth (eWOM) influye en la intención de compra. Se empleó una metodología con un enfoque cuantitativo con un alcance explicativo, se revisó una muestra de 388 participantes, los cuales se encuentran entre 25-39 años (generación Y) y 15-24 años (generación Z). Los resultados mostraron que la intención de compra de los millennials se ve influenciada por el eWOM, las reseñas en línea y por los líderes de opinión; de manera similar la intención de compra de los centennials se ve influenciada por el eWOM y los líderes de opinión, sin embargo, en el caso de este grupo, las reseñas en línea no tienen impacto.

RESUMEN La cuantificación electroquímica de biomarcadores en fluidos frecuentemente emplea nanopartículas metálicas como sustratos de detección. El desarrollo de materiales de cuantificación ha evolucionado en las últimas décadas con la incorporación de materiales de grafeno a los sistemas de medición, generando variantes de compuestos de grafeno-nanometales. Los materiales compuestos aprovechan la gran conductividad electrónica del grafeno y el aumento en la sensibilidad y selectividad que les confiere. El óxido de grafeno y productos reducidos de este se han usado tradicionalmente en la manufactura de compuestos de grafeno-nanopartículas metálicas. La tendencia se explica por la relativa facilidad de síntesis de los materiales oxidados de grafeno, sin embargo, esta facilidad tiene como inconveniente la pérdida de propiedades eléctricas de los materiales sintetizados y la posible disminución de sus características de detección. Para evitar estas restricciones, idealmente se deberían de usar como sustratos materiales de grafeno no oxidados, sin embargo, su manufactura no es sencilla. Reportamos aquí un método de preparación de nanoplaquetas de grafeno prístino y su fácil conversión a compuestos decorados con nanopartículas de oro. Describimos el uso de los compuestos como sustratos útiles para la cuantificación electroquímica de glucosa y peróxido de hidrógeno en fluidos.

ABSTRACT Electrochemical quantification of biomarkers in fluids frequently employs metallic nanoparticles as detection substrates. The development of quantification materials has evolved in recent decades with the incorporation of graphene materials into measurement systems, generating variants of graphene-nanometal composites. Composite materials take advantage of the great electronic conductivity of graphene and the increase in sensitivity and selectivity that it confers. Graphene oxide and its reduced products have traditionally been used in the manufacture of graphene-metal nanoparticle composites. The trend is explained by the relative ease of synthesis of graphene oxidized materials, however, this ease has as a drawback the loss of electrical properties of the synthesized materials and the possible decrease in their detection characteristics. To avoid these restrictions, ideally, non-oxidized graphene materials should be used as substrates, however their manufacture is not easy. This work reports a method of preparing pristine graphene nanoplatelets and their easy conversion to gold nanoparticle-decorated composites. We describe the use of the compounds as useful substrates for the electrochemical quantification of glucose and hydrogen peroxide in fluids.

Abstract. This work was originated from the increasing interest in several industries to implement voice based virtual assistant solutions powered by the Natural Language Processing field of study. This work is focused on the automotive industry Human Machine Interface related products, specifically the Instrument Panel. Nowadays people are constantly using virtual assistants like Google Assistant, Alexa, Cortana or Siri on their electronic devices. Furthermore, 31% of cars have a built-in virtual assistant, for example Ford uses Alexa, Merced es-Benz and Hyundai use Google Assistant, BMW and Nissan use Cortana, GM uses IBM Watson, Honda uses Hana and Toyota uses YUI. Apart from the proprietary solutions described earlier, there are also contemporary open-source generic solutions available on the market, such as Mycroft AI which stands out from other technologies due to ready to deploy, well documented, simple installation on a Linux PC or RPI SoC, and simple execution. This paper presents a way to use Mycroft AI as an alternative to add artificial intelligence-based voice assistance to applications in the automotive domain. The voice communication module presented here drives notifications related to three different entities: seat belt, fuel level and battery level, all of them are telltales present in any automotive Instrument Panel. Since the Mycroft AI design approach is based on Human Centered Design (HCD), the voice communication module presented here provides real user experience (UX) based design. As a conclusion, Mycroft AI demonstrates great potential as an alternative to add voice assistance to automotive industry Human Machine Interface related products. About future work, due to the fact that Mycroft AI is based on Python, there are many possibilities for connecting and expanding the voice communication module by using countless Python libraries in order to import and process any type of information, in any format or source, for example the information from communication technologies like CAN, LIN, Ethernet, MOST, GPS or any other device or technology in order to create comprehensive automotive solutions.

Resumen. Este trabajo se originó del creciente interés por parte de diferentes industrias para implementar soluciones de asistente virtual basado en voz impulsadas por el campo de estudio del Procesamiento del Lenguaje Natural. Este trabajo está enfocado en los productos relacionados a la Interfaz Humano Máquina de la industria automotriz, específicamente el Panel de Instrumentos. Hoy en día las personas usan constantemente asistentes virtuales como Google Assistant, Alexa, Cortana o Siri en sus dispositivos electrónicos. Más aún, 31% de los autos tienen un asistente virtual integrado, por ejemplo, Ford usa Alexa, Mercedes-Benz y Hyundai usan Google Assistant, BMW y Nissan usan Cortana, GM usa IBM Watson, Honda usa Hana y Toyota usa YUI. Aparte de las soluciones de marca registrada descritas anteriormente, también hay soluciones genéricas de código abierto contemporáneas disponibles en el mercado, tales como Mycroft AI que se hace notar por sobre otras tecnologías por características como listo para usar, bien documentada, instalación simple en una PC Linux o RPI SoC, y una ejecución simple. Este artículo presenta una manera de usar Mycroft AI como una alternativa para agregar inteligencia artificial basada en asistencia de voz a aplicaciones en el dominio automotriz. El módulo de comunicación de voz presentado aquí maneja notificaciones relacionadas a tres diferentes entidades: cinturón de seguridad, nivel de gasolina y nivel de batería, todos ellos son indicadores virtuales presentes en cualquier Panel de Instrumentos Automotriz. Dado que el enfoque de diseño de Mycroft AI se basa en Diseño Centrado en el Human (HCD), el módulo de comunicación por voz presentado aquí provee un diseño basado en experiencia de usuario (UX) real. Como conclusión, Mycroft AI demuestra gran potencial como una alternativa para agregar asistencia de voz a los productos relacionados a Interfaz Humano Máquina de la industria automotriz. Acerca del trabajo a futuro, debido al hecho que Mycroft AI está basado en Python, existen muchas posibilidades para conectar y expandir el módulo de comunicación por voz a través del uso de innumerables bibliotecas de Python para importar y procesar cualquier tipo de información, en cualquier formato o fuente, por ejemplo la información proveniente de tecnologías de comunicación tales como CAN, LIN, Ethernet, MOST, GPS o cualquier otro dispositivo o tecnología para crear soluciones automotrices integrales.

Resumen La marihuana es la droga de abuso de mayor consumo en Chile y el mundo. La forma de consumo más utilizada es fumada como cigarrillos, sin embargo, en el último tiempo se ha masificado el uso de vaporizadores. Estos dispositivos utilizan calor para evaporar la resina que se encuentra al interior de los cartuchos, la cual está compuesta principalmente por delta-9-tetrahidrocannabinol en altas concentraciones y otros aditivos como propilenglicol y acetato de vitamina E. En Estados Unidos se ha descrito toxicidad letal asociado al uso de estos dispositivos. En Chile no se conocen intoxicaciones asociadas a estos productos, sin embargo, su uso ha aumentado en los últimos años por lo que es importante conocer cuál es su composición química. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la concentración de los principales compuestos presentes en los cartuchos para vaporizar que son incautados en nuestro país y para esto se im-plementó una metodología analítica para cuantificar los cannabinoides delta-9-tetrahidrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD), canna-binol (CBN), y acetato de vitamina E mediante la técnica cromatografía gaseosa con detector de espectrometría de masas (GC/MSD). Se analizaron 51 muestras de cartuchos con una concentración promedio de THC de 60,2% (p/p). Las concentraciones de CBD y CBN no superaron el 2% (p/p) y en el caso de acetato de vitamina E fue detectado en 9 muestras con una concentración promedio de 51,4% (p/p).

Abstract Marijuana is the most widely used drug of abuse in Chile and the world. The most common form of consumption is smoking cigarettes, but more recently the use of vaporizers has become widespread. These devices use heat to vaporize the resin in the cartridges, which consists mainly of THC in high concentrations and other additives such as propylene glycol and vitamin E ace-tate. Lethal toxicity associated with the use of these devices has been described in the United States. In Chile, there are no known poisonings associated with these products; however, their use has increased in recent years, so it is important to know their chem-ical composition. The aim of this study was to determine the concentration of the main compounds present in the vaporizer car-tridges seized in our country. To this end, an analytical methodology was implemented to quantify the cannabinoids delta-9-tetra-hydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabinol (CBN), and vitamin E acetate using the GC/MSD technique. Fifty-one cartridge samples were analyzed with an average THC concentration of 60.2% (w/w). The concentrations of CBD and CBN did not exceed 2% (w/w) and in the case of vitamin E acetate it was detected in 9 samples with an average concentration of 51.4% (w/w).