This review provides an overview of the recent progress in organic electrosynthesis in Brazil, ranging from 2013 to 2023. By highlighting the principles, applications, and limitations of various electrosynthetic methodologies, this article aims to contribute to the understanding of basic principles and stimulate research in this field in Brazil. Moreover, the limitations and challenges associated with organic electrosynthesis are covered. Factors such as electrode material selection, solvent effects, and reaction optimization are discussed, highlighting the need for further research and development to overcome these obstacles. Finally, future prospects are outlined. Brazil 201 2023 applications methodologies Moreover covered selection effects discussed obstacles Finally outlined 20 202 2

In the present article, the scientific journey that led to the development of the Nernst equation, a cornerstone in modern electrochemistry, is discussed. The paper not only explores historical achievements but also traces the evolution of scientific ideas and highlights the key figures who laid the conceptual and experimental groundwork for the seminal contributions of Nernst to the understanding of electrochemical systems. In this exploration, particular attention is paid to the examination of the first three articles published by Nernst between 1888 and 1889. These essential works marked the inception of the engagement of Nernst with the Leipzig Physical Chemistry circle, comprising the distinguished quartet: van’t Hoff, Arrhenius, Ostwald, and Nernst himself. Furthermore, the present study examines the intricate relationship between the Nernst equation and the four basic laws of Thermodynamics, all in an approach accessible to undergraduate students. A concise review elucidates the interpretation and significance of these foundational thermodynamic principles and explain how they hold the formulation of the Nernst equation. article electrochemistry discussed systems exploration 188 1889 circle quartet vant van t Hoff Arrhenius Ostwald himself Furthermore Thermodynamics students 18 1

The recycle and utilization of expired drugs is a challenge for many countries at present. The employment of expired drugs as green corrosion inhibitors is expected to address both drug recycling and corrosion prevention issues, with significant economic and environmental value. Herein, the individually and combination corrosion inhibition performance of expired amoxicillin (AMC) and penicillin V potassium tablets (PVP) for lowcarbon steel in 20% acetic acid solution containing 600 mg L-1 chloride ion are evaluated by electrochemistry and weight loss method. Both the AMC and PVP present the mixed-type corrosion inhibitors mainly affect the cathode process when used individually. The optimum inhibition efficiency is 61.22% (AMC) and 79.21% (PVP), which all appear in 5.0 × 10-3 mol L-1. The AMC and PVP are adsorbed on the steel surface by mixed physisorption and chemisorption, which are consistent with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The corrosion inhibition rate drops sharply when AMC and PVP are combined use with a close mole ratio. But a small amount of PVP significantly enhance the corrosion inhibition effect of AMC, the corrosion inhibition rate from 61.22 to 79.72%. The corrosion inhibition rate of AMC and PVP combination inhibitor decreased with the increase of temperature. issues value Herein (AMC (PVP 20 60 L1 L 1 L- method mixedtype type 6122 61 22 7921 79 21 79.21 PVP, , 50 5 0 5. 103 10 3 10- L1. 1. chemisorption isotherm ratio 61.2 7972 72 79.72% temperature 2 6 612 792 7 79.2 61. 797 79.72 79. 79.7

In this review, we present the versatility of biomass and its derivatives obtained through thermal conversion processes (biochar and hydrochar) for applications in the development of electrochemical devices. This work highlights the generation of carbonaceous materials through pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonization, in addition to proposing strategies to modify their physicochemical properties through activation methodologies to enhance their application as electrode materials. The processes of monitoring and degrading chemical species are discussed based on the diversity of electrodes that can be obtained with these bioderived coals, according to recent contributions available in the literature (2020-2023), which show the wide applicability of these materials in the field of electrochemistry. review biochar hydrochar devices carbonization coals 20202023, 20202023 2020 2023 , (2020-2023) electrochemistry 2020202 202 (2020-2023 202020 20 (2020-202 20202 2 (2020-20 (2020-2 (2020- (2020 (202 (20 (2 (

The industry's principal objective is to comprehend the optimal application of each metal alloy in terms of corrosion resistance. A key focus lies in exploring alternative approaches to address this corrosive process in a manner that is both sustainable and economically feasible. The major strategy to mitigate this contest involves the utilization of inhibitors. However, it is imperative to note that certain inhibitors pose environmental risks. This study explores the effect of the addition of protic ionic liquids (PILs) on the corrosion of carbon steel (A36) in a saline solution (3.5 wt% NaCl), considering variations in pH and temperature. It focuses on understanding the effects of pH and temperature on the PILs' ability to protect the steel surface. Notably, changes in pH do not affect the protective capacity of the inhibitors. Efficiency values exceeding 72% were achieved under both acidic conditions tested. The study reveals two scenarios: At 40 °C, the PILs effectively protect the steel, with an efficiency of approximately 74% at concentrations of 500 and 1000 ppm. However, at 60 °C, efficiency decreases notably, reaching a maximum of 51% at a concentration of 500 ppm. Afterward, to evaluate the protective effectiveness of these compounds, gravimetric and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) serve as the main methods, accompanied by optical and atomic force microscopy (AFM) for evaluating the surface. In electrochemical tests, PILs 1 and 2 exhibit superior efficiency, with film formation, while PILs 3 to 6 demonstrate comparatively lower values. industrys industry s resistance feasible However risks (PILs A36 (A36 3.5 35 5 (3. wt NaCl, NaCl , NaCl) surface Notably 72 tested scenarios 4 C °C 74 50 100 ppm notably 51 Afterward compounds EIS (EIS methods AFM (AFM tests formation A3 (A3 3. (3 7 10 (A (

BACKGROUND American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) is an endemic neglected tropical disease (NTD), its conventional treatment is toxic, slow, and invasive. Rapid diagnosis is crucial for the clinical management of suspected patients, so the development and use of low-cost, miniaturised and portable devices could be the key. OBJECTIVES This work aimed to develop a simple paper-based electrochemical platform for the serological detection of ATL. METHODS Platform was fabricated in Whatman N°1 paper, contains a hydrophobic zone generated by wax printing, two pencil graphite electrodes, and uses specific crude extracts (CA) antigens for ATL immuno-determination. The platform performance was analysed by measuring the relative impedance change for different antigen-antibody combinations. Then, 10 serum human samples previously diagnosed by the gold standard (five positive ATL cases and five non-ATL cases) were evaluated. FINDINGS The platform presented a linear response for the charge transfer resistance (ΔRct) and the interface reactance (ΔXc). Also, optimal working conditions were established (1/60 serum dilution and 180 µg/mL CA concentration). Then, the platform permits to distinguish between ATL and non-ATL (p < 0.05) human serum samples. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Our platform could allow the diagnosis, management, and monitoring of leishmaniasis while being an extremely simple and environmentally friendly technology. (ATL NTD, NTD , (NTD) toxic slow invasive patients lowcost, lowcost low cost, cost low-cost key paperbased paper based N1 N 1 N° printing electrodes (CA immunodetermination. immunodetermination immuno determination. determination immuno-determination antigenantibody antigen antibody combinations Then nonATL non evaluated ΔRct (ΔRct ΔXc. ΔXc . (ΔXc) Also 1/60 160 60 (1/6 18 µgmL µg mL concentration. concentration concentration) p 0.05 005 0 05 technology (NTD (ΔXc 1/6 16 6 (1/ 0.0 00 1/ (1 0. (

Development of platforms capable of guarantee a controlled NO release at a specific target is highly promising yet challenging. Herein, we present the synthesis and characterization of cis-[Ru(bpy)2(1,4-dt)(NO)](PF6)3 (RuNO), where 1,4-dt = 1,4-dithiane and bpy = 2,2’-bipyridine, which was adsorbed on gold through the sulfur atom of 1,4-dt. This complex was thoroughly characterized by electrochemistry, nuclear magnetic resonance, and vibrational and electronic spectroscopies whose assignments were corroborated by theoretical data. The formation of the self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of RuNO on gold was monitored by surface plasmon resonance giving a coverage density of 2.1 × 10–10 mol cm–2. Taking advantage of the NO lability upon reduction, electrochemical scanning microscopy (SECM) was used to both trigger the NO release from the SAM of RuNO on the gold substrate and detection at the SECM tip. Accordingly, upon reduction, the generated NO0 species was detected at the SECM TIP, where it was oxidized back to NO+. challenging Herein cisRubpy21,4dtNOPF63 cisRubpy214dtNOPF63 cisRubpydtNOPF cis Ru 2 1,4 dt PF6 3 1 4 PF cis-[Ru(bpy)2(1,4-dt)(NO)](PF6) RuNO, , (RuNO) 1,4dt 14dt 1,4dithiane 14dithiane dithiane 2,2bipyridine, 22bipyridine bipyridine 2,2 bipyridine, 2,2’-bipyridine 1,4dt. dt. electrochemistry data selfassembled self assembled (SAM 21 2. 1010 10 10–1 cm2 cm cm–2 reduction (SECM tip Accordingly TIP NO+ cisRubpy21 4dtNOPF63 cisRubpy dtNOPF cisRubpy21,4dtNOPF6 cisRubpy214dtNOPF6 14 1, cis-[Ru(bpy)2(1,4-dt)(NO)](PF6 (RuNO 4dt 4dithiane 2bipyridine 2,2bipyridine 22 2, 101 10– cm– cisRubpy2 4dtNOPF6 cisRubpy21,4dtNOPF cisRubpy214dtNOPF cis-[Ru(bpy)2(1,4-dt)(NO)](PF 4dtNOPF

Pure and cobalt-doped 3D ZnO were produced using the microwave (MW)-ultraviolet (UV)-visible (Vis) radiation-assisted hydrothermal method (MW-UV-Vis HM). Using experimental design, the effects of cobalt and UV-Vis radiation during the synthesis stage on the physicochemical properties of the materials were evaluated with different characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, diffuse reflectance, and electrochemistry. The presence of cobalt had a great influence on the reduction of charge donors in the ZnO matrix and had their photocatalytic properties improved when produced under the effect of UV-Vis radiation. The catalytic activity of the materials has been verified in important environmental remediation reactions, such as the electrochemical reduction of CO2 and the photocatalytic degradation of emerging pollutants. The results achieved in this study show competitive efficiency values for CO2 reduction (97%) and photocatalytic degradation (91%) of emerging pollutants in natural waters, illustrating the great versatility of the produced material in distinct applications. cobaltdoped doped D MWultraviolet MW ultraviolet UVvisible UV visible Vis (Vis radiationassisted assisted MWUVVis HM. HM . HM) design UVVis Xray X ray diffraction microscopy reflectance electrochemistry reactions CO 97% 97 (97% 91% 91 (91% waters applications 9 (97 (91 (9 (

Enhanced corrosion-resistant Ni-Cu-P amorphous coatings were applied to AZ91D magnesium alloy substrates using an integrated approach that included direct-current (DC) copper pre-plating and electroless Ni-Cu-P plating at varying CuSO4 concentrations. The effects of CuSO4 concentration on the microstructure, electrochemistry behavior and corrosion rate of Ni-Cu-P coatings and the adhesion between the Ni-Cu-P coating and the magnesium alloys substrate were investigated. The results indicated that the surface of the Ni-Cu-P ternary coating which integrated well with the magnesium alloys substrate exhibited heterogeneous cell structure with relatively flat and dense structure. When the CuSO4 concentration was 0.8 g/L, the mass fraction of P in the coating was 9.06 wt% meaning amorphous Ni-Cu-P coating. The results of the Nyquist and Bode graph, corrosion rate, corrosion morphologies and of the Ni-Cu-P coatings with different CuSO4 addition indicated that the corrosion resistance reached optimization with corrosion potential of -0.31 V, the corrosion current density of 0.0039 A/cm2 when the CuSO4 concentration is 0.8 g/L. Furthermore, the adhesion test confirmed that the adhesion of Ni-Cu-P coatings improved gradually as the CuSO4 concentration increased and exhibited optimum when added 1.0 g/L CuSO4. The obtained Ni-Cu-P coating with amorphous structure prevented effectively magnesium alloy from corrosion. corrosionresistant resistant NiCuP Ni Cu AZD AZ D directcurrent direct DC (DC preplating pre CuSO concentrations microstructure investigated 08 0 8 0. gL g L 906 9 06 9.0 wt graph 0.31 031 31 -0.3 V 00039 0039 0.003 Acm2 Acm A cm2 cm A/cm Furthermore 10 1 1. 90 9. 0.3 03 3 -0. 0003 003 0.00 -0 000 00 0.0 -

Electric vehicles are slowly reinforcing their place in the global market, with 6.75 million units sold in 2021, accounting for 8.3% of the global automotive market, with expectations of this increasing to 33% by 2028. South Africa and Kenya, however, only contributed approximately 1559 and 350 units to this total, respectively. To accommodate the anticipated e-mobility growth in South Africa, and the rest of the continent, a sound understanding of the battery chemistry, developments and advances need to be explored and integrated with additional principles, such as project and risk management. The battery chemistry has a profound effect on cradle-to-grave assessments, and in exploring second-life applications, the battery utilisation can be increased before the need for recycling. Sound knowledge of the chemistry is also crucial in elucidating risks and providing a safe working environment, making risk-mitigation initiatives more transparent, improving the manufacturing process and providing opportunities for small start-ups to form, supporting the shift to a more electric-powered mindset. Adopting new technologies and integrating electric mobility can not only advance local efforts to advance electrochemistry research but also support sustainable development schemes in Africa.

Research projects in the Shashe-Limpopo Basin have witnessed significant developments in the use of conceptual frameworks and multidisciplinary approaches such as electrochemical and geochemical sequencing. Accordingly, there is now data to question the widely accepted model for the evolution of Mapungubwe State (AD 1200-1300) which argues that favourable and unfavourable regional climatic weather conditions (wet and dry) lead to the rise and decline of the State. Floodplain agropastoral activities in the middle Limpopo Valley are a widely assumed hypothesis, despite the general absence of relevant chemical signatures and archaeobotanical data. This article discusses soil sequences and chemical analyses (Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy and Redox Potential) to provide a palaeoenvironmental record of water regimes in relation to Mapungubwe. Findings confirm that geochemical techniques can be used to model or predict aquifer behaviour and the occurrence of groundwater. And, as such, highlighting the need for conservation planners to carefully consider integrative scientific tools to improve conservation practices of archaeological heritage and overexploitation of groundwater resources. Although more data is required, the results obtained allows researchers to begin reframing questions concerned with the links between changing water regimes and social changes, in this case relating to the decline of Mapungubwe. The understanding is important for the management and conservation of the Mapungubwe World Heritage site and surrounding landscape.

Abstract This study provides an in-depth analysis of the electrochemical industry in Mexico by examining the geographic distribution of the companies, the economic sectors they belong to, the products they manufacture, and the electrochemical processes they utilize. The data were collected from 805 Mexican manufacturing companies in the electrochemical industry and analyzed using data mining techniques, revealing that Mexico's electrochemical industry is concentrated in regions with high economic development, such as Mexico City, Monterrey, and Guadalajara, which are also traditional suppliers of the automotive industry. Furthermore, 91.2 % of the industry is focused on the electrodeposition process, with zinc coatings and nickel being the most commonly produced products. The metal-mechanical sector is the most dominant economic sector, accounting for 89 % of the companies. In addition, this study highlights the potential for collaboration between the industry and academia, as there are numerous research groups and institutions throughout the country dedicated to electrochemistry research and development. Despite this, the industry has yet to fully integrate academic knowledge and expertise to address industry problems. Overall, the manufacturing sector in Mexico is diverse, with the electrochemical industry continuing to provide employment opportunities for thousands of people but there is room for growth and development in advanced electrochemical technologies beyond traditional galvanization processes.

Resumen Este trabajo presenta un análisis detallado del sector electroquímico en México, proporcionando información sobre las regiones con mayor desarrollo en tecnologías electroquímicas, los sectores económicos en los que se desempeñan las empresas, los productos que comercializan y los procesos electroquímicos utilizados en su fabricación. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que, aunque la galvanización representa el 80 % de las empresas electroquímicas, existe una pequeña parte que utiliza tecnologías avanzadas. Asimismo, se ha identificado que la mayoría de las empresas se ubican en regiones con alto desarrollo económico, con una tradición en el uso de la electroquímica y donde las empresas son parte de los proveedores de la industria automotriz. Además, se ha identificado que la academia ha florecido en este campo, con numerosos grupos de investigación e instituciones dedicadas a la investigación y el desarrollo en electroquímica en todo el país. Este estudio resalta la importancia de la colaboración entre la industria y la academia para impulsar el desarrollo de la industria electroquímica en México.

Abstract Single-particle electrochemistry has become an important area of research with the potential to determine the rules of electrochemical reactivity at the nanoscale. These techniques involve addressing one entity at the time, as opposed to the conventional electrochemical experiment where a large number of molecules interact with an electrode surface. These experiments have been made feasible through the utilization of ultramicroelectrode (UMEs), i.e., electrodes with at least one dimension, e.g., diameter of 30 μm or less. This paper provides a theoretical and practical introduction to single entity electrochemistry (SEE), with emphasis on collision experiments between suspended NPs and UMEs to introduce concepts and techniques that are used in several SEE experimental modes. We discuss the intrinsically small currents, below 1 nA, that result from the electroactive area of single entities in the nanometer scale. Individual nanoparticles can be detected using the difference in electrochemical reactivity between a substrate and a nanoparticle (NP). These experiments show steady-state behavior of single NPs that result in discrete current changes or steps. Likewise, the NP can have transient interactions with the substrate electrode that result in current blips. We review the effect of diffusion, the main mass transport process that limits NP/electrode interactions. Also, we pointed out the implications of aggregation and tunneling in the experiments. Finally, we provid a perspective on the possible applications of single-element electrochemistry of electrocatalyst.

Resumen La electroquímica de partículas individuales se ha convertido en un área importante de investigación con el potencial de facilitar la comprensión de las reglas de reactividad electroquímica en la escala de nanómetros. Estas técnicas implican abordar una entidad a la vez, en contraste con el experimento electroquímico convencional en el que un gran número de moléculas interactúa con la superficie de un electrodo. Estos experimentos se han vuelto posibles gracias al uso de ultramicroelectrodos (UME, por sus siglas en inglés), es decir, electrodos con al menos una dimensión, como, por ejemplo, el diámetro de 30 μm o menos. Este artículo proporciona una introducción teórica y práctica a la electroquímica de entidad única (SEE, por sus siglas en inglés), con énfasis en los experimentos de colisión entre nanopartículas (NPs) suspendidas y UME para introducir conceptos y técnicas utilizadas en varios modos experimentales de SEE. Discutimos las corrientes intrínsecamente pequeñas, por debajo de 1 nA, que resultan de la superficie electroactiva de entidades únicas en la escala de nanómetros. Las nanopartículas individuales pueden detectarse mediante la diferencia en reactividad electroquímica entre el sustrato y las nanopartículas. Estos experimentos muestran el comportamiento en estado estacionario de NPs individuales que resulta en cambios discretos de corriente o escalones. De manera similar, la NP puede tener interacciones transitorias con el electrodo de sustrato que dan lugar a picos de corriente. Revisamos el efecto de la difusión, el principal proceso de transporte de masa que limita las interacciones NP/electrodo. Además, señalamos las implicaciones de la agregación y del efecto túnel cuántico en los experimentos. Finalmente, ofrecemos una perspectiva sobre las posibles aplicaciones de la electroquímica de entidad única en electrocatálisis.

Abstract. A bird´s eye view of some qualitative aspects of the state of Electrochemistry in Mexico in the 80´s and that of now is given. My initial steps in the field were very encouraging and I have continued in it for 4 decades, of which an overview is given with emphasis in Environmental Electrochemistry and Electrochemistry and Corrosion Education.

Resumen. Se da una vista panorámica de algunos aspectos cualitativos del estado de la Electroquímica en México en los años 80 y el de ahora. Mis primeros pasos en el campo fueron muy alentadores y he continuado en él durante 4 décadas, de las cuales doy una visión general con énfasis en Electroquímica Ambiental y en Educación en Electroquímica y Corrosión.

Abstract. The recognition as emeritus researcher granted by the Mexican Council of Science and Technology a year ago (2020) appeared as a reminder of the beginning of my career of the challenges, friendships and experiences lived at the extrema during these years up to now. Though I am grateful for the opportunity granted by the Journal of the Mexican Chemical Society to write this article, summarizing all the experiences and teachings in a single perspective article would be a titanic task. Nevertheless, I am committed to highlighting some key moments from my journey so far. It is my hope that this manuscript will inspire and motivate the next generation of electrochemistry researchers and commemorate the unforgettable experiences shared with my students, colleagues, and friends.

Resumen. El reconocimiento como investigador nacional emérito que me fue otorgado por el Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología hace un año (2022) ha detonado el reencuentro con las experiencias vividas al inicio de mi carrera que comprenden retos, amistades y múltiples experiencias, vividas con gran intensidad desde esos días (1984) hasta el día de hoy. Agradezco la oportunidad que me ha concedido la Sociedad Química de México de escribir este artículo, resumir todas las experiencias vividas y aprendizajes adquiridos en este artículo de perspectiva ha sido una labor titánica. De esta manera se describen los momentos claves que fueron apareciendo en mi carrera científica y que forjaron mis conocimientos y habilidades. Deseo que este escrito inspire y motive a la siguiente generación de investigadores electroquímicos y que así mismo, sea un reconocimiento a las experiencias inolvidables compartidas con mis estudiantes, colegas y amigos.