Selenium-containing compounds exhibit diverse biological activities, such as antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and cancer preventive effects. Using Caenorhabditis elegans as a model organism, we assessed the toxicity, neuroprotective, antioxidant properties, and impact on longevity of 11 selenoacetylenes. Their toxicity and bioactivities varied based on molecular structure. Selenoacetylenes with butyl substituents were toxic to Galleria mellonella larvae. The presence of but-3-in-2-ol radical increased antiprotozoal activity against Tetrahymena pyriformis. Compared to the positive control (Nimitz® EC), selenoacetylenes were less toxic to nematode worms and eggs. Selenoacetylenes significantly reduced amyloid beta (Aβ) paralysis in C. elegans CL4176 worms, increased longevity by 18 to 22%, along with improving survival after oxidative or thermal stress. Galantamine, showed inferior results. These findings enhance our understanding of selenoacetylenes on neuroprotection, antioxidant activity, and longevity in C. elegans. Future mammalian studies will further elucidate mechanisms and explore the potential therapeutic use of selenoacetylenes in treating Alzheimer’s disease and longevity. Seleniumcontaining Selenium containing activities antioxidative antiinflammatory, antiinflammatory anti inflammatory, inflammatory anti-inflammatory effects organism neuroprotective properties 1 structure larvae but3in2ol butinol but 3 2 ol pyriformis Nimitz® Nimitz (Nimitz EC, EC , EC) eggs Aβ (Aβ C CL CL417 22 22% stress Galantamine results neuroprotection Alzheimers Alzheimer s CL41 CL4

ABSTRACT Agonoscena pistaciae (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) is a significant pest in pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) orchards in Türkiye. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of yellow sticky traps as an alternative method for controlling A. pistaciae populations in pistachio orchards. Conducted in late September and early October of 2021 and 2022, during peak pest activity, the experiment was carried out in Siirt, with three replicates following a randomized block design. Five traps were hung on all sides of each tree for sampling. Repeated measures ANOVA (repeated measures; general linear model) was used to observe changes over time. The results indicated that yellow sticky traps were highly effective in mass trapping adults, capturing an average maximum of 12 332.67 adults per trap. A significant decrease in the number of nymphs and eggs on the leaves was observed in the yellow sticky trap-treated trees compared to the control plots by mid-October (P < 0.05). Specifically, the average number of nymphs per composite leaf dropped from 24.95 to 11.23 in 2021, and from 145.18 to 27.29 in 2022. Similarly, the average number of eggs per composite leaf decreased from 61.18 to 2.29 in 2021, and from 73.56 to 3.64 in 2022. These findings suggest that yellow sticky traps can significantly reduce psyllid populations in pistachio orchards over the long term and can be an effective control method when used early in the vegetative period for low- to medium-sized psyllid populations.

SUMMARY: The pharyngeal arch (PA) is a transient structure of vertebrate embryos. Their number varies from species to species; nine in lampreys, seven in teleosts, and six in amniotes. Each pharyngeal arch contains a nerve and an artery as well as skeletomuscular elements. There has been a long-standing controversy about the formation of the fifth PA. Here, we investigated the formation of the fifth PA by tracking the distribution of neural crest cells in pharyngeal arches in chick embryos. Fertilized chick and quail eggs were used. Neural crest cells were detected by using quail-chick cell tracing technique and in ovo electroporation of EGFP constructs. Our results showed that neural crest cells from the post-otic level contributed to all post-otic pharyngeal arches (PA3-6). In contrast, neural crest cells from the somite 1-3 level avoided to invade the third pharyngeal arch, although they gave rise post-otic pharyngeal arches. Based on the trajectory of neural crest cells, the fifth pharyngeal arch was visible between the fourth and sixth pharyngeal arch, although it was considerably smaller compared to other arches. The fifth PA forms during early development at least in avian species. It is closer to the sixth PA than the fourth PA. This is in line with the formation of the fifth PAA, which can form a bypass and even fuse with the sixth PAA.

RESUMEN: El arco faríngeo (AF) es una estructura transitoria de los embriones de vertebrados. Su número varía de una especie a otra; nueve en lampreas, siete en teleósteos y seis en amniotas. Cada arco faríngeo contiene un nervio y una arteria, así como elementos esqueleto musculares. Ha existido una larga controversia sobre laformación del quinto arco faríngeo. En este trabajo investigamos la formación del quinto AF mediante el seguimiento de la distribución de las células de la cresta neural en los arcos faríngeos en embriones de pollo. Se utilizaron huevos de pollito y codorniz fertilizados. Las células de la cresta neural se detectaron mediante la técnica de rastreo de células de polluelos de codorniz y la electroporación in ovo de construcciones de EGFP. Nuestros resultados mostraron que las células de la cresta neural del nivel postótico contribuyeron a todos los arcos faríngeos postóticos (AF3-6). Por el contrario, las células de la cresta neural del nivel somita 1-3 evitaron invadir el tercer arco faríngeo, aunque dieron lugar a arcos faríngeos postóticos. Según la trayectoria de las células de la cresta neural, el quinto arco faríngeo era visible entre el cuarto y el sexto arco faríngeo, aunque era considerablemente más pequeño en comparación con otros arcos. El quinto AF se forma durante el desarrollo temprano, al menos en especies de aves. Se encuentra más cerca del sexto AF que del cuarto AF. Esto concuerda con la formación del quinto AAF, que puede formar un bypass e incluso fusionarse con el sexto AAF.

The decomposition of a body, and the associated gaseous and liquid discharges emanating from it, attract gravid female blow flies which lay their eggs in or on the body. After the eggs have hatched, the emerging larvae start feeding on the body. As decomposition progresses, the blow fly larvae often migrate away, typically in a random manner in search of favourable conditions for pupation. In this paper, we report on a rarely described phenomenon of unidirectional mass migration of blow fly larvae and postulate on the factors which may drive this process. A decomposition trial utilising a 60-kg pig carcass, deployed in the summer months in Table Mountain National Park, Cape Town, South Africa, was conducted in 2022. On the fifth day of the trial, simultaneous unidirectional mass dispersal of blow fly larvae was observed. The larvae moved downhill in a southeasterly direction, following the flow of decomposition fluids oozing out from the pig carcass. The 'larval migration stream' had a length of approximately 1.5 m with a width of 40 cm, tapering to 17 cm at the terminal point. The larval migration stream consisted of the larvae of Chrysomya albiceps and Chrysomya chloropyga. This study demonstrates the importance of understanding the timing and pattern of dispersal of post-feeding blow fly larvae in each geographical region. This is crucial as the minimum post-mortem interval can be miscalculated if older immature insects dispersing from the corpse are not considered and collected during crime scene investigations. SIGNIFICANCE: • Understanding the timing and pattern of dispersal of blow fly larvae from decomposing vertebrate remains in each geographical region is important in time-since-death estimations when using entomological evidence. • In the summer season of the Western Cape Province, Chrysomya albiceps and Chrysomya chloropyga are among the blow fly species of forensic importance as they deposit their eggs on vertebrate remains. • When a decomposing body is found within the Table Mountain region, we suggest that crime scene investigators should examine the downhill area of the scene for larval/pupal entomological evidence that can assist in time and season of death estimations.

Abstract Bactericera cockerelli causes damage to nightshade crops in Mexico, causing millions of pesos in losses to producers; for its control, chemical insecticides have been used, which over time has generated resistance in the insect, causing its control to be more difficult year after year. New alternatives are sought for the control of this pest, among which the use of resistance inducers that are effective and environmentally friendly stands out; menadione sodium bisulfite (MSB) is an effective alternative with low environmental impact that has proven to be an activator of plant defenses and has insecticidal effects. In the present work, tests were carried out to determine the effects of MSB on the survival and development of the insect. Cohorts with B. cockerelli eggs were established, using three tomato plants of the Río Grande variety in each of the entomological cages, to test the effect of menadione on the development and survival of the insect B. cockerelli. According to the data obtained, no significant differences were found in the days of development of the immature stages of the insect, while in the survival data the MSB treatments had the highest mortalities, of 42 to 80%, demonstrating that MSB causes the mortality of B. cockerelli nymphs.

Resumen Bactericera cockerelli genera daños a los cultivos de solanáceas en México causando, pérdidas millonarias a los productores, para su control se han usado insecticidas químicos que con el paso del tiempo ha generado resistencia en el insecto causando que su control sea más difícil año con año. Se buscan nuevas alternativas para el control de esta plaga, dentro de lo que destaca el uso de inductores de resistencia que sean efectivos y amigables con el medio ambiente, la menadiona bisulfito de sodio (MBS) es una alternativa eficaz y de bajo impacto ambiental que ha demostrado ser un activador de las defensas de las plantas y cuenta con efectos insecticidas. En el presente trabajo se realizaron ensayos para determinar los efectos de la MBS en la supervivencia y desarrollo del insecto. Se establecieron cohortes con huevecillos de B. cockerelli, utilizando en cada una de las jaulas entomológicas tres plantas de tomate de la variedad Río Grande. para comprobar el efecto de la menadiona sobre desarrollo y supervivencia del insecto B. cockerelli. De acuerdo con los datos obtenidos, no se encontró deferencias significativas en los días de desarrollo de las etapas inmaduras del insecto, mientras que en los datos de supervivencia los tratamientos de MBS tuvieron las moralidades más altas de un 42 a 80%, demostrado que la MBS provoca la mortalidad de ninfas de B. cockerelli.

ABSTRACT Macrobrachium rosenbergii is the freshwater shrimp species of greatest economic interest, and its reproduction has been studied for commercial purposes. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different salinities (0, 6, and 12 mg L−1) on the embryogenesis of this species. The females were observed daily according to their reproductive behavior. Upon the first sign of spawning, when their eggs were attached to the abdomen, they were collected for egg collection and transferred to the incubators at the respectively tested salinities. The eggs were collected every five days for up to 23 days, separated according to their stage of development, histologically processed, and stained for visualization of structural changes during embryogenesis using an optical microscope. From the egg's histological images at different embryonic development stages, the egg hatching time was evaluated, the changes that occurred in the eggs during embryogenesis, the total area of the eggs, the vacuole area, and the ratio between the vacuole area and the total area of the eggs. Differences were observed in hatching time, egg size, and vacuole area and area ratio. The 6 g L−1 of salinity treatment was statistically different from the other in all parameters analyzed. Therefore, it was concluded that 6 g L−1 of salinity positively influenced embryogenesis, as it presented hatches from the 15th day of embryogenesis, demonstrating that there was a greater speed of migration of vitellogenin for the formation of the embryo, accelerating embryogenesis and hatching of M. rosenbergii.

ABSTRACT The results of the effect of five different incubation temperatures on the development of clownfish (Amphiprion ocellaris) larvae are presented. This ornamental species is widely marketed worldwide and is reared in captivity at CIAD to meet the demand in the domestic market. The experimental work was carried out over 30 days post-hatching to observe the temperature's effect on the development of the larvae's vertebral column and caudal complex. The eggs were incubated at 26, 28, 30, 32, and 34°C. The percentage of hatching, survival, growth, and the presence of skeletal malformations were evaluated. Hatching and survival percentages did not show significant differences between treatments. Regarding growth, there were significant differences between treatments, with organisms showing slower growth at 26°C and larger sizes at 34°C. The highest percentage of malformations occurred in larvae cultured at 34°C, with lordosis being the most frequently observed deformity among the treatments. Therefore, it can be concluded that the optimal temperature range for cultivating and harvesting quality A. ocellaris organisms is between 28 and 30°C.

ABSTRACT Meloidogyne enterolobii is currently the most damaging nematode of the genus Meloidogyne due to its aggressiveness and ability to overcome existing sources of resistance; therefore, the search for genotypes with resistance in crops of high economic importance such as chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L. var. annuum) is one of the greatest challenges facing agricultural researchers. The aim of this study was to determine the level of resistance in C. annuum landraces from Mexico to different population densities of M. enterolobii. Five C. annuum landraces (UTC24, UTC25, UTC66, UTC67, and UTC90) and the commercial cv. Revelation were used. The experiment was conducted twice under greenhouse conditions with a randomized block design with four replicates per genotype and cultivar. Inoculation was performed on 21-d-old seedlings with inoculum doses of 0, 4500, 9000, and 13500 eggs plant-1. The gall index, reproduction factor, and reproduction index were evaluated at 42 and 63 d after inoculation. Genotypes UTC66, UTC67, and UTC90 showed a higher level of resistance with a damage percentage lower than 50% compared to ‘Revelation’ (susceptible). Genotype UTC90 showed the lowest reproduction factor and index, so it was considered a highly resistant genotype to an inoculum dose of 4500 M. enterolobii eggs with a damage percentage of less than 10%, while, at a dose of 13 500 eggs, its resistance level was intermediate. The results of this study contribute to the search for sources of resistance to M. enterolobii in chili pepper landraces.

Abstract The present study determines the prevalence of eggs of Fasciola hepatica and Calicophoron spp. and of mixed infection in grazing cattle from six cattle ranches in the district of Florida, Department of Amazonas (Peru). Using the natural sedimentation technique, 358 fecal samples were examined. The prevalence of F. hepatica was 69.83 % (95% CI 65.08 - 74.59), followed by Calicophoron spp. 60.34 % (95% CI 55.27 - 65.40) and a prevalence of mixed infection 41.62 % (95% CI 36.51 - 46.73). The presence of F. hepatica eggs did not differ among farms, breeds, and age groups (P>0.05). The presence of Calicophoron spp. and mixed infection with F. hepatica showed differences between towns and breeds (P<0.05), unlike the age groups, which were statistically similar (P>0.05). A high prevalence of fecal eggs of F. hepatica and spp. was found, a situation that could be due to the environmental conditions that allow the optimal development of the intermediate host and the cattle grazing system.

Resumen El presente estudio determina la prevalencia de los huevos de Fasciola hepatica, Calicophoron spp. y la infección mixta en vacunos de crianza al pastoreo de seis poblados ganaderos del distrito de Florida, Amazonas (Perú). Mediante la técnica de sedimentación natural se examinaron 358 muestras fecales. La prevalencia de F. hepatica fue 69.83 % (IC 95% 65.08 - 74.59), seguido de Calicophoron spp. 60.34 % (IC 95% 55.27 - 65.40) y una prevalencia de infección mixta 41.62 % (IC95% 36.51 - 46.73). La presencia de huevos de F. hepatica no tuvo diferencias entre los poblados, las razas y el grupo etario (P>0.05). La presencia de Calicophoron spp. y la infección mixta con F. hepatica presentaron diferencias entre poblados y la raza (P<0.05), a diferencia del grupo etario que fueron similares estadísticamente (P>0.05). Se halló una alta prevalencia de huevos fecales de F. hepatica y Calicophoron spp., situación que podría estar dado por las condiciones ambientales que permiten el óptimo desarrollo del hospedador intermediario y del sistema de crianza al pastoreo de los vacunos.

Abstract In the context of the current debates about the disclosure of donor conception, this paper explores the perspectives on identity of people who have resorted to donating sperm and/or eggs in Buenos Aires City and for whom filiation with their descendants is not based on sharing biogenetic substance. Through the examination of a corpus of interviews conducted between 2018 and 2020 and in dialogue with kinships studies in anthropology, two notions of identity are recognized, identity as a construction or process and identity as an attribute transmitted through genes. Fathers and mothers’ reflections about the identity of their children and the identity of the donors return us to the problem of the biological and social aspects of kinship and the culture/nature binomial, forcing us to reflect on the distinction and articulation between both domains.

Resumen En el marco de los debates actuales sobre el levantamiento del anonimato de los/as donantes de gametos, este artículo indaga las perspectivas sobre la identidad de personas que han recurrido a la donación de semen y/u óvulos en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires y cuyo vínculo de filiación con su descendencia no se basa en compartir una substancia biogenética. A partir del examen de un corpus de entrevistas realizadas entre 2018 y 2020 y en diálogo con la antropología del parentesco, se reconocen dos nociones de identidad en juego, la identidad como construcción o proceso y la identidad como un atributo transmitido a través de los genes. Las reflexiones de los padres y las madres acerca de la identidad de sus hijos/as y la identidad de los/las donantes nos devuelven de lleno al problema de los aspectos biológicos y sociales del parentesco y al binomio cultura/naturaleza, obligando a reflexionar sobre la distinción y articulación entre ambos dominios.

RESUMEN Acerca del cambio climático, de la incidencia antropogénica en su desarrollo, de sus inminentes consecuencias y la necesidad de adoptar medidas urgentes que nos lleven a mitigar sus efectos y adaptarnos, existe en el mundo un notable y creciente consenso. Sin embargo, alrededor de este tema se ha formado un grupo muy heterogéneo, para nada despreciable y sí muy influyente de “escépticos, “opositores” o “negacionistas” empeñados en desacreditar toda la información científica y toda la evidencia que la naturaleza se encarga de aportar. En muchos países se han desplegado grupos como estos, pero en Estados Unidos, desde las instituciones federales y hasta los ciudadanos comunes, estos escépticos, opositores o negacionistas, se han posicionado para, desde sus perspectivas y su poder, defender los intereses de los que, a ultranza, ponen por encima de la sostenibilidad del mundo, de su sobrevivencia, los beneficios que obtienen las grandes industrias de la energía fósil y otros invasores del medio ambiente. Esta situación se acrecentó con la llegada de Donald Trump a la Casa Blanca. Su posición negacionista se hizo evidente desde la propia campaña presidencial. Este trabajo propone un acercamiento a esta tendencia, que se ha convertido en un discurso propio de la derecha más conservadora, en especial en Estados Unidos y que, aun con la fuerza del movimiento ambientalista mundial, ha desplegado mucho poder en aras de lograr desmontar todas las acciones políticas que se despliegan para enfrentar el cambio climático

ABSTRACT About the climatic change, of the incidence anthropogenic in his development, of his imminent consequences and the need to embrace urgent measures that lead to mitigate us his effects and to adapt us, a notable and increasing consent exists in the world. However, about this theme has instructed a very heterogeneous group itself, for despicable nothing and if very influential of skeptics, “opponents or (T. Boykoff, Maxwell, 2015) stubbornly determined refusing in discrediting all of the scientific information and all the proof that it is taken upon oneself to nature contribute.The groups like these have opened out at many countries, but in the United States from the federal institutions and to the common citizens, these skeptics, opponents or negacionistas, they have placed themselves stops, from his perspectives and his power, defending the interests of them than, to the death, lay eggs for on the worldly sustainability, of his survival, the benefits that the fossil and another invaders of the ambient midway obtain the energy's big industries.This situation increased with Donald Trump's arrival home White Note itself. His position negacionista became evident from the own presidential campaign. We intend to have an approach to this tendency that has become an own discourse of the most conservative right hand with this work, especially in the United States and then, even with the force of the movement worldwide environmentalist, a lot of power for the sake of achieving to dismount all the politic stock that open out to confront the climatic change has deployed.

ABSTRACT Plutella xylostella is one of the most important pests of brassicaceous crops around the world. Indoxacarb is widely used to control lepidopteran pest larvae. This insecticide has slow activity and prolonged residual effects which impact the habits and physiology of pests. The objective was to evaluate the effect of sublethal concentrations of indoxacarb on the biology and development time of the diamondback moth. Selection pressure of the insecticide indoxacarb was carried out on P. xylostella, applying the LC20 of the previous generation for the next ten generations, the LC20 of the resistant line (G10) was calculated and this concentration was subsequently applied to L3 larvae. The effect on the percentage and weight of pupae, adult emergence and oviposition for two generations was evaluated; in addition, the development time of egg, larva, pupa and adult. The results showed that resistance and exposure to LC20 of indoxacarb caused changes in the biology and development of P. xyllostella. This was manifested in an increase in the percentage and weight of formed pupae and emergence of adults, along with a prolongation of development time of more than 10 days. However, a decrease of more than 50% in the number of eggs per female was observed.

RESUMEN Plutella xylostella es una plaga de las más importantes en los cultivos de brassicaceas alrededor del mundo. El indoxacarb se utiliza ampliamente para el control de larvas de lepidópteros plaga. Este insecticida presenta una actividad lenta y efectos residuales prolongados los cuales impactan los hábitos y la fisiología de las plagas. Como objetivo se estableció la evaluación del efecto de concentraciones subletales de indoxacarb en la biología y tiempo de desarrollo de la palomilla dorso de diamante. Se realizó presión de selección del insecticida indoxacarb sobre P. xylostella, aplicando la CL20 de la generación anterior por las siguientes diez generaciones, se calculó la CL20 de la línea resistente (G10) y posteriormente se aplicó esta concentración a larvas de L3. Se evaluó el efecto en el porcentaje y peso de pupas, emergencia de adultos y oviposición para dos generaciones; además, del tiempo de desarrollo de huevo, larva, pupa y adulto. Los resultados mostraron que la resistencia y la exposición a CL20 de indoxacarb provocaron cambios en la biología y el desarrollo de P. xyllostella. Esto se manifestó en un aumento del porcentaje y peso de pupas formadas y emergencia de adultos, junto con una prolongación del tiempo de desarrollo de más de 10 días. Sin embargo, se observó una disminución de más del 50% en el número de huevos por hembra.

Abstract Poultry production is one of the most important agricultural sectors worldwide due to the high nutritional value of its products, such as meat and eggs, for human consumption. In this regard, veterinary antibiotics are used to treat or prevent disease-causing pathogens in order to ensure and maintain production. The objective of the study was to design and validate two questionnaires for assessing the risk of veterinary antibiotics used in egg-laying hens and their perceived impact in relation to food safety. Its logic and the validity of its content were determined by expert evaluation. Its construct validity was assessed by exploratory factor analysis, and its reliability, with Cronbach's Alpha coefficient. The survey was applied to 44 establishments or egg producers in the Espaillat province and to 385 consumers in the Santo Domingo province. A Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.799 was obtained for egg producers and veterinarians, and of 0.771, for consumers. The principal component analysis identified a KMO sample size adequacy measure of 0.558 for egg producers and veterinarians, and 0.797 for consumers. The questionnaire for egg producers and veterinarians consists of 8 factors and 22 items, and the questionnaire for consumers, of 3 factors and 8 items. The results confirm that the scale found is reliable and valid for the construct the risks associated with the potential consumption of food containing veterinary antibiotic residues.

Resumen La producción avícola es uno de los sectores agropecuarios de mayor importancia a nivel mundial por sus grandes aportes nutricionales en productos como la carne y el huevo para fines de la alimentación humana. En este sentido, para asegurar y mantener la producción se utilizan antibióticos veterinarios para tratar o prevenir agentes patógenos que causan enfermedades. El objetivo del estudio fue diseñar y validar dos cuestionarios para evaluar el riesgo de los antibióticos veterinarios de uso en gallinas ponedoras de huevos y su percepción de impacto con relación con la seguridad alimentaria. Se determinaron su lógica y validez de contenido mediante la evaluación por expertos. La validez de constructo se realizó mediante el análisis factorial exploratorio y la confiabilidad con el coeficiente de Alpha de Cronbach. Se aplicó a 44 establecimientos o productores de huevos en la provincia Espaillat y 385 consumidores de la provincia Santo Domingo. Se obtuvo un coeficiente de alfa de Cronbach de 0.799 para productores de huevos y veterinarias y 0.771 para los consumidores. El análisis de componente principales permitió identificar la medida de adecuación del tamaño de muestra KMO de 0.558 para los productores de huevos y veterinarias y 0.797 para los consumidores. El cuestionario está conformado por 8 factores y 22 ítems para los productores de huevos y veterinarias y 3 factores y 8 ítems para los consumidores. Los resultados confirman que la escala encontrada es confiable y válida para la construcción de los riesgos asociados al posible consumo de los alimentos con residuos de antibióticos veterinarios.

Abstract Introduction: Short-term gametes storage is an inexpensive and simple technique that allows the use of the same batch of eggs or sperm at different times, maximizing the application of research protocols and the use of gametes in production. Arbacia dufresnii is a sea urchin species with proven aquaculture potential and already used in the nutraceutical industry. Aging of its gametes is unknown and is a needed information to scale up the production. Objective: Determine the effect of male and female gamete aging on the fertilization success of Arbacia dufresnii. This will allow optimizing the use of gametes after collection decoupling spawning from fertilization. Methods: A. dufresnii individuals were induced to spawn and gametes were kept at 12 ± 1 °C throughout each bioassay. Sperm was separated into two treatments: activated sperm in seawater (AS), and dry sperm (DS). Two bioassays were made: Bioassay 1 evaluated the effect of time on fertility by performing fertilization tests at 0 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, and 96 h after spawning. Bioassay 2 evaluated the contribution of each type of aged gamete on fertility, combining aged gametes (96 h) with fresh gametes (0 h). Results: Bioassay 1: the fertilization success obtained by combining eggs (E) with AS or DS presented important differences. While the fertilization success remained acceptable (greater than 50 %) for up to 72 h using ExDS, it only remained acceptable for up to 48 h using ExAS. Bioassay 2: acceptable fertilization success was found by combining aged E (96 h) with fresh sperm, or aged DS (96 h) with fresh E, but not using aged AS with fresh E. Conclusions: The findings of this work show that fertilization success in A. dufresnii gametes remains relatively unchanged for up to 48 h after spawning when combining ExAS, and for up to 72 h when combining ExDS. However, when combining aged E or aged DS with a fresh gamete, post-collection fertilization can be extended up to 96 h. In this work, the first steps have been taken to understand the conservation time of A. dufresnii gametes with minimum intervention.

Resumen Introducción: El almacenamiento de gametos a corto plazo es una técnica económica y sencilla que permite utilizar el mismo lote de óvulos o espermatozoides en diferentes momentos, maximizando la aplicación de protocolos de investigación y el uso de gametos en la producción. Arbacia dufresnii es una especie con probado potencial acuícola como fuente de gametos para la industria nutracéutica. Sin embargo, se desconoce el envejecimiento de sus gametos y es una información necesaria para escalar la producción. Objetivo: Determinar el efecto del envejecimiento de los gametos masculinos y femeninos en el éxito de la fecundación de Arbacia dufresnii con el fin de optimizar el aprovechamiento de los gametos después de la recolecta desincronizando el desove de la fecundación. Métodos: Se indujo el desove de individuos de A. dufresnii y los gametos se mantuvieron a 12 ± 1 °C durante cada bioensayo. El esperma se separó en dos tratamientos: esperma activado en agua de mar (AS) y esperma seco (DS). Se realizaron dos bioensayos: El Bioensayo 1 evaluó el efecto del tiempo sobre la fertilidad realizando pruebas de fecundación a las 0 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h y 96 h después del desove. El bioensayo 2 evaluó la contribución de cada tipo de gameta envejecida (96 h) sobre la fertilidad, combinando gametos envejecidas (96 h) con gametos frescas (0 h). Resultados: Bioensayo 1: el éxito de fecundación obtenido combinando huevos (E) con AS o DS presentó diferencias importantes. Si bien el éxito de la fecundación se mantuvo aceptable (más del 50 %) durante un máximo de 72 h con ExDS, solo permaneció aceptable hasta 48 h con ExAS. Bioensayo 2: se encontró un éxito de fecundación aceptable combinando E envejecidos (96 h) con esperma fresco, o DS envejecido (96 h) con E fresco (0 h), pero no usando AS envejecido con E fresco (0 h). Conclusiones: Los hallazgos de este trabajo muestran que el éxito de la fecundación en los gametos de A. dufresnii permanece relativamente sin cambios hasta 48 h después del desove cuando se combina ExAS, y hasta 72 h cuando se combina ExDS. Sin embargo, cuando se combina E envejecido o DS envejecido con un gameto fresco, el tiempo entre la recolección y la fecundación puede extenderse hasta 96 h. En este trabajo se han dado los primeros pasos para entender el tiempo de conservación de los gametos de A. dufresnii con mínima intervención.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to determine the association between soil-transmitted helminth infections and clinical signs in school-age children. The study was basic level, analytical in design, observational and cross-sectional. It included a sample size of 471 school-age children in 2017, through simple random sampling, who were asked for a faecal sample and a history was taken to identify clinical signs. Faecal eggs were identified using rapid sedimentation (RST) and Kato-Katz techniques. The t test was applied to determine the difference between means and the Pearson Chi-square test and Odds ratio to establish associations at a 95% reliability level and α=0.05 for the confidence intervals. The overall prevalence of soil-transmitted helminth infections was 52.5% (259/493; 95%CI=48.0-57.1). The prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides was 51.1%, Trichuris trichiura 1.8% and Ancylostoma sp 0.6%. The prevalence of ascariasis in women was higher than that inmen (p<0.05). Hookworm infection was associated with age (p<0.01), weight (p<0.01) and height (p<0.01) of the schoolchildren. A. lumbricoides reached a severe parasite load. The schoolchildren mainly presented fever, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, pain, paleness and flatulence. Ascariasis was associated with constipation (OR=1.7; p<0.01) and epigastric pain (OR=1.6; p<0.01).

RESUMEN El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la asociación entre las geohelmintiasis y los signos clínicos en niños de edad escolar. El estudio fue de nivel básico, de diseño analítico, de tipo observacional y de corte transversal. Se trabajó en 2017 con un tamaño de muestra de 471 niños en edad escolar, a través de un muestreo simple al azar, a quienes se les pidió una muestra fecal y se les realizó una anamnesis para identificar signos clínicos. Los huevos de heces fueron identificados mediante las técnicas de sedimentación rápida (TSR) y de Kato-Katz. Se aplicó la prueba de t para determinar diferencia de medias y la prueba de Chi-cuadrado de Pearson y Odds ratio para establecer asociaciones a un nivel de confiabilidad de 95% y un α=0.05 para los intervalos de confianza. La prevalencia general de geohelmintiasis fue de 52.5% (259/493; IC95%=48.0-57.1). La prevalencia de Ascaris lumbricoides fue de 51.1%, de Trichuris trichiura 1.8% y de Ancylostoma sp 0.6%. La prevalencia de ascariosis en mujeres fue mayor a la de los varones (p<0.05). La anquilostomiasis estuvo asociada a la edad (p<0.01), peso (p<0.01) y talla (p<0.01) de los escolares. A. lumbricoides alcanzó carga parasitaria severa. Los escolares presentaron principalmente fiebre, náuseas, vómitos, diarrea, dolor, palidez y flatulencia. La ascariosis estuvo asociada a estreñimientos (OR=1.7; p<0.01) y epigastralgias (OR=1.6; p<0.01).