RESUMO: O estudo de adaptabilidade, estabilidade e produtividade é importante para selecionar e recomendar genótipos superiores. Esse fato é particularmente válido para a introdução de cultivares de feijão comum no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, cuja produção é ínfima e não atende a demanda interna. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo estimar parâmetros genéticos e ganhos de seleção e realizar uma seleção simultânea para adaptabilidade, estabilidade e produtividade de genótipos de feijão preto através de modelos mistos. O estudo foi realizado em três municípios do estado do Rio de Janeiro e em três anos agrícolas. Os ensaios foram instalados em delineamento de blocos casualizados com 11 genótipos e três repetições. Observou-se alta herdabilidade média (81%), acurácia seletiva (90%) e boas perspectivas de seleção. Também foram observados ganhos satisfatórios para a característica entre 1,03 e 9,49%. A seleção simultânea foi eficiente e permitiu selecionar duas linhagens de feijão preto CNFP (15290 e 15361) como sendo as mais produtivas, adaptáveis e estáveis e, portanto, têm potencial para serem lançadas como novas cultivares de feijão preto para o estado do Rio de Janeiro. RESUMO adaptabilidade superiores Brasil interna Assim mistos agrícolas 1 repetições Observouse Observou se 81%, 81 81% , (81%) 90% 90 (90% 103 03 1,0 949 9 49 9,49% 15290 (1529 15361 produtivas portanto 8 (81% (90 10 0 1, 94 4 9,49 1529 (152 1536 (81 (9 9,4 152 (15 153 (8 ( 9, 15 (1

ABSTRACT: The study of adaptability, stability, and productivity is essential for selecting and recommending superior genotypes. This fact is particularly the case for the introduction of common bean cultivars in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, whose production is negligible and does not meet the internal demand. Thus, this study estimated genetic parameters and selection gains and undertake a simultaneous selection for adaptability, stability, and productivity in black bean genotypes via mixed models. The investigation was carried out in three municipalities in the state of Rio de Janeiro during three crop years. The trials were set up in a randomized block design with 11 genotypes and three replications. High mean heritability (81%) and selection accuracy (90%), as well as good selection prospects, were observed. Gains between 1.03 and 9.49% were achieved for grain yield. Simultaneous selection was efficient, indicating two black bean lines (CNFP 15290 and CNFP 15361) as the most productive, adaptable, and stable. As such, these lines have the potential to be released as new black bean cultivars for the state of Rio de Janeiro. ABSTRACT adaptability stability Brazil demand Thus models years 1 replications 81% 81 (81% 90%, 90 90% , (90%) prospects observed 103 03 1.0 949 9 49 9.49 yield efficient 1529 15361 productive adaptable stable such 8 (81 (90% 10 0 1. 94 4 9.4 152 1536 (8 (90 9. 15 153 ( (9

ABSTRACT Proper waste management is a major worldwide concern; waste is disposed of directly into the environment, affecting water, soil and air quality. The development and production of green energy sources is strongly encouraged in modern society. The aim of this study, in accordance with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 1, 2 and 7 of the 2030 Agenda of the UN, is to combine the correct disposal of animal waste with the generation of energy to mitigate the energy insecurity of families in an extremely vulnerable semi-arid region in the north-east of the country using biodigesters. To this end, a conceptual proposal was drawn up for a low-cost, easy-to-maintain and easy-to-use biodigester. A small-scale prototype was used to assess its operation by evaluating the main factors that affect biogas production (pH, temperature and the biomass properties: total solids, fixed solids, volatile solids, concentration of volatile fatty acids and C/N ratio). Evaluation of the test prototype gave satisfactory results that corroborate other studies and make it possible to propose an economically viable and efficient full-scale biodigester for biogas production. concern environment water quality society study SDGs (SDGs 1 203 UN semiarid semi arid northeast north east biodigesters end lowcost, lowcost low cost, cost low-cost easytomaintain easy maintain easytouse use smallscale small scale pH, pH (pH properties solids CN C N ratio. ratio . ratio) fullscale full 20

ABSTRACT A bibliometric study was undertaken to analyze the spatiotemporal distribution of works related to managing boron (B) in Eucalyptus spp. from 1970 to 2022. This analysis was based on the Web of Science and Scopus databases, and 121 documents were retrieved. The eight main aspects analyzed were (1) annual scientific production, (2) most relevant research sources, (3) world scientific production, (4) association between countries, (5) most relevant affiliations, (6) indexed terms, (7) most relevant authors, and (8) most cited documents. The results indicated that publications of studies about B in eucalyptus have increased significantly over the last decade (2010-2020). Brazil has produced the most studies relating to the nutritional management of B in eucalyptus, as is mainly reflected in the numbers of researchers, research institutions, and journals that have published on the subject. Our study found that most works have been developed regionally, with little international collaboration between countries although researchers from the United States are the most frequent partners in international collaborations. The majority of the articles analyzed focused on studying the influence of B doses on the growth and rooting of eucalyptus seedlings. Finally, one significant gap in the literature is the need for studies on sources of B via soil and leaves, and new studies on this subject should be commissioned. Thus, the bibliometric review was an efficient approach for observing the main advances in managing B in eucalyptus in recent decades and identifying the leading research groups and future opportunities for scientific advances in this area. (B spp 197 2022 databases 12 retrieved 1 (1 production 2 (2 3 (3 4 (4 5 (5 affiliations 6 (6 terms 7 (7 authors 8 (8 20102020. 20102020 2010 2020 . (2010-2020) institutions regionally collaborations seedlings Finally leaves commissioned Thus area 19 202 ( 2010202 201 (2010-2020 20 201020 (2010-202 20102 (2010-20 (2010-2 (2010- (2010 (201 (20

RESUMO Vários estudos etnobotânicos destacaram a importância da ameixa amarela como espécie vegetal útil no Nordeste brasileiro. Para domesticar e incorporar uma espécie nativa em sistemas produtivos é necessário obter informações sobre seu desenvolvimento e variação genética. Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a variabilidade genética de indivíduos de X. americana, acessada por marcadores moleculares amplificados ao acaso (RAPD). Foram utilizados 26 genótipos de X. americana, coletados na reserva particular Fazenda Canto das Emas, na cidade de Caturité, estado da Paraíba, Brasil. Por meio da técnica RAPD, foi possível avaliar as diferenças genéticas entre genótipos nativos em uma população de ameixa silvestre. Baseado no coeficiente de dissimilaridade de Sokas e Rohlf, foi possível formar quatro grupos distintos pelo método UPGMA. O coeficiente de correlação cofenética foi de 0,83, revelando variabilidade na consistência do padrão de agrupamento. Os genótipos de X. americana apresentam diversidade genética detectada por marcadores RAPD, que têm se mostrado eficientes na caracterização de indivíduos. Os genótipos 4, 8, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 21, 24, e 25 são os mais divergentes e devem ser utilizados em estratégias de conservação e programas de melhoramento. brasileiro X RAPD. RAPD . (RAPD) 2 Emas Caturité Paraíba Brasil silvestre Rohlf UPGMA 083 0 83 0,83 agrupamento 4 8 9 11 13 14 15 16 18 21 24 melhoramento (RAPD 08 0,8 1 0,

ABSTRACT Several ethnobotanical studies highlighted the importance of yellow plum as a useful plant species in the Brazilian Northeast region. In order to domesticate and incorporate a native species in production systems it is necessary to obtain information on its development and genetic variation. This work aimed to analyze the genetic variability of individuals of X. americana, accessed by Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) molecular markers. 26 genotypes of X. americana, randomly collected at the private reserve Campo das Emas Farm located in the Caturité City, Paraíba State, Brazil, were used in the study. Through the RAPD technique it was possible to assess the genetic variations among native genotypes within a wild plum population. Based on Sokal and Rohlf dissimilarity coefficient it was possible to form four distinct groups using the UPGMA method. The Cophenetic Correlation Coefficient was 0.83, revealing variability in the consistency of the cluster pattern. The genotypes of X. americana have genetic diversity detected by RAPD markers, which have shown to be efficient in characterizing individuals. Genotypes 4, 8, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 21, 24, and 25 are the most divergent and should be used in conservation strategies and breeding programs. region variation X (RAPD markers 2 City State Brazil study population method 083 0 83 0.83 pattern 4 8 9 11 13 14 15 16 18 21 24 programs 08 0.8 1 0.

RESUMEN En el contexto actual, la transformación digital se ha convertido en un factor fundamental para el cambio de la matriz productiva en Ecuador. Esto se debe a que el mundo está siendo cada vez más digital y las empresas necesitan adaptarse a esta nueva realidad para seguir siendo competitivas en el mercado nacional e internacional. Sin embargo, a pesar de los esfuerzos del gobierno ecuatoriano por impulsar la transformación digital, todavía existen obstáculos que limitan su implementación de manera eficiente y efectiva. Uno de ellos es el insuficiente conocimiento sobre el tema y sobre sus beneficios para la práctica social. Muchas empresas todavía no han adoptado las tecnologías digitales en sus procesos y actividades. Por otro lado, existen barreras como la falta de acceso a internet en algunas zonas rurales y la falta de capacitación y formación en habilidades digitales. El objetivo de este estudio es ofrecer un análisis de los niveles de interdependencia intersectorial en el contexto de la matriz productiva de Ecuador, identificando los principales desafíos, fortalezas y oportunidades. De esta manera se podrán proponer recomendaciones para la integración efectiva con la transformación digital. La metodología consistió en revisar la literatura sobre la transformación digital y su integración a la matriz productiva de Ecuador. También se recopiló información de estudios y datos estadísticos sobre la adopción de tecnologías digitales en el país.

ABSTRACT In the current context, digital transformation has become a key factor for changing the productive matrix in Ecuador. This is because the world is becoming increasingly digital and companies need to adapt to this new reality to remain competitive in the domestic and international markets. However, despite the Ecuadorian government's efforts to promote digital transformation, there are still obstacles that limit its efficient and effective implementation. One of those obstacles is the insufficient knowledge about the subject and about its benefits for social practice. Many companies have not yet adopted digital technologies in their processes and activities. On the other hand, there are barriers such as the lack of access to the internet in some rural areas and the lack of training and skills in digital skills. The objective of this study is to offer an analysis of the levels of intersectoral interdependence in the context of Ecuador's productive matrix, identifying the main challenges, strengths and opportunities. In this way, recommendations can be proposed for effective integration with digital transformation. The methodology consisted of reviewing the literature on digital transformation and its integration into Ecuador's productive matrix. Information was also collected from studies and statistical data on the adoption of digital technologies in the country.

Abstract This paper examines a collection of 42 funerary emblems, or jeroglíficos in Spanish, crafted in honour of the Spanish Abbess Mother Jerónima de la Asunción (1555-1630), the foundress of the first female monastery in the Philippines in 1621. While the original copies of these emblems, comprising images, biblical references, and Spanish verses, have yet been discovered, detailed descriptions of each emblem provide valuable insights into the production of imagery in relation to local veneration of a potential saint. By situating these emblems within the broader context of emblematics in early modern Asia, this paper reveals their significance in various cultural events in the Spanish Philippines, including the celebrations of canonizations, royal exequies, literary competitions and other festivities. Moreover, this paper emphasizes the role of emblems as an efficient medium for cultivating devotion to Mother Jerónima not only among the Spanish devotees but potentially among non-Spanish-speaking Christians as well. In summary, this paper underscores the potential of emblematic studies in the Spanish Philippines, contrasting with their widespread use in early modern Iberian America primarily at noble exequies and as aids for catechism.

Resumen Este artículo examina una colección de 42 emblemas funerarios o jeroglíficos elaborados en honor a la abadesa española madre Jerónima de la Asunción (1555-1630), fundadora del primer monasterio femenino en Filipinas, en 1621. Aunque aún no se han descubierto las copias originales de estos emblemas, que comprenden imágenes, referencias bíblicas y versos, las descripciones detalladas de cada uno proporcionan valiosas ideas sobre la producción de imágenes en relación con la veneración local de una potencial santa. Al situar estos emblemas dentro del contexto más amplio de la emblemática en Asia, este artículo revela su importancia en varios acontecimientos culturales en las Filipinas, incluyendo las celebraciones de canonizaciones, exequias reales, certámenes literarios y otras festividades. Además, se enfatiza el papel de los emblemas como un medio eficiente para cultivar la devoción hacia la madre Jerónima no sólo entre los devotos españoles, sino también potencialmente entre los cristianos que no hablan español. En resumen, se resalta el potencial de los estudios emblemáticos en las Filipinas, en contraste con su uso generalizado en Iberoamérica, principalmente en las exequias nobles y como ayuda para el catecismo.

Abstract Ovine Enzootic Abortion (OEA) is caused by Chlamydia abortus and has recently been recognized as endemic in Mexico. Due to the impact of OEA on intensive lamb production, it is necessary to establish a sanitary control plan based on an efficient diagnosis. The loop-mediated isothermal amplification technique (LAMP) is a molecular test that can specifically identify C. abortus. The aim of this study was to standardize the LAMP technique for the specific detection of C. abortus in ovine vaginal exudates. Primers were identified and modified from an electronic database. The effective conditions of the technique were determined using synthetic DNA and positive biological samples by PCR as references. The assay detection limit was 1 × 10-5 of genetic material, equivalent to 8.5 copies. The standardized LAMP test is proposed as a novel molecular tool for the rapid and specific diagnosis of C. abortus infection from ovine vaginal exudate samples in Mexico.

Resumen El Aborto Enzoótico Ovino (AEO) es causado por Chlamydia abortus y ha sido reconocido recientemente como endémico en México. Debido al impacto del AEO en la producción intensiva de corderos, es necesario establecer un plan de control sanitario basado en un diagnóstico eficiente. La técnica de amplificación isotérmica mediada por bucle (LAMP) es una prueba molecular que puede identificar específicamente a C. abortus. El objetivo de este estudio fue estandarizar la técnica de LAMP para la detección específica de C. abortus a partir de exudado vaginal ovino. Los cebadores fueron identificados y modificados a partir de una base de datos electrónica. Las condiciones efectivas de la técnica se determinaron con ADN sintético y de muestras biológicas positivas por PCR como referencia. El límite de detección de la prueba fue de 1 × 10-5 de material genético, equivalente a 8.5 copias. Se propone el test de LAMP estandarizado como una nueva herramienta molecular para el diagnóstico rápido y específico de la infección por C. abortus a partir de muestras de exudado vaginal ovino en México.

Abstract Within this academic research article, a bacterium isolated from a marine soil environment near the Mediterranean Sea is observed to possess the potential for producing various fatty acids, particularly n-caproic and oleic acids, as evidenced by FAME profiling. Furthermore, the introduction of glucose into the growth medium enhances the production of caprylic acid rather than caproic acid. The 16S rDNA sequencing suggested that the MZ1 strain belongs to Bacillus subtilis and is closely related to many halophilic species. FAME profiling reveals that the isolated MZ1 is competent in the total production of fatty acids compared to other marine bacterial candidates. Furthermore, the results indicate that MZ1 is efficient in the production of many other fatty acids. This exploration suggests that the marine bacterium Bacillus subtilis MZ1 can be used for fatty acids synthesis, which could be valuable for biodiesel production and other applications.

Resumen Dentro de este artículo de investigación académica, se observa que una bacteria aislada de un entorno de suelo marino cerca del mar Mediterráneo posee el potencial de producir diversos ácidos grasos, especialmente los ácidos n-caproico y oleico, según lo evidencia el perfil FAME. Además, la introducción de glucosa en el medio de crecimiento potencia la producción de ácido caprílico en lugar de ácido caproico. La secuenciación del 16S rDNA sugiere que la cepa MZ1 pertenece a Bacillus subtilis y está estrechamente relacionada con muchas especies halófilas. El perfil FAME revela que la cepa MZ1 aislada es competente en la producción total de ácidos grasos en comparación con otros candidatos bacterianos marinos. Además, los resultados indican que MZ1 es eficiente en la producción de muchos otros ácidos grasos. Esta exploración sugiere que la bacteria marina Bacillus subtilis MZ1 puede ser utilizada para la síntesis de ácidos grasos, lo cual podría ser valioso para la producción de biodiesel y otras aplicaciones.

Abstract. This study examines the relationship between ownership structure, capital origin, and technical efficiency of Argentinian banks from 2010 to 2018 using the non-parametric Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) under an intermediation approach. Two strategies were used to define inputs and outputs: a variant of the intermediation approach and a production approach. Results show that foreign banks in Argentina have competitive advantages over local banks, except in 2011. Additionally, private banks were not found to be more competitive or efficient than public ones. Efficiency estimates varied based on the role assigned to deposits (input or output).

Resumo. Este estudo analisa a relação entre a estrutura de propriedade, a origem do capital e a eficiência técnica dos bancos argentinos entre 2010 e 2018, utilizando a técnica não paramétrica da Análise Envoltória de Dados (DEA) sob uma abordagem de intermediação. São comparadas duas estratégias para definir insumos e produtos: uma variante da abordagem de intermediação e a abordagem de produção. Os resultados mostram que os bancos estrangeiros na Argentina têm vantagens competitivas sobre os locais, exceto em 2011. Além disso, não foi encontrada evidência de que os bancos privados sejam mais competitivos e eficientes do que os públicos. A eficiência estimada varia conforme o papel atribuído aos depósitos (insumo ou produto).

Resumen. Este estudio analiza la relación entre la estructura de propiedad, el origen del capital y la eficiencia técnica de los bancos argentinos entre 2010 y 2018, utilizando la técnica no paramétrica del Análisis Envolvente de Datos (DEA) bajo un enfoque de intermediación. Se comparan dos estrategias al definir insumos y productos: una variante del enfoque de intermediación y el enfoque de producción. Los resultados muestran que los bancos extranjeros en Argentina tienen ventajas competitivas sobre los locales, excepto en 2011. Además, no se encontró evidencia de que los bancos privados sean más competitivos y eficientes que los públicos. La eficiencia estimada varía según el rol asignado a los depósitos (insumo o producto).

Practical mining aspects should be considered when conducting pillar designs for bord-and-pillar layouts. The current methodology for pillar design will result in increasing pillar sizes with depth. This affects the extraction ratio and will result in onerous ventilation requirements when cutting large pillars. A holistic approach, including all mining engineering requirements, is required to ensure that the rock engineering designs are optimized to ensure efficient mining operations and sustainable production. Bord widths should not only be a function of the rock mass ratings, but should also be selected to fit the specifications of the mechanized equipment. The use of a 'squat pillar' formula for hard rock is discussed in the paper and the formula based on the exponents of the Hedley and Grant pillar formula, is explored. The effect of abutments and geological losses on average pillar stress is also explored. These factors must be considered when designing layouts at increasing depths.

RESUMO O potássio é um nutriente com potencial para aumentar a tolerância das plantas ao estresse salino. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a produção e a qualidade da couve submetida ao estresse salino e às concentrações de potássio em ambiente protegido. O delineamento experimental adotado foi em parcela subdivididas, sendo as parcelas compostas por cinco soluções nutritivas (tratamento controle, S1 - solução nutritiva padrão usando água de baixa salinidade, 0,5 dS m-1 (500 mg L-1 de KNO3), e quatro soluções nutritivas preparadas em águas salobras (3,5 dS m-1) contendo quatro concentrações de KNO3 (S2 - 500 mg L-1, S3 - 625 mg L-1, S4 - 750 mg L-1, S5 - 1.000 mg L-1). As subparcelas foram representadas por duas cultivares de couve folha (Manteiga e Manteiga da Geórgia). Foram avaliadas as variáveis de produção de folhas e qualidades físicas e químicas pós-colheita. A solução nutritiva salinizada com adição de NaCl (S2) reduziu a produção, mas não reduziu a qualidade pós-colheita da couve folha. A adição extra de KNO3 em 25% (S3) foi eficiente para reduzir o efeito deletério do estresse salino sobre as variáveis comprimento de folha, área foliar, produção e número de maços. A cv. Manteiga da Geórgia se mostrou mais tolerante ao estresse salino que a cv. Manteiga. protegido subdivididas tratamento controle S salinidade 05 0 5 0, m1 m 1 m- (50 L1 L L- KNO3, KNO , KNO3) 3,5 35 3 (3, S2 (S 50 L1, 1, 62 75 1000 000 1.00 L1. . L-1) Geórgia. Geórgia) póscolheita. póscolheita pós colheita. colheita 25 (S3 foliar maços cv (5 3, (3 6 7 100 00 1.0 2 ( 10 1.

ABSTRACT Potassium is a nutrient with the potential to increase plant tolerance to salt stress. The aim of this study was to evaluate the production and quality of kale subjected to salt stress and potassium concentrations in a protected environment. The experimental design was in split plots, with plots composed of five nutrient solutions (control treatment, S1 - standard nutrient solution prepared in low-salinity water, 0.5 dS m-1 (500 mg L-1 of KNO3), and four nutrient solutions prepared in brackish waters (3.5 dS m-1) containing four concentrations of KNO3 (S2 - 500 mg L-1, S3 - 625 mg L-1, S4 - 750 mg L-1, S5 - 1,000 mg L-1), and subplots represented by two leaf kale cultivars (Manteiga and Manteiga da Geórgia). Leaf production variables and post-harvest physical and chemical qualities were evaluated. The saline nutrient solution with the addition of NaCl (S2) reduced production but did not reduce the post-harvest quality of kale. The extra addition of KNO3 at 25% (S3) was efficient in reducing the deleterious effects of salt stress on the variables leaf length, leaf area, leaf production, and number of bunches. The cv. Manteiga da Geórgia was more tolerant to salt stress than the cv. Manteiga. environment control treatment S lowsalinity low salinity water 05 0 5 0. m1 m 1 m- (50 L1 L L- KNO3, KNO , KNO3) 3.5 35 3 (3. S2 (S 50 L1, 1, 62 75 1000 000 1,00 L-1) Geórgia. . Geórgia) postharvest post harvest evaluated 25 (S3 length area bunches cv (5 3. (3 6 7 100 00 1,0 2 ( 10

ABSTRACT The National Institute of Water Resources promotes efficient water management in agricultural enterprises, based on the application of scientific research results. In spite of the investment made in the Laguna Blanca Agricultural Enterprise, there are still difficulties in making agricultural production sustainable, due to the low agro-productivity of the soils and the decrease in the efficiency of irrigation water use. For this reason, it is necessary to update, from the design of the installations, the operating parameters of the irrigation systems with centre pivot and reel machines. Based on the solution of two real case studies, the negative effects of the presence of salts in the soil solution on crop yields and on the sustainability of the supply sources involved in the irrigation activity are addressed. The hypothetical-deductive method was used to validate the convenience of considering salinity in the soil saturation extract at the design stage. As a result, the average pumping flow rate was identified as the design parameter that significantly influences the operation of these irrigation machines; the increase of this parameter infers the need to establish plot drainage systems to reduce the effects of soil saturation and the presence of salts in the soil solution.

RESUMEN El Instituto Nacional de Recursos Hidráulicos promueve la gestión eficiente del agua en las empresas agropecuarias, sobre la base de aplicar resultados de investigaciones científicas. A pesar de la inversión realizada en la Empresa Agropecuaria Laguna Blanca, aún persisten dificultades para hacer sostenible las producciones agrícolas, debido a la baja agroproductividad de los suelos y el descenso de la eficiencia en el uso del agua de riego, por ello se infiere la necesidad de actualizar, desde el diseño de las instalaciones, los parámetros de explotación de los sistemas de riego con máquinas de Pivote Central y Enrolladores. Se aborda, a partir de la solución de dos casos de estudios reales, los efectos negativos de la presencia de sales en la solución del suelo, sobre el rendimiento de los cultivos y en la sostenibilidad de las fuentes de abasto implicadas en la actividad del riego. Se empleó el método hipotético - deductivo, para validar la conveniencia de considerar en la etapa de diseño, la salinidad en el extracto de saturación del suelo. Como resultado se identificó el caudal medio de bombeo, como el parámetro de diseño que influye significativamente en la explotación de estas máquinas de riego; el incremento de este parámetro infiere la necesidad de establecer sistemas de drenaje parcelario para disminuir los efectos de la saturación de los suelos y la presencia de sales en la solución del suelo.

ABSTRACT Among the problems of physical degradation of soils, compaction and densification are the main ones, and these cause strong decreases in subsequent crop yields. The degradation of the soil structure is a problem today in Cuba, which can occur in all soils and at all levels of livestock production. Taking into account the above, this document aims to expose the main changes produced in the internal structure of soils as a result of its degradation. Soil compaction, due to the collapse or reduction of pore spaces, is the most common cause of physical restriction for root growth and development. As an aggravating factor, the degradation of the soil structure is commonly considered the most difficult type of land degradation to locate and reconvert; the reason is that this degradation is a subsurface phenomenon. Finally, it is about establishing some possible solutions to this problem, among which the main method of restoring the porosity of the limiting layers of root growth and that must take into account the chemical and physical factors of the soil, the species, the type of soil and the degree of degradation of the species that are proposed to restore, the use of plowing v+ harrow or plowing alone is the most efficient method for the recovery of pastures of the species.

RESUMEN Entre los problemas de la degradación física de los suelos, la compactación y el adensamiento son los principales, y estos causan fuertes decrementos en los rendimientos posteriores de los cultivos de los mismos. La degradación de la estructura del suelo es un problema hoy en Cuba, que puede ocurrir en todos los suelos y a todos los niveles de producción pecuaria. Teniendo en cuenta lo anterior, este documento pretende exponer los principales cambios producidos en la estructura interna de los suelos como resultado de su degradación. La compactación del suelo, debido al colapso o disminución de los espacios de poros, es la causa más común de restricción física para el crecimiento y desarrollo de las raíces. Como agravante, la degradación de la estructura del suelo es comúnmente considerada como el tipo de degradación de tierras más difícil de localizar y reconvertir; la razón es que ésta degradación es un fenómeno subsuperficial. Finalmente se trata de establecer algunas posibles soluciones a dicha problemática, entre las cuales el método principal de restauración de la porosidad de las capas limitantes del crecimiento de las raíces y que se deben tener en cuenta los factores químicos y físicos del suelo, la especie, el tipo de suelo y el grado de degradación de las especies que se proponen restaurar, el uso de la aradura + grada o de la aradura sola resulta el método más eficiente para la recuperación de pastizales de las especies

Resumen Antecedentes: Los periodos de sequía en el Desierto Sonorense aumentan el interés por cultivos con baja huella hídrica. Stenocereus thurberi es una alternativa, incluyendo beneficios económicos para los pobladores. Hipótesis: La propagación vegetativa de tallos con areolas diferenciadas de Stenocereus thurberi con fines productivos, mostrará una alta supervivencia tomando en cuenta los patrones estacionales, actividad metabólica y asimilación de CO2, reflejando así la adaptabilidad, resistencia y productividad de la especie. Especie de estudio: Stenocereus thurberi. Sitio de estudio y fechas: Hermosillo, Sonora, México; 2014. Métodos: Se evaluó supervivencia de tallos propagados vegetativamente, producción de calor metabólico (CM) de areolas reproductivas, intercepción de luz diaria integrada (LDI) y asimilación instantánea de CO2. Resultados: Los tallos mostraron una supervivencia del 100 %, crecimiento vegetativo anual de 9.3 ± 0.6 cm y producción de 2.0 ± 0.8 frutos por tallo. La mayor cantidad de LDI se registró en mayo (27.2 mol m-2 d-1) y el lado oeste (23.4 mol m-2 d-1). Las areolas reproductivas mostraron mayor producción de CM en mayo con 2 µW mg-1 peso seco (ps) y el mayor gasto energético con 1,759.6 kJ mol-1. La menor tasa respiratoria en areolas fue en junio con 0.003 nmol mg-1s-1 mg-1 ps. Las tasas de mayor asimilación de CO2 se presentaron en marzo, septiembre y octubre con 6.3, 3.8 y 6.5 µmol CO2 m-2s-1, respectivamente. Conclusiones: Es posible reproducir vegetativamente pitayas a partir de tallos con areolas reproductivas diferenciadas con fines productivos, promoviendo un cultivo eficiente con bajo consumo de agua y potencial económico.

Abstract Background: Periods of drought in the Sonoran Desert increase interest in crops with a smaller water footprint. Stenocereus thurberi is an alternative, including economic benefits for the residents. Hypothesis: Vegetative propagation of Stenocereus thurberi stems with differentiated floral areoles for productive purposes will demonstrate high survival, considering seasonal patterns, metabolic activity, and CO2 assimilation, reflecting the adaptability, resistance, and productivity of the species. Study species: Stenocereus thurberi. Study site and dates: Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico; 2014. Methods: Survival of vegetative propagated stems, metabolic heat production (CM) of reproductive areoles, integrated daily light interception (LDI), and instantaneous CO2 assimilation were evaluated. Results: The vegetatively transplanted stems showed a survival of 100 %, an annual vegetative growth of 9.3 ± 0.6 cm, and a production of 2.0 ± 0.8 fruits per stem. The highest LDI amount was recorded in May (27.2 mol m-2 d-1) and the west side (23.4 mol m-2 d-1). The reproductive areoles showed the highest CM production in May with 2 µW mg-1 dry weight (ps) and the highest energy expenditure with 1,759.6 kJ mol-1. The lowest respiratory rate of the areolas occurred in June with 0.003 nmol s-1 mg-1 dw. The rates of greatest CO2 assimilation occurred in March, September, and October with 6.3, 3.8, and 6.5 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1, respectively. Conclusions: It is possible to reproduce pitayas vegetatively from stems with differentiated reproductive areoles for productive purposes, promoting an efficient cultivation with low water consumption and economic potential.

RESUMEN Los anestésicos locales (AL), pueden causar efectos no deseados como la contracción sostenida de los músculos esqueléticos como consecuencia de cambios estructurales y funcionales. Como es sabido, la función adecuada del músculo esquelético está controlada por la concentración de Ca2+ intracelular y por la producción eficiente de energía (ATP), íntimamente relacionado con la ultraestructura celular. Objetivo El propósito de este trabajo fue relacionar los cambios estructurales y funcionales provocados por los AL. Materiales y Método se utilizaron ratas Wistar macho de 200 a 250g de peso (n:49), bajo anestesia intramuscular (IM) de xilazina 2% (0,05 ml) y ketamina 50 mg/ml (0,1 ml/100g peso de rata) se les aplicó en el músculo masetero (MM): 0,1ml de solución fisiológica (grupo SF) o Carragenina (grupo Carr) 1% como grupo control positivo o Prilocaína (grupo Pri), Mepivacaína (grupo Mepi) y articaína (grupo Arti) 0,3M, IM. Un grupo no recibió tratamiento, grupo Control (C). Se realizó la eutanasia por dislocación cervical a la hora post tratamiento. Se evaluó histológicamente y mediante microscopía electrónica (ME) los efectos de los distintos anestésicos a la hora post-inyección en músculo masetero. Además, se evaluó la actividad Ca-ATPásica y la lipoperoxidación de membrana (LPX) en homogenatos de músculo con las mismas condiciones que el utilizado para realizar los cortes histológicos. Resultados En general se observaron daños estructurales en los tejidos tratados con anestésicos y aumento de la contracción muscular. Los valores extremos de la actividad Ca-ATPásica y la LPX se observaron en el control positivo (carragenina). Los resultados obtenidos se analizaron por comparación múltiple ANOVA de 1 via y test de Tukey (p > 0,05). Conclusiones los resultados sugieren que los AL, a corto plazo, afectarían la función muscular asociados a los cambios estructurales.

ABSTRACT Local anesthetics (LA) can cause undesired effects such as sustained contraction of skeletal muscles as a result of structural and functional changes. Proper skeletal muscle function is controlled by intracellular Ca2+ concentration and efficient energy (ATP) production, which is closely related to cell ultrastructure. Aim The aim of this study was to identify the structural and functional changes caused by LAs. Materials and Method Male Wistar rats weighing 200 to 250g were used (n:49). They were divided into seven groups. One group was not anesthetized or treated (Control). The other six groups underwent intramuscular (IM) anesthesia with xylazine 2% (0.05 ml) and ketamine 50 mg/ ml (0.1 ml/100g rat weight), and one of the following was applied to the masseter muscle (MM): no further treatment (Anesthetic Control group, CA); 0.1ml physiological saline solution (group SF); Carrageenin (group Carr) 1% as positive control group; prilocaine (group Pri), mepivacaine (group Mepi); or articaine (group Arti) 0.3M, IM. The animals were euthanized by cervical dislocation one hour after treatment. The effects of the different anesthetics on the MM were evaluated histologically and by electronic microscopy (EM). Ca-ATPase and membrane lipid peroxidation (LPX) were evaluated in muscle homogenates under the same conditions as those used to prepare the histological sections. Results In general, structural damage and increased muscle contraction were observed in tissues treated with anesthetics. The most extreme values of Ca-ATPase activity and LPX were observed in the positive control group (carrageenin). Results were analyzed by one-way ANOVA for multiple comparisons and Tukey’s test (p > 0.05). Conclusions The results suggest that in the short term, local anesthetics affect the muscle function and are associated to structural changes.