Resumen A pesar de los beneficios bien conocidos de la anestesia raquídea (AR), esta técnica sigue siendo subutilizada entre los anestesiólogos pediátricos. De acuerdo con los datos de la Red Regional de Anestesia Pediátrica, la AR representó menos del 5% de todas las técnicas neuroaxiales. Algunos de los factores a los que se atribuye dicha subutilización son: su duración limitada, la falta de familiaridad con la técnica en niños de menor edad, y la preferencia del anestesiólogo por la anestesia general. El uso seguro y exitoso de la AR en niños implica el claro conocimiento de las diferencias anatómicas y fisiológicas entre adultos y niños, en virtud de las diferencias en las estructuras óseas, el crecimiento de la médula espinal y la fisiología del líquido cefalorraquídeo. Los reportes sobre el uso exitoso de la AR en niños para diferentes cirugías ha aumentado. La presente revisión educativa resumen la información conocida sobre AR en niños, revisiones de la literatura de la última década y ofrece sugerencias para el desarrollo de la AR en población pediátrica. Se discuten consideraciones técnicas, el papel de la ecografía, orientación sobre la dosificación, los efectos fisiológicos, aspectos no explicados del mecanismo de acción y la combinación de anestesia raquídea/caudal.

Abstract Despite the well-known benefits of spinal anesthesia (SA), this technique remains underutilized among pediatric anesthesiologists. According to the data from the Pediatric Regional Anesthesia Network, SA accounted for less than 5% of all neuraxial techniques. Some of the factors for underutilization of SA include: Limited duration, unfamiliarity with the technique in younger children, and surgeon preference for general anesthesia. The safe and successful use of SA in children involves recognition of anatomical and physiological differences between adults and children owing to differences in bony structures, spinal cord growth and cerebrospinal fluid physiology. Reports on successful use of SA in children for various surgeries have increased. This educational review summarizes what is known about SA in children, reviews the literature from the last decade and provides suggestions for development of SA in children. Technical considerations, role of ultrasound, guidance on dosing, physiological effects, unexplained aspects of the mechanism of action and combined caudal/SA are discussed.

Abstract Objective This study aimed to review literature from the past five years, focusing on the use of educational videos as a guidance tool for parents and guardians of children with lip and palate clefts. Source of data Conducted between April and July 2022, this integrative literature review was framed around the question: 'What is the evidence regarding the use of videos in health education for parents/guardians of children with cleft lip and palate? PICO strategy was used to develop the research. A literature search was undertaken across PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and the Virtual Health Library databases. Of the eight articles included in this review, four were sourced from the PubMed database, with three published in 2021. Summary of the findings The findings indicated that YouTube videos were moderately satisfactory and met the needs of parents or legal guardians to a partial extent. The majority of the videos analyzed in this review were characterized by a moderate level of informational content. One study particularly underscored that the content of these videos only partially satisfies the requirements of the parents or legal guardians of the children. Conclusions Nevertheless, such videos are considered viable alternatives for health education, offering numerous benefits yet facing challenges, primarily due to the scarcity of information on orofacial malformations. years clefts 2022 question What parentsguardians research Science Scopus databases database 2021 extent Nevertheless challenges malformations 202 20 2

Prior research reveals a persistent lack of interest from teachers to engage in content-based collaborative teaching communities. This obscurity often results in teachers working in isolation, detrimentally affecting the implementation of indigenized innovative digital pedagogies. The current study investigates the interplay between teacher collaboration and the indigenization of secondary school mathematics pedagogy (SS-MP) via the UTAUT model. A cross-sectional study was conducted in South African rural secondary schools, aiming to examine the extent to which teacher collaboration contributes to the indigenization of SS-MP and how this relationship can be measured and assessed within the context of the UTAUT model. Stratified random sampling was used in selecting participants in the survey. Partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) was employed to analyze the measurement and structural models guided by five (5) hypotheses. The sample comprises one-hundred and fourteen educators. The findings revealed significance of behavioural intention (BI) and attitude (ATT) in predicting the successful indigenisation of mathematics teaching practices. User behavior (UB) reveals potential for refinement in predictive performance. Policy implications do emphasise tailoring educational technology integration policies, with reference to infrastructure and supportive conditions. For managerial level, targeted professional development initiatives as well as positive social influences are crucial. The general position though is understanding of technology acceptance in secondary school mathematics, by providing practical guidance responding to culturally settings and technology integration.

The number of people on Earth and human activities are currently taking on frightening proportions with far-reaching consequences for our planet, its biodiversity and ultimately the human race itself. Ten thousand years ago, humans represented 1% of the total biomass of all land vertebrates. The rest was made up by wild animals. Currently, humans, livestock and pets make up 99% of terrestrial vertebrate biomass, while wild animals represent only 1%. It took millennia for the human population to reach the 1 billion mark and that only by 1890. By 1960, however, the world population had grown to 3 billion. Today there are 8 billion people living on our planet. According to Population Matters, the world population will be approximately 10,4 billion by the end of this century, despite the gradual decline in the growth rate in some countries. There is only a 23% chance that the total population growth rate will tail off before 2100. The population of the 47 least developed countries is likely to triple between 2017 and 2100 to around 3 billion. There are currently 62 million people in South Africa. About 67,9% of our population (in 2021) live in urban areas. The South African population grew by 0,87% in 2023. The fertility rate is 2,30 (2023). It is estimated that by 2050 75,5 million people will be living in South Africa, with 8 out of every 10 people living in urban areas, which would significantly increase the pressure on infrastructure. The Global Footprint Network states that humans currently use the resources of 1,75 Earths. If the situation does not improve, by 2050 we would need the equivalent of three Earths to survive. More than 4 billion people will have little or no water by 2050, and South Africa even now has been classified as a "water-stressed" country. Medical science is continually contributing to more babies surviving their entry into the world and to our living increasingly longer. Life expectancy has risen from 46 years in 1950 to 73,2 years in 2023. By 2050 it will be 77 years. What can be done? Empowerment of women is important. Population growth can be curbed to a reasonable extent by giving more girls access to education. This certainly does not mean that girls or women alone should be held responsible for the current population growth, but much more will have to be done about sex education, women's rights will have to be actively promoted and there will have to be better provision and use of contraceptives. Obviously, these issues should be approached and handled with due caution. In this regard, countries such as Thailand and South Korea have, in the recent past, proved that good education may result in lower birth rates. In Africa, women with no education have an average of 5,4 children; women who completed high school an average of 2,7 children and women with tertiary education an average of 2.2. In Nigeria, every year of school attendance by girls cuts the birth rate by a tenth. In addition, intensified efforts to reform economies and societies should be considered. For the sake of the survival of the human species and the sustainability of the Earth, ecological and economic justice and the empowerment ofwomen have to be encouraged. The Millennium Project - a global participatory think tank that was founded in 1996 under the auspices of the American Council for the United Nations University, but which became independent in 2009 and has since grown into a global network of institutions and individuals - aims to improve humankind's prospects for a better future. It recommends, among other things, the following: • Support a policy aimed at improving the survival of children, responsible family planning and educational opportunities for (especially) girls. • Improve methods that will ensure skills and employment opportunities for young people, as well as care and services for the elderly. • Implement the UN's urban agenda. • Create enough smart cities where citizens with urban intelligence can help in eco-smart ways with the necessary improvements in the city. • Increase training in resilience, and improve disaster prediction and management. • Provide guidance for people about urban ecology. • Intensify research and development in saltwater agriculture (halophytes or salt plants) on coastlines to produce food for humans and animals, biofuel and pulp for the paper industry, and to absorb carbon dioxide (CO2). This will ease the pressure on freshwater agriculture. • Improve agricultural and irrigation management. • Invest in precision agriculture and aquaculture. • Reduce food losses from the "farm to the mouth" (one third or 1,3 billion tons of agricultural production is wasted in this way every year). • Establish seaweed to restore wild fish populations along coastlines. The World Bank estimates that 90% of marine life is completely depleted. • Expand the production of insects for animal feed and human diets (insects have a low environmental impact, and 2 billion people already supplement their diet with insects today). • Encourage vegetarianism. Although there are more ways to address these important global challenges, responsible family planning remains one of the most important. This is an extremely sensitive issue for many people (especially in Africa), but if it is not promoted in a humane, informed and responsible way, the sustainability of life on our planet will increasingly come under tremendous pressure in various respects.

Die aantal mense op aarde en hulle/ons aktiwiteite neem tans skrikwekkende afmetings aan met wydlopende gevolge vir ons planeet, biodiversiteit en uiteindelik onsself. Die moderne mens het sy teenwoordigheid op die aarde en die benutting van hulpbronne baie lank as sy onaantasbare reg gesien. Die huidige uitwerking van byvoorbeeld bevolkingsgroei en besoedeling versteur die aarde se natuurlike ritme in so 'n mate dat ons nou nie meer op 'n kitsoplossing kan hoop nie. Die mens se getalle neem teen so 'n tempo toe dat dit nie net nadelig vir die planeet is nie, maar ook vir die mensdom self. Wat kan gedoen word? Bemagtiging van vroue speel 'n belangrike rol. Dit beteken beslis nie dat meisies en vroue alleen vir die huidige bevolkingsgroei verantwoordelik gehou moet word nie. Die bevolkingsgroei kan egter in 'n redelike mate vertraag word deur veral meer meisies toegang tot onderwys en opleiding te gee - asook hul lewensomstandighede te verbeter. Ook sal daar heelwat meer aan seksopvoeding gedoen moet word, vroueregte sal daadwerklik bevorder moet word en daar sal beter voorsiening en gebruik van voorbehoedmiddels moet wees. Uiteraard moet hierdie kwessies met die nodige omsigtigheid benader en hanteer word. In hierdie verband kan onder andere Thailand en Suid-Korea genoem word wat in die onlangse verlede bewys het dat goeie onderwys geboortesyfers laat daal. In Afrika het vroue wat geen onderwys ontvang nie, gemiddeld 5,4 kinders; vroue wat hoërskool voltooi het gemiddeld 2,7 kinders en vroue wat tersiêre studie deurloop het, gemiddeld 2,2 kinders. In Nigerië sny elke jaar wat meisies skool bywoon, die geboortesyfer met 'n tiende. Hiermee saam sal daar ook verskerpte pogings moet wees om ekonomieë en samelewings te hervorm. Ter wille van die mens se voortbestaan en die volhoubaarheid van lewe op aarde moet ekologiese en ekonomiese geregtigheid, en die bemagtiging van vroue aangemoedig word.

ABSTRACT The preparation of pre-university teachers for professional orientation towards careers in science is of great importance and relevance; for their contribution to the scientific training of future high school graduates as part of their integral development. Careers in this area of knowledge provide knowledge, where the foundations are laid to train professionals with a scientific conception of the world. The objective of this article was: to characterize the preparation of pre-university teachers for professional orientation towards Science careers, at the Pre-University Vocational Institute of Exact Sciences of Pinar del Rio. A descriptive study was carried out based on a bibliographic review and from the theoretical point of view was used as methods: historical-logical, analysis-synthesis and inductive-deductive, which allowed us to analyze conceptions on the topic from various approaches and contexts. Likewise, a group of empirical instruments was applied (analysis of documents, survey of teachers, interviews with students and officials, observation of science classes), which revealed a set of strengths and weaknesses. The main results were specified in the systematization of relevant concepts, and the identification of characteristics of this process, in the uniqueness of the context defined above. In summary, the preparation of pre-university teachers for professional orientation towards science careers currently presents insufficiencies; from which emanates the need to grant the necessary priority; since it constitutes a key factor to promote their professional pedagogical performance, as agents of change in educational institutions.

RESUMO A preparação dos professores do ensino pré-universitário para a orientação profissional em direção às carreiras de Ciências é de grande importância e pertinência, devido à sua contribuição para a formação científica dos futuros bacharéis como parte de seu desenvolvimento integral. As carreiras nessa área do conhecimento fornecem conhecimentos fundamentais, estabelecendo as bases para formar profissionais com uma concepção científica do mundo. O objetivo deste artigo foi caracterizar a preparação dos professores do ensino pré-universitário para a orientação profissional em direção às carreiras de Ciências no Instituto Preuniversitario Vocacional de Ciencias Exactas de Pinar del Río. Foi realizado um estudo descritivo com base em uma revisão bibliográfica e, do ponto de vista teórico, foram utilizados métodos como histórico-lógico, análise-síntese e indutivo-dedutivo, que permitiram analisar concepções sobre o tema a partir de diversas abordagens e contextos. Da mesma forma, foram aplicados instrumentos empíricos (análise de documentos, pesquisa com professores, entrevistas com alunos e funcionários, observação de aulas de Ciências), que revelaram um conjunto de pontos fortes e fracos. Os principais resultados se concentraram na sistematização de conceitos relevantes e na identificação de características desse processo, considerando a singularidade do contexto definido anteriormente. Em resumo, a preparação dos professores do ensino pré-universitário para a orientação profissional em direção às carreiras de Ciências atualmente apresenta deficiências, o que torna necessário priorizá-la, pois constitui um fator fundamental para favorecer seu desempenho profissional e pedagógico como agentes de mudança nas instituições educacionais.

RESUMEN La preparación de los docentes de preuniversitario para la orientación profesional hacia carreras de Ciencias, es de gran importancia y pertinencia; por su contribución a la formación científica de los futuros bachilleres como parte de su desarrollo integral. Las carreras de esta área del conocimiento, aportan saberes, donde se sientan las bases para formar profesionales con una concepción científica del mundo. Constituyó el objetivo de este artículo: caracterizar la preparación de los docentes de preuniversitario para la orientación profesional hacia carreras de Ciencias, en el Instituto Preuniversitario Vocacional de Ciencias Exactas de Pinar del Rio. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo a partir de una revisión bibliográfica y desde el punto de vista teórico se utilizaron como métodos: el histórico -lógico, análisis-síntesis e inductivo-deductivo, los que permitieron analizar concepciones sobre el tema desde diversos enfoques y contextos. De igual modo se aplicó un grupo de instrumentos empíricos (análisis de documentos, encuesta a profesores, entrevista a alumnos y a funcionarios, observación de clases de Ciencias), que arrojó un conjunto de fortalezas y debilidades. Los resultados principales se concretaron en la sistematización de conceptos relevantes, y la identificación de características de este proceso, en la singularidad del contexto definido anteriormente. En resumen, la preparación de los docentes de preuniversitario, para la orientación profesional hacia las carreras de Ciencias, en la actualidad presenta insuficiencias; de lo que emana la necesidad de otorgar la prioridad necesaria; pues constituye un factor clave para favorecer su desempeño profesional pedagógico, como agentes de cambio en las instituciones educativas.

RESUMEN La orientación familiar como práctica inclusiva en la educación inicial, respaldada por una adecuada formación docente, crea un entorno en el cual las diferencias son valoradas y se promueve el desarrollo equitativo de todos los niños. En este ámbito la formación del profesional, desde este enfoque busca involucrar a las familias en el desarrollo educativo de sus hijos desde una etapa temprana, reconociendo la importancia de la colaboración entre la escuela y el hogar.El presente artículo muestra resultados teóricos y prácticos, de un proyecto de investigación, de la carrera Licenciatura en Educación Inicial, de la Universidad Metropolitana del Ecuador. Se presenta una concepción para evaluar la dinámica familiar, utilizando indicadores de orientación como una práctica inclusiva en el ámbito de la educación inicial, para identificar elementos relacionados con el desarrollo socioafectivo de niños de 1 a 3 años, y mejorar la atención integral de estos.

ABSTRACT Family guidance as an inclusive practice in early education, supported by adequate teacher training, creates an environment in which differences are valued and the equitable development of all children is promoted. In this area, professional training, from this approach, seeks to involve families in the educational development of their children from an early stage, recognizing the importance of collaboration between school and home. This article shows theoretical and practical results of a research project from the bachelor’s degree in early childhood education at the Metropolitan University of Ecuador. A concept is presented to evaluate family dynamics, using guidance indicators as an inclusive practice in the field of initial education, to identify elements related to the socio-affective development of children from 1 to 3 years old, and improve their comprehensive care.

ABSTRACT Professional orientation and entrepreneurship emerge as a necessary relationship in Cuban Higher Education, taking into account the need to stimulate the training of entrepreneurial students with professional life projects that enable their contribution to the municipality as a space for the common good. By virtue of what has been expressed, the article intends to socialize an educational strategy aimed at gradually promoting entrepreneurship, from the professional orientation process. The proposal was structured into three specific strategic actions: redefinition of entrepreneurship as a process and result, training for the pedagogical group and the design of professional orientation workshops "Youth, entrepreneurship and local development." For this, a qualitative methodology was used that considers the interpretation of the results from a dialectical conception, with the use of historical-logical methods, modeling and the help of documentary analysis and the Iadov technique for the evaluation of the proposal. The results reveal the potential of an educational strategy that contains actions and operations that favor the training of entrepreneurial students with professional life projects that stimulate the use of knowledge for prosperous, sustainable, equitable and inclusive municipal development.

RESUMO A orientação profissional e o empreendedorismo surgem como uma relação necessária no Ensino Superior cubano, tendo em conta a necessidade de estimular a formação de estudantes empreendedores com projetos de vida profissional que possibilitem a sua contribuição para o município como espaço de bem comum. Em virtude do exposto, o artigo pretende socializar uma estratégia educativa que visa promover gradativamente o empreendedorismo, a partir do processo de orientação profissional. A proposta foi estruturada em três ações estratégicas específicas: redefinição do empreendedorismo como processo e resultado, formação do grupo pedagógico e concepção de oficinas de orientação profissional "Juventude, empreendedorismo e desenvolvimento local". Para isso, utilizou-se uma metodologia qualitativa que considera a interpretação dos resultados a partir de uma concepção dialética, com utilização de métodos histórico-lógicos, modelagem e auxílio da análise documental e da técnica de Iadov para a avaliação da proposta. Os resultados revelam o potencial de uma estratégia educacional que contenha ações e operações que favoreçam a formação de estudantes empreendedores com projetos de vida profissional que estimulem o uso do conhecimento para o desenvolvimento municipal próspero, sustentável, equitativo e inclusivo.

RESUMEN Orientación profesional y emprendimiento, emergen como una relación necesaria en la Educación Superior cubana, teniendo en cuenta la necesidad de estimular la formación de estudiantes emprendedores con proyectos de vida profesionales que posibiliten su aporte al municipio como espacio de bien común. En virtud de lo expresado, el articulo tiene la intención de socializar una estrategia educativa orientada a potenciar de modo gradual el emprendimiento, desde el proceso de orientación profesional. La propuesta se estructuró en tres acciones estratégicas específicas: resignificación del emprendimiento como proceso y resultado, la capacitación al colectivo pedagógico y el diseño de talleres de orientación profesional "Juventud, emprendimiento y desarrollo local". Para ello, se utilizó una metodología cualitativa que pondera la interpretación de los resultados desde una concepción dialéctica, con el empleo de los métodos histórico-lógico, la modelación y el auxilio del análisis documental y la técnica de Iadov para la evaluación de la propuesta. Los resultados develan, las potencialidades de una estrategia educativa que contiene acciones y operaciones que favorece la formación de estudiantes emprendedores con proyectos de vida profesionales que estimulan el uso del conocimiento en función un desarrollo municipal prospero, sostenible, equitativo e incluyente.

In the study reported on here we explored the experiences of primary school principals in the implementation of educational policy change from an educational policy implementation (hereafter, EPI) theory perspective. With the study we aimed to provide a deeper understanding of the challenges, facilitators, and complexities encountered by school principals when navigating the implementation of educational policy change within their respective schools. Data were gathered using a qualitative research approach through in-depth interviews with purposively sampled primary school principals selected based on their direct involvement in the implementation of educational policy changes after which the data were thematically analysed. The findings of this study shed light on the multi-faceted nature of policy implementation within primary schools highlighting the pivotal role of school principals as key actors in the process. Additionally, we discovered a range of challenges faced by school principals including their missing voice in the development of educational policies, resource constraints, conflicting stakeholder interests, a lack of support and training, and resistance to change. Nevertheless, the study offers valuable insights into ways in which policy implementation unfolds within the unique context of primary schools. It further suggests a practical policy implementation model for policymakers, educational leaders, and practitioners, offering guidance on how to navigate the complexities of implementing educational policy changes effectively. Ultimately, this study contributes to the broader discourse on educational policy implementation and advances our understanding of the experiences of primary school principals as they navigate the dynamic landscape of policy change within their educational setting.

ABSTRACT Introduction: In unplanned surgery, stoma site marking is unusual, increasing the risk of complications. Data on stoma site marking in a hospital in the northern region of Portugal and guidance in emergency situations are unavailable. Objective: To increase bowel elimination stoma site marking for patients undergoing unplanned surgery. Methods: A protocol for a best practice implementation project based on the Plan-Do-Check-Act cycle and consists of 4 phases: identification of the problem; analysis of the causes and the definition of the specific objectives; planning and implementing the intervention, checking the results, proposing corrective measures, standardizing procedures, and training the team. Data will be gathered using questionnaires for nurses, analysis of existing information systems, and the implementation of an audit grid. Results: The first two phases allowed the identification of the main shortcomings and draft of a multimodal intervention that will comprise educational strategies, implementation of a decision-making algorithm, and audit. A decrease in skin complications is expected. Increased confidence, independence in stoma self-care, and awareness of stoma living are also anticipated. Implementing this project may lead to a reduction in healthcare costs and an overall improvement in the quality of life of the person with a stoma. Conclusion: Evidence suggests that stoma site marking is paramount to improve patient’s health outcomes. Results from this project may offer new strategies to cope with management shortcomings in health systems.

Resumen Introducción: En la cirugía no planificada, el marcaje del estoma es inusual, aumentando el riesgo de complicaciones. Objetivo: Aumentar el marcaje del sitio del estoma de eliminación intestinal en pacientes sometidos a cirugía no planificada. Métodos: Protocolo para un proyecto de implementación de buenas prácticas se basa en el ciclo plan, do, check y act/ajust, y consta de 4 fases; identificación del problema; análisis de las causas y definición de los objetivos específicos; planificación e implementación de la intervención y; comprobación de los resultados. Los datos se recopilarán mediante cuestionarios dirigidos al personal de enfermería, el análisis de los sistemas de información existentes y la aplicación de una parrilla de auditoría. Resultados: Las dos primeras fases permitieron identificar las principales deficiencias y elaborar una intervención multimodal que comprenderá estrategias educativas, implantación de algoritmo de toma de decisiones y auditoría. Se espera una disminución de las complicaciones cutáneas. También se prevé un aumento de la confianza, la independencia en el autocuidado del estoma y la concienciación sobre la vida con estoma. La puesta en práctica de este proyecto puede conducir a una reducción de los costes sanitarios y a una mejora general de la calidad de vida de la persona con un estoma. Conclusión: Las pruebas sugieren que la señalización de la zona del estoma es de suma importancia para mejorar los resultados de salud del paciente. Los resultados de este proyecto pueden ofrecer nuevas estrategias para hacer frente a las deficiencias de gestión en los sistemas sanitarios.

Resumo Introdução: A marcação do local do estoma em cirurgia não planeada não é usual. Não existem dados sobre a marcação do estoma num hospital na região norte de Portugal, assim como orientações para situações de urgência. Objetivo: Aumentar a marcação do local do estoma em doentes submetidos a cirurgia não programada. Métodos: Projeto de melhoria contínua da qualidade dos cuidados de enfermagem de acordo com o ciclo planear, fazer, verificar e atuar, e consiste em 4 fases: identificação do problema; análise das causas e definição dos objetivos específicos; planeamento e implementação da intervenção e verificação dos resultados, propondo medidas corretivas, normalizando procedimentos e formando a equipa. Os dados serão recolhidos através de questionários dirigidos aos enfermeiros, da análise dos sistemas de informação existentes e da implementação de uma grelha de auditoria. Resultados: As duas primeiras fases permitiram identificar as principais lacunas e elaborar uma intervenção multimodal que incluirá estratégias educativas, implementação de algoritmo de tomada de decisão e auditoria. Espera-se uma diminuição das complicações cutâneas. Prevê-se também um aumento da confiança, da independência no autocuidado do estoma e da consciencialização sobre a vida no estoma. A implementação deste projeto pode levar a uma redução dos custos dos cuidados de saúde e a uma melhoria global da qualidade de vida da pessoa com um estoma. Conclusão: A evidência sugere que a marcação do local do estoma é da maior importância para melhorar os resultados de saúde do doente. Os resultados deste projeto podem oferecer novas estratégias para fazer face às lacunas de gestão nos sistemas de saúde.

Abstract The results of the study carried out during the years 2021 and 2022, called Contributions of Counseling in the promotion of employability in students of Vocational Technical Education and Training (VTET), whose objective was to analyze the contribution of Counseling in promoting employability in VTET students, are presented in the context of the Costa Rican Ministry of Public Education. This study is stated in the naturalistic paradigm, with a qualitative approach and phenomenological method; since it seeks to describe and interpret what was expressed through semi-structured interviews with the people participating in the research, who were counseling professionals and twelfth-level students of Professional Technical High Schools (PTHS). The results obtained were organized into categories: Counseling for employability in VTET, a contextualization in the PTHS which refers to the functions of professionals in Counseling in the PTHS, teamwork as a condition that implies the promotion of employability and adjustment in the professional work in VTET from the COVID-19 pandemic; Promotion of the employability of professional people in Counseling, in which it was found that attitudes, skills, and tools for employability are offered; and Contributions of Counseling professionals in promoting employability in VTET of the Costa Rican Educational Minister, where it is evident that counselors carry out actions that facilitate self-knowledge and the context-knowledge, which contributes to their employability. Among the most important conclusions, it can be mentioned that the group of Counseling professionals face challenges in the promotion of employability, since, in the diversified cycle, there is no guidance counseling lesson; however, they manage to work together with teachers and administrative staff of educational institutions in order to promote the employability of the students. As a recommendation, among others, the professional person in Counseling is urged to look for different spaces, from where to develop processes, and actions that promote the employability of the PTHS students.

Resumen Se presentan los resultados del estudio Aportes de la orientación en la promoción de la empleabilidad en estudiantes de la Educación y Formación Técnica Profesional (EFTP), cuyo objetivo fue analizar el aporte de la orientación en la promoción de la empleabilidad en estudiantes de EFTP en el contexto del Ministerio de Educación Pública (MEP) realizado durante los años 2021 y 2022. Se parte del paradigma naturalista, con enfoque cualitativo y método fenomenológico, ya que se busca describir e interpretar lo expresado mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas a las personas participantes en la investigación, es decir, a profesionales en Orientación y estudiantes de duodécimo nivel de Colegios Técnicos Profesionales (CTP). Los resultados obtenidos se organizaron en categorías: Orientación para la empleabilidad en la EFTP; una contextualización en los CTP, la cual remite a las funciones de las personas profesionales en Orientación en los CTP; el trabajo en equipo como condición que supone la promoción de la empleabilidad y el ajuste en el quehacer profesional en EFTP, a partir de la pandemia por el COVID-19; promoción de la empleabilidad de las personas profesionales en orientación, en la cual se encuentra que se promocionan actitudes, habilidades y se ofrecen herramientas para la empleabilidad; y aportes de las personas profesionales en orientación en la promoción de la empleabilidad en la EFTP del MEP, donde se evidencia que las personas orientadoras realizan acciones que facilitan el conocimiento de sí y del contexto, lo que contribuye en su empleabilidad. Entre las conclusiones más importantes se puede mencionar que el grupo de profesionales en orientación enfrenta retos para la promoción de la empleabilidad, ya que, en el ciclo diversificado, no se cuenta con la lección de Orientación; sin embargo, logran realizar un trabajo en conjunto con el personal docente y administrativo de las instituciones educativas con el fin de promocionar la empleabilidad del estudiantado. Como recomendación, entre otras, se insta a la persona profesional en Orientación, a buscar diferentes espacios, desde donde desarrollar procesos, acciones que promocionen la empleabilidad del estudiantado de los CTP.

Abstract The study presented in this article was developed within the framework of Project 724-C1-714 Thematic Observatory of Costa Rican Technical and Vocational Education and Training, registered at the Institute for Research in Education of the University of Costa Rica. In this qualitative study, with a descriptive scope, the phenomenological method and the questionnaire were used as a technique for the collection of information; 8 of 11 Guidance professionals who work in the Professional Technical High Schools of the Regional Educational Directorate of Puriscal of the Ministry of Public Education participated. It was carried out during the second cycle of 2022 and the first cycle of 2023. The information obtained was grouped into 3 categories: Status of the Technical and Vocational Education and Training, About Guidance in the Professional Technical High Schools and Guidance in the Professional Technical High Schools over the next five years. As part of the results, it is highlighted that the people consulted foresee a positive future for Technical and Vocational Education and Training, due to the attention that is being given in Costa Rica to this educational modality, based on the need for young people to join the world of work, which leads to the mention of the opportunities that Guidance has in this context. In this regard, it is indicated in relation to Vocational Guidance, the exploration of interests, skills and knowledge of the environment. This depends on the vocational decision-making associated with the specialty they are going to study, their incorporation into the world of work and the possibility of continuing or not with tertiary education. Regarding the challenges, the need to have spaces that allow students to be offered vocational guidance is indicated, specifically the lesson of Guidance for the diversified cycle is mentioned. Among the conclusions obtained are that; Technical and Vocational Education and Training is an educational modality that allows the country to increase its competitiveness and opens opportunities for the student population to obtain a job. However, it is stated that there are aspects that must be paid attention to in order to improve this educational modality. It is mentioned, for example, that administrative management should seek to create spaces to offer vocational guidance. The opportunities that arise for Guidance in the Professional Technical High Schools refer to actions to be developed from Vocational Guidance, exploration of the interests and abilities of the students and for knowledge of the environment. As challenges, the need to be able to involve students in their processes of self-knowledge, decision-making and life project is emphasized. It is considered that in the immediate future, Guidance must integrate the use of Information and Communication Technologies into its work, which requires that continuous training processes be planned for the group of professionals in Guidance.

Resumen El estudio que se presenta en este artículo se desarrolló en el marco del Proyecto 724-C1-714 Observatorio Temático de la Educación y Formación Técnica Profesional Costarricense, inscrito en el Instituto de Investigación en Educación de la Universidad Costa Rica. En este estudio cualitativo, con alcance descriptivo, se utilizó el método fenomenológico y el cuestionario como técnica para la recolección de la información; participaron 8 de 11 profesionales de Orientación que laboran en los Colegios Técnicos Profesionales de la Dirección Regional Educativa de Puriscal del Ministerio de Educación Pública. Se realizó durante el segundo ciclo del año 2022 y primero del 2023. La información obtenida se agrupó en 3 categorías: Situación de la EFTP, Sobre la Orientación en los CTP y la Orientación en los CTP en los próximos cinco años. Como parte de los resultados, destaca que las personas consultadas vislumbran un futuro positivo para EFTP, por la atención que se le está dando en nuestro país a esta modalidad educativa, a partir de la necesidad de que las personas jóvenes se incorporen al mundo del trabajo, lo que lleva a que se mencionen las oportunidades que tiene la Orientación en este contexto. Al respecto se indica, en relación con la Orientación vocacional, la exploración de los intereses, habilidades y el conocimiento del entorno. Lo anterior, en función de la toma de decisiones vocacionales asociadas a la especialidad que van a cursar, la incorporación al mundo del trabajo y la posibilidad de continuar o no con estudios superiores. Respecto a los desafíos se indica la necesidad de contar con espacios que permitan ofrecer al estudiantado Orientación vocacional, de manera específica se menciona la lección de Orientación para el ciclo diversificado. Entre las conclusiones obtenidas están; la ETFP se constituye una modalidad educativa que permite al país incrementar su competitividad y a la población estudiantil le abre oportunidades para la obtención de un empleo. No obstante, se afirma que existen aspectos a los que se les debe poner atención para mejorar esta modalidad educativa. Se menciona por ejemplo que, desde la gestión administrativa, se debe procurar la creación de espacios para ofrecer Orientación vocacional. Las oportunidades que se presentan para la Orientación en los CTP remiten a acciones a desarrollar desde la Orientación vocacional, exploración de los intereses y habilidades del estudiantado y para el conocimiento del entorno. Como desafíos se recalca la necesidad de poder involucrar al estudiantado en sus procesos de autoconocimiento, toma de decisiones y proyecto de vida. Se considera que la Orientación en el futuro más inmediato, debe integrar en su quehacer, el uso de las Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación (TIC), lo cual requiere que se planifiquen procesos de formación continua para el grupo de profesionales en Orientación.

RESUMEN Objetivo: El artículo describe una propuesta de modelo de superación profesional del rehabilitador en salud centrado en la orientación familiar como vía de prevención del trastorno por déficit de atención/hiperactividad. Métodos: La autora asume una metodología de orden cuanti-cualitativo. Se emplearon como métodos el análisis documental (Hernádez-Sampieri et at., 2018) y la sistematización del contenido (Expósito & González, 2017; y Mera, 2019). De igual forma se aplicaron entrevistas y encuestas y se realiza la modelación de la superación del rehabilitador en salud con la ayuda de la modelación sistémica estructural. Resultado: El resultado principal del estudio es un modelo pedagógico de superación profesional del rehabilitador en salud caracterizado por la ampliación del desempeño de este profesional a las esferas afectiva y volitiva a través de la orientación de la familia del paciente como vía de prevención del trastorno por déficit de atención/hiperactividad. Conclusión: La superación del rehabilitador en salud puede ser mejorada a partir de la ampliación de sus objetivos y contenidos centrados en la orientación de la familia del paciente como vía de prevención del trastorno por déficit de atención/hiperactividad.

ABSTRACT Objective: This paper aims at describing a model of health rehabilitators’ development focusing family education and counseling to face attention/hyperactivity syndrome. Methods: The authoress follows a quantitative-qualitative researching approach based on document reviewing (Hernádez-Sampieri et at., 2018), and systematization of contents (Expósito & González, 2017; y Mera, 2019). Likewise, she relies on interviewing, surveying and modeling to devise an innovative model of health rehabilitators’ development. Results: The main result of the study is a pedagogical model of professional improvement of the health rehabilitator characterized by the expansion of the performance of this professional to the affective and volitional spheres through the guidance of the patient's family as a way to prevent mental retardation disorder attention/hyperactivity. Conclusions: The improvement of the health rehabilitator can be improved by expanding its objectives and content focused on the guidance of the patient's family as a way to prevent attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

ABSTRACT The objective of the article is a reflective analysis of the construction of professional life projects in emigration by university students. For its preparation, the methods of bibliographic review and documentary analysis were used with selection criteria based on the date of publication and preference in the last five years. The phrases used in the search engines were: migration, emigration of professionals, life projects, professional life projects and educational orientation. In the selection, articles from scientific journals indexed in high-impact databases were privileged. The main results indicate that the loss of talent due to emigration to countries with prosperous economies is one of the causes of the slow development of the global south. It was concluded that educational bodies, in general, and universities in particular, must incorporate into their training processes the deconstruction of professional life projects in emigration and incorporate the work of educational guidance in favor of the permanence of professionals in their country. of origin to participate in the positive transformation of their social and economic reality.

RESUMEN El artículo persigue como objetivo un análisis reflexivo sobre la construcción de proyectos de vida profesional en la emigración por los estudiantes universitarios. Para su elaboración se emplearon los métodos de revisión bibliográfica y análisis documental con criterio de selección basado en la fecha de publicación y preferencia en los últimos cinco años. Las frases empleadas en los motores de búsqueda fueron: migración, emigración de profesionales, proyectos de vida, proyectos de vida profesional y orientación educativa. En la selección se privilegiaron los artículos de revistas científicas indexadas en bases de datos de alto impacto. Los principales resultados indican que la pérdida de talentos por la emigración a los países con economías prósperas es una de las causas del lento desarrollo del sur global. Se concluyó que las instancias educativas, en general, y las universidades en particular, deben incorporar a sus procesos formativos la deconstrucción de proyectos de vida profesional en la emigración e incorporar el trabajo de orientación educativa a favor de la permanencia de los profesionales en su país de origen para participar en la trasformación positiva de la realidad social y económica de estos.

RESUMO O objetivo do artigo é uma análise reflexiva sobre a construção de projetos de vida profissional na emigração por parte de estudantes universitários. Para sua elaboração foram utilizados os métodos de revisão bibliográfica e análise documental com critérios de seleção baseados na data de publicação e preferência nos últimos cinco anos. As frases utilizadas nos motores de busca foram: migração, emigração de profissionais, projetos de vida, projetos de vida profissional e orientação educacional. Na seleção foram privilegiados artigos de revistas científicas indexadas em bases de dados de alto impacto. Os principais resultados indicam que a perda de talentos devido à emigração para países com economias prósperas é uma das causas do lento desenvolvimento do sul global. Concluiu-se que os órgãos educativos, em geral, e as universidades em particular, devem incorporar nos seus processos formativos a desconstrução dos projetos de vida profissional na emigração e incorporar o trabalho de orientação educativa em prol da permanência dos profissionais no seu país de origem. participar na transformação positiva da sua realidade social e económica.

ABSTRACT Vocational guidance has long been considered an essential task in the training process; the psychological, educational and pedagogical sciences have shed much light on this subject. A documentary study was carried out, using the historical-logical, historical comparative, analysis and synthesis, theoretical systematization method, with the purpose of analyzing the situation of the subject of vocational guidance in Latin America and in turn, in Ecuador to see how it would be possible from these theoretical references to configure a process of comprehensive vocational guidance in students of Naturopathy in the Higher University Institutes of Ecuador.

RESUMEN La orientación profesional es considerada desde hace mucho tiempo una tarea consustancial del proceso formativo, las ciencias psicológicas, de la educación y pedagógicas han arrojado mucha luz sobre este particular. Se realizó un estudio documental, con la utilización del método histórico-lógico, histórico-comparativo, análisis y síntesis, sistematización teórica, se tiene como finalidad analizar la situación de la temática de la orientación profesional en América Latina y a su vez, en Ecuador para ver cómo sería posible desde esos referentes teóricos configurar un proceso de orientación profesional vocacional integral en estudiantes de Naturopatía en los Institutos Superiores universitarios de Ecuador.

ABSTRACT Introduction: COVID-19 represented a global health crisis and revealed the fragility of the interdependent relationship with nature; hence the need to train teachers from an environmentalist conception so that they have a positive impact on the health of students with behavioral disorders. Objective: to evaluate the effectiveness of a guidance manual for teachers related to environmental aspects, which can influence the health of students with behavioral disorders. Methods: a pedagogical study was carried out at the "Águedo Morales Reina" special school between September 2021 and June 2022, using document analysis, scientific observation, interviews and descriptive statistics, in a sample of five students with mental disorders. behavior with health problems, five specialists (speech therapist, educational psychologist, art instructors) and two teachers from special schools. Results: it is specified in a guidance manual for teachers that offers suggestions on environmental aspects to achieve a healthy education for students with behavioral disorders. It constitutes a resource to help overcome the diagnosis in the shortest possible time, by taking into account the positive and negative implications of the environment on the health of students with behavioral disorders. Conclusions: the guidance manual confirmed its theoretical, methodological and practical value, by confirming higher levels in the use of environmental aspects for the development of quality health in the selected students in the province of Pinar del Río.

RESUMEN Introducción: la COVID-19 representó una crisis mundial de salud y reveló la fragilidad de la relación de interdependencia con la naturaleza; de ahí la necesidad de formar desde una concepción medioambientalista al docente para que impacte positivamente en la salud de los educandos con trastornos de la conducta. Objetivo: evaluar la efectividad de un manual de orientación para docentes relacionado con aspectos medioambientales, que pueden influir en la salud de los educandos con trastornos de la conducta. Métodos: se realizó un estudio de corte pedagógico en la escuela especial "Águedo Morales Reina" entre septiembre de 2021 y junio de 2022, utilizando el análisis de documentos, la observación científica, entrevista y la estadística descriptiva, en una muestra de cinco educandos con trastornos de la conducta con problemas de salud, cinco especialistas (logopeda, psicopedagoga, instructores de arte) y dos maestros de las escuelas especiales. Resultados: se concreta en un manual de orientación para docentes que ofrece sugerencias de aspectos medioambientales para el logro de una educación saludable a los educandos con trastornos de la conducta. Constituye un recurso para contribuir a superar el diagnóstico en el menor tiempo posible, al tener en cuenta las implicaciones positivas y negativas del ambiente en la salud de los educandos con trastornos de la conducta. Conclusiones: el manual de orientación constató su valor teórico, metodológico y práctico, al confirmar niveles superiores en la utilización de aspectos medioambientales para el desarrollo de una salud con calidad en los educandos seleccionados en la provincia de Pinar del Río.