Abstract Macrofungi, with their extraordinary diversity and ability to adapt to various substrates, play crucial ecological roles in ecosystems. However, their development is strongly influenced by the interaction of several environmental factors. Understanding these factors and their impact on the distribution of fungi is essential to understand their ecological dynamics. To obtain data how these organisms are distributed under certain topographic factors, an analysis of the species richness of macrofungi was carried out in a tropical deciduous forest on the coast of Oaxaca, taking both the eco-nutritional habits and substrate on which, they develop in response to altitude, slope and terrain orientation. A review was conducted of a field database of 251 biological samples representing 169 species of macrofungi registered in the Environmental Management Unit for the Conservation of Wildlife "Jardín Botánico-Puerto Escondido". The review was used to assigned a life form (parasitic, mutualistic micorrhiza, saprotrophic) and substrate preferences (lignicolous, humicolous, terricolous, entomopathogenic parasite). To understand the topographic characteristics of the collection sites, maps of altitude, slope and solar exposure were designed in which the geographical coordinates recorded in the database for each study sample were plotted. The results reveal a predominance of saprotrophic life form in this tropical deciduous forest, with a marked preference for edaphic substrates. In addition, more than 50% of the species analyzed show a tendency to coexist on moderate to gentle slopes, oriented to the north, and at altitudes ranging from 120 to 140 m. This study highlights the complex interactions between the diversity of macroscopic fungi, their nutritional preferences and their relationship with altitude, slope, and terrain orientation. Relevant information is provided that can be used in resource management and conservation strategies, by identifying sites within the study area with the greatest species richness.

Resumen Los hongos macroscópicos, dada su extraordinaria diversidad y capacidad de adaptación a diversos sustratos, desempeñan funciones ecológicas cruciales en los ecosistemas. No obstante, su desarrollo está fuertemente condicionado por la interacción de factores ambientales. La comprensión de esos factores y su impacto en la distribución de los hongos es esencial para entender su dinámica ecológica. Con el fin de conocer cómo se distribuyen estos organismos bajo ciertos factores topográficos, se llevó a cabo un análisis de la riqueza de macromicetos en un bosque tropical caducifolio en la costa de Oaxaca, considerando los hábitos eco-nutricionales y el sustrato donde se desarrollan, en respuesta a la altitud, pendiente y orientación del terreno. El estudio consistió en realizar una revisión de una base de datos de campo de 251 muestras biológicas que representan 169 especies de hongos macroscópicos registradas en la Unidad de Manejo Ambiental para la Conservación de la Vida Silvestre "Jardín Botánico-Puerto Escondido". La revisión permitió determinar la forma de vida (parásita, mutualista micorrícica, saprobia) y las preferencias de sustrato (lignícola, humícola, terrícola, parásito entomopatógeno) de cada uno de los especímenes. Para conocer las características topográficas de los sitios donde fueron recolectados los ejemplares, se diseñaron mapas de altitud, pendiente y exposición solar en los cuales se posicionaron las coordenadas geográficas registradas en la base de datos de cada una de las muestras de estudio. Los resultados revelan un predominio de la forma de vida saprobia en este bosque tropical caducifolio, con una marcada preferencia por sustratos edáficos. Además, más del 50% de las especies analizadas mostraron una tendencia por coexistir en laderas con pendientes medianas y suaves, orientadas hacia el norte y a altitudes que oscilan entre los 120 y 140 m. El estudio resalta las complejas interacciones entre la diversidad de macromicetos, sus preferencias nutricionales en relación con la altitud, pendiente y orientación del terreno. Se provee información relevante que puede ser utilizada en estrategias de manejo y conservación de recursos, ubicando los sitios con mayor riqueza de especies dentro de la zona de estudio.

ABSTRACT No information regarding pathogenic variability among different isolates of Ralstonia solanacearum infecting chili from different agro-ecological zones of Pakistan with varying climatic and edaphic factors is available. Therefore, in the present study, variations were observed in biovar distribution, hypersensitive response, growth and virulence among 114 isolates of R. solanacearum collected from eight agro-ecological zones of Pakistan. Out of 114 R. solanacearum isolates, 81% were identified as Biovar III, while the remaining 19% were recognized as Biovar IV. Of all the 114 isolates of R. solanacearum, 77% showed positive hypersensitive response and mucoid growth, while 23% isolates gave negative hypersensitive response with non-mucoid growth. Out of 114 isolates of R. solanacearum consisting of Biovar III and IV, 22.8% were found avirulent, 25.4% weakly virulent, 29.8% virulent, and the remaining 21.9% were highly virulent. Variations among 114 R. solanacearum isolates were also observed in four provinces of the country. Among 92 R. solanacearum Biovar III isolates, 21.7% were identified as avirulent, 25% weakly virulent, 34.4% virulent, and 22.8% were highly virulent in the eight agro-ecological zones of the country. Similarly, out of 22 R. solanacearum Biovar IV isolates, 27.3% were detected as avirulent, weakly virulent and virulent, while 18.2% isolates were found highly virulent. The isolates having non-mucoid growth and negative hypersensitive response were found avriulent, while those with mucoid growth and positive hypersensitive response were weakly virulent to highly virulent. The information will help design control strategies accordingly and develop resistant cultivars against the bacterium. agroecological agro ecological available Therefore study distribution 11 R 81 19 77 23 nonmucoid non 228 8 22.8 avirulent 254 25 4 25.4 298 29 29.8 219 21 9 21.9 country 217 7 21.7 344 34 34.4 Similarly 2 273 27 3 27.3 182 18 18.2 avriulent bacterium 1 22. 25. 29. 21. 34. 27. 18.

Abstract Vereda (palm swamp) is a savanna vegetation type widespread in the Cerrado. This environment is characterized by high irradiance levels and waterlogged soils for part of the year, resulting in hypoxic conditions, organic matter accumulation, and nutrient limitation. Due to these characteristics, we expect leaf scleromorphism to be the predominant pattern in the community, thus ensuring the survival of Vereda plants in these harsh environments. We examined the leaves of 14 species in Vereda Grande in central Brazil to identify their anatomy. We also analyzed the light availability and edaphic aspects of the soils in which these plants grow. We found high irradiance and soils which were rich in organic matter but low in nutrients; these factors limit plant growth given the elevated aluminum values and low pH (mean of 3.6). Most species had thick leaves with a thick cuticle, a well-developed mesophyll, calcium crystals, phenolic compounds, and sclerenchyma. These results corroborate the expected pattern of scleromorphism predicted by the environmental conditions to which Vereda plants are subjected. Chelonathus alatus did not show a leaf scleromorphic pattern and avoided stress in the dry period by losing its shoots. palm swamp Cerrado year accumulation limitation characteristics community environments 1 anatomy grow nutrients mean 3.6. 36 3.6 . 3 6 3.6) cuticle welldeveloped well developed mesophyll crystals compounds sclerenchyma subjected shoots 3.

Resumo A Vereda é um tipo de vegetação savânica que ocorre ao longo do domínio do Cerrado. Este ambiente é caracterizado pela incidência de altas irradiâncias e solos encharcados durante parte do ano, apresentando condições hipóxicas, com acúmulo de matéria orgânica e limitação de nutrientes. Devido a essas características, esperamos que o escleromorfismo foliar seja o padrão predominante na comunidade, permitindo a sobrevivência das plantas de Vereda nesse ambiente. Avaliamos folhas de 14 espécies em Vereda Grande no Brasil central, para identificar seus padrões foliares anatômicos. Analisamos também a disponibilidade de luz e aspectos edáficos dos solos em que as plantas crescem. Encontramos altas irradiâncias e solos ricos em matéria orgânica, mas pobres em nutrientes, fatores que limitam o crescimento das plantas dado os elevados valores de alumínio e o baixo pH (média de 3,6). A maioria das espécies estudadas apresentou folhas espessas com cutícula espessa, mesofilo bem desenvolvido, e presença de cristais de cálcio, compostos fenólicos e de esclerênquima. Esses resultados corroboram o padrão esperado de escleromorfismo previsto pelas condições ambientais a que as plantas de Vereda estão submetidas. Chelonathus alatus não mostrou tais padrões escleromorfos foliares e evitou o estresse no período seco perdendo as partes aéreas. Cerrado ano hipóxicas nutrientes características comunidade 1 central anatômicos crescem média 3,6. 36 3,6 . 3 6 3,6) espessa desenvolvido cálcio esclerênquima submetidas aéreas 3,

ABSTRACT In ecotonal Cerrado areas, the addition of Amazonian and Atlantic Forest species mainly occurs through connections between forest areas and forest physiognomies. In this context, the biome is a unique region for research on the influence of geographical and historical factors on its biota. In tropical ecotonal regions, integrated communities can exist on soils that present variations in fertility, physical properties and depth, which results in heterogeneity of physiognomies. It was tested the hypothesis that edaphic conditions related to calcium availability are significantly related to species composition and structural parameters in two physiognomies. The study was conducted in the Cerrado of the Chapada das Mesas National Park (CMNP) in the city of Carolina, Northeast Brazil, and the sample universe consisted of 18 areas in two physiognomies. The initial hypothesis was confirmed. The results and inferences about the vegetation structure and physical-chemical parameters of the soil, suggest that the management for conservation of the CMNP must consider the particularities of the Cerrado physiognomies and the vegetation responses to environmental filters, such as edaphic conditions and associations with other organisms. context biota regions fertility depth (CMNP Carolina Brazil 1 confirmed physicalchemical chemical soil filters organisms

Summary: Approximately 85% of the emerging lands on our planet are subject to the action of drought. The use of natural fertilizers is part of the strategies to achieve greater retention of water in the soil. The application of vermicompost is one of the most used fertilizers for the improvement and preservation of agricultural soils, it is easy to prepare and low cost. Deepening the knowledge of its use in soils of arid zones allows better use of this resource for the solution of drought problems. In this context, the objective of this work was to generate information about the use of vermicompost and its effect on soil with water deficit in the cultivation of mint. For this, an experiment was established with a completely randomized design with two factors: the use of vermicompost with a unique dose level that is used by some of the producers of Baja California Sur, and edaphic water deficit with a level established after having carried out irrigation to saturation until causing a sustained loss of turgor in the plants. The treatments established were soil-vermicompost-without deficit (SVSD), soil-vermicompost with a deficit (SVCD), soil-without deficit (SSD), and soil-with deficit (SCD). The results showed that the dose of vermicompost used by some of the producers in Baja California Sur for the cultivation of mint is insufficient to mitigate the effect of edaphic water deficit in the cultivation of mint. The effect of edaphic water deficit on mint plants was manifested as negative water potential. For future research, the use of different doses of vermicompost is recommended to determine the best amounts of this fertilizer for growing mint under water deficit.

Resumen: Aproximadamente el 85% de las tierras emergidas en nuestro planeta están sometidas a la acción de la sequía. Dentro de los manejos que se realizan para lograr una mayor retención de agua en el suelo, es el uso de abonos agrícolas. La aplicación del vermicompost es uno de los abonos más usados para la mejora y preservación de los suelos agrícolas, es de fácil elaboración y bajo costo. Profundizar en el conocimiento de su uso en suelos de zonas áridas, permite un mejor uso de este recurso para la solución de problemas de sequía. Bajo este contexto el objetivo de este trabajo fue generar información acerca del uso del vermicompost y su efecto en un suelo con déficit hídrico en el cultivo de menta. Para esto se estableció un experimento con un diseño completamente al azar con dos factores el uso de vermicompost con un nivel de dosis usada por los productores de Baja California Sur, y déficit hídrico edáfico con un nivel estableciéndose después de haber realizado un riego a saturación hasta que se provoque una pérdida de turgencia sostenida en las plantas. Quedando los tratamientos de suelo-vermicompost-sin déficit (SVSD), suelo-vermicompost con déficit (SVCD), suelo-sin déficit (SSD) y suelo-con déficit (SCD). Los resultados mostraron que la dosis de vermicompost que se utiliza por algunos de los productores en Baja California Sur para el cultivo de menta es insuficiente para mitigar el efecto del déficit hídrico edáfico en el cultivo de menta. El efecto del déficit hídrico edáfico en plantas de menta se manifestó como un potencial hídrico negativo. Para futuras investigaciones se recomienda el uso de diferentes dosis de vermicompost para determinar las mejores cantidades de este abono para el cultivo de menta bajo déficit hídrico.

ABSTRACT The genus Cinchona L. (Rubiaceae) has 23 species, of which 19 are distributed in Peru. Although it is a very important genus worldwide, its habitats are being degrad- ed at an accelerated rate. No research on the site quality of these species has been conducted, making it difficult to devise habitat recovery plans. The objective of the research was to estimate the site quality of Cinchona pubescens Vahl., in La Palma montane forest, located in the district and province of Chota, Cajamarca region, Peru. Three circular plots of 500 m2 (r =12.6 m) were established, and the total height and circumference at breast height of the trees were measured. An analysis of variance was performed to evaluate the existence of site classes. Climatic, physiographic and edaphic variables were obtained and correlated with tree height to explain their relationship; in addition, a Principal Component Analysis was performed to ex- plain the variability of the studied variables. No statistical difference was detected between the mean heights of the trees, since all the plots presented similar site quality. The edaphoclimatic factors were not correlated with height. However, the Principal Component Analysis showed that edaphic variables had a greater influence on the height of Cinchona pubescens Vahl. than climatic and topographic variables. This species grows in sandy loam soils, with a strongly acid pH and medium to high concentrations of some elements, such as organic matter, P, K and N.

RESUMEN El género Cinchona L. (Rubiaceae) agrupa 23 especies, de las cuales 19 se encuentran distribuidas en Perú. Pese a ser un género importante a nivel mundial, sus hábitats están siendo degradados de manera acelerada, sin contar con investigaciones sobre la calidad de sitio de estas especies, dificultando generar planes de recuperación de su hábitat. El objetivo de la investigación fue estimar la calidad de sitio de Cinchona pubescens Vahl., en el bosque montano La Palma, localizado en el distrito y provincia de Chota, región Cajamarca, Perú. Se establecieron tres parcelas circulares de 500 m2 (r =12,6 m), donde se midió la altura total y la circunferencia a la altura del pecho de los árboles. Se realizó el análisis de varianza para evaluar la existencia de clases de sitio. Se obtuvieron variables climáticas, fisiográficas y edáficas que fueron corre- lacionadas con la altura de los árboles, para explicar su relación; además se realizó un Análisis de Componentes Principales con el fin de explicar la variabilidad de los parámetros en estudio. Se determinó que no existe diferencia estadística entre las alturas medias de los árboles; por cuanto, todas las parcelas presentan similitud de calidad de sitio. Los factores edafoclimáticos no presentaron correlación con la altura. Sin embargo, el Análisis de Componentes Principales, evidenció que las variables edáficas influyen más que las climáticas y topográficas sobre la altura de Cinchona pubescens Vahl. Esta especie crece en suelos francos arenosos, con pH fuertemente ácido y concentraciones medias a altas de algunos elementos como materia orgánica, P, K y N.

Resumen Introducción. El fique, del género Furcraea que son utilizadas para la fabricación de fibras biodegradables. Su importancia industrial y social en países latinoamericanos es significativa y suele estar relacionada con economías familiares y campesinas. No obstante, para este grupo taxonómico, se desconoce la diversidad de las condiciones edáficas en los hábitats naturales o sitios de cultivo. Objetivo. Caracterizar fisicoquímicamente los suelos en los sistemas productivos y poblaciones naturales de fique, para determinar los aspectos y factores que representan mejor su variabilidad. Materiales y métodos. El trabajo se desarrolló entre los años 2013 y 2014, en 66 municipios y 108 veredas de 11 departamentos de Colombia. En los 121 sitios se registraron datos de pasaporte, que describen sus condiciones, incluida la georreferenciación. En cada localidad se tomaron muestras de suelo en los primeros 20 cm de profundidad y posteriormente se determinaron las siguientes variables: textura, pH, materia orgánica (OM), P, S, K, Mg, Ca, Al+H, CE, cationes de cambio Ca, Mg, K, Na, capacidad de intercambio cationico (CICE), Ca, Mg, K y Na. De acuerdo con la georreferenciación, se identificaron 52 zonas agroecológicas. Resultados. Se encontraron poblaciones ubicadas entre los 170 a 2993 m s.n.m. Los factores con mayor significancia fueron zona agroecológica y textura del suelo. Entre ellas, la textura fue el factor con mayor capacidad de formación de grupos y representó en 60,99 % de la variabilidad de los suelos muestreados. Las variables que más aportaron a la variabilidad de los suelos fueron (Ca+Mg) / K, Mg intercambiable, K / Mg, Ca intercambiable y CICE. Conclusión. Los resultados obtenidos para poblaciones silvestres y cultivadas indican que los diferentes taxones sobreviven en condiciones edáficas diversas características del trópico. Los iones intercambiables tuvieron alto poder discriminante que podría indicar diversidad a las diferentes condiciones y niveles de fertilidad de los suelos colombianos.

Abstract Introduction. The fique, “cabuya” or “mecate” are the common names given to the species of the genus Furcraea that are used for the manufacture of biodegradable fibers. Their industrial and social importance in Latin American countries is significant since it is usually related to family and peasant economies. However, for this taxonomic group, the diversity of edaphic conditions in natural habitats or cultivation sites is unknown. Objective. To physicochemically characterize the soils in the productive systems and natural populations of fique, to determine the aspects and factors that best represent their variability. Materials and methods. The work was developed between 2013 and 2014, in 66 municipalities and 108 villages in 11 departments of Colombia. Passport data was recorded at the 121 sites visited, describing site conditions, including georeferencing. In each locality, soil samples were taken in the first 20 cm of depth and subsequently the following variables were determined: texture, pH, organic matter (OM), P, S, K, Mg, Ca, Al+H, CE, cations of change Ca, Mg, K, Na, cationic exchange capacity (ECEC), Ca, Mg, K, and Na. According to georeferencing, 52 agroecological zones were identified. Results. Populations located between 170 to 2,993 m.a.s.l. were found. The most significant factors were agroecological zone and soil texture. Among them, texture was the factor with the greatest capacity for group formation and represented 60.99 % of the variability of the sampled soils. The variables that most contribute to the variability of the soils were (Ca + Mg) / K, exchangeable Mg, K / Mg, exchangeable Ca, and ECEC. Conclusion. The results obtained for wild and cultivated populations indicate that the different taxa survive in diverse tropical soil conditions. It was found that the exchangeable ions had high discriminating power that could indicate diversity to the different conditions and fertility levels of Colombian soils.

ABSTRACT For proper disease management, accurate diagnosis of the pathogen is essential. Therefore, in the present study Ralstonia solanacearum causing bacterial wilt of chili was characterized to determine the distribution of biovars of the bacterium in the eight agroecological zones with varying climatic conditions and edaphic factors. Among all the 114 isolates of R. solanacearum, 77% showed mucoid growth while 23% isolates gave non-mucoid growth. Similarly, the isolates with mucoid growth were found positive for hypersensitivity response (HR), while those with non-mucoid growth showed negative HR. All the isolates grew well at 37 °C, while none of the isolates produced its colony at 41 °C. All the 114 isolates of R. solanacearum showed positive responses for all the biochemical tests used for confirmation of the bacterium. Out of 114 R. solanacearum isolates, 81% were identified as Biovar III while the remaining 19% were recognized as Biovar IV. Biovar III constituted 37 and 70% in the provinces of Punjab and Sindh, respectively, while Biovar IV formed 19 and 30%. On the other hand, in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan, only Biovar III was recorded. Similarly, Biovar III was observed from all the eight agroecological zones of the four provinces of the country and found to be predominant. On the other hand, Biovar IV was recorded from four agroecological zones located in the provinces of Punjab and Sindh. All the isolates yielded a 750-bp band that corresponded to R. solanacearum. It is concluded that Biovar III is widely prevalent in the country warranting stringent control measures. management essential Therefore factors 11 R 77 23 nonmucoid non Similarly HR, HR , (HR) 3 C °C 4 81 70 Sindh respectively 1 30 30% hand Balochistan predominant 750bp bp 750 measures 7 2 (HR 8 75

Abstract The presence of monodominant vegetative formations almost exclusively composed of Acuri palm trees (Attalea phalerata) stands out in some regions of the Pantanal Sul-Mato-Grossense. These formations are generally associated with anthropic, edaphic and/or hydrological factors. However, little is known about the effect of allelopathy on the formation and maintenance of these areas. Herein, we investigated the chemical composition of A. phalerata aqueous leaf extract and the potential allelopathic effects on germination and growth of target L. sativa, L. esculentum and S. obtusifolia species. Thus, extracts at concentrations of 0, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, and 20% were used for germination and growth bioassays with a completely randomised design in a germination chamber and greenhouse. The results showed that the A. phalerata extracts negatively affected the germination speed index and mean germination time of the target species and positively affected seedling length under controlled conditions and were also stimulated in the greenhouse. Thus, the formation of Acurizals can be related to the presence of secondary metabolites in the leaves, in addition to other environmental factors. Attalea SulMatoGrossense. SulMatoGrossense Sul Mato Grossense. Grossense Sul-Mato-Grossense anthropic andor or factors However areas Herein A L sativa S Thus 0 25 2 5 2.5 10 15 20 greenhouse leaves 2. 1

Resumo No Pantanal Sul-Mato-Grossense se destaca, em determinadas regiões, a presença de formações vegetacionais monodominantes, compostas quase que exclusivamente por uma espécie de palmeira, o Acuri (Attalea phalerata). Normalmente estas formações estão associadas a fatores antrópicos, edáficos e/ou hidrológicos. Porém pouco se sabe sobre o efeito da alelopatia na formação e manutenção destas áreas. Desta maneira, objetivou-se estudar a composição química dos extratos aquosos das folhas de A. phalerata e seus possíveis efeitos alelopáticos na germinação e crescimento das espécies-alvo, alface, tomate e fedegoso. Para os bioensaios de germinação e crescimento, foram utilizados extratos nas concentrações de 0, 2,5, 5, 10, 15 e 20%, com delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em câmara de germinação e casa de vegetação. Os resultados demostraram que em condições controladas (câmara de germinação), os extratos de A. phalerata afetaram negativamente o índice de velocidade de germinação e o tempo médio de geminação das espécies-alvo e positivamente, o comprimento das plântulas, que também foram estimuladas em casa de vegetação, indicando a presença de fitormônios. Desta maneira, a formação de Acurizais pode estar relacionada à presença de metabolitos secundários nas folhas, além de outros fatores ambientais. SulMatoGrossense Sul Mato Grossense destaca regiões monodominantes palmeira Attalea phalerata. . phalerata) antrópicos eou ou hidrológicos áreas maneira objetivouse objetivou A espéciesalvo, espéciesalvo espécies alvo, alvo alface fedegoso 0 25 2 5 2,5 10 1 20 20% casualizado vegetação germinação, , germinação) positivamente plântulas fitormônios ambientais 2,

ABSTRACT Understanding the dynamics of endemic tree component species based on natural regeneration (NR) and adult trees (AT) is essential for formulating conservation strategies for protecting these species. The objective of the present study was to identify endemic species in a preserved area of secondary forest in the Atlantic Forest domain in Brazil and to evaluate their dynamics over 24 years. Based on inventories carried out from 1992 to 2016 of the NR (diameter at breast height - dbh ≤ 5 cm) and of the AT (dbh ≥ 5 cm) in ten sites with different characteristics (physiographic, edaphic, and successional), it was possible to, initially, identify 58 species classified as endemic to Brazil (EBR) and/or those exclusive to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest (EAF), among the 226 species in the entire survey. Subsequently, this classification was reassessed based on updated information on its occurrence, and only 38 of these species were maintained as endemic to Brazil and/or to the Atlantic Forest. Some species were recorded in the AT and NR strata, in different sites, throughout the study period, while others occurred in only one level (AT or NR), some with low abundance. Among these endemic species, eight are included in the endangered species lists, and 15 can be classified as rare, as there was only one individual in the survey. Considering the two arboreal strata it was observed that some species were abundant in the forest in all inventories and several sites, while others went throughout the study period with few individuals and, in some cases, disappeared due to mortality. These results contribute to understanding the factors that can affect the local abundance of endemic species over time, allowing the definition of conservation actions for protecting these vulnerable species, thus avoiding their extinction. (NR 2 years 199 201 diameter cm physiographic, physiographic (physiographic edaphic successional, successional , successional) initially EBR (EBR andor EAF, EAF (EAF) 22 survey Subsequently occurrence 3 NR, NR) lists 1 rare cases mortality time extinction 19 20 (EAF

RESUMO A compreensão da dinâmica das espécies endêmicas do componente arbóreo, com base na regeneração natural (RN) e nas árvores adultas (AA) é fundamental para a formulação de estratégias de conservação dessas espécies. O objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar as espécies endêmicas em uma área preservada de floresta secundária, no domínio da Mata Atlântica, no Brasil, e avaliar sua dinâmica ao longo de 24 anos. Com base em inventários realizados de 1992 a 2016 da RN (diâmetro à altura do peito - dap ≤ 5cm) e das AA (dap ≥ 5 cm), em dez locais com diferentes características (fisiográficas, edáficas e sucessionais), foi possível identificar 58 espécies classificadas como endêmicas do Brasil e/ou àquelas exclusivas da Mata Atlântica brasileira, dentre as 226 espécies de todo o levantamento. Posteriormente, essa classificação foi reavaliada a partir de informações atualizadas de sua ocorrência, sendo que apenas 38 dessas espécies permaneceram como endêmicas do Brasil e/ou da Mata Atlântica. Algumas espécies foram registradas na AA e na RN, em diversos locais, em todo o período do estudo, enquanto outras ocorreram em apenas um nível (AA ou RN), inclusive com baixa abundância. Dentre essas espécies endêmicas, oito estão incluídas em listas de espécies ameaçadas de extinção e 15 podem ser classificadas como raras (apresentaram apenas um indivíduo). Considerando os dois estratos arbóreos, foi observado que algumas espécies permaneceram na floresta em todos os inventários, enquanto outras ingressaram ao longo do período do estudo, com poucos indivíduos, inclusive com elevada mortalidade, deixando de ocorrer na área. Esses resultados contribuem para o entendimento dos fatores que podem afetar a abundância local de espécies endêmicas ao longo do tempo, permitindo a definição de ações de conservação para proteger essas espécies vulneráveis, evitando assim, a sua extinção. arbóreo (RN secundária 2 anos 199 201 diâmetro 5cm cm cm, , cm) fisiográficas, fisiográficas (fisiográficas sucessionais, sucessionais sucessionais) eou brasileira 22 levantamento Posteriormente ocorrência 3 RN) 1 apresentaram indivíduo. indivíduo . indivíduo) arbóreos indivíduos mortalidade tempo vulneráveis assim 19 20

Southern African mountain ranges are characterised by rich and diverse plant species thriving in different habitats with pronounced endemic species. However, globally, biodiversity at the species level is deteriorating rapidly because of environmental change leading to habitat degradation and fragmentation. Mountainous grassland communities are particularly vulnerable to rapid ecosystem changes because of their specialised niches and sensitivity to global warming. Understanding the determinants of vegetation is necessary for effective and efficient management. This study aimed to determine significant environmental drivers influencing plant species richness in mountainous mesic grasslands. Topographical variables (slope and elevation) were derived by using a 30 m resolution Digital Elevation Model. Soil variables such as bulk density, silt fragments, pH, coarse fragments, soil organic carbon, sand and nitrogen were acquired from the International Soil Conference and Information Centre (ISCI), and species richness and diversity were derived from vascular plant species inventory data compiled using a field survey. Species richness was influenced by soil bulk density, and the interaction between elevation and soil bulk density; higher species richness was associated with lower bulk density and higher elevations. Similarly, species composition changed as edaphic factors and elevation changed. CONSERVATION IMPLICATIONS: Species richness increased with soil bulk density, which decreased with elevation. Fire severity had little effect on species richness and diversity, which may indicate that management actions do not affect species. However, the impact of grazers still needs to be better understood at this time. Moreover, the strong positive relationship between species richness and diversity in this study shows that species richness can be used as a surrogate for diversity and conservation monitoring, especially in mesic highland grasslands

Abstract Environmental conditions influence several ecological and phenological processes of plant species, such as dispersal, seed bank in the soil, and germination. The objective of the present study was to analyze the relationship between the abundance of adult individuals and seedlings, seed rainfall, germination rate, and survival of Abies hickelii regarding environmental conditions in the Sierra Norte Oaxaca, Mexico. We conducted vegetation sampling, placed traps for seed rain, collected seed banks in the soil, and quantified germination and survival. At each site, we measured environmental conditions (climatic, edaphic, topographic, and light). It was recorded that at the highest altitude site (3150 m), A. hickelii had a higher density of adults and seedlings and a higher percentage of germination compared to the lower altitude sites. The abundance of adult individuals and seedlings of A. hickelii is related to canopy openness and maximum rainfall intensity. Seed production is related to total annual precipitation, while germination and survival were not associated with any of the environmental variables analyzed. This study considered different aspects of the A. hickelii life cycle and its relationship with the environmental conditions where it was established, which allowed us to determine the most significant environmental variables in each growth stage. The results represent relevant information for endemic and endangered species.

Resumen Las condiciones ambientales influyen en varios procesos ecológicos y fenológicos de las especies vegetales, como la dispersión, el banco de semillas en el suelo y la germinación. El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar la relación entre la abundancia de los individuos adultos y plántulas, la lluvia de semillas, la tasa de germinación y la supervivencia de Abies hickelii, con respecto a las condiciones ambientales en la Sierra Norte, Oaxaca, México. Se realizaron muestreos de vegetación, se colocaron trampas para la lluvia de semillas, se colectó el banco de semillas en el suelo y se cuantificó la germinación y su supervivencia. En cada sitio se midieron las condiciones ambientales (climáticas, edáficas, topográficas y lumínicas). Se registró que en el sitio de mayor altitud (3150 m), A. hickelii presentó mayor densidad de adultos y plántulas, y mayor porcentaje de germinación en comparación con los sitios de menor altitud. La abundancia de individuos adultos y plántulas de A. hickelii está relacionada con la apertura del dosel y la intensidad máxima de precipitación. La producción de semillas está relacionada con la precipitación total anual; mientras que la germinación y la supervivencia no se asociaron con ninguna de las variables ambientales analizadas. Este estudio consideró diferentes aspectos del ciclo de vida de A. hickelii y su relación con las condiciones del medio donde se establece, para conocer las variables ambientales más relevantes en cada etapa de su crecimiento. Esta información es relevante para especies endémicas y en peligro de extinción.

Resumen La escasez de información edafológica y cartografía tradicional ha desembocado en la búsqueda de nuevas técnicas que permitan solucionar esta problemática, de forma que se pueda obtener una cobertura completa y homogénea de la superficie. El objetivo principal de este trabajo es la elaboración de una cartografía de propiedades edáficas de interés como son materia orgánica, arena, limo y arcilla del suelo a través de la aplicación de la metodología Digital Soil Mapping en el área de Benavides de Órbigo (León). Para ello, se seleccionaron 75 muestreos de suelo ya existentes y distintas covariables ambientales relacionadas con los factores formadores del suelo. Con estas se llevó a cabo el análisis estadístico mediante la combinación de la regresión lineal múltiple y modelos lineales generalizados para obtener el mejor modelo de predicción para cada variable estudiada, además de los residuos generados por el modelo y la estimación del error. De todas las variables, el mejor valor de ajuste R2=0,55 y el error más bajo 2,145 se obtuvo con la materia orgánica, mientras que arena, limo y arcilla obtuvieron unos ajustes más limitados (0,368, 0,459 y 0,426, respectivamente). Por todo ello, se llegó a la conclusión de que, aunque el método es aplicable y útil, presenta todavía grandes limitaciones, por lo que es importante incidir en la búsqueda de soluciones que permitan obtener mejoras sustanciales en los resultados obtenidos.

Abstract The lack of soil information and soil maps has led into a search for new techniques to solve this problem, so that a complete and homogeneous coverage of the surface can be obtained. The main objective of this study is the mapping of edaphic properties of interest such as organic matter, sand, silt and clay through the application of the Digital Soil Mapping methodology in the area of Benavides de Órbigo (León). For this purpose, 75 existing soil sampling data and different environmental covariates related to soil-forming factors were selected. The statistical analysis was carried out through the combination of multiple linear regression and generalized linear models to obtain the best prediction model for each variable, in addition to the residuals generated by the model and the error estimation. Among all the variables, the best R2=0.55 fitting value and the lowest error 2.145 was obtained for organic matter; while sand, silt and clay reached more limited fitting values (0.368, 0.459 and 0.426, respectively). For this reason, it was concluded that, although the method is widely applicable and useful, it still has great limitations, so it is quite important to point out the search for solutions that allow to obtain considerable improvements in the results.

RESUMEN La fertilización foliar es una estrategia que permite complementar la nutrición de los cultivos cuando algún factor del suelo limita la absorción de nutrientes por la raíz. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la efectividad de momentos y fuentes de aplicación foliar de Ca, B y Zn en el rendimiento y rentabilidad del cacao nacional. Los tratamientos consistieron en tres fuentes foliares de Ca, B y Zn (sales, quelatos y aminoquelatos) y tres tiempos de aplicación foliar (06:00 - 08:00, 11:00 - 13:00 y 16:00 - 18:00 horas). Además, se incluyó un tratamiento control que solo recibió fertilización edáfica. Se registró el rendimiento de grano (kg ha-1) y beneficio económico neto de la fertilización foliar (USD ha-1). Los datos fueron analizados a través del ANOVA y la prueba de Tukey (α = 0,05). El rendimiento de grano fue influenciado significativamente (p < 0,05) por las fuentes foliares y los tiempos de aplicación foliar. Los aminoquelatos permitieron alcanzar el mayor rendimiento de grano, con un incremento de 198, 289 y 440 kg, con relación a los tratamientos con quelatos, sales y control, respectivamente. Las aplicaciones foliares en la mañana y tarde, mostraron mayor rendimiento de grano con relación a la aplicación del medio día, e incrementaron el rendimiento en un 20,46 y 20,06% con relación al tratamiento control. El mayor beneficio económico neto de la fertilización foliar se produjo con los aminoquelatos aplicados en horas de la mañana y tarde, con 442 y 418 USD ha-1, respectivamente. La aplicación foliar de aminoquelatos de Ca, B y Zn es una estrategia efectiva para incrementar rendimiento y rentabilidad del cacao nacional.

ABSTRACT Foliar fertilization is a strategy that allows complemented crop nutrition when soil factors limit the absorption of nutrients by the roots. The aim of the research was to evaluate the effectiveness of foliar application times and sources of Ca, B, and Zn in the yield and profitability of national cocoa. The treatments consisted of three foliar sources of Ca, B, and Zn (salts, chelates, and aminochelates) and three foliar application times (06:00 - 08:00, 11:00 - 13:00 and 16:00 - 18:00 hours). In addition, a control treatment that only received edaphic fertilization was included. Data were analyzed through ANOVA and Tukey's test (α = 0.05). Grain yield (kg ha-1) and net economic benefit of foliar fertilization (USD ha-1) were recorded. Grain yield was significantly (p < 0.05) influenced by foliar sources and foliar application times. The aminochelates allowed reaching the highest grain yield, with an increase of 198, 289, and 440 kg, in relation to the treatments with chelates, salts, and control, respectively. Foliar applications in the morning and afternoon showed higher grain yield in relation to the noon application, and increased yield by 20.46 and 20.06% in relation to the control treatment. The greatest net economic benefit of foliar fertilization occurred with aminochelates applied in the morning and afternoon, with 442 and 418 USD ha-1, respectively. The foliar application of aminochelates of Ca, B, and Zn is an effective strategy to increase yield and profitability of Ecuador’s national cocoa.

Resumen Introducción: La dinámica de las raíces finas incluye producción, rotación y descomposición; son cruciales para la salud de los bosques, afectan todo el complejo biogeoquímico del ecosistema y, en consecuencia, afectan sustancialmente el balance de carbono. Sin embargo, la influencia de los factores ambientales y la limitación de nutrientes del suelo en las raíces finas presenta incertidumbres considerables y no se ha estudiado en bosques tropicales con más de 7 000 mm de precipitación anual. Objetivo: Medir el efecto de la fertilización en las raíces finas en el bosque chocoano de alta precipitación. Métodos: Se trabajó en dos sitios de la región del Chocó, Colombia (agosto 2014-mayo 2015), donde las precipitaciones superan los 10 000 mm anuales. Se aplicaron cinco tratamientos de fertilización (N, P, K, NPK y Control) a dos parcelas por tipo de suelo. Los cilindros de suelo se retiraron a intervalos preestablecidos para medir las raíces. Resultados: Las aplicaciones de fósforo aumentaron las raíces finas; y se produjeron más raíces finas en suelos arenosos que en francos. Los efectos de la fertilización estuvieron relacionados, pero no claramente determinados por las condiciones edáficas. Conclusiones: En este bosque chocoano, la producción de raíces finas fue mayor en suelos arenosos y ricos en nutrientes, pero la productividad primaria neta subterránea estuvo limitada por el contenido de fósforo edáfico.

Abstract Introduction: Fine root dynamics include production, turnover and decomposition; they are crucial to forest health, affect the entire biogeochemical complex of the ecosystem, and consequently, they substantially affect carbon balance. However, the influence of environmental factors and soil nutrient limitation on fine roots presents considerable uncertainties and has not been studied in tropical forests with more than 7 000 mm annual rainfall. Objective: To measure the effect of fertilization on fine roots in the high precipitation Chocó forest. Methods: We worked in two sites of the Chocó region, Colombia (August 2014-May 2015), where rainfall exceeds 10 000 mm per year. We applied five fertilization treatments (N, P, K, NPK and Control) to two soil type plots. Soil cylinders were removed at pre-established intervals to measure roots. Results: Phosphorus applications increased fined roots; and more fine roots were produced in sandy than in loam soil. The effects of fertilization were related, but not clearly determined by edaphic conditions. Conclusions: In this Chocó forest, the production of fine roots was higher in sandy and nutrient-rich soils but belowground net primary productivity was limited by the content of edaphic Phosphorus.