RESUMEN La presente contribución tuvo como objetivo establecer las premisas para realizar la toma, conservación y envío de muestras para el diagnóstico parasitológico en aves; así como para la correcta interpretación de los resultados emitidos por el laboratorio. Los países tropicales reúnen las condiciones climáticas ideales para el desarrollo de los parásitos, sus formas de dispersión y hospederos intermediarios durante todo el año, por lo que las afectaciones parasitarias son muy frecuentes. Se han reportado pérdidas en la producción de carne y huevo cuando existen altas infestaciones de parásitos en las aves de producción. La base de cualquier programa de control lo constituye un acertado diagnóstico, pero a su vez, este último depende de la correcta toma y envío de muestras. Igualmente se necesita la correcta interpretación de los resultados del laboratorio por parte del personal veterinario de las granjas, de manera tal que puedan implementar las medidas efectivas para el control de las parasitosis. Esta situación se agrava al tener en cuenta el incremento acelerado de la resistencia antiparasitaria en los últimos años. Bajo estas condiciones es necesario comprender la importancia del control estratégico de parásitos y plagas, que no implica la erradicación de los mismos sino mantener pequeñas poblaciones que no ocasionen daños perceptibles en la salud y el comportamiento productivo de los animales mediante la utilización inteligente de los antiparasitarios. Estos resultados nos conducirán a obtener diagnósticos confiables, y proporciona elementos que permitirán el uso estratégico de los antiparasitarios disponibles.

ABSTRACT This study was aimed at establishing the guidelines for the collection, preservation and submission of samples for parasitological diagnosis in poultry, as well as for the correct interpretation of the results issued by the laboratory. Tropical countries have ideal climatic conditions for the development of parasites, their forms of dispersion and intermediate hosts throughout the year, thus parasite infestations are very frequent. Losses in meat and egg production have been reported when there are high parasite infestations in poultry production. The basis of any control program is an accurate diagnosis, but in turn, the latter depends on the correct collection and submission of samples. Likewise, the correct interpretation of the laboratory results by the veterinary personnel of the farms is also needed, in such a way that they can implement effective measures to control parasitosis. This situation becomes more serious when taking into account the accelerated increase of antiparasitic resistance in the last years. Under these conditions, it is necessary to understand the importance of strategic control of parasites and pests, which does not imply their eradication, but to maintain small populations that do not cause perceptible damage to the health and productive behavior of animals, through the intelligent use of antiparasitic agents. These results will lead us to obtain reliable diagnoses and provide elements that will allow the strategic use of the available antiparasitics agents.

RESUMO Este estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar a epidemiologia da presença de ácaros hematófagos em granjas de postura no estado de Minas Gerais. Foi utilizado um banco de dados secundário, com informações de 402 galpões de 42 propriedades comerciais. As variáveis utilizadas para compor o modelo de correspondência foram selecionadas por meio do teste qui-quadrado (P≤0,05). Foi construído um índice para a presença de ácaros hematófagos, considerando alguns fatores de risco. Além disso, um estudo da análise espacial foi realizado para avaliar a presença de ácaros hematófagos em Minas Gerais. Observou-se a presença de ácaros hematófagos em 48% dos galpões, sendo a de O. sylviarum de 45,5%, O. bursa de 17,4% e D. gallinae de 2,7%. Houve associação entre o índice de risco com os intervalos de remoção de fezes e com a presença ou a ausência de aves sinantrópicas. Verificou-se que granjas mais tecnificadas não utilizam acaricida em seus galpões. A presença de ácaros hematófagos foi observada na mesorregião Sul/Sudoeste de Minas Gerais e entre as mesorregiões Oeste de Minas e Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte. Esses resultados fornecem conhecimento sobre a epidemiologia desses ectoparasitos e podem contribuir na tomada de decisões, reduzindo os riscos de possíveis infestações em aves de postura.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to characterize the epidemiology of the presence of hematophagous mites in posture farms in the state of Minas Gerais. Was used a secondary database with information from 402 chicken houses in 42 commercial properties. The variables used to compose the correspondence model were selected through chi-square tests (P≤0.05). A risk index was built to the presence of hematophagous mites considering some risk factors. Additionally, a study of the spatial analysis was done to evaluate the presence of hematophagous mites in Minas Gerais. Was observed the presence of hematophagous mites in 48% of chicken houses, the presence of O. sylviarum was 45.5%, O. bursa 17.4% and D. gallinae 2.7%. There was an association between the risk index with the intervals for the removal of manure and the presence or absence of synanthropic birds. It was verified that more technified farms do not use acaricide in their chicken houses. The presence of hematophagous mites was observed in the Messoregions South/Southwest of Minas Gerais and between the West and Metropolitan Mesoregion of Belo Horizonte. These results provide knowledge about the epidemiology of these ectoparasites and may contribute to decision making by reducing the risks of possible infestations in poultry.

ABSTRACT Aspects related to epidemiology of flies belonging to Fannia genus were studied in order to determine predisposing factors for its occurrence in layer hens houses of commercial farms in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. An observational, analytical and sectional survey was conducted to verify major epidemiological aspects associated to infestations. This research was accomplished starting from an adapted secondary database of and structured with information on the presence and absence of ectoparasites and arthropods, characteristics of chicken houses, the poultry, type of facilities, geographical location and the management. The study was conducted in four hundred and thirty one houses located in forty three farms visited in 2012 year in the state of Minas Gerais. Ten farms (23.25%) and sixty eight houses (15,77%) were observed the presence diptera belonging to Fannia genus. The specie Fannia admirabilis was found in four farms (9,30%), Fannia albitarsis in two farms (4,65%) and only in one farm (2.32%) was observed the presence of Fannia canicularis. For three farms 6,98% was no possible to identify the species only Fannia genus. The epidemiological aspects for the occurrence of these flies were investigated using Poisson regression models. Characteristics such as farm, city of farm, presence of Histeridae beetles, type of facility (cage, on the floor with or without bedding) and the existence of mechanical removal of manure were associated with the occurrence of Fannia spp.

ABSTRACT Poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae is a cosmopolitan and hematophagous species commonly found in layer houses around the world. Poultry mite infestations may cause anemia, stress, low body weight and egg production, and mortality. Mite control is typically based on chemical products, but they are not effective and leave residues in eggs; therefore, alternative control methods, such as entomopathogenic fungi, need to researched. This study aimed at evaluating, in the laboratory, the activity of Brazilian isolates of entomopathogenic fungi against D. gallinae. The mites were collected from a commercial layer house and were sprayed with conidial suspensions (1 × 108 conidia/mL) of five isolates of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae. All tested isolates were pathogenic for the red mite, with confirmed mortality ranging from 22.9 to 52.4%. This demonstrate the potential of the tested entomopathogenic fungi isolates for mite control, and reinforces the need for further studies with other isolates, application strategies, and with fungal formulations.

Este estudo é uma contribuição ao inventário de plantas curativas e outros métodos endógenos usados no combate aos ectoparasitos de pássaros de currais nas aldeias de Djougou e Ouaké (departamento do Donga, em Benin). A pesquisa foi conduzida entre dezembro de 2010 e março de 2011, durante visitas e entrevistas com 210 criadores de aves. Os resultados indicam que 13 espécies de plantas curativas são utilizadas no combate aos ectoparasitos. Annona senegalensis, Tectona grandis, Securidaca longepedunculata,Indigofera hirsuta, Lophira lanceolata,Hyptis spicigera, Steganotaenia araliacea,Oxytenanthera abyssinica, Nicotiana tabacum, Jatropha curcas, Ficus exasperata, Azadirachta indica e Parkia biglobosa, são usadas para tratar uma doença parasitária externa na área de estudo. Annona senegalensis foi a planta mais frequentemente usada (18%, p < 0.05) como medicação contra os parasitas externos das aves. Outras receitas tradicionais como o óleo de palma e a cinza tem sido comunicadas.

This study is a contribution to the inventory of medicinal plants and other methods used in controlling external parasitic diseases of backyard poultry in the localities of Djougou and Ouaké (department of Donga, Benin). It consists of a survey undertaken from December 2010 to March 2011 through visits and interviews with 210 poultry famers. The results indicate that 13 species of medicinal plants are used in controlling ectoparasites.Annona senegalensis, Tectona grandis,Securidaca longepedunculata, Indigofera hirsuta, Lophira lanceolata, Hyptis spicigera, Steganotaenia araliacea,Oxytenanthera abyssinica, Nicotiana tabacum, Jatropha curcas, Ficus exasperata, Azadirachta indica and Parkia biglobosa are believed to treat external parasitic diseases in the area of this study. Annona senegalensis was the most frequently cited plant (18%, p < 0.05) used in remedies against external parasites in poultry. Other traditional recipes such as palm oil and ash have been reported.