ABSTRACT Introduced fish can threaten aquatic biodiversity. Peru is a megadiverse country; its northern coast (Tumbes, Piura, Lambayeque, and La Libertad) exhibits greater fish diversity than its central and southern regions. In this area, introduced species exist; however, no research has been found that consolidates data on them. The aim of this research was to prepare a systematic review of introduced and potentially invasive fish in the northern coast of Peru. Following the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) from 2020, 2,665 documents were obtained from Scopus, WoS, ScienceDirect, SciELO, PubMed, and Google Scholar. After removing duplicate documents and applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, six documents were selected. Eight additional documents were obtained from other sources. A total of 12 introduced species were reported: common carp (Cyprinus carpio), gambusia (Gambusia affinis), guppy (Poecilia reticulata), swordtail (Xiphophorus hellerii), tilapia (Coptodon rendalli), blue tilapia (Oreochromis aureus), Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus), Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), wami tilapia (Oreochromis urolepis), cobia (Rachycentron canadum), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), and hypostomus (Hypostomus sp.). Of these, five species were cichlids and three were poeciliids; eleven species were found in freshwater, five in mangroves, and two in the sea. Tumbes recorded the highest number of waterbodies with introduced species, Piura recorded the highest number of species (eight), while Lambayeque reported only one species in a waterbody. Seven species (common carp, gambusia, guppy, tilapias - blue, Mozambique, and Nile - and rainbow trout) have a high invasive potential, as they are among the 100 worst invasive species in Europe or worldwide. The evaluated documents have only reported the presence of introduced species without delving into their impact on ecosystems; therefore, further research in this direction would be advisable.

RESUMEN Los peces introducidos pueden amenazar a la biodiversidad acuática. Perú es un país megadiverso; su costa norte (Tumbes, Piura, Lambayeque y La Libertad) presenta una mayor diversidad íctica que su centro y sur. En esta región existen especies introducidas; pero, no se ha encontrado una investigación que consolide los datos sobre las mismas. La investigación tuvo como objetivo preparar una revisión sistemática sobre peces introducidos y potencialmente invasores en la costa norte peruana. Siguiendo las pautas de Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) del 2020, se obtuvieron 2665 documentos de Scopus, WoS, ScienceDirect, SciELO, Pubmed y Google Académico, Tras eliminar documentos duplicados y aplicar los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, se seleccionaron seis documentos. Se añadieron ocho documentos obtenidos de otras fuentes. Se reportaron 12 especies introducidas: carpa (Cyprinus carpio), gambusia (Gambusia affinis), guppy (Poecilia reticulata), pez cola de espada (Xiphophorus hellerii), mojarra (Coptodon rendalli), tilapia azul (Oreochromis aureus), tilapia mosámbica (Oreochromis mossambicus), tilapia nilótica (Oreochromis niloticus), wami tilapia (Oreochromis urolepis), cobia (Rachycentron canadum), trucha arcoíris (Oncorhynchus mykiss) y carachama (Hypostomus sp.). De estas, cinco especies fueron cíclidos y tres poecílidos; once especies se encontraron en agua dulce, cinco en manglares y dos en el mar. Tumbes registró el mayor número de cuerpos de agua con especies introducidas, Piura registró la mayor cantidad de especies (ocho), mientras que en Lambayeque se reportó solo una especie en un cuerpo de agua. Siete especies: carpa, gambusia, guppy, tilapias (azul, mosámbica y nilótica) y trucha arcoíris tienen alto potencial invasor, pues se encuentran entre las 100 peores especies invasoras de Europa o del mundo. Los documentos evaluados solo han reportado la presencia de especies introducidas, sin profundizar en el impacto que han tenido en los ecosistemas; por lo que, sería recomendable realizar investigaciones en esa dirección.

Abstract The critical importance of wetland ecosystems is highlighted, as they provide essential services such as regulating the hydrological cycle, flood control, and filtering pollutants. Globally, 64 % of wetlands have been lost since 1970, with Asia being the most affected region. Agricultural expansion, urban development, and aquaculture are some of the main drivers of the degradation of these ecosystems, particularly mangroves, which play a key role in climate change mitigation. In Costa Rica, wetlands under inventory represent 6.01 % of the national territory, and although the country has made progress in their protection, with 49 % of wetlands falling under some category of protected wild area, challenges remain, such as agricultural expansion, livestock farming, and sedimentation. At the international level, the Ramsar Convention has been key to wetland conservation efforts, with over 2.57 million km2 protected. However, additional efforts are needed to mitigate the threats to these ecosystems, especially in the context of climate change.

Resumen Se resalta la importancia crítica de los ecosistemas de humedales, que proporcionan servicios esenciales, como la regulación del ciclo hidrológico, el control de inundaciones y la filtración de contaminantes. En el nivel global, se ha perdido un 64 % de los humedales desde 1970, con Asia siendo la región más afectada. La expansión agrícola, el desarrollo urbano y la acuicultura son algunas de las principales causas de la degradación de estos ecosistemas, especialmente de los manglares, que cumplen una función clave en la mitigación del cambio climático. En Costa Rica, los humedales bajo inventario representan el 6.01 % del territorio nacional, y aunque el país ha avanzado en su protección, con el 49 % de los humedales bajo alguna categoría de área silvestre protegida, persisten desafíos, como la expansión agrícola, la ganadería y la sedimentación. En el plano mundial, la Convención Ramsar ha sido clave en los esfuerzos de conservación de humedales, con más de 2.57 millones km2 protegidos. Sin embargo, se necesitan esfuerzos adicionales para mitigar las amenazas a estos ecosistemas, especialmente en el contexto del cambio climático.

RESUMEN Este estudio examina cómo cambian las emociones de futuros maestros hacia los contenidos científicos (seres vivos y ecosistemas) al participar en una intervención indagatoria en la construcción de hoteles en un Parque Natural de España. La muestra incluyó alumnos del Grado de Maestro en Educación Primaria de la Universidad de Huelva matriculados en una asignatura de didáctica de las ciencias. Se utilizó un cuestionario tipo Likert para medir la intensidad de catorce emociones en tres momentos: antes, durante y después de la intervención. También se realizaron entrevistas, observaciones y narrativas para identificar las causas del cambio. Los resultados indicaron un aumento significativo en emociones positivas, especialmente la satisfacción, y una disminución en emociones negativas, como el aburrimiento. Este cambio se atribuye a la naturaleza biológica de los temas y su integración en el Conocimiento Didáctico del Contenido. Se recomienda incorporar la educación emocional en la formación inicial de maestros para promover la autorregulación y el aprendizaje emocional.

RESUMO Este estudo examina como mudam as emoções de futuros professores em relação aos conteúdos científicos (seres vivos e ecossistemas) ao participar de uma intervenção investigativa na construção de hotéis em um Parque Natural da Espanha. A amostra incluiu alunos do curso de Licenciatura em Educação Primária da Universidade de Huelva, inscritos em uma disciplina de didática das ciências. Utilizou-se um questionário tipo Likert para medir a intensidade de quatorze emoções em três momentos: antes, durante e depois da intervenção. Também foram realizadas entrevistas, observações e narrativas para identificar as causas da mudança. Os resultados indicaram um aumento significativo nas emoções positivas, especialmente a satisfação, e uma diminuição nas emoções negativas, como o tédio. Essa mudança é atribuída à natureza biológica dos temas e sua integração no Conhecimento Didático do Conteúdo. Recomenda-se incorporar a educação emocional na formação inicial de professores para promover a autorregulação e a aprendizagem emocional.

ABSTRACT This study examines how the emotions of future teachers towards scientific content (living beings and ecosystems) change when participating in an inquiry-based intervention focused on building hotels in a Natural Park in Spain. The sample included students from the Primary Education Teaching Degree at the University of Huelva, participating in a science didactics course. A Likert-type questionnaire was used to measure the intensity of fourteen emotions at three moments: before, during, and after the intervention. Additionally, interviews, observations, and narratives were conducted to identify the causes that justify the change. The results show that positive emotions recorded the highest intensities at all three moments. There was an increase in all positive emotions, with satisfaction being particularly significant. All negative emotions decreased, especially boredom. Moreover, the change is attributed to the biological nature of the topics and their integration into Pedagogical Content Knowledge. Initial training should incorporate emotional education into a professional knowledge model that includes self-regulation strategies to facilitate emotional maturity and learning.

Abstract Wetlands worldwide face increasing challenges due to human activities such as water extraction, deforestation, and overfishing. These ecosystems are crucial for biodiversity, water retention, and purification. In Ecuador, the “Abras de Mantequilla” wetland exemplifies these pressures. It serves as a vital site for studying the interactions between soil fertility and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in forest ecosystems. The study focused on the soil fertility, particularly in relation to AMF in "Noah Morán" secondary forest within the Abras de Mantequilla wetland. The key role of AMF in improving soil fertility was highlighted. Soil samples were collected from the root zone of four forest tree species i.e., Guazuma ulmifolia, Albizia guachapele, Eugenia pustulescens, Cecropia peltate. The four investigated soil samples had marginal differences in the soil physicochemical properties. Number of AMF species were found in the four soils in the range of 16 to 39; Number of por Several AMF lowest por the lowest (16) and highest (39) AMF species were found in E. pustulescens and A. guachapele soils, respectively. AMF species ‘Akent’ was the most dominant (abundance #16) AMF species found in the soils of C. peltate. The ranges of Shannon_H and Simpson_1-D values were found to be 1.78-1.9 and 0.79-0.85, respectively. These insights are important to understanding soil-plant-microorganism interactions in promoting sustainable agricultural practices in the Abras de Mantequilla wetland.

Free-living amoebas (FLA) are ubiquitous protists found in the environment. They have shown exceptional resistance to environmental challenges and play significant roles in controlling microbial populations through their predatory behaviour and microbicidal activity in both soil and aquatic ecosystems environments. However, although rare, a limited group of FLA can cause serious infections in the central nervous system and other diseases, particularly in immunocompromised individuals with high mortality rates. They can also cause keratitis in otherwise healthy individuals. This review offers a comprehensive overview of freshwater naked amoebae but does not cover all aspects in detail. Its goal is to provide a historical context for our current understanding while addressing the most critical elements of FLA biology, their pathogenic potential, and their interactions with important human pathogens.

Resumo: Objetivo Buscamos entender como as amebas testáceas se espalham em novos locais, avaliando seu potencial de dispersão pelo vento e por animais em ecossistemas de água doce. Métodos Realizamos um experimento de campo durante 33 dias entre julho e agosto de 2018. O estudo incluiu quatro abordagens diferentes: (i) um grupo controle exposto exclusivamente ao vento, (ii) a adição de propágulos dispersos por Odonata (insetos aquáticos), (iii) a adição de propágulos dispersos por anfíbios, e (iv) a adição combinada de propágulos de ambos os animais. Resultados Detectamos um total de 13 espécies de amebas testáceas. Em termos de riqueza de espécies, observamos um aumento constante ao longo do período experimental. Em termos de abundância, observou-se uma tendência semelhante, com diferenças no tratamento de todos os vectores combinados, quando comparados os tratamentos com somente vento, e da combinação do vento com os vetores de forma isolada, indicando uma possível colonização progressiva destes organismos no novo ambiente aquático. Relativamente à composição das amebas testadas, não foram detectadas diferenças significativas entre tratamentos dentro de cada período ou entre os diferentes tratamentos ao longo da experiência. Conclusões Nossos resultados demonstram a importância dos vetores animais no transporte de cistos de amebas testáceas.

Abstract: Aim We aimed to understand how testaceous amoebae spread in new sites, assessing their dispersal potential by wind and animals in freshwater ecosystems. Methods We conducted a field experiment over 33 days between July and August 2018. The study included four different approaches: (i) a control group exposed exclusively to wind, (ii) the addition of propagules dispersed by Odonata (aquatic insects), (iii) the addition of propagules dispersed by amphibians, and (iv) the combined addition of propagules of both animals. Results We detected a total of 13 species of testate amoebae. Regarding species richness, we observed a steady increase throughout the experimental period. In terms of abundance, a similar trend was observed, with differences in the treatment of all vectors combinated, when comparing the treatments with only wind, and the combination of wind and vectors alone, indicating a possible progressive colonization of these organisms in the new aquatic environment. Regarding the composition of testate amoebae, we did not detect significant differences between treatments within each period or between different treatments throughout the experiment. Conclusions Our results demonstrate the importance of animal vectors in the transport of testate amoebae cysts.

The selective separation of precious metals from complex aqueous solutions is important in protecting the environment, aquatic ecosystems, water resources and recycling resources. In this study, cysteine-containing polymeric nanoparticles were synthesized using the molecular imprinting (MIP) technique with the mini-emulsion polymerization method. The basis of the polymer design is inspired by affinity of silver to cysteine in biological systems. The synthesized silver ion imprinted (Ag+-IIP) poly(hydroxyethylmethacrylate-N -methacryloyl-L-cysteine) poly(HEMA-MAC) nanoparticles were characterized by elemental analysis, zeta sizer, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The effects of pH, ionic strength and interaction time on adsorption of Ag+ ions were investigated. In experimental studies, the highest adsorption amount (196.9 mg g1 nanoparticle) was reached in a short period of 40 min at pH 5.0 and 150 mg L-1 concentration. Selectivity studies of synthesized Ag+-IIP nanoparticles against silver (Ag+) ions were carried out in the presence of lithium (Li+), barium (Ba2+), mercury (Hg2+) and cadmium (Cd2+) ions. Experimental results indicate that nanoparticles adsorb Ag+ ions with high selectivity. Ag+-IIP nanoparticles have 3.7, 3.1, 2.4, and 2.6 times more selective or higher affinity for Ag+ ions compared to Li+, Ba2+, Hg2+ and Cd2+ ions, respectively, compared to Ag+-non-imprinted (NIP) nanoparticles. environment ecosystems study cysteinecontaining containing MIP (MIP miniemulsion mini emulsion method systems Ag+IIP AgIIP IIP Ag (Ag+-IIP polyhydroxyethylmethacrylateN poly hydroxyethylmethacrylate N methacryloylLcysteine methacryloyl L -methacryloyl-L-cysteine polyHEMAMAC HEMA MAC poly(HEMA-MAC analysis sizer FTIR (FTIR spectroscopy AFM, AFM , (AFM) SEM. SEM . (SEM) investigated 196.9 1969 196 9 (196. g nanoparticle 4 50 5 0 5. 15 L1 1 L- concentration (Ag+ Li Li+ (Li+) Ba2 Ba Ba2+ (Ba2+) Hg2 Hg (Hg2+ Cd2 Cd (Cd2+ selectivity 37 3 7 3.7 31 3.1 24 2 2.4 26 6 2. respectively Ag+nonimprinted Agnonimprinted non NIP (NIP (AFM (SEM 196. 19 (196 (Ag (Li+ (Ba2+ (Hg2 (Cd2 3. nonimprinted (19 (Li (Ba2 (Hg (Cd (1 (Ba (

The antifouling booster biocides are frequently studied for toxic effects on the aquatic ecosystems. The present investigation proposes passive silicone rubber samplers as a collection method for biocides, once these methods can concentrate substances in aqueous matrices at very low levels. Through the passive sampler-water partition coefficient (Ksw) and the analyte chemical nature, we can optimize their extraction from the membrane to apply in the sample medium. We used the co-solvent method to determine the Ksw of three third-generation antifouling biocides, chlorothalonil, dichlofluanid, and dichlorooctylisothiazolinone (DCOIT), with log Ksw = 2.24, 4.01, and 2.38, respectively. Improving extraction also led to a recovery range higher than 70%, determinations were carried out by gas chromatography with an electron capture detector. Biocides concentration in seawater samples from Itaqui port (São Marcos Bay, northern Brazil) ranged from 0.058 to 0.72 µg L-1 for chlorothalonil, 0.001 to 0.008 µg L-1 for dichlofluanid, and 0.018 to 0.64 µg L-1 for DCOIT. ecosystems levels samplerwater sampler water (Ksw nature medium cosolvent co solvent thirdgeneration third generation chlorothalonil dichlofluanid DCOIT, DCOIT , (DCOIT) 224 2 24 2.24 401 4 01 4.01 238 38 2.38 respectively 70 70% detector São Bay Brazil 0058 0 058 0.05 072 72 0.7 L1 L 1 L- 0001 001 0.00 0008 008 0018 018 0.01 064 64 0.6 (DCOIT 22 2.2 40 4.0 23 3 2.3 7 005 05 0.0 07 0. 000 00 06 6 2. 4.

RESUMO: Entender aspectos da germinação de sementes de espécies nativas do Cerrado pode auxiliar na escolha de espécies a serem utilizadas na restauração de ecossistemas degradados. Portanto, o estudo teve como objetivo verificar o efeito de cápsulas biodegradáveis na germinação de sementes de três espécies arbóreas típicas de fisionomias florestais do Cerrado (Enterolobium contortisiliquum, Anadenanthera colubrina e Dipteryx alata). O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, com dois tratamentos: semeadura no interior de cápsulas biodegradáveis e semeadura direta na superfície do substrato. Duas sementes de cada espécie foram utilizadas por tratamento, as quais foram acomodadas em sacos plásticos com substrato arenoso oriundo da classe Neossolo Quartzarênico. Para cada tratamento, foram utilizados cinco blocos (repetições), com 20 sacos plásticos cada. A casa de vegetação teve condições controladas de temperatura e umidade relativa. Dentro das cápsulas, os resultados mostraram que as sementes de baru, angico-branco e tamboril apresentaram germinação de 97%, 42% e 12%, respectivamente. Por outro lado, na semeadura direta, a germinação foi de 15% para baru, 21% para angico-branco e 8% para tamboril. Os resultados indicam que o uso de cápsulas biodegradáveis favorece a germinação das espécies do Cerrado estudadas. Assim, tanto a utilização das cápsulas quanto as espécies elencadas são recomendadas em projetos de restauração ecológica. RESUMO degradados Portanto Enterolobium contortisiliquum alata. alata . alata) tratamentos tratamento Quartzarênico repetições, repetições , (repetições) 2 relativa baru angicobranco angico branco 97 97% 42 12 12% respectivamente lado 15 21 8 estudadas Assim ecológica (repetições 9 4 1

ABSTRACT: A good grasp of the different facets of seed germination of the plant species native to the Cerrado will facilitate the selection of species that can be used to restore degraded ecosystems. Hence, the objective of the current study was to confirm the ways biodegradable capsules affect the germination of the seeds of three tree species typical of the physiognomies of the Cerrado forest (Enterolobium contortisiliquum, Anadenanthera colubrina and Dipteryx alata). The experiments, conducted in a greenhouse, included two treatments: seeding performed inside biodegradable capsules and direct seeding on the substrate surface. Two seeds from each of the species were sown in plastic bags containing the Quartzarenic Neosol class of substrates. Using five replicates for each treatment resulted in 20 plastic bags for each. The greenhouse conditions included controlled temperature and relative humidity. Inside the capsules, the findings revealed that the baru, angico-branco and tamboril seeds germinated at the rates of 97%, 42%, and 12%, respectively. However, during direct seeding, germination rates for baru, angico-branco and tamboril were 15%, 21% and 8%. From the findings, it is evident that when biodegradable capsules are used, the germination of all three Cerrado species investigated is favoured. Thus, both capsules and the cited species can be recommended for projects of ecological restoration. ABSTRACT ecosystems Hence Enterolobium contortisiliquum alata. alata . alata) experiments treatments surface substrates 2 humidity baru angicobranco angico branco 97 97% 42 42% 12 12% respectively However 15 15% 21 8 8% favoured Thus restoration 9 4 1

Phosphate species can affect aquatic ecosystems, as excess of this nutrient can cause eutrophication, generating environmental impacts. Lamellar double hydroxides have shown promise in removing phosphate at low concentrations (10-50 mg L 1). In this context, lamellar double hydroxides were synthesized interspersed with nitrates and humic substances, searching for a new product that favors phosphorus adsorption. X-ray diffraction showed the presence of characteristic peaks of lamellar double hydroxides and thermogravimetric analysis showed the decomposition behavior of lamellar structure. The adsorption capacity occurred quickly (< 30 min), being more efficient for lamellar double hydroxides with NO3. The maximum adsorption capacity showed results of 35.03 and 44.20 mg g 1 for lamellar double hydroxides with humic substances and lamellar double hydroxides with NO3, respectively. The complexation capacity showed that pH directly influences complexation, being greater for lamellar double hydroxides with humic substances at pH 6.5. Thus, nanostructured materials with humic substances are promising for use in contaminant remediation and adsorption can be a fast and efficient technique for use in soil and water. ecosystems eutrophication impacts 1050 10 50 (10-5 1. . 1) context Xray X ray structure < ( 3 min, min , min) NO3 NO 3503 35 03 35.0 4420 44 20 44.2 respectively 65 6 5 6.5 Thus water 105 (10- 350 0 35. 442 4 2 44. 6. (10 (1

RESUMO A Matéria Orgânica do Solo, é um dos mais importantes indicadores da qualidade e sustentabilidade dos ecossistemas nativos e cultivados, pois influencia os atributos químicos e físicos do solo, como a capacidade de troca catiônica, a agregação, a retenção de água e o fornecimento de nutrientes para as plantas. Este estudo teve por objetivo, avaliar os atributos físicos e a distribuição do carbono orgânico nos agregados de solos sob diferentes manejos. Foram coletadas amostras de solo deformadas e indeformadas nas camadas de 0-0,1 m; 0,1-0,2 m e 0,2-0,3 m, em manejos de produção conservacionistas (sequeiro e irrigado) e manejo de produção não conservacionista (sequeiro). Avaliou-se os atributos químicos, granulométricos, a densidade do solo e os teores de carbono orgânico nos macro e microagregados para os três manejos. Para os manejos de produção conservacionistas, além dessas análises, realizou-se a determinação do diâmetro médio ponderado, do diâmetro médio geométrico, do índice de estabilidade de agregados e da porosidade total do solo. Os dados foram analisados por meio dos testes Kruskal -Wallis e teste t, devido à ausência de delineamento experimental, e por parte dos dados, não atenderem o teste de Normalidade (ShapiroWilk). A densidade e a porosidade total do solo não diferiram nos manejos conservacionistas (sequeiro e irrigado). O manejo conservacionista irrigado teve agregados com maiores diâmetros médios ponderado e geométrico, e maior índice de estabilidade de agregados. Os manejos conservacionistas (sequeiro e irrigado) tiveram maiores teores de carbono orgânico nos macros e microagregados. Solo cultivados catiônica agregação plantas objetivo 00,1 001 0 0,1 1 0-0, 0,10,2 0102 0,2 2 0,1-0, 0,20,3 0203 0,3 3 0,2-0, sequeiro sequeiro. . (sequeiro) Avaliouse Avaliou se granulométricos análises realizouse realizou geométrico Wallis t experimental ShapiroWilk. ShapiroWilk (ShapiroWilk) irrigado. 00 00, 01 0, 0-0 10 0,10, 010 02 0,1-0 20 0,20, 020 03 0,2-0 (ShapiroWilk 0- 0,10 0,1- 0,20 0,2-

ABSTRACT Soil organic matter is one of the most important indicators of the quality and sustainability of native and cultivated ecosystems, as it influences the chemical and physical properties of the soil, such as cation exchange capacity, aggregation, water retention, and supply of nutrients to plants. This study evaluated the physical properties and distribution of organic carbon in soil aggregates under different management practices. Disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were collected in the 0.0-0.1 m, 0.1-0.2 m, and 0.2-0.3 m layers under conservationist (rainfed and irrigated) and conventional (rainfed) management. The chemical properties and particle size, soil density, and organic carbon content in macro and microaggregates were assessed for the three management types. For conservationist management, in addition to these analyses, the weighted mean diameter, geometric mean diameter, aggregate stability index, and total soil porosity were determined. The data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test and the t-test, as there was no experimental design, and some of the data did not meet the normality test (Shapiro-Wilk). Soil density and total porosity did not differ for conservationist management (rainfed and irrigated). The irrigated conservationist management exhibited aggregates with larger weighted and geometric mean diameters and a higher aggregate stability index. Conservationist management (rainfed and irrigated) showed higher organic carbon contents in macro and microaggregates. ecosystems capacity aggregation retention plants practices 0.00.1 0001 0.0 0.1 0 1 0.0-0. 0.10.2 0102 0.2 2 0.1-0. 0.20.3 0203 0.3 3 0.2-0. rainfed size types analyses diameter index determined KruskalWallis Kruskal Wallis ttest, ttest t test, t-test design ShapiroWilk. ShapiroWilk Shapiro Wilk . (Shapiro-Wilk) irrigated. 00 0.00. 000 0. 01 0.0-0 10 0.10. 010 02 0.1-0 20 0.20. 020 03 0.2-0 (Shapiro-Wilk 0.00 0.0- 0.10 0.1- 0.20 0.2-

RESUMO Nas últimas duas décadas, a conservação costeira passou de métodos tradicionais de engenharia para soluções mais abrangentes e baseadas na natureza, marcando uma era crucial na proteção costeira de 2000 a 2023. Esta revisão aprofunda-se na evolução das tecnologias de proteção costeira por meio de uma análise de 99 artigos selecionados a partir de extensas pesquisas em bases de dados, cobrindo o período até dezembro de 2023. Destaca as tecnologias significativas relacionadas ao envolvimento dos interessados, aos desafios futuros e às tendências emergentes na defesa costeira. As percepções obtidas sublinham a importância dos esforços colaborativos entre os interessados para melhorar as práticas de proteção costeira, fomentando uma economia costeira sustentável. Em última análise, uma defesa costeira eficaz é crucial não só para a segurança imediata das comunidades costeiras, mas também para a saúde duradoura dos ecossistemas e economias costeiras. décadas natureza 200 2023 aprofundase aprofunda se 9 dados sustentável costeiras 20 202 2

RESUMEN En las últimas dos décadas, la conservación costera ha pasado de métodos tradicionales de ingeniería a soluciones más integrales y basadas en la naturaleza, marcando una era crucial en la protección costera desde 2000 hasta 2023. Esta revisión profundiza en la evolución de las tecnologías de protección costera a través del análisis de 99 artículos seleccionados de extensas búsquedas en bases de datos, cubriendo el período hasta diciembre de 2023. Destaca las tecnologías significativas relacionadas con la participación de los interesados, los desafíos futuros y las tendencias emergentes en la defensa costera. Las percepciones obtenidas subrayan la importancia de los esfuerzos colaborativos entre los interesados para mejorar las prácticas de protección costera, fomentando una economía costera sostenible. En última instancia, una defensa costera efectiva es crucial no solo para la seguridad inmediata de las comunidades costeras, sino también para la salud a largo plazo de los ecosistemas y economías costeras. décadas naturaleza 200 2023 9 datos sostenible instancia costeras 20 202 2

ABSTRACT Over the last two decades, coastal conservation has transitioned from traditional engineering methods to more comprehensive, nature-based solutions, marking a pivotal era in coastal protection from 2000 to 2023. This literature review delves into the evolution of coastal protection technologies by analyzing 99 articles selected from extensive database searches covering the period up to December 2023. It highlights the significant technologies linked to stakeholder involvement, forthcoming challenges, and emerging trends in coastal defense. The insights gained underscore the importance of collaborative efforts among stakeholders to enhance coastal protection practices, fostering a sustainable coastal economy. Ultimately, effective coastal defense is crucial for the immediate safety of coastal communities and the enduring health of coastal ecosystems and economies. decades comprehensive naturebased nature based solutions 200 2023 9 involvement challenges practices economy Ultimately economies 20 202 2

The widespread use of parabens has led to their accumulation in aquatic environments. This study examined the effects of methylparaben on rainbow trout, dividing 96 fish into control and treatment groups (1 mg/L, 5 mg/L, and 8 mg/L). Results showed dose-dependent weight loss, altered hepatosomatic indices, increased serum urea, uric acid, and Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and decreased Glutathione Peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity. Histopathological analysis revealed liver and kidney abnormalities in treated groups, including hepatocyte degeneration, proliferation in the bile duct, glomerular atrophy, reduced haematopoietic tissue, increased melanomacrophage centres, necrosis and fibrosis. CONTRIBUTION: These findings highlight methylparaben's toxic effects, emphasising the need for stricter regulations and further research to safeguard aquatic ecosystems and understand its impact on aquatic organisms.

ORIENTATION: Conserving ecosystems including a culture that respects life in water and on land, aligned to the sustainable development goals (SDGs), could prevent future pandemics and natural hazards, but this cannot be achieved without establishments such as environmental non-profit organisations (NPOs) that operate across business and government sectors servicing the environment and vulnerable communities. Environmental NPOs could promote green Human Resource Management practices boosting scalable actions to achieve the SDGs. RESEARCH PURPOSE: The objective of this article is to explore the contemporary role and practices of Human Resources Management (HRM) within the NPO realm and the possible alignment and underwriting of the SDGs. MOTIVATION FOR THE STUDY: Non-profit organisations can be found to work across most, if not all, of the 17 United Nations' SDGs. The HRM function plays a significant role in contributing towards society's progress in achieving the SDGs with its focus on people management. RESEARCH APPROACH/DESIGN AND METHOD: This qualitative study applied an interpretivist philosophy with an inductive research approach, a case study strategy and multiple data collection techniques. Eleven cases were studied and limited to environmental South African NPOs selected purposively. MAIN FINDINGS: Developing sustainable practices within the realm of HRM could augment non-profit organisational resilience by accentuating their work within the SDGs framework. PRACTICAL/MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS: With a long-term view to sustainable HRM, including a view to greening HRM practices, practitioners can support their organisations with the achievement of the SDG targets. CONTRIBUTION/VALUE-ADD: This study contributed to the academic literature on organisational resilience and could assist policymakers in the understudied South African NPO sector with HRM practices and alignment to the SDGs.

SIGNIFICANCE: Recent description of the oldest recorded brittle stars (ophiuroids) from the southern hemisphere revealed two distinct taxa of early Pragian age (approximately 410 million years old). Whereas one of the brittle stars belonged to a species previously described from younger strata, the others represent an unusually spiny taxon formerly unknown to science. Recovered from the 'upper member' of the Baviaanskloof Formation (the uppermost unit of the Table Mountain Group), they offer insights into the earliest recorded phase of the endemic Malvinoxhosan Realm, deposited in polar regions of the ancient supercontinent of Gondwana, and better known from the overlying Bokkeveld Group.