Resumen Antecedentes: Los mapas de bosques perturbados son útiles para identificar afectaciones sobre la biodiversidad y los servicios ecosistémicos. Los métodos que emplean únicamente datos espectrales para detectar las perturbaciones a nivel regional tienen limitaciones. El conocimiento de expertos y el análisis de fragmentación puede mejorar la estimación. Preguntas: ¿Cuál es la distribución de los bosques perturbados en una región de alta biodiversidad? ¿Qué tipos de vegetación y regiones son las más afectadas? Descripción de los datos: imágenes satelitales SPOT 2015, Sentinel-2 de 2019. Se colectó información de la vegetación en 653 sitios. Además, se usaron datos de herbario, censos agrícolas y del Inventario Nacional Forestal. Lugar y fecha del estudio: Estado de Chiapas, durante 2018-2022. Métodos: Se elaboró un mapa híbrido de los tipos de vegetación enfatizando la identificación de bosques secundarios, también se realizó un análisis de fragmentación y se calculó la biomasa leñosa por tipo de bosque. Resultados: El 40 % de la superficie del Estado mantiene una cobertura arbórea; pero solo en el 18 % no se aprecia perturbación; la mayor parte de los bosques no perturbados se encuentran en tres regiones: Selva Lacandona, Sierra Madre y Planicie del Golfo. En general la biomasa de los bosques perturbados es significativamente menor que la de su contraparte madura. Conclusiones: En Chiapas la distribución de los bosques en buen estado de conservación está restringida; casi la mitad de ellos se encuentran fuera de las ANP, por lo que es imperativo promover estrategias adicionales para su manejo y conservación.

Abstract Background: Maps of disturbed forests help to identify impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services. Methods using only spectral data to detect disturbance at the regional level have limitations, but expert knowledge and fragmentation analysis can improve estimation. Questions: What is the distribution of disturbed forests in a region of high biodiversity, and which vegetation types and regions are most affected? Data description: SPOT 2015, Sentinel-2 satellite imagery from 2019. Vegetation data were collected at 653 sites. In addition, herbarium, agricultural census, and National Forest Inventory data were used. Study site and dates: Chiapas State, during 2018-2022. Methods: We elaborated a hybrid map of vegetation types, emphasizing identifying secondary forests. Also, we carried out a fragmentation analysis and calculated the woody biomass per forest type. Results: 40 % of the State still maintains tree cover, but only 18 % is undisturbed; most undisturbed forests are in three regions: Selva Lacandona, Sierra Madre, and Gulf Plain. Overall, the biomass of disturbed forests is significantly lower than that of their mature counterparts. Conclusions: In Chiapas, the distribution of forests with good conservation status is restricted; almost half of them are outside NPAs, so it is imperative to promote additional strategies for their conservation and management.

Abstract (Introduction): Floodplain vegetation plays an important role in providing ecosystem services such as carbon capture and cycle regulation; hence, the need arises to assess its condition. (Objective): To analyze the vegetation structure of the “complejo cenagoso de Zapatosa” (CCZ), propose the Floodplain Vegetation Quality Index (FVQI), and evaluate vegetation quality. (Methodology): Rectangular plots of 500 m2 in 12 sampling sites were defined; richness, composition, and structure analysis were conducted. The FVQI, a modification of the River Vegetation Quality Index (QBR), is proposed, and CCZ vegetation quality is calculated using the proposed index. (Results): 48 species were found; most are native, and two are endemic. Of these, 32 are categorized as Least Concern (LC). The proposed FVQI evaluates the naturalness of continental wetland vegetation formations, vertical stratification, longitudinal connectivity, presence of native species, and anthropogenic alterations affecting the ecosystem; 66 % of the evaluated sites showed good vegetation quality, with slight transformation. (Conclusions): An assessment of floodplain vegetation in lentic ecosystems was conducted using the FVQI index. This index, along with structural analysis, provided information on the current state of vegetation and the degree of naturalness of vegetation formations. This study offers a more comprehensive view of ecosystem health and quality, crucial for their conservation and proper management.

Resumen (Introducción): La vegetación inundable desempeña un papel importante en la provisión de servicios ecosistémicos como la captura de carbono y la regulación de su ciclo; por esto surge la necesidad de evaluar su estado. (Objetivo): Analizar la estructura de la vegetación del complejo cenagoso de Zapatosa (CCZ), proponer el índice de calidad de la vegetación inundable (ICVI) y evaluar la calidad de la vegetación. (Metodología): Se definieron parcelas rectangulares de 500 m2 en 12 sitios de muestreo y se realizó el análisis de riqueza, composición y estructura. Se propone el ICVI, una modificación del índice de calidad de vegetación de ribera (QBR) y se calcula la calidad de la vegetación del CCZ con el índice propuesto. (Resultados): Se encontraron 48 especies; la mayoría nativas y 2 endémicas. De estas, 32 se categorizan en preocupación menor (LC). El ICVI evalúa la naturalidad de las formaciones vegetales de humedales continentales, la estratificación vertical, conectividad longitudinal, presencia de especies autóctonas y las alteraciones antrópicas que afectan el ecosistema. El 66 % de los sitios presentaron una calidad buena, con una ligera transformación. (Conclusiones): Se llevó a cabo una evaluación del estado de la vegetación inundable en ecosistemas lénticos utilizando el índice ICVI, que, junto con el análisis estructural, permitió obtener información sobre el estado actual de la vegetación y el grado de naturalidad de las formaciones vegetales. Este estudio proporciona una visión más completa de la salud y la calidad de los ecosistemas, lo que es fundamental para su conservación y manejo adecuado.

Abstract Sapajus nigritus (Primates: Cebidae) is endemic of the Atlantic Forest, occurring from the Southeastern and Southern regions of Brazil to Northeastern Argentina. This species plays a role in two ecosystem services: seed dispersal through endozoochory and insect population control in agricultural plantations and forest environments. Fruits and invertebrates represent approximately 90% of their diet, and there is a large number of insects in the diet of S. nigritus in urban and conserved areas. However, it is known that insect diversity decreases in anthropized environments. Our objective was to identify the insects present in the fecal samples of S. nigritus from five Conservation Units in Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. We aim to estimate the percentage of each taxon of insects found in feces either, hypothesizing that there are a greater variety of insect species in the diet of S. nigritus that inhabit preserved forested areas. A fecal screening was conducted using a light microscopy and the insects were identified based on their external morphology. Insect fragments were found in eight out of ten fecal samples of S. nigritus, revealing that they belonged to insects from five orders: Hymenoptera, Hemiptera, Orthoptera, Coleoptera and Blattodea, suggesting a good conservation status of the sampling areas. Primates (Primates Cebidae Forest Argentina services environments 90 S areas However state either morphology orders Hymenoptera Hemiptera Orthoptera Blattodea 9

Abstract Biological invasions are one of the major threats to biodiversity and good quality of life, resulting from the translocation of species by human action. There are more than 500 alien species currently invading ecosystems in Brazil, particularly plants and fishes, while little is known about invasive microorganisms. Although invasive alien species are present in all ecosystems in the country, most have been recorded in habitats with greater human interference, such as urban and peri-urban areas, farmland, dams, reservoirs, ports, and canals. Historically, the southern and southeastern regions of Brazil have had more invasive alien species, but there has been an increase in the number of invasive alien species in the central-western and northern regions in recent decades. The ornamental trade of plants and fishes as well as the illegal pet trade of wild mammals and reptiles are some of the main pathways for invasive species introduction and spread in Brazil. Breeding and cultivation systems that allow escape to natural areas are a relevant route of species introductions in freshwater ecosystems, while unintentional introductions from shipping and infrastructure are of extreme concern in marine ecosystems. The negative impacts of invasive alien species on the biota mainly include changes in community structure and local decrease in native species richness, mediated by predation, competition, and ecosystem changes. Most negative impacts are recorded for intentionally introduced species, such as fishes and plants, but unintentional introductions have led to impacts on good quality of life, with associated costs and impacts on human health. The management of biological invasions faces challenges that need to be overcome, such as the lack of public knowledge about the impact of invasive alien species, the popular appeal of charismatic invasive species or those used by humans, and the use of controversial control techniques. However, successful experiences of eradication and control in terrestrial and marine ecosystems have been recorded, some of them involving public engagement in management actions. Recognizing the issue as a cross-cutting public policy and developing ongoing governance experiences are fundamental goals for the management of invasive alien species in Brazil. life action 50 microorganisms country interference periurban peri farmland dams reservoirs ports canals Historically centralwestern central western decades richness predation competition health overcome humans techniques However actions crosscutting cross cutting 5

Resumo Invasões biológicas são uma das maiores ameaças à biodiversidade e à boa qualidade de vida, ocorrendo a partir da translocação de espécies por ação humana. Existem mais de 500 espécies exóticas invadindo ecossistemas atualmente no Brasil, com destaque para plantas e peixes. Pouco se sabe sobre microrganismos invasores. Apesar de existirem espécies exóticas invasoras em todos os ecossistemas no país, a maior parte dos registros foi feita em hábitats com maior interferência humana, como áreas urbanas, periurbanas, terras cultivadas, represas, reservatórios, portos e canais. Historicamente, as regiões sul e sudeste do Brasil apresentam mais espécies exóticas invasoras, mas nas últimas décadas se tem observado um aumento no número de espécies exóticas invasoras nas regiões centro-oeste e norte. O comércio de plantas e peixes ornamentais, assim como o comércio ilegal de mamíferos e répteis silvestres como animais de estimação são algumas das principais vias de introdução e disseminação de espécies exóticas invasoras no Brasil. Sistemas de criação e cultivo que possibilitam o escape para áreas naturais são uma relevante via de introdução em ecossistemas de águas continentais, enquanto introduções não intencionais a partir de navegação e de infraestrutura são de extrema preocupação em ecossistemas marinhos. Os impactos negativos de espécies exóticas invasoras sobre a biota incluem principalmente alterações na estrutura de comunidades e diminuição local da riqueza de espécies nativas, mediados por predação, competição e modificações ecossistêmicas. A maior parte dos impactos negativos registrados ocorreram para espécies introduzidas intencionalmente, como peixes e plantas, mas introduções não intencionais têm levado a impactos na boa qualidade de vida, com custos associados e impactos sobre a saúde humana. A gestão de invasões biológicas esbarra em desafios a serem superados, tais como a falta de conhecimento do público sobre o impacto de espécies exóticas invasoras, o apelo popular de espécies invasoras carismáticas ou utilizadas por humanos e o emprego de técnicas controversas de controle. Entretanto, experiências bem-sucedidas de erradicação e controle em ecossistemas terrestres e marinhos têm sido registrados, alguns deles envolvendo engajamento público nas ações de manejo. Reconhecer o tema como uma política pública transversal e desenvolver experiências continuadas de governança são metas fundamentais para a gestão e o manejo de espécies exóticas invasoras no Brasil. vida humana 50 invasores país urbanas periurbanas cultivadas represas reservatórios canais Historicamente centrooeste centro oeste norte ornamentais continentais nativas predação ecossistêmicas intencionalmente superados Entretanto bemsucedidas bem sucedidas 5

Resumo Na sequência do estudo “Observatório Escolar: Monitorização e Ação | Saúde Psicológica e Bem-estar” (Matos et al., 2022), foi aplicado um questionário a 60 Agrupamentos de Escolas/Escolas não Agrupadas que se voluntariaram, com o objetivo de conhecer a sua realidade, e tendo como finalidade identificar, antecipar, alertar e recomendar ações necessárias a curto, médio e longo prazo. No total foram obtidas 83 respostas, por parte dos diretores ou subdiretores escolares, coordenadores de educação para a saúde, psicólogos e outros membros do ecossistema escolar. Constatou-se que os diversos atores envolvidos convergem globalmente. Consideram a importância atribuída à saúde psicológica como superior ao conhecimento, às preocupações e às ações desenvolvidas, independentemente da sua função no ecossistema escolar. Em relação à saúde psicológica e bem-estar, num extremo, os psicólogos são percebidos como os agentes que lhes atribuem maior importância, que possuem mais conhecimentos, que têm mais preocupações e que desenvolvem mais ações na área. Noutro extremo, os alunos e os encarregados de educação são percebidos como os grupos que lhes atribuem menor importância, que possuem menos conhecimentos, que têm menos preocupações e que desenvolvem menos ações na área. Salienta-se a necessidade de se promover formações viradas para a ação transformadora, recomenda-se uma ação concertada entre as instituições de ensino e os serviços de saúde, bem como uma maior articulação entre os Agrupamentos de Escolas e Escolas não agrupadas, na partilha de boas práticas.

Abstract Following the study “School Observatory: Monitoring and Action | Psychological Health and Well-being” (Matos et al., 2022), a questionnaire was applied to 60 voluntary Schools or School Groups, with the aim of understanding their reality, and identifying, anticipating, alerting and recommending short, medium and long term actions. In total, 83 responses were obtained from school directors or deputy directors, health education coordinators, psychologists and other members of the school ecosystem. It was found that the different actors involved converge globally. They considered the importance attributed to psychological health to be greater than the knowledge possessed, the concerns taken and the actions taken, regardless of their role in the school ecosystem. In relation to psychological health and well-being, at one extreme, psychologists are perceived as the agents who attach greater importance, who have more knowledge, who have more concerns and who develop more actions in the area. At the other extreme, students and parents or guardians are perceived as the groups that attach less importance, that have less knowledge, that have fewer concerns and that carry out fewer actions in the area. The need to promote teachers’ training focused on transformative actions is highlighted and recommended the relevance to align action between educational institutions and health services is highlighted, as well as greater coordination between Schools or School Groups (Agrupamentos), in sharing good practices.

Resumo Objetivo da Investigação: O objetivo principal é identificar e classificar os Serviços de Ecossistema (SE) oferecidos nos principais geossítios e atrativos geoturísticos da Serra da Freita, localizada no território do Arouca Geopark. Como objetivos secundários, a investigação visa destacar, principalmente, a relação e interligação entre os SE dos elementos da geodiversidade (abióticos) e os elementos da biodiversidade (bióticos) presentes nos sítios avaliados. Metodologia: A área de estudo centra-se na Serra da Freita, parte de grande relevância ambiental no Arouca Geopark. Recorreu-se à classificação CICES (Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services), que categoriza os SE em SE de provisão (SEP), SE de regulação (SER) e SE culturais (SEC). Para cada geossítio ou atrativo avaliado em campo foram identificados os potenciais SE, bem como a infraestrutura de apoio ao visitante. Resultados: Os SEC foram os mais presentes. Os geossítios da Frecha da Mizarela, Marmitas de Gigante do Caima e Praia Fluvial de Albergaria da Serra foram os locais com maior oferta de SE, nos quais foram identificados, tanto na componente biótica (biodiversidade) quanto na abiótica (geodiversidade), SEC (beleza cénica, lazer e recreação), SEP (fornecimento de água, alimento e energia eólica) e SER (controlo de erosão, qualidade do ar e da água). O complexo das Pedras Parideiras, um fenómeno geológico raro no mundo, é responsável pelo maior número de visitas na Serra da Freita, sendo classificado como um SEC educativo. Originalidade/Valor: A discussao sobre os SE em territórios de geoparques, principalmente associando as componentes bióticas e abióticas, ainda carecem de atençao por parte da comunidade acadêmica. Espera-se que este estudo promova a divulgação dos SE oferecidos nos territórios dos geoparques, visando uma maior valorização, reconhecimento e proteção destas áreas, reforçando o papel destes territórios na manutenção da geodiversidade e da biodiversidade, bem como na promoção da saúde e do bem-estar humano.

Abstract Research Purpose: The main objective is to identify and classify the Ecosystem Services (ES) offered in the main geosites and geotouristic attractions of Serra da Freita, located in the territory of the Arouca Geopark. As secondary objectives, the investigation aims to highlight, mainly, the relationship and interconnection between the ES of geodiversity elements (abiotic) and the biodiversity elements (biotic) present in the evaluated sites. Methodology: The study area focuses on Serra da Freita, a part of great environmental relevance in the Arouca Geopark. The CICES (Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services) classification was used, which categorizes ES into provision (PES), regulation ES (RES) and cultural (CES). For each geosite or attraction evaluated in the field, the potential ES were identified, as well as the existing visitor support infrastructure at the site. Findings: The CES were the most present. The geosites of Frecha da Mizarela, Marmitas de Gigante do Caima and Praia Fluvial de Albergaria da Serra were the places with the highest ES offers, in which CES (scenic beauty, leisure and recreation), provisioning PES (water supply, genetic bank) and regulations RES (erosion control processes and water quality). The Pedras Parideiras complex, a rare geological phenomenon in the world, is responsible for the largest number of visits in Serra da Freita, being classified as a CES. Originality/Value: The discussion about ES in geopark territories, mainly associating biotic and abiotic components, still lacks attention from the academic community. It is expected that this study will promote the dissemination of ES offered in geopark territories, aiming at greater appreciation, recognition and protection of these areas, reinforcing the role of these territories in maintaining geodiversity and biodiversity, as well as promoting health and good -being human.

RESUMEN Se ha podido analizar el uso artesanal arraigado de distintas especies de lianas en el Paisaje Protegido Cerro Kavajú, Departamento de Cordillera, Paraguay por parte de mujeres artesanas de las comunidades aledañas; siendo estos usos caracterizados como servicios ecosistémicos. El objetivo de la investigación fue relevar y describir los servicios ecosistémicos de provisión y culturales con énfasis en su importancia para las comunidades locales en el paisaje protegido. La metodología utilizada combinó trabajo de campo, entrevistas a las artesanas que utilizan lianas para la elaboración de cestería típica del sitio y artículos artesanales decorativos, análisis de la biodiversidad y relevamiento florístico de las especies utilizadas, sistematización socioeconómica de los usos y productos y el contraste con la literatura existente. Los principales resultados señalaron que existen tres especies de lianas de mayor utilidad como materia prima en la elaboración de artesanías, siendo éste el principal servicio ecosistémico de provisión. Se destaca además que existe disponibilidad satisfactoria de esta materia prima, debido a las buenas prácticas de extracción cotejadas a nivel del sitio. Por otro lado, los servicios ecosistémicos culturales están representados por una identidad local asociada a la producción artesanal, familiar y generacional de la cestería y otros artículos que poseen demanda local estable, por su valor estético, artístico y natural. La cestería ha permitido el sustento familiar a través de la contribución económica que generan. Dicho esto, se resalta el valor intrínseco y ecosistémico de las lianas que constituyen la materia prima de elaboración de productos artesanales en un entorno de conservación y uso sostenible de los recursos naturales en Paraguay.

ABSTRACT It has been possible to analyze the ingrained artisanal use of different species of lianas in the Paisaje Protegido Cerro Kavajú, Departamento de Cordillera, Paraguay, by artisan women from the surrounding communities; these uses are characterized as ecosystem services. The objective of the research was to describe the provisioning and cultural ecosystem services with an emphasis on their importance to local communities in the protected landscape. The methodology used combined fieldwork, interviews with the artisans who use lianas for the elaboration of typical basketry of the place and decorative handmade articles, biodiversity analysis and floristic survey of the species used, socioeconomic systematization of the uses and products and the contrast with the existing literature. The main results indicated that there are three species of lianas that are most useful as raw materials in the elaboration of handicrafts, this being the main ecosystem service of provision. It is also highlighted that there is satisfactory availability of this raw material, due to the good extraction practices collated at the place level. On the other hand, cultural ecosystem services are represented by a local identity associated with the artisanal, family and generational production of basketry and other articles with stable local demand, due to their aesthetic, artistic and natural value. Basket weaving has allowed family sustenance through the economic contribution they generate. The intrinsic and ecosystem value of the lianas that constitute the raw material for the elaboration of artisan products in an environment of conservation and sustainable use of natural resources in Paraguay is highlighted.

Resumen En Esparza, Costa Rica, se evaluó la percepción de los productores ganaderos, sobre la importancia de los servicios ecosistémicos en el quehacer de la actividad pecuaria. Se realizaron 30 entrevistas semiestructuradas y un taller con grupos focales se realizó con la finalidad de recopilar información acerca de la importancia de los servicios ecosistémicos para la producción ganadera. Se encontró que los productores tienen conocimiento de la importancia de los sistemas silvopastoriles para la provisión de servicios ecosistémicos como la provisión de alimento durante la época seca, sombra para el ganado, producción de madera y frutos, la conservación de biodiversidad y el secuestro de carbono. No obstante, para la adopción de los sistemas silvopastoriles los productores aprecian que tiene dos limitantes: a) el acceso al crédito, el cual reduce la capacidad de invertir en las buenas prácticas ganaderas de la finca. b) La baja frecuencia de capacitaciones y asesoría técnica, las cuales influyeron sobre el conocimiento del productor, requeridas para establecer y mantener las buenas prácticas ganaderas. Los productores conocen de los beneficios, limitantes y prácticas necesarias para mejorar la producción ganadera local, sin embargo, demandan apoyo gubernamental para mejorar la adopción de sistemas silvopastoriles y buenas prácticas ganaderas para mejorar la rentabilidad y provisión de servicios ecosistémicos en la región.

Abstract In Esparza, Costa Rica, the perception of livestock producers on the importance of ecosystem services in livestock production was evaluated. Thirty semi-structured interviews were conducted, and a focus group workshop was held to gather information about the importance of ecosystem services for livestock production. It was found that farmers are knowledgeable about the importance of silvopastoral systems for the ecosystem services supply, such as the provision of food during the dry season, livestock shade, timber and fruit production, biodiversity conservation and carbon sequestration. However, for the adoption of silvopastoral systems, farmers see two limitations: a) access to credit, which reduces the capacity to invest in good livestock practices on the farm; b) the low frequency of training and technical advice, which influenced the knowledge of the farmer, required to establish, and maintain good livestock practices. The producers are aware of the benefits, limitations and practices needed to improve local livestock production; however, they demand government support to improve the adoption of silvopastoral systems and good livestock practices to improve profitability and the provision of ecosystem services in the region.

Resumo Os ecossistemas estão sob pressão, especialmente devido às alterações climáticas, que reduzem a sua capacidade de fornecer serviços relacionados com a água, tais como fornecimento de água e controle da erosão do solo. O objetivo deste estudo, realizado na bacia hidrográfica do rio Homem (Noroeste de Portugal), foi avaliar como as alterações climáticas futuras podem influenciar a provisão destes serviços. A Ferramenta de Avaliação de Solo e Água (SWAT), um modelo hidrológico, foi calibrado e validado para as condições locais da bacia hidrográfica (caudal e volumes mensais do reservatório). As projeções climáticas (2020-2050) foram forçadas no SWAT, com base em quatro modelos climáticos regionais e dois cenários de alterações climáticas (RCP4,5 e RCP8,5). Os resultados confirmam que o modelo SWAT tem um bom desempenho na quantificação de caudal e volume de água no reservatório após calibração e validação. As mudanças climáticas poderão afetar o fornecimento de água reduzindo a sua quantidade na bacia em 7% sob o cenário RCP8,5 até 2050, quando comparado com o histórico (1970-2000). Haverá menos água no rio na primavera, verão e outono e mais água no inverno. O volume do reservatório poderá diminuir consideravelmente e reduzir o potencial de produção de energia hidroelétrica, principalmente no verão. A exportação de sedimentos irá aumentar, especialmente no cenário RCP8,5. Esses resultados são de elevada relevância para a elaboração de estratégias de adaptação para reduzir os impactos das alterações climáticas na provisão de serviços dos ecossistemas relacionados com a água, tendo em conta soluções baseadas na natureza, particularmente a nível local para apoiar estratégias de gestão sustentável de bacias hidrográficas.

Abstract Ecosystems are under pressure, especially due to climate change, which reduces among others, the ability of ecosystems to provide water-related ecosystem services such as water supply and soil erosion control. The aim of this study, carried out in the Homem River basin (Northwest Portugal), was to assess how future climate alterations may influence the provision of these ecosystem services. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), a hydrological model, was calibrated and validated for local watershed conditions (river discharge and monthly reservoir volumes). Future climate projections (2020-2050) were forced into SWAT, based on four regional climate models and two climate change scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). The results confirm that the SWAT model has a good performance in quantifying river discharge and reservoir water volume after calibration and validation. Climate change may affect water supply by reducing annual water yield in the basin by 7% under RCP8.5 scenario by 2050, when compared to the historical period (1970-2000). There will be less water in the river in spring, summer and autumn and more water during winter. The reservoir water volume should decrease considerably, therefore reducing the potential of hydropower production, especially during summer. The sediment exportation would increase, especially under RCP8.5 scenario. These results are of high relevance for building adaptation strategies to reduce the impacts of climate change on water ecosystem services provision, taking into account nature-based solutions, particularly at the local level to support sustainable river basin management strategies.

Resumen Los ecosistemas están bajo presión, especialmente debido al cambio climático, mismo que reduce entre otras, la capacidad de los ecosistemas para proporcionar servicios ecosistémicos relacionados con el agua, como el suministro de agua y el control de la erosión del suelo. El objetivo de este estudio, realizado en la cuenca del río Homem (noroeste de Portugal), fue evaluar cómo el clima futuro puede influir en la prestación de estos servicios. La herramienta de evaluación de suelos y aguas (SWAT), un modelo hidrológico, fue calibrado y validado para las condiciones de la cuenca hidrográfica local (caudal y volúmenes mensuales del reservorio). Las proyecciones climáticas futuras (2020-2050) fueron corridas en el SWAT, basadas en cuatro modelos climáticos regionales y dos escenarios de cambio climático (RCP4,5 y RCP8,5). Los resultados confirman que el modelo SWAT, luego de calibrado y validado, tiene un buen desempeño en la cuantificación del caudal y volumen de agua del reservorio. El cambio climático podría afectar el suministro de agua al reducir su cantidad en la cuenca en un 7%, en el escenario RCP8,5 para el 2050, en comparación con el histórico (1970-2000). Habrá menos agua en el río en primavera, verano y otoño y más agua en invierno. El volumen del embalse podría disminuir considerablemente, por lo tanto, reducir el potencial de producción de energía hidroeléctrica, principalmente en el verano. La exportación de sedimentos podría aumentar, especialmente en el escenario RCP8,5. Estos resultados son de gran relevancia para la construcción de estrategias de adaptación para reducir los impactos del cambio climático en la provisión de servicios ecosistémicos del agua, teniendo en cuenta las soluciones basadas en la naturaleza, particularmente a nivel local para apoyar las estrategias de gestión de cuencas hidrográficas.

Résumé Les écosystèmes sont sous pression, notamment en raison du changement climatique, qui réduit, entre autres, la capacité des écosystèmes à fournir des services liés à l’eau tels que l’approvisionnement en eau et le contrôle de l’érosion des sols. L’objectif de cette étude, réalisée dans le bassin hydrographique du Homem (nord-ouest du Portugal), était d’évaluer comment le climat futur pourrait influencer la provision de ces services. L’outil d’évaluation du Sol e de l’Eau (SWAT), un modèle hydrologique, a été calibré et validé pour les conditions locales du bassin versant (débit de la rivière et volumes mensuels du réservoir). Les projections climatiques futures (2020-2050) ont été forcées dans le SWAT, sur la base de quatre modèles climatiques régionaux et de deux scénarios de changement climatique (RCP4,5 et RCP8,5). Les résultats confirment que le modèle SWAT a de bonnes performances pour quantifier le débit de la rivière et le volume d’eau du réservoir après étalonnage et validation. Le changement climatique peut affecter l’approvisionnement en eau en réduisant l’apport en eau dans le bassin de 7% selon le scénario RCP8,5 d’ici 2050, par rapport à la période historique (1970-2000). Il y aura moins d’eau dans la rivière au printemps, en été et en automne et plus d’eau en hiver. Le volume d’eau du réservoir pourra diminuer considérablement et réduire le potentiel de production hydroélectrique, surtout en été. L’exportation de sédiments augmentera, en particulier dans le scénario RCP8,5. Ces résultats sont d’une grande pertinence pour l’élaboration de stratégies d’adaptation visant à réduire les impacts du changement climatique, en tenant compte des solutions fondées sur la nature, en particulier au niveau local pour soutenir les stratégies de gestion durable des bassins hydrographiques.

Abstract Objective: to assess the food provision and water regulation services in the Jequetepeque river basin in order to propose ecosystem services retribution mechanisms to complement the Good Governance Platform MERESE Jequetepeque Basin technical actions, which are promoted by the MERESE-FIDA Project. Methodology: surveys and interviews to drinking water users from Chepén and Pacanguilla (payers), Jequetepeque Irrigation Users Board, and community groups located in the upper watershed (contributors). Results: Jequetepeque Valley’s food supply service value reaches 590 612 000.00 soles per year. Hydrological service value reaches 197 000 000.00 soles annually, based on the payer’s disposition to pay. Reaches 3 670 000.00 soles based on the contributors’ willingness to accept. Value: it is relevant to determine these amounts for the project management and economic resources. Limitations: this valuation carries out position confrontation between payers and contributors in order to establish acceptable amounts for both. Conclusions: the analyzed amounts for payment are insufficient to finance the position that has the greater contributor’s support.

Resumen Objetivo: valorar los servicios de provisión de alimentos y de regulación hídrica de la cuenca del río Jequetepeque para proponer mecanismos de retribución por servicios ecosistémicos que complementen las acciones técnicas de la Plataforma de Buena Gobernanza MERESE Cuenca Jequetepeque, impulsada por el Proyecto MERESE-FIDA. Metodología: encuestas y entrevistas a los usuarios de agua potable de Chepén y Pacanguilla (retribuyentes), a los miembros de la Junta de Usuarios de Riego Jequetepeque y a grupos comunales ubicados en la cuenca alta (contribuyentes). Resultados: el valor del servicio de provisión de alimentos del valle Jequetepeque asciende a 590 612 000.00 soles; el valor del servicio hidrológico alcanza la suma de 197 000.00 soles anuales, basada en la disposición a pagar de los retribuyentes, y a la cantidad de 3 670 000.00 soles, basada en la disposición a aceptar de los contribuyentes. Valor: determinar estas cantidades es importante para la gestión de proyectos y recursos económicos. Limitaciones: la valoración requiere la confrontación de posturas entre contribuyentes y retribuyentes con el fin de establecer montos aceptables para ambos. Conclusiones: los montos de retribución que se analizaron son insuficientes para financiar la postura que tiene el mayor respaldo de los contribuyentes.

RESUMEN El presente artículo expone los resultados del proyecto orientado a la construcción de un ecosistema digital, para la consolidación y unificación de la información sobre los procesos y servicios formativos de la Dirección Nacional de Escuelas (DINAE) de la Policía Nacional de Colombia. El objetivo fue definir la estructura pertinente para la elaboración y desarrollo de este entorno, a partir de un diagnóstico con estudiantes, profesores, directivos y padres de familia como potenciales usuarios de los medios tecnológicos de las escuelas. En los resultados se encontró que el diseño del ecosistema renovó la gestión tecnológica de la institución, así como los procesos operacionales y la administración del servicio al cliente interno. De igual manera, se logró la convergencia de ocho componentes alojados en el portal educativo, permitiendo una mejor integración y articulación dentro del apoyo académico ofrecido. A partir de ahí, las tecnologías surgen como un soporte para las buenas prácticas de información, participación, colaboración, búsqueda y construcción de canales de comunicación más eficaces.

ABSTRACT This article presents the results of the project aimed at the construction of a digital ecosystem, for the consolidation and unification of information on the training processes and services of the National Directorate of Schools (DINAE) of the National Police of Colombia. The objective was to define the pertinent structure for the elaboration and development of this environment, based on a diagnosis of the students, teachers, directives and parents, as potential users of the technological means of the schools. The results found that the ecosystem design renewed the institution's technological management, as well as the operational processes, and internal customer service administration. Similarly, it achieved the convergence of eight components housed in the educational portal, allowing a better integration and articulation within the academic support offered. From there, technologies emerge as a support for good practices in information, participation, collaboration, search, and construction of more effective communication channels.

RESUMO Este artigo apresenta os resultados de um projeto voltado para a construção de um ecossistema digital, para a consolidação e unificação da informação sobre os processos e serviços de treinamento da Direção Nacional de Escolas (DINAE) da Polícia Nacional da Colômbia. O objetivo foi definir a estrutura pertinente para a elaboração e desenvolvimento deste ambiente, a partir de um diagnóstico com estudantes, professores, diretores e pais de família, considerados usuários potenciais dos meios tecnológicos das escolas. Os resultados mostraram que o desenho do ecossistema renovou a gestão tecnológica, os processos operacionais e a administração do atendimento ao cliente interno da instituição. Da mesma forma, alcançou-se a convergência de oito componentes alojados no portal educacional, permitindo uma melhor integração e articulação dentro do suporte académico oferecido. A partir dai, as tecnologias surgem como suporte de boas práticas de informação, participação, colaboração, busca e construção de canais de comunicação mais eficazes.

Resumen El trabajo aborda la experiencia de la creación de una escuela de formación en ganadería sostenible, para capacitar a técnicos y productores de instituciones públicas, privadas y gobiernos parroquiales, que prestan sus servicios en la zona de amortiguamiento del Bosque Protector Corazón de Oro (BPCO), sur del Ecuador. El proceso formativo duró desde 2017 al 2019, abordando seis módulos de carácter teórico-práctico, tales como: Análisis sistémico del paisaje ganadero en el ecosistema Páramo y Bosque Alto Andino en Ecuador, cambio climático y ganadería, gobernanza e incentivos, asesoría a comunidades, manejo silvopastoriles y prácticas de ganadería sostenible. Los resultados obtenidos fue el incremento de buenas prácticas ganaderas en las fincas aledañas al BCPO, manejo y conservación adecuada de suelos y fuentes de agua, se suplementó parte de la alimentación de los animales, implementación de técnicas de reproducción animal, manejo de agroforestería y silvopasturas, y aplicación de herramientas y metodologías para realizar análisis económicos para mejora de las fincas.

Abstract The work addresses the experience of creating a training school in sustainable livestock farming, to train technicians and producers from public and private institutions and parish governments, who provide their services in the buffer zone of the Golden Heart Protective Forest (BPCO), southern Ecuador. The training process lasted from 2017 to 2019, addressing six modules of a theoretical-practical nature such as: Systemic analysis of the livestock landscape in the Páramo and Alto Andino Forest ecosystems in Ecuador, climate change and livestock, governance and incentives, advice to communities, silvopastoral management and sustainable livestock practices. The results obtained were the increase of good practices in livestock farming in the farms surrounding the BCPO, proper management and conservation of soils and water sources. Part of the feeding of the animals was supplemented, implementation of animal reproduction techniques, agroforestry and silvopastoral management, and application of tools and methodologies to carry out economic analyzes for the improvement of farms.

Resumen La ocupación humana y sus actividades productivas dan lugar a los cambios de las coberturas naturales de la Tierra que afectan los servicios ecosistémicos y, específicamente, el de regulación hídrica. Según el análisis integrado multitemporal de las coberturas e hidrológico se logró demostrar que la cuenca alta del río Chinchiná, que tiene importancia estratégica para la ciudad de Manizales, por sus condiciones naturales de suelos y coberturas naturales no tiene una buena capacidad de regulación hídrica que se desmejora con la expansión de coberturas de pasto y vegetación herbácea. La importancia del estudio radica en que el conocimiento de la relación entre la capacidad de regulación hídrica versus coberturas vegetales permite proyectar el uso adecuado de la tierra con el propósito de no afectar aún más la capacidad de regulación de la escorrentía superficial que sirve como fundamento de la biodiversidad y del abastecimiento de la ciudad de Manizales.

Abstract Human occupation and its productive activities give rise to changes in the Earth's natural covers that affect ecosystem services and, specifically, water regulation. According to the multi-temporal integrated analysis of the coverage and hydrological, it was possible to demonstrate that the upper basin of the Chinchiná River, which is of strategic importance for the city of Manizales, due to its natural conditions of soils and natural coverage, does not have a good capacity for water regulation that is it deteriorates with the expansion of grass covers and herbaceous vegetation. The importance of the study lies in the fact that the knowledge of the relationship between the water regulation capacity versus vegetation cover allows projecting the adequate use of the land in order not to further affect the regulation capacity of the surface runoff that serves as the basis of the biodiversity and supply of the city of Manizales.

Abstract Mangrove forests provide essential ecosystem services to human communities, including climate regulation. In Brazil, the National System of Nature Conservation Units divides Protected Areas (PAs) into two categories: Full Protection (FP) and Sustainable Use (SU). The FP areas are composed of five categories, including National Parks, and the SU areas comprise seven categories, such as Environmental Protection Areas. The current research compared climatic attributes, leaf area index, and vegetation structure development in mangrove forests in two distinct categories of PAs (FP and SU) along the southern coast of the state of São Paulo (Brazil) to analyze the climatic conditions in different PA categories. A survey of the microclimatic attributes found that the conserved mangroves in the FP PA presented a) greater thermal stability in terms of the maximum, minimum, and mean air temperatures, and b) a better role of mangrove vegetation in (re)distributing the energy inside the forest. Therefore, it is affirmed that FP PAs play a fundamental role in maintaining the good conservation status of mangroves and, consequently, stabilizing the microclimate.

Background and aims: Recognizing the relationship among the composition, structure and functionality of an ecosystem leads us to deduce that the Services derived from them are vulnerable to changes in land use. Owing to that, the sustainable development of populations cannot only be achieved with the management of economic and social capitals but must be integrated with an adequate management of natural capital. In the mountain ranges of the south of Córdoba (Argentina), the accelerated anthropization process has modified the natural landscape of the upper basin of the Río Cuarto river, reducing ecosystem services, so this study aims to characterize its vegetation and assess its conservation status. M&M: Vegetation censuses were carried out in the different environments and the environmental units were digitized. Then, the Integral Environmental Assessment Index was applied in order to define the conservation value. Results: Seven vegetation units belonging to the biogeographic province of Chaco and three to Comechingones were defined. One hundred ninety-six environmental units (UA) were digitized, 8% of which were in very good condition covering large areas. Thirty-nine percent of the defined UA were in poor condition and are located below 850 meters above sea level. Conclusions: These results allowed us to generate new knowledge to complete the landscape scenario of one of the most important basins in the Córdoba province as well as providing higher resolution information to be used by conservation agency in the implementation of Law 9814 on the territorial planning of the native forests.

Introducción y Objetivos: Reconocer la relación existente entre la composición, estructura y funcionalidad de un ecosistema lleva a deducir que los servicios derivados de ellos son vulnerables al cambio de uso de la tierra. Es por esto que el desarrollo sustentable de las poblaciones no puede lograrse solamente con el manejo de los capitales económicos y sociales, sino que debe de integrarse con un manejo adecuado del capital natural. En las sierras del sur de Córdoba (Argentina) el acelerado proceso de antropización ha modificado el paisaje natural de la cuenca alta del río Cuarto, disminuyendo los servicios ecosistémicos, por lo que en este trabajo se propuso caracterizar su vegetación y evaluar su estado de conservación. M&M: Se realizaron censos de vegetación en los diferentes ambientes y se digitalizaron las unidades ambientales; luego se calculó el Índice Integral de Evaluación Ambiental para definir el valor de conservación. Resultados: Se definieron 7 unidades de vegetación pertenecientes a la provincia biogeográfica del Chaco y 3 a la de Comechingones. Se digitalizaron 196 unidades de ambientales, de las cuales el 8% se encontró en muy buen estado de conservación abarcando grandes superficies. El 39% se encontró en mal estado y se concentró por debajo de los 850 msnm. Conclusiones: Estos resultados permitieron generar nuevos conocimientos para completar el escenario paisajístico de una de las cuencas más importantes de la provincia de Córdoba, además de brindar información cartográfica de mayor resolución para ser utilizada por las agencias de conservación en la implementación de la Ley 9814 sobre el ordenamiento territorial de los bosques nativos.