Abstract In Ecuador, Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining, MAPE, is an activity of national relevance. Historically there are three provinces with great potential and mining tradition, which are: El Oro, Zamora Chinchipe and Azuay. In this sense, in the province of El Oro, a large percentage of the economically active population depends directly or indirectly on the exploitation of highly profitable minerals. The key aspects for the development of underground operations of the MAPE regime are the drilling and blasting activities, where there is a great opportunity for improvement, efficiently managing the design of the grid, the execution of the drilling, the amount of explosive and the way it is charged, which are the factors that define the result of the blasting; same that is valued in function of the depth of cut or advance and of the uniformity of the structure of the section. For the development of this research, the baseline survey was carried out through technical visits to the study sector (Zaruma - Portovelo mining district), where traditional work procedures were observed, and then, based on the experimental method, technical variations were made in regarding the firing diagram, specific charge, specific perforation and type of explosive. These traditional (empirical) procedures, based on the driller's field experience, cause, among other things, the inefficiency of the advance, problems to maintain the dimensions of the section, over breaking of the working fronts, and one of the most relevant factors, the insecurity of the personnel who in many cases remain inside the mine for more than 10 hours.The main results show that the best tests were those that used the emulsion/ANFO (Amonium Nitrate Fuel Oil) combination, obtaining an advance percentage of approximately 95%, considered optimal within the operation. It was also evidenced that the Ammonium Nitrate commonly used in ASM needs a specific charge of greater power to meet the objective of the blasting.

Resumen En Ecuador, la Minería Artesanal y de Pequeña Escala, MAPE, es una actividad de relevancia nacional. Históricamente existen tres provincias de amplio potencial y de tradición minera, que son: El Oro, Zamora Chinchipe y Azuay. En este sentido, en la provincia de El Oro, gran porcentaje de la población económicamente activa, depende directa o indirectamente de la explotación de minerales de alta rentabilidad. Uno de los aspectos clave para el desarrollo de las operaciones subterráneas del régimen MAPE, son las actividades de perforación y voladura, en donde existe una gran oportunidad de mejora, gestionando de manera eficiente el diseño de la malla, la ejecución de la perforación, la cantidad de explosivo y la forma de cargado, que son los factores que definen el resultado de la voladura; mismo que es valorado en función de la profundidad de corte o avance y de la uniformidad de la estructura de la sección. Para el desarrollo de esta investigación se realizó el levantamiento de la línea base mediante visitas técnicas al sector de estudio (distrito minero Zaruma - Portovelo), donde se observaron los procedimientos tradicionales de trabajo, para luego, con base al método experimental realizar variaciones técnicas en cuanto al diagrama de disparo, carga específica, perforación específica y tipo de explosivo. Estos procedimientos tradicionales (empíricos), basados en la experiencia de campo del perforista, ocasiona entre otras cosas la ineficiencia del avance, problemas para mantener las dimensiones de la sección, sobre rotura de los frentes de trabajo, y uno de los factores más relevantes, la inseguridad del personal que en muchos casos permanece en el interior de la mina por más de 10 horas. Entre los principales resultados se obtuvo que los mejores ensayos fueron los que se utilizó la combinación emulsión/ANFO (Amonium Nitrate Fuel Oil), obteniendo un porcentaje de avance de aproximadamente 95%, considerado dentro de la operación como óptimo. Así también se evidenció que el Nitrato de Amonio de uso habitual en la MAPE, necesita una carga específica de mayor poder para cumplir con el objetivo de la voladura.

Resumen El departamento de Ayacucho, Perú, se encuentra entre los departamentos con mayor cantidad de Mypes dedicadas a las artesanías. También es una región con elevadas unidades productivas y población económicamente activa informal, generando la evasión de impuestos por parte de las empresas y el constreñimiento de la economía local y nacional. El objetivo de este estudio es conocer los efectos tributarios de las Mypes artesanales. La metodología es cualitativa, descriptiva y explicativa, siguiendo la declaración PRISMA. Las bases de datos consultadas para la revisión fueron SciELO, Scopus, Google Scholar, Dialnet y Redalyc. Los resultados dieron 21 investigaciones, entre artículos científicos, revisiones y tesis. Se concluye que la tributación de impuestos no solo mejora la economía local y nacional, sino que las Mypes obtienen facilidades y oportunidades de crecimiento en el mercado internacional. Sin embargo, la evasión tributaria e informalidad están sujetas al desconocimiento de los empresarios sobre las ventajas de la formalización, la falta de distribución por parte del Estado peruano, los engorrosos trámites burocráticos que implican la formalización y la ilusoria perspectiva de que al evadir impuestos se genera mayor rentabilidad en la empresa.

Abstract The department of Ayacucho, Peru, is among the departments with the highest number of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) dedicated to handicrafts. It is also a region with high productive units and a significant portion of the economically active population being informal. This leads to tax evasion by companies and constrains both the local and national economy. The aim of this study is to understand the tax effects on artisanal SMEs. The methodology is qualitative, descriptive, and explanatory, and follows the PRISMA statement. The databases consulted for the review were SciELO, Scopus, Google Scholar, Dialnet, and Redalyc. The results yielded 21 investigations, including scientific articles, reviews, and theses. The study concludes that tax collection not only improves the local and national economy but also provides SMEs with facilities and opportunities for international market growth. However, tax evasion and informality are due to the entrepreneurs' lack of knowledge about the advantages of formalization, the lack of distribution by the Peruvian state, the cumbersome bureaucratic procedures involved in formalization, and the illusory perspective that evading taxes generates greater profitability in the company.

Abstract The objective of the article is to carry out an evaluation of the effectiveness of the Networks for Sustainable Development Program (Programa ReDes), which arose from a Joint Action Plan between BNDES and the Votorantim Institute with the objective of supporting projects to structure productive activities and professional qualification aiming at the productive inclusion of low-income populations. The database used for the evaluation comes from the Cadastro Único (CadÚnico), obtained from the Ministry of Citizenship. We used the propensity score matching method and the estimation of panel and difference regressions. For indicators related to the labor market, robust and expressive results were observed, such as the growth in gross income and income from work. In addition, there was an increase in the probability of participation in the economically active population, as well as access to work. Based on the calculations performed, it was possible to estimate that the ReDes Program is cost-effective in terms of generating income for the beneficiary, even though its cost-effectiveness is dependent on the hypothesis that the projects are capable of surviving over time. JEL: J08, D04, C23. Programa ReDes, , ReDes) lowincome low populations CadÚnico, CadÚnico (CadÚnico) Citizenship regressions market observed work addition population performed costeffective cost effective beneficiary costeffectiveness time JEL J08 J D04 D C23 C (CadÚnico J0 D0 C2

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é realizar uma avaliação da efetividade do Programa Redes para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável (Programa ReDes), o qual surgiu de um Plano de Atuação Conjunta entre o BNDES e o Instituto Votorantim com o objetivo de apoiar projetos de estruturação de atividades produtivas e qualificação profissional visando à inclusão produtiva de populações de baixa renda. A base de dados utilizada para a avaliação provém do Cadastro Único (CadÚnico), obtido junto ao Ministério da Cidadania. Foi utilizado o método do pareamento por escore de propensão e a estimação de regressões em painel e em primeiras diferenças. Para os indicadores relacionados ao mercado de trabalho, observaram-se resultados robustos e expressivos, tais como o crescimento da renda bruta e da renda do trabalho. Além disso, houve crescimento da probabilidade de participação na população economicamente ativa, assim como do acesso ao trabalho. Com base nos cálculos realizados, pôde-se estimar que o Programa ReDes é custo-efetivo em relação à geração de renda para o beneficiário, ainda que o seu custo-efetividade seja dependente da hipótese de que os projetos sejam capazes de sobreviver ao longo do tempo. ReDes, , ReDes) CadÚnico, CadÚnico (CadÚnico) Cidadania diferenças trabalho observaramse observaram se expressivos disso ativa realizados pôdese pôde custoefetivo custo efetivo beneficiário custoefetividade tempo (CadÚnico

Abstract The State of Mexico is a Mexican entity facing socio-environmental problems: destruction of forest resources, water and air pollution, and poor quality of basic services. This paper analyzes its socio-urban metabolism between 2010 and 2020, considering it as a thermodynamic machine. Using Material Flow and Energy Flow Analysis (MFAE), indicators of consumption and emissions of electricity, fuel, water and social aspects (schooling, social security, economically active population and PBT) were obtained. Metabolic Indexes (MI) were calculated to indicate consumption by municipality. The results showed increases in: fuel consumption (275%), water (130%) and decrease in electricity consumption (-65.7%) due to costs, overcrowding and theft, indicating a governmental inability to provide services. On the social issue, the quality of education declined despite the decrease in the illiterate population. Access to social security rose (27%) in 2020, but public entities are bankrupt and 47.9% of the population is poor. The MI showed that the most consuming municipalities are those in the Toluca Valley and those in the suburbs of Mexico City. Despite the alignment of urban planning to the SDGs, they are not achieved due to methodologies that do not contemplate thermodynamic laws, socio-environmental complexity and, therefore, long-term sustainability.

Resumen El Estado de México es una entidad mexicana que enfrenta problemas socioambientales: destrucción de recursos forestales, contaminación del agua y del aire, y mala calidad en los servicios básicos. Este trabajo analiza su metabolismo socio-urbano entre 2010 y 2020, considerándolo como una máquina termodinámica. Con el uso del Análisis de Flujo de Materiales y Energía (MFAE) se obtuvieron indicadores de consumo y emisiones de electricidad, combustible, agua y aspectos sociales (escolaridad, seguridad social, población económicamente activa y el PBT). Se calcularon Índices Metabólicos (IM) para indicar su consumo por municipio. Los resultados mostraron incrementos en consumos de combustible (275%); agua (130%); disminución en el consumo de electricidad (-65,7%), debido a costos; hacinamiento y robo; lo que indica una incapacidad gubernamental en la provisión de servicios. En la cuestión social, la calidad educativa desciende a pesar de la disminución de la población analfabeta. El acceso a la seguridad social ascendió (27%) en 2020, pero las entidades públicas están en quiebra y el 47,9% de la población es pobre. Los IM mostraron que los municipios más consumidores son los del Valle de Toluca y los conurbados a la Ciudad de México. A pesar de la alineación de los planes de urbanismo a los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS), estos no se alcanzan debido a metodologías que no contemplan las leyes termodinámicas, la complejidad socioambiental y, por tanto, una sustentabilidad a largo plazo.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To assess the quality of life in patients diagnosed as having tuberculous uveitis and its association with sociodemographic, clinical, and psychosocial aspects. Method: By conducting standardized interviews, clinical and demographic data were collected using a measure developed in this study. This measure was applied in addition to other measures, namely SF-12, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and NEI-VFQ-39, which were used to assess health-related quality of life, anxiety and depression symptoms, and visual functioning. Results: The study included 34 patients [mean age: 46.5 ± 15.1 years, female patients: 21 (61.8%)]. The mean of the VFQ-39 score was 74.5 ± 16.6 and that of SF-12 physical and mental component scores were 45.8 ± 10.1 and 51.6 ± 7.5, respectively, for the health-related quality of life. Anxiety symptoms were the most prevalent compared with depression symptoms and were found in 35.3% of the participants. Conclusion: Tuberculous uveitis affects several scales of quality of life, thereby affecting a population economically active with a social, psychological, and economic burden. Purpose sociodemographic aspects Method interviews measures SF12, SF12 SF 12, 12 Scale NEIVFQ39, NEIVFQ39 NEIVFQ NEI VFQ 39, 39 NEI-VFQ-39 healthrelated health related functioning Results 3 age 465 46 5 46. 151 15 1 15. years 2 61.8%. 618 61.8% . 61 8 (61.8%)] VFQ39 VFQ-3 745 74 74. 166 16 6 16. SF-1 458 45 45. 101 10 10. 516 51 51. 75 7 7.5 respectively 353 35 35.3 participants Conclusion social psychological burden SF1 NEIVFQ3 NEI-VFQ-3 4 61.8 (61.8%) VFQ3 VFQ- SF- 7. 35. NEI-VFQ- 61. (61.8% NEI-VFQ (61.8 (61. (61 (6 (

ABSTRACT Introduction: Trauma primarily affects the economically active population, causing social and economic impact. The non-operative management of solid organ injuries aims to preserve organ function, reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with surgical interventions. The aim of study was to demonstrate the epidemiological profile of patients undergoing non-operative management in a trauma hospital and to evaluate factors associated with mortality in these patients. Methods: This is a historical cohort of patients undergoing non-operative management for solid organ injuries at a Brazilian trauma reference hospital between 2018 and 2022. Included were patients with blunt and penetrating trauma, analyzing epidemiological characteristics, blood transfusion, and association with the need for surgical intervention. Results: A total of 365 patients were included in the study. Three hundred and forty-three patients were discharged (93.97%), and the success rate of non-operative treatment was 84.6%. There was an association between mortality and the following associated injuries: hemothorax, sternal fracture, aortic dissection, and traumatic brain injury. There was an association between the need for transfusion and surgical intervention. Thirty-eight patients required some form of surgical intervention. Conclusion: The profile of patients undergoing non-operative treatment consists of young men who are victims of blunt trauma. Non-operative treatment is safe and has a high success rate. Introduction population impact nonoperative non operative function interventions Methods 201 2022 characteristics intervention Results 36 fortythree forty three 93.97%, 9397 93.97% , 93 97 (93.97%) 846 84 6 84.6% hemothorax fracture dissection injury Thirtyeight Thirty eight Conclusion Nonoperative Non 20 202 3 939 93.97 9 (93.97% 8 84.6 2 93.9 (93.97 84. 93. (93.9 (93. (93 (9 (

RESUMO Introdução: O trauma atinge principalmente a população economicamente ativa, causando impacto social e econômico. O tratamento não operatório das lesões de órgãos sólidos tem como objetivo preservar a função do órgão, diminuindo a morbimortalidade envolvida nos tratamentos cirúrgicos. O objetivo do estudo foi demonstrar o perfil epidemiológico dos pacientes submetidos ao tratamento não operatório em um hospital de trauma, bem como avaliar o fatores associados ao óbito nesses pacientes. Métodos: Trata-se de uma coorte histórica de pacientes submetidos à tratamento não operatório de lesão de órgãos sólidos, em um hospital referência de trauma brasileiro, entre 2018 e 2022. Foram incluídos pacientes vítimas de trauma contuso e penetrante, analisando as características epidemiológicas, hemotransfusão e associação ou não com necessidade de abordagem cirúrgica. Resultados: Foram incluídos 365 pacientes no estudo. Trezentos e quarenta e três pacientes receberam alta (93,97%) e a taxa de sucesso no tratamento não operatório foi de de 84,6%. Houve associação entre o desfecho óbito e as seguintes lesões associadas: hemopneumotorax, fratura de esterno, dissecção de aorta e traumatismo crânio encefálico. Houve associação entre necessidade de transfusão e abordagem cirúrgica. Trinta e oito pacientes necessitaram de alguma abordagem cirúrgica. Conclusão: O perfil dos pacientes submetidos a TNO são homens jovens, vítimas de trauma contuso. O tratamento não operatório é seguro e apresenta alta taxa de sucesso. Introdução ativa econômico órgão cirúrgicos Métodos Tratase Trata se brasileiro 201 2022 penetrante epidemiológicas cirúrgica Resultados 36 93,97% 9397 93 97 (93,97% 846 84 6 84,6% associadas hemopneumotorax esterno encefálico Conclusão jovens 20 202 3 93,97 939 9 (93,97 8 84,6 2 93,9 (93,9 84, 93, (93, (93 (9 (

Resumen: La población de México económicamente activa mayor de 50 años de edad se ha incrementado en los últimos años. Estos trabajadores en esta edad pueden sentir empeorar su salud y requerir algún tipo de atención. Sin embargo, solamente el empleo formal dio un mejor acceso a los servicios sanitarios y las pensiones. Al mismo tiempo, esta población también puede necesitar cuidar a niños, a la pareja enferma o a una persona mayor dependiente, lo que limita su tiempo disponible para trabajar. Este estudio evaluó la asociación entre la discapacidad, recibir y brindar asistencia y acceso a los servicios sanitarios, y la actividad económica de adultos de entre 50 y 69 años en México en el período de 2015 y 2018. Se trata de un enfoque de modelado multinivel que utiliza datos del Estudio Nacional de Salud y Envejecimiento en México (ENASEM). ENASEM es un estudio longitudinal con adultos de 50 años o más. La muestra del estudio estuvo conformada por 8.831 observaciones en 2015 y 10.445 en 2018. Las personas que viven con algún grado de discapacidad y reciben atención tienen menos probabilidades de ser económicamente activas en comparación con las que viven con discapacidades y no reciben atención. Del mismo modo, las personas que brindan atención también tienen menos probabilidades de tener un trabajo. Además, los datos destacan que las personas sin acceso a los servicios sanitarios tienen más probabilidades de ser económicamente activas. En las personas de entre 50 y 69 años, los problemas de salud y la atención son factores que restringen la condición de la actividad económica. En las sociedades orientadas a la familia con estados de bienestar débiles, el derecho a la salud es parcial a la población y el cuidado es tradicionalmente realizado por las mujeres, lo que empeora las desigualdades de género y tiene un impacto diferencial en el trabajo remunerado para hombres y mujeres. Resumen 5 embargo pensiones niños dependiente trabajar 6 201 2018 ENASEM. . (ENASEM) 8831 8 831 8.83 10445 10 445 10.44 modo Además débiles mujeres 20 (ENASEM 883 83 8.8 1044 1 44 10.4 2 88 8. 104 4 10.

Resumo: No México, a população economicamente ativa com mais de 50 anos tem crescido nos últimos anos. Devido à idade, estes trabalhadores podem apresentar piora da saúde e necessitar de algum tipo de cuidado. No entanto, apenas o emprego formal está atrelado a um melhor acesso aos serviços de saúde e aposentadorias. Ao mesmo tempo, indivíduos dessa população também podem precisar cuidar de crianças, um companheiro doente ou idoso dependente, o que limita seu tempo disponível para o trabalho. Este estudo examinou a associação entre deficiência, receber e fornecer cuidados e acesso a serviços de saúde e a atividade econômica entre adultos de 50 a 69 anos no México em 2015 e 2018. Trata-se de uma abordagem com modelagem multinível utilizando dados do Estudo Nacional sobre Saúde e Envelhecimento no México (ENASEM). O ENASEM é um estudo longitudinal painel com adultos com 50 anos ou mais. A amostra do estudo incluiu dados de 8.831 observações em 2015 e 10.445 em 2018. Aqueles que vivem com algum grau de incapacidade e recebem cuidados têm menor probabilidade de serem economicamente ativos em comparação com aqueles que vivem com incapacidades e não recebem cuidados. Da mesma forma, os indivíduos que prestam cuidados também são menos propensos a terem um emprego. Além disso, os dados sugerem que indivíduos sem acesso a serviços de saúde têm maior probabilidade de serem economicamente ativos. Em indivíduos na faixa etária de 50 a 69 anos, problemas de saúde e cuidados são fatores que restringem a condição de atividade econômica. Em sociedades orientadas para a família com estados de bem-estar social fracos, o direito à saúde é parcial para a população e o cuidado é tradicionalmente assumido pelas mulheres, o que agrava as desigualdades de gênero e tem um impacto diferencial no trabalho remunerado para homens e mulheres. Resumo 5 idade entanto aposentadorias crianças dependente deficiência 6 201 2018 Tratase Trata se ENASEM. . (ENASEM) 8831 8 831 8.83 10445 10 445 10.44 forma disso bemestar bem estar fracos mulheres 20 (ENASEM 883 83 8.8 1044 1 44 10.4 2 88 8. 104 4 10.

Abstract: In Mexico, the economically active population aged over 50 years has been increasing in recent years. Due to their age, these workers may experience health deterioration and require some form of care. However, only formal employment is associated with better access to health services and pensions. At the same time, these workers may also need to care for children, sick partners or dependent older adults, which limits their time available for employment. This study examined the association between disability, receiving and providing care and access to health services, and economic activity among adults aged 50 to 69 in Mexico in 2015 and 2018. Multilevel modeling was conducted using data from the Mexican Health and Aging Study (MHAS). The MHAS is a longitudinal panel study of adults aged 50 years and older. The study sample included data from 8,831 observations from 2015 and 10,445 observations from 2018. Those living with some degree of disability and receiving care were found to be less likely to be economically active than those living with disability and not receiving care. Similarly, individuals who care for someone were also found to be less likely to be employed. Furthermore, the data suggested that individuals without access to health services were more likely to be economically active. For individuals aged 50 to 69 years, health and care issues were factors that limited economic activity status. In family-oriented societies with weak welfare states, the right to health is partial for the population and care is traditionally the responsibility of women, which exacerbates gender inequalities and has a differential impact on paid work for men and women. Abstract 5 age However pensions children 6 201 2018 MHAS. . (MHAS) 8831 8 831 8,83 10445 10 445 10,44 Similarly employed Furthermore status familyoriented family oriented states women 20 (MHAS 883 83 8,8 1044 1 44 10,4 2 88 8, 104 4 10,

Resumo: No México, a população economicamente ativa com mais de 50 anos tem crescido nos últimos anos. Devido à idade, estes trabalhadores podem apresentar piora da saúde e necessitar de algum tipo de cuidado. No entanto, apenas o emprego formal está atrelado a um melhor acesso aos serviços de saúde e aposentadorias. Ao mesmo tempo, indivíduos dessa população também podem precisar cuidar de crianças, um companheiro doente ou idoso dependente, o que limita seu tempo disponível para o trabalho. Este estudo examinou a associação entre deficiência, receber e fornecer cuidados e acesso a serviços de saúde e a atividade econômica entre adultos de 50 a 69 anos no México em 2015 e 2018. Trata-se de uma abordagem com modelagem multinível utilizando dados do Estudo Nacional sobre Saúde e Envelhecimento no México (ENASEM). O ENASEM é um estudo longitudinal painel com adultos com 50 anos ou mais. A amostra do estudo incluiu dados de 8.831 observações em 2015 e 10.445 em 2018. Aqueles que vivem com algum grau de incapacidade e recebem cuidados têm menor probabilidade de serem economicamente ativos em comparação com aqueles que vivem com incapacidades e não recebem cuidados. Da mesma forma, os indivíduos que prestam cuidados também são menos propensos a terem um emprego. Além disso, os dados sugerem que indivíduos sem acesso a serviços de saúde têm maior probabilidade de serem economicamente ativos. Em indivíduos na faixa etária de 50 a 69 anos, problemas de saúde e cuidados são fatores que restringem a condição de atividade econômica. Em sociedades orientadas para a família com estados de bem-estar social fracos, o direito à saúde é parcial para a população e o cuidado é tradicionalmente assumido pelas mulheres, o que agrava as desigualdades de gênero e tem um impacto diferencial no trabalho remunerado para homens e mulheres.

Resumen: La población de México económicamente activa mayor de 50 años de edad se ha incrementado en los últimos años. Estos trabajadores en esta edad pueden sentir empeorar su salud y requerir algún tipo de atención. Sin embargo, solamente el empleo formal dio un mejor acceso a los servicios sanitarios y las pensiones. Al mismo tiempo, esta población también puede necesitar cuidar a niños, a la pareja enferma o a una persona mayor dependiente, lo que limita su tiempo disponible para trabajar. Este estudio evaluó la asociación entre la discapacidad, recibir y brindar asistencia y acceso a los servicios sanitarios, y la actividad económica de adultos de entre 50 y 69 años en México en el período de 2015 y 2018. Se trata de un enfoque de modelado multinivel que utiliza datos del Estudio Nacional de Salud y Envejecimiento en México (ENASEM). ENASEM es un estudio longitudinal con adultos de 50 años o más. La muestra del estudio estuvo conformada por 8.831 observaciones en 2015 y 10.445 en 2018. Las personas que viven con algún grado de discapacidad y reciben atención tienen menos probabilidades de ser económicamente activas en comparación con las que viven con discapacidades y no reciben atención. Del mismo modo, las personas que brindan atención también tienen menos probabilidades de tener un trabajo. Además, los datos destacan que las personas sin acceso a los servicios sanitarios tienen más probabilidades de ser económicamente activas. En las personas de entre 50 y 69 años, los problemas de salud y la atención son factores que restringen la condición de la actividad económica. En las sociedades orientadas a la familia con estados de bienestar débiles, el derecho a la salud es parcial a la población y el cuidado es tradicionalmente realizado por las mujeres, lo que empeora las desigualdades de género y tiene un impacto diferencial en el trabajo remunerado para hombres y mujeres.

Abstract: In Mexico, the economically active population aged over 50 years has been increasing in recent years. Due to their age, these workers may experience health deterioration and require some form of care. However, only formal employment is associated with better access to health services and pensions. At the same time, these workers may also need to care for children, sick partners or dependent older adults, which limits their time available for employment. This study examined the association between disability, receiving and providing care and access to health services, and economic activity among adults aged 50 to 69 in Mexico in 2015 and 2018. Multilevel modeling was conducted using data from the Mexican Health and Aging Study (MHAS). The MHAS is a longitudinal panel study of adults aged 50 years and older. The study sample included data from 8,831 observations from 2015 and 10,445 observations from 2018. Those living with some degree of disability and receiving care were found to be less likely to be economically active than those living with disability and not receiving care. Similarly, individuals who care for someone were also found to be less likely to be employed. Furthermore, the data suggested that individuals without access to health services were more likely to be economically active. For individuals aged 50 to 69 years, health and care issues were factors that limited economic activity status. In family-oriented societies with weak welfare states, the right to health is partial for the population and care is traditionally the responsibility of women, which exacerbates gender inequalities and has a differential impact on paid work for men and women.

Resumen La pandemia del COVID-19 afectó la empleabilidad en diferentes medidas, especialmente a los trabajadores con nivel educativo básico y a las mujeres, contrario a esto, el empleo aumentó para los trabajadores con nivel superior, siendo mayor el aumento para las mujeres. En este estudio analizaremos cómo afectó la pandemia a los trabajadores con educación superior, identificando la desigualdad por sexo, grupo de edad y formación profesional, además de medir el impacto en los ingresos de la Población Económicamente Activa (PEA). Los datos para el análisis provienen de la Encuesta Nacional de Ocupación y Empleo (ENOE), de los años 2019 a 2021. Las metodologías utilizadas son la técnica de imputación aleatoria de datos faltantes (MAR), el índice de desigualdad de Gini (IG), y la Ecuación de ingresos de Mincer. Los principales resultados muestran que la desigualdad entre hombres y mujeres disminuyó del 3% al 1,2% para el inicio del confinamiento, además, se distingue que favorece a las mujeres con estudios de nivel superior. Con respecto a la edad, la brecha fue creciendo a medida que aumentaba la edad del entrevistado; en cambio, para los trabajadores con educación superior, la desigualdad disminuyó para los que tenían maestría. Finalmente, en cuanto al ingreso, durante el transcurso de la pandemia como en las áreas de Humanidades, Ciencias Sociales y Estudios del Comportamiento, Ciencias de la Información, Negocios y Administración, Matemáticas y Estadística, y Medicina Veterinaria, el ingreso fue mejor para mujeres.

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic affected employability in different measures, especially workers with a basic educational level and women, contrary to this, employment increased for workers with a higher level, the increase being greater for women. In this study we will analyze how the pandemic affected workers with higher education, identifying inequality by sex, age group and professional training, in addition to measuring the impact on the income of the Economically Active Population (EAP). The data for the analysis comes from the National Occupation and Employment Survey (ENOE), for the years 2019 to 2021. The methodology used is the technique of random imputation of missing data (MAR), the Gini inequality index (IG), and the Mincer income equation. The main results show that the inequality between men and women decreased from 3% to 1.2% in the period of the beginning of the confinement, in addition it is distinguished that it favors women with higher level studies. Regarding age, the gap grew as the age of the interviewee increased; On the other hand, for workers with higher education, inequality decreased for those with a master's degree. Finally, in terms of admission, during the course of the pandemic as in the areas of Humanities, Social Sciences and Behavioral Studies, Information Sciences, Business and Administration, Mathematics and Statistics, and Veterinary Medicine, admission was better for women.

ABSTRACT Occupational risks constitute a health problem that affects the economically active population, generates disability, affects the perception of quality of life and personal and government economic expenses. They are recognized as a cause of early retirement and loss of economically active years. Among them, ergonomic risks include repetition of movements and adoption of postures or actions that are harmful to health. The Ecuadorian Pedagogy Network includes a large number of workers who carry out administrative activities, which is why they are exposed to ergonomic risks and effects on their health status. The objective of this research was to identify the ergonomic risks to which administrative workers of the Ecuadorian Pedagogy Network are exposed. For this, a basic, non-experimental, field, descriptive and transversal research was carried out. The main results obtained are directly related to the identification of ergonomic alterations present in the jobs of the Ecuadorian Pedagogy Network; the description of the main health effects that could be related to the identified ergonomic risks and the proposal of possible actions to implement to minimize the presence of risks or their impact on the health of workers. It is concluded that the administrative workers of the Ecuadorian Pedagogy Network are exposed to various types of occupational risks with a frequency of daily exposure that causes a high risk of the appearance of mainly musculoskeletal diseases. Actions are proposed aimed at minimizing the presence and expression of ergonomic risks.

RESUMEN Los riesgos laborares constituyen un problema de salud que afecta a población económicamente activa, genera discapacidad, afectación de la percepción de calidad de vida y gastos económicos personales y gubernamentales. Son reconocidos como causa de jubilación adelantada y pérdida de años económicamente activos. Dentro de ellos los riesgos ergonómicos incluyen repetición de movimientos y adopción de posturas o acciones perjudiciales para la salud. La Red Ecuatoriana de Pedagogía incluye gran número de trabajadores que realizan actividades administrativas por lo cual están expuesta a riesgos ergonómicos y afectación de su estado de salud. El objetivo de esta investigación fue identificar los riesgos ergonómicos a los que se exponen los trabajadores administrativos de la Red Ecuatoriana de Pedagogía. Para esto se realizó una investigación básica, no experimental, de campo, descriptiva y transversal. Los principales resultados obtenidos se relacionan directamente con la identificación de alteraciones ergonómicas presentes en los puestos de trabajo de la Red Ecuatoriana de Pedagogía; la descripción de las principales afectaciones a la salud que pudieran estar relacionadas con los riesgos ergonómicos identificados y la proposición de posibles acciones a implementar para minimizar la presencia de riesgos o su afectación a la salud de los trabajadores. Se concluye que los trabajadores administrativos de la Red Ecuatoriana de Pedagogía se encuentran expuestos a varios tipos de riesgos laborales con una frecuencia de exposición diaria que condiciona un elevado riesgo de aparición de enfermedades musculoesqueléticas principalmente. Se proponen acciones orientadas a minimizar la presencia y expresión de los riesgos ergonómicos.

ABSTRACT The investigation called the incidence of the demographic bonus in the economic growth of Peru, 2000-2015. Its objective was to determine the incidence of the demographic bonus in the economic growth of Peru in the period 2000-2015. The sample population is made up of the annual series of the demographic bonus and the real Peruvian GDP; For data collection, the document analysis technique was used and the registration form was used as an instrument. Obtaining as results that the growth of the Peruvian population has remained with an average variation of 1.22%, the economically active population employed with 2.83% and of the working-age population with 1.69%, the employment rate at 75.5% and the effective participation of the working-age population was 63.4% during the analyzed period. The per capita GDP had a variation of 81% between 2000 and 2015 and labor productivity improved. Concluding that the demographic bonus positively affects the economic growth of Peru during the period 2000-2015.

RESUMEN La investigación denominada incidencia del bono demográfico en el crecimiento económico del Perú, período 2000 - 2015. Tuvo como objetivo determinar la incidencia del bono demográfico en el crecimiento económico del Perú en el periodo 2000-2015. La población muestral está conformada por las series anuales del bono demográfico y del PBI real peruano; para la recolección de datos se utilizó la técnica de análisis documental y como instrumento la ficha de registro. Obteniendo como resultados que el crecimiento de la población peruana se ha mantenido con una variación promedio de 1.22%, la población económicamente activa ocupada con 2.83% y de la población en edad de trabajar con una de 1.69 %, la tasa de ocupación en 75.5 % y la participación efectiva de la población en edad de trabajar fue de 63.4% durante el periodo analizado. El PBI per cápita tuvo una variación de 81% entre el 2000 y 2015 y mejoró la productividad laboral. Concluyendo que el bono demográfico incide positivamente en el crecimiento económico del Perú durante el periodo 2000-2015.

Abstract The objective of this paper was to identify spatial distribution patterns of relative overpopulation, measured through the economically active population and migration in localities of the state of Chiapas in the year 2020. Exploratory spatial data analysis techniques and latent Gaussian models were applied, and the immigration rate was used as a covariate in two different empirical models. The models were fitted using the R-INLA package. The results suggest the existence of a set of spatial clusters and/or groupings of EAP around the capital of the state of Chiapas.

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo es identificar patrones de distribución espacial de la sobrepoblación relativa, medida por la Población Económicamente Activa y la migración, en localidades del estado de Chiapas en 2020. Se aplican técnicas de análisis exploratorio de datos espaciales y modelos gaussianos latentes y se utiliza la tasa de inmigración como covariable en dos modelos empíricos distintos. El ajuste de dichos modelos se realiza empleando el paquete R-INLA. Los resultados parecen indicar la existencia de un conjunto de conglomerados y agrupaciones espaciales de PEA alrededor de la capital del estado de Chiapas.

RESUMEN El artículo realiza un análisis del contexto laboral en Ecuador durante la década 1930s con el propósito de contribuir con nueva información cuantitativa, legal y contextual. Esta información es importante en tanto añade tres elementos esenciales para entender el contexto laboral: población económicamente activa y poder adquisitivo; contexto legal sobre las condiciones laborales; y, una breve revisión sobre la implementación del salario mínimo. Este análisis se realizó a partir del método histórico-comparativo y analítico, tomando en cuenta tres grupos de trabajadores, a saber: trabajadores en el sector público e industrial; trabajadores en el interior y pequeña industria; y, trabajadores en sectores rurales. Se ha encontrado múltiples beneficios legales para el primer grupo como compensaciones por desalojo, por separación prematura, por maternidad, por discapacidad, por horas extras laboradas, además de un salario mínimo diferenciado por zonas y tipo de trabajo. Para el segundo grupo, los beneficios legales son aleatorios, y los salarios mínimos pagados se los asume como salarios diarios y pagos en especies. Para el tercer grupo, los beneficios legales son inexistentes en tanto viven dentro de condiciones culturales propias, lo que les excluye de la legalización de sistemas laborales, sus compensaciones salariales son en especie o en intercambio de alimentos.

ABSTRACT The article carries out an analysis of the labor context in Ecuador during the 1930s with the aim of contributing with new quantitative, legal and contextual information. This information is important as they add three essential elements to understand the work context: economically active population and purchasing power; legal context on labor conditions; and, a brief review on the implementation of the minimum wage. This analysis was carried out based on a historical-comparative and analytical method, taking into account three groups of workers, namely: workers in the public and industrial sector; workers in the interior and small industry; and, workers in rural sectors. Multiple legal benefits have been found for the first group, such as compensation for eviction, premature separation, maternity, disability, overtime worked, in addition to a minimum wage differentiated by zone and type of work. For the second group, the legal benefits are random, and the minimum wages paid are assumed to be daily wages and paid in kind. For the third group, the legal benefits are non-existent, as they live within their own cultural conditions, which excludes them from the legalization of labor systems, their salary compensations are in kind or in food exchange.

Abstract Background: Stroke is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in the Southeast Region of Brazil, and it is impacted by socioeconomic conditions and the age of the population in the region. Objectives: The objective of this study was to estimate the burden of stroke in the adult population, for both sexes, in different age groups, in the Southeast Region of Brazil, in the year 2019. Methods: This descriptive study was conducted with secondary data on stroke, obtained from the Department of Informatics of the Brazilian Unified Health System (DATASUS) and the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), to calculate years of life lost (YLL), years lived with disability (YLD), and disability-adjusted life years (DALY). Results: In the year 2019, in the Southeast Region of Brazil, a total of 713,132 DALY were estimated, 80% from YLD and 20% from YLL. The highest values were from the state of São Paulo, as it is the most populous state; in the female sex, due to the greater number of female inhabitants; and in the age group between 40 and 59 years. However, when adjusted to a rate of 100,000 inhabitants, the greatest impact was for the male sex in the state of Minas Gerais, mainly in the age group between 70 and 79 years. Conclusions: YLD were more relevant in the composition of DALY, due to higher stroke morbidity than mortality, and high stroke DALY burdens impact the economically active population in this region. Background Brazil region Objectives sexes groups 2019 Methods DATASUS (DATASUS IBGE, IBGE , (IBGE) YLL, YLL (YLL) YLD, (YLD) disabilityadjusted DALY. . (DALY) Results 713132 713 132 713,13 estimated 80 20 Paulo inhabitants 4 5 However 100000 100 000 100,00 Gerais 7 Conclusions 201 (IBGE (YLL (YLD (DALY 71313 71 13 713,1 8 2 10000 10 00 100,0 7131 1 713, 1000 0 100,

■ ABSTRACT Introduction: In Brazil, burns affect around one million people/year, the majority of whom are male. In addition to physical and emotional losses, there is an economic impact, with costs for the health system, compensation, and work disabilities. For these reasons, epidemiological studies are important to outline the profile of the most affected population, guiding the prevention of this condition. Method: Review the medical records of 398 burn victims admitted to Santa Casa de Santos from January 2016 to December 2019. Results: The main victims were young men in a domestic environment, by heated liquids, mostly causing second degree burns, treated within 24 hours, considered major burns, and admitted to the infirmary for up to two weeks. Approximately 90% were discharged with improvement, requiring only debridement and dressings. Conclusion: Our work agrees with most reviews regarding the prevalence of young, economically active males with accidentally heated liquids in their homes. Other studies highlighted children as the most affected, showing the need for policies for both age groups. Regarding hospitalization, the majority remained in the ward, with second-degree burns, with major burns prevailing, which leads to greater severity and costs. This data goes against some studies, which indicate second-degree burns as the main burn, with less than 10% of the body surface burned. In both this and most studies, most patients had a good outcome, without needing an Intensive Care Unit or surgical procedures, showing the importance of early debridement and care with dressings. Introduction Brazil peopleyear people year people/year male losses impact system compensation disabilities reasons population condition Method 39 201 2019 Results environment 2 hours weeks 90 improvement dressings Conclusion homes groups hospitalization ward seconddegree prevailing 10 burned outcome procedures 3 20 9 1

■ RESUMO Introdução: No Brasil, queimaduras acometem cerca de um milhão de pessoas/ano, a maioria do sexo masculino. Além de prejuízos físicos e emocionais, há impacto econômico, com gastos para o sistema de saúde, indenizações e incapacidades laborais. Por estas razões, estudos epidemiológicos são importantes para traçar o perfil da população mais acometida, orientando a prevenção dessa afecção. Método: Revisão dos prontuários de 398 vítimas de queimaduras, internados na Santa Casa de Santos, de janeiro de 2016 até dezembro de 2019. Resultados: Os principais acometidos são homens, jovens, em ambiente doméstico, por líquidos aquecidos, causando em sua maioria queimaduras de segundo grau, atendidos em até 24 horas, considerados grandes queimados e internados em enfermaria por até duas semanas. Aproximadamente 90% recebeu alta com melhora, necessitando apenas de desbridamento e curativos. Conclusão: Nosso trabalho concorda com maioria das revisões em relação à prevalência do sexo masculino, jovens, economicamente ativos, em suas residências, com líquidos aquecidos, acidentalmente. Outros estudos apontaram crianças como as mais afetadas, mostrando necessidade de políticas voltadas a ambas as faixas etárias. Com relação à internação, a maioria permaneceu em enfermaria, com queimaduras de segundo grau, prevalecendo os grandes queimados, o que acarreta maior gravidade e custos. Esse dado vai contra alguns trabalhos, que apontam queimadura de segundo grau como principal, porém com menos de 10% da superfície corporal queimada. A maior parte dos pacientes, tanto neste quanto na maioria dos estudos, apresentou bom desfecho, sem necessidade de Unidade de Terapia Intensiva ou procedimentos cirúrgicos, mostrando a importância do desbridamento precoce e cuidados com curativos. Introdução Brasil pessoasano pessoas ano pessoas/ano masculino emocionais econômico saúde laborais razões acometida afecção Método 39 Santos 201 2019 Resultados homens jovens doméstico aquecidos 2 horas semanas 90 melhora curativos Conclusão ativos residências acidentalmente afetadas etárias internação custos trabalhos principal 10 queimada pacientes desfecho cirúrgicos 3 20 9 1