Masked stereolithography is an effective and economical additive manufacturing technology that is suitable to fabricate objects for engineering applications. As such, parametric optimisation to attain good mechanical properties is of value in order to realise its full potential. A multi-objective optimisation of the printing parameters of masked stereolithography 3D printing for mechanical properties was performed using central composite design for response surface method analysis. The developed response surfaces were used to perform numerical optimisation to establish appropriate printing parameters, which were validated against experimental results and compared with bulk polymer specimen mechanical properties. Here, an optimised layer cure time of 3.8 s, a layer height of 50 μm, and a post-curing time of 13.5 min resulted in mechanical properties closely predicted by the model and near to bulk polymer specimen properties. Last, the optimisation results were related to a Jacobs working curve, which established that layer cure times beyond that determined by the Jacobs working curve were favoured.

Gemaskerde stereolitografie is 'n effektiewe en ekonomiese toevoegingsmiddelvervaardigingstegnologie wat geskik is om voorwerpe vir ingenieurstoepassings te vervaardig. Daarom is parametriese optimering om goeie meganiese eienskappe te bereik van waarde om die volle potensiaal daarvan te verwesenlik. 'n Multi-objektiewe optimering van die drukparameters van gemaskerde stereolitografie 3D-drukwerk vir meganiese eienskappe is uitgevoer met behulp van sentrale saamgestelde ontwerp vir responsoppervlakmetode-analise. Die ontwikkelde responsoppervlaktes is gebruik om numeriese optimering uit te voer om toepaslike drukparameters daar te stel, wat bekragtig is teen eksperimentele resultate en vergelyk is met meganiese eienskappe van grootmaat polimeermonster. Hier het 'n optimum laaguithardingstyd van 3.8 s, 'n laaghoogte van 50 μm en 'n na-uithardingstyd van 13.5 min gelei tot meganiese eienskappe wat noukeurig deur die model voorspel is en naby aan grootmaat polimeermonster eienskappe. Laastens was die optimeringsresultate verwant aan 'n Jacobs-werkkromme, wat vasgestel het dat laaguithardingstye verder as wat deur die Jacobs-werkkurwe bepaal is, bevoordeel is.

Resumen Introducción: Una propiedad característica del tegumento humano es la viscoelasticidad. La piel y el tejido celular subcutáneo traccionados por una fuerza constante pueden llegar a cubrir áreas expuestas en lapsos relativamente breves. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar una serie de casos con defectos de cobertura de la pierna. Se realizó la síntesis tegumentaria con técnica de dermotracción mediante “bandas de tracción”, con la finalidad de poder precisar qué lesiones pueden beneficiarse de este méto-do. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo, longitudinal realizado entre 2012 y 2019. Los criterios de inclusión fueron: 1) heridas con déficit de cobertura tegumentaria en la pierna, de etiología traumática diversa (dehiscencia de abordajes quirúrgicos, fasciotomías por síndrome compartimental, fracturas expuestas y heridas abiertas con déficit de partes blandas). Resultados: Se analizó a 36 pacientes (edad promedio 28 años) que tenían lesiones con pérdida de cobertura localizadas en distintas regiones de la pierna. En 27 pacientes (75%), se logró el cierre sin necesidad de procedimientos complementarios. En el 8,3%, se logró la reducción del área expuesta y fue necesario un procedimiento complementario (injerto de piel). Seis pacientes requirieron técnicas reconstructivas de partes blandas miocutáneas y fasciocutáneas. Conclusiones: Esta técnica es efectiva, simple y económica para lograr el cierre diferido de las heridas complejas o fasciotomías. La dermotracción permite el cierre diferido en pocos días luego del trauma.

Abstract Introduction: Viscoelasticity is a distinctive characteristic of the human skin. A constant force pulling on the skin and subcutane-ous tissue allows it to cover exposed areas in relatively short periods of time. The objective of this study is to analyze a series of cases with soft tissue leg defects where integumentary closure was accomplished with a skin stretching technique using ‘traction bands’ in order to determine which injuries can benefit from this treatment. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective, de-scriptive, longitudinal study carried out in the period between 2012 and 2019. The inclusion criteria for this study were: 1) wounds with a soft-tissue coverage deficit in the leg of diverse traumatic etiology (surgical wound dehiscence, fasciotomies due to compart-ment syndrome, open fractures, and open wounds with soft tissue deficit). Results: 36 patients (mean age: 28 years) with injuries with loss of coverage in different regions of the leg were analyzed. Closure was achieved in 27 patients (75%), without the need for additional procedures. In three patients (8.3%), the exposed area was reduced, requiring skin grafting as a complementary procedure. Six patients required myocutaneous and fasciocutaneous soft tissue reconstructive procedures. Conclusions: This technique is effective, simple, and economical for closing complex wounds and/or fasciotomies. Dermatotraction allows closure a few days after the trauma.

Abstract The use of agro-industrial wastes as biosorbents is a promising alternative for sustainable, economical and effective adsorption. However, few studies evaluate the use of Brazilian agro-industrial waste as biosorbents without physicochemical pre-treatment. This study explored the potential of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) and rice husk waste (RHW) as low-cost biosorbents for yellow tartrazine dye removal. Characterization of the materials were carried out using ATR-FTIR, SEM, pHPZC and lignocellulosic composition. Cellulose and hemicellulose were the major constituents of both materials. By the Box-Behnken experimental design, the response surfaces indicated maximum removal of 60.1% for SCB and 83.1% for RHW. While the qmax of SCB and RHW for tartrazine were relatively low at 2.45 ± 0.03 mg g-1 and 3.55 ± 0.02 mg g-1, respectively, the potential for achieving higher dye removals by increasing the adsorbent dosage in large-scale applications warrants further investigation. For both biosorbents, the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Brouers-Sotolongo isotherm provided the best fit for the data, and the adsorption processes were spontaneous and exothermic. In conclusion, SCB and RHW demonstrated high tartrazine removal, promoting sustainable agro-industrial waste management. agroindustrial agro industrial However pretreatment. pretreatment pre treatment. treatment pre-treatment (SCB (RHW lowcost cost ATRFTIR, ATRFTIR ATR FTIR, FTIR ATR-FTIR SEM composition BoxBehnken Box Behnken design 601 60 1 60.1 831 83 83.1 245 2 45 2.4 003 0 03 0.0 g1 g g- 355 3 55 3.5 002 02 g1, 1, respectively largescale large scale investigation pseudosecondorder pseudo second order BrouersSotolongo Brouers Sotolongo data exothermic conclusion management 6 60. 8 83. 24 4 2. 00 0. 35 5 3.

Abstract This paper aims to read Pashukanis’ work while emphasizing the connections between law-form and value-form. After that, we seek to understand the apparent forms of value (specially the exchange value) in an analogous position with the apparent forms of law (namely, the jurisprudential and the legislative moments). In order to do that, we approach the book General Theory of Law and Marxism as our main source. As a result, it is possible to challenge the interpretations that understand Pashukanis in a purely economical and exchange-centered way, since law and value are both central forms in order to reproduce the capitalist social order in its totality.

Resumo O presente trabalho almeja, em uma leitura de Pachukanis, ressaltar a vinculação feita pelo autor entre forma jurídica e forma valor, para, daí, extrair posteriormente a possibilidade fazer uma analogia entre as formas aparentes do valor (valor de troca) e as formas aparentes do direito (momento judicial e momento legislativo), a partir de uma leitura de trechos encontrados na obra Teoria Geral do Direito e Marxismo. Como resultado, torna-se possível colocar em xeque percepções que reduzem a interpretação de Pachukanis a um economicismo de cariz circulacionista, uma vez que valor e direito são vistos como formas centrais à reprodução da sociabilidade capitalista em sua totalidade.

RESUMEN El presente trabajo pasa revista a las características principales de la pandemia COVID-19, que demostró la necesidad de una respuesta comprometida, integrada, interdisciplinaria y rápida de la comunidad científica para conocer el fenómeno (en su magnitud y aristas), controlar y prevenir, de rapidez en su desarrollo y aplicación de los resultados científicos, del intercambio y la colaboración internacional, de la actualización de la información en tiempo real, de la participación de las instituciones científicas, la industria, los gobiernos, las organizaciones internacionales y las poblaciones. Como queda evidenciado en el caso de Cuba, para enfrentar un fenómeno tal se requiere de la voluntad política y del liderazgo del gobierno que movilice los sectores sociales y económicos, con un alto sentido humanitario, que centre en la colaboración y el compromiso consciente, el actuar de directivos, trabajadores y las comunidades. La COVID-19 seguirá coexistiendo con nosotros como endemia. La construcción de una “nueva normalidad”, mejor y más justa que la que nos trajo hasta aquí, requiere enfrentar todas las dimensiones de una compleja realidad, donde se debe enfrentar el injusto orden económico global y lograr el derecho al desarrollo de todas las naciones y pueblos.

ABSTRACT This paper reviews the main characteristics of the COVID-19 pandemic, that showed the need of an interdisciplinary, integrated, compromised, fast answer of the science community in order to knew the phenomenon, to controlled and prevent, of the speed in the development and application of the scientific results, of the international interchange and collaboration, of the updating of the information in real time, of the participation of scientific institution, industry, governments, international organizations and the population. As it was evident in the Cuban case, to face such phenomenon it is required the politic will and the leadership of the government in order to mobilize economical and social sectors, with a high humanitarian sense, focus in the collaboration and the conscious commitment, the action of executives, workers and communities. COVID-19 will keep coexisting with us as and endemic. The construction of a new normality, better and fairer than the one that brought us here, requires to face all the dimensions of a complex reality, where it must be faced the unfair economic global order and the right to development of all countries must be accomplished.

Resumen: El uso de técnicas predictivas basadas en la toma de imágenes de campo es propuesto como un método de auxilio en la cría animal, en donde el productor podría planificar el manejo de la nutrición del rodeo. La condición corporal (CC) medida en vacas de cría mediante apreciación visual ha sido propuesta como un buen estimador del estado nutricional del rodeo. Estudios previos demuestran que en vacas con mayores CC al parto la preñez al siguiente servicio se incrementa de 10 a 15%, teniendo este resultado gran impacto en la producción de los sistemas. Aunque se reconocen los beneficios de la escala de CC, el porcentaje de criadores que utilizan esta herramienta sigue siendo bajo, siendo la razón principal la falta de calificadores formados para registrarla. El objetivo de este estudio fue desarrollar un método práctico, repetitivo y no invasivo para evaluar la CC mediante un proceso de calificación guiada, utilizando imágenes tomadas en el campo. Los resultados muestran que el método de determinación de la CC propuesto se comporta como una herramienta sencilla y económica para evaluar el estado nutricional, por lo que puede ser aceptado por el criador dada su sencillez y los beneficios obtenidos. Adicionalmente, esta herramienta también puede constituir un tutorial para la generación de experiencia en la calificación de la CC en vacas de cría.

Abstract: The use of predictive techniques based on image acquisition at field level is presented to improve livestock production. With this, the farmer can plan the management of the herd and the need for supplemental feeding. The use of the Body Condition Score (BCS) measured by visual assessment has been proposed as a method of subjective evaluation of the nutritional status of cattle. Studies show that a good BCS at calving allows increases in the order of 10 to 15% in the following pregnancy rate of the herd. This increase has a significant impact on farm productivity. Although the benefits of the visual assessment scale are recognized, the percentage of breeders using this tool is still low, the main reason being the lack of trained raters to record the BCS. The objective of this study was to develop a practical, repetitive, and non-invasive method to evaluate BCS through a guided grading process using images taken in the field. The results show that the BCS determination method proposed in this paper is presented as a simple and economical tool to evaluate BCS, so that it can be accepted by the breeder for its simplicity and benefits. Additionally, it can serve as a tutorial for the acquisition of experience in calibrating BCS in breeding cows.

Resumo: O uso de técnicas preditivas baseadas em imagens de campo é proposto como um auxílio na criação de animais, onde o produtor poderia planejar o manejo nutricional do rebanho. A condição corporal (CC) medida em vacas mediante avaliação visual foi proposta como um bom estimador do estado nutricional do rebanho. Estudos prévios mostram que em vacas com maiores CC ao momento do parto, a gravidez no próximo serviço é aumentada de 10 a 15%, tendo um grande impacto na produtividade dos sistemas. Embora os benefícios da escala CC sejam reconhecidos, a percentagem de criadores que adotam esta ferramenta ainda é baixa, sendo a principal razão a falta de avaliadores treinados para registrá-la. O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver um método prático, repetível e não-invasivo para avaliar a CC através de um processo guiado, utilizando imagens tomadas no campo. Os resultados mostram que o método de determinação proposto comporta-se como uma ferramenta simples e barata para avaliar o estado nutricional, podendo ser aceito pelo criador dada à sua simplicidade assim como aos benefícios obtidos. Além disso, esta ferramenta também pode constituir um tutorial para a geração de experiência na qualificação de CC em vacas reprodutoras.

Abstract The quality of water used by a population is directly proportional to the efficiency of its treatment. Mathematical modeling appears in this context as a tool for optimizing processes in order to make them more efficient, economical and sustainable. This work analyzed and compared the effectiveness of phenomenological mathematical models used in flocculation kinetics in water treatment. The results were obtained by comparing the Argaman and Kaufman Model with the Bratby Method; the Aggregation and Rupture Equation Method - MEAR; and the Method of the First Partial Derivative in Relation to the Velocity Gradient in Flocculation - MPDPG and a model that includes a new term (KC) that contemplates a supposed process of irreversibility of floc. The mathematical modeling was validated and compared with experimental data. The coefficients of the models and methods were obtained using the Excel® solver® tool using spreadsheets from the same application. It was possible to identify that the Bratby Method, which obtained an average deviation of the order of 30%, was the least efficient, while the MEAR and MPDPG Methods, which obtained about 18% of average deviation and the Kc Model with a deviation of the order of 19%, proved to be efficient in describing the experimental data used. treatment sustainable KC (KC floc Excel solver application 30 30% Methods 18 19 19% 3 1

Resumo A qualidade da água utilizada por uma população é diretamente proporcional à eficiência de seu tratamento. A modelagem matemática surge nesse contexto como uma ferramenta para otimização dos processos com o intuito de torná-los mais eficientes, econômicos e sustentáveis. Este trabalho teve por objetivo analisar e comparar a eficácia dos modelos matemáticos fenomenológicos utilizados na cinética de floculação no tratamento de água. Os resultados foram obtidos por meio de uma comparação do modelo de Argaman e Kaufman com os métodos de Bratby; o Método da Equação de Agregação e Ruptura - MEAR; e o Método da Primeira Derivada Parcial em Relação ao Gradiente de Velocidade na Floculação - MPDPG e um modelo que inclui um novo termo que contempla um suposto processo de irreversibilidade dos flocos (KC). A modelação matemática foi validada e comparada com dados experimentais. Os coeficientes dos modelos e métodos foram obtidos utilizando a ferramenta solver® do Excel® com o uso de planilhas eletrônicas do mesmo aplicativo. Foi possível identificar que o método de Bratby, que obteve um desvio médio da ordem de 30%, mostrou-se o de menor eficácia, ao passo os métodos MEAR e MPDPG, que obtiveram cerca de 18% de desvio médio e o modelo KC com um desvio da ordem de 19%, mostraram-se eficientes em descrever os dados experimentais utilizados. tornálos torná los sustentáveis Bratby KC. . (KC) solver Excel aplicativo 30 30% mostrouse mostrou se 18 19 19% mostraramse mostraram (KC 3 1

RESUMEN( El uso de distintos materiales para la adsorción de diferentes tipos de moléculas es ampliamente conocido. Sin embargo, en la actualidad, ha surgido la necesidad de usar materiales de origen natural dado su composición, porosidad y características intrínsecas como ser renovables, económicas y amigables con el medio ambiente para la retención de contaminantes como los fenoles. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo disminuir el contenido de compuestos fenólicos en aguas residuales del beneficio del café. Para esto, se determinó el porcentaje de retención de dichos compuestos en Luffa cylindrica (estropajo) como material adsorbente. Se evaluó la influencia del pH, tamaño de partícula y tiempo de contacto bajo diseño experimental factorial 23. Se logró un porcentaje de retención de fenoles totales de 97,8 % a pH 7,0, tamaño de partícula 850 μm y 2 h de exposición. El comportamiento cinético obtenido corresponde a un modelo de pseudo segundo orden y la adsorción de compuestos fenólicos totales por Luffa cylindrica está representado por la isoterma de Freundlich. Adicionalmente, se logró disminuir el valor de otros índices de contaminación como DQO y turbidez, por tanto, el tratamiento con Luffa cylindrica se constituye en una valiosa alternativa para el tratamiento de aguas provenientes del beneficio del café.

ABSTRACT The use of different materials for the adsorption of different types of molecules is well known. However, currently there is a need to use materials of natural origin given their composition, porosity and characteristics such as being renewable, economical and friendly to the environment for the retention of contaminants such as phenols. The objective of this study was to reduce the content of phenolic compounds in wastewater from coffee processing wastewater. To achieve this, the percentage of retention of the phenolic compounds was evaluated on the vegetable sponge, Luffa cylindrica as adsorbent material. The influence of pH, particle size and contact time under experimental design was evaluated in a 23 model. A total phenol retention percentage of 97,8 % at pH 7,0 particle size 850μm and 2 h exposure was achieved. The kinetic behaviour corresponds to a pseudo second order model, and the adsorption of the phenolic compounds-Luffa cylindrica is represented by the Freundlich isotherm. Additionally, it was possible to reduce the value of other pollution parameters such as COD andturbidity. Therefore, treatment with Luffa cylindrica is a valuable alternative for the treatment of water from the processing of coffee

Resumen En el presente trabajo se compara la confiabilidad estructural de un edificio de concreto reforzado destinado a uso de oficinas y ubicado en el suelo blando de la Ciudad de México, utilizando dos sistemas estructurales distintos. El primero es a base de marcos resistentes a momento de concreto reforzado (sistema convencional) y en el segundo se incorporan muros de cortante ubicados estratégicamente en los marcos exteriores (sistema dual). Para las dos edificaciones se utilizan modelos estructurales complejos los cuales son sometidos a varios registros sísmicos del suelo blando con la finalidad de estimar y comparar la confiabilidad de ambos sistemas utilizando curvas de peligro de demanda. Es importante mencionar que también se hace una comparación de los resultados obtenidos del diseño de los dos sistemas estructurales en términos de otros indicadores de demanda ingenieril. El parámetro utilizado para estimar la confiabilidad estructural es la distorsión máxima de entrepiso, la cual se obtiene mediante análisis dinámicos incrementales que permiten la elaboración de curvas de fragilidad sísmica. La estimación de la confiabilidad estructural se hace mediante modelos probabilísticos al combinar las curvas de fragilidad y de peligro sísmico. Finalmente, con los resultados obtenidos se comprueba que utilizar el sistema dual puede ser una buena alternativa de diseño, obteniendo una solución más económica y un mejor comportamiento sísmico.

Abstract This paper compares the structural reliability of a reinforced concrete building for office use located in the soft soil of Mexico City, using two different structural systems. The first one is based on reinforced concrete moment resisting frames (conventional system) and the second one incorporates shear walls strategically located in the exterior frames (dual system). Complex structural models are used for both buildings, which are subjected to several seismic records of the soft soil in order to estimate and compare the reliability of both systems using demand hazard curves. It is important to say that a comparison of the results obtained from the design of the two structural systems in terms of other engineering demand parameters is also studied. The parameter used to estimate the structural reliability is the maximum inter-story drift, which is obtained through incremental dynamic analyses in order to compute seismic fragility curves. The estimation of structural reliability is assessed by means of probabilistic models by combining the fragility and seismic hazard curves. Finally, the results obtained show that the use of dual system can be a good design alternative, providing a more economical solution and a better seismic behavior.

ABSTRACT Background: The Macaw palm ( Acrocomia aculeata) is a palm tree native to the Tropical America Forests. This palm has stood out due to its high potential for the production of oil for biofuels, being an excellent source of renewable energy. However, due to the rudimentary way of exploring the Macaw palm, mostly using native people labor, it is not possible to extract the maximum economical potential that this plant can provide. In order to use the Macaw palm in industrial scale, new strategies using high-performance machinery in several segments of the production chain should be employed. Results: For that, its seedlings production must be broadly expanded, using modern techniques for its propagation and production on an industrial scale, since its present low germination rates when the natural way is employed. In this way, the present paper has the objective of establishing a database of the mechanical properties of the endocarp of the Macaw palm when submitted to compression efforts, typically used for removing almonds from the endocarp. The inherent variability of its mechanical properties was quantified, using three different crops sites. Conclusion: Important information about the mechanical properties of the Macaw palm endocarp is presented, serving as guideline for future works to genetic improvement of the Macaw palm, in order to obtain fruits with less variability in the mechanical properties of the endocarp and consequently improve the production on an industrial scale.

Resumen Un diseño óptimo para una red de tuberías de flujo presurizado se caracteriza por ser económico y por evitar la menor cantidad de pérdidas durante la transmisión de agua a través del sistema. Por su parte, un tamaño de tubería óptimo hace referencia al diámetro de una tubería en un sistema de red que brinda el efecto deseado generando una cantidad mínima de desperdicios y gastos. El modelo de análisis del costo del ciclo de vida (LCCA, por sus siglas en inglés) es ampliamente reconocido como la técnica estándar recomendada para estimar el tamaño de tubería óptimo para cualquier sistema de red de tuberías. Se han propuesto múltiples fórmulas empíricas que buscan simplificar los cálculos inherentes en dicho modelo de análisis económico. El objetivo de este estudio consistió en comparar los modelos empíricos que varios autores han propuesto, a partir de diversas variables físicas involucradas en la dinámica del flujo de líquidos, con el fin de seleccionar el diámetro óptimo para la red en la granja del Hamelmalo Agricultural College, ubicada en la región de Anseba, en Eritrea,y su distribución de agua a las distintas subparcelas. Para ello se eligieron once ecuaciones empíricas diferentes. Los diámetros resultantes se compararon con el diámetro estándar calculado, utilizando, a su vez, el método estándar de análisis del costo del ciclo de vida. Dicha comparación se basó en la estimación de las pérdidas de carga total y el análisis económico de los diámetros de tubería elegidos para dicha red. Además, se realizó un análisis estadístico para obtener el diámetro modelado recomendado con el mejor ajuste para la red. El rendimiento del modelo de Bresse fue el más adecuado en comparación con el modelo LCCA.

Abstract An optimal design for a pressurized flow pipe network is characterized by being economical and contributing the least amount of losses during water transmission through the system. The diameter of a pipe in a network system that delivers the desired effect with the minimum amount of waste and expenses is referred to as an optimal pipe size. The Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) model is widely recognized as the recommended standard technique to estimate the optimal pipe size for any pipe flow network system. Numerous empirical formulas have been proposed to simplify the computations required in this economic analysis model. This study seeks to compare the various empirical models that have been proposed by different authors based on a variety of physical variables involved in fluid flow dynamics. Eleven different empirical equations were chosen in order to select the optimal diameter for the network at the Hamelmalo Agricultural College farm located in the Anseba region of Eritrea for the distribution of water to the different sub-plots. The estimated diameters were compared to the standard diameter calculated using the standard LCCA method. This comparison was based on the estimated total head losses and economic analysis of the pipe diameters chosen for such network. Moreover, a statistical analysis was conducted to obtain the best-fit recommended modeled diameter for the network. The Bresse’s model performance was the most adequate when compared with the LCCA model.

Resumen La propagación eficiente de especies vegetales con alto potencial alimenticio juega un papel fundamental en su adopción y utilización por parte de los productores. Es importante, por tanto, desarrollar métodos económicos y rápidos para el establecimiento exitoso de sistemas más productivos. Con el objetivo de conocer algunos aspectos reproductivos de diferentes genotipos destacados de T. diversifolia y así favorecer su propagación y mejorar su uso en la alimentación animal, se evaluó su potencial de germinación, producción de semilla y duración del ciclo reproductivo. Se usaron 42 parcelas en un diseño de bloques completos al azar con siete genotipos de T. diversifolia y dos niveles (sin y con fertilización). Los genotipos tuvieron diferencias en todas las variables agronómicas y de producción de semilla a excepción del tiempo de secado de aquenios y en el porcentaje de semillas rudimentarias (P<0.01). Con relación a la producción de semilla sexual, la fertilización tuvo efecto significativo (P<0.05) y en general incrementó el tiempo de las fases evaluadas. La mayor producción de semilla se dio en los genotipos 7 y 5 y el porcentaje de germinación tuvo diferencias significativas entre genotipos y entre los tratamientos pre-germinativos (P=0.0001) con mayores porcentajes en los genotipos 3 y 6. Se concluye que a pesar de la baja viabilidad de la semilla sexual de T. diversifolia, existen genotipos con un mayor potencial de producción de semilla y porcentaje de germinación, parámetros que pueden ser mejorados por medio de tratamientos pre-germinativos y el uso de fertilizantes.

Abstract The efficient propagation of plant species with high food potential plays a fundamental role in their adoption and use by producers. It is important, therefore, to develop economical and rapid methods for the successful establishment of more productive systems. In order to know some reproductive aspects of different outstanding genotypes of T. diversifolia and thus favor its propagation and improve its use in animal feeding, its germination potential, seed production and duration of the reproductive cycle were evaluated. Forty-two (42) plots were used in a randomized complete block design with seven genotypes of T. diversifolia and two levels (without and with fertilization). Genotypes had differences in all agronomic and seed production variables except for achene drying time and rudimentary seed percentage (P<0.01). In relation to the production of true seed, fertilization had a significant effect (P<0.05) and, in general, increased the time of the phases evaluated. The highest seed production occurred in genotypes 7 and 5 and the percentage of germination had significant differences between genotypes and between pre-germinative treatments (P= 0.0001) with higher percentages in genotypes 3 and 6. It is concluded that despite the low viability of the true seed of T. diversifolia, there are genotypes with a greater potential for seed production and germination percentage, parameters that can be improved by means of pre-germinative treatments and the use of fertilizers.

Resumen La microencapsulación mediante secado por aspersión es una técnica ampliamente empleada en la protección de compuestos bioactivos, en especial sobre los polifenoles en diferentes matrices; además, es una de las técnicas más sencillas y económicas de secado, lo cual ha favorecido su transferencia tecnológica a escala industrial. Por esta razón, este artículo tiene como propósito analizar, a partir de estudios previamente reportados, los parámetros de operación empleados en la implementación de los métodos para la microencapsulación de compuestos bioactivos presentes en diversas matrices, con el fin de identificar las condiciones efectivas para futuras aplicaciones. La revisión de los estudios publicados se realizó en un período comprendido entre 2010 y 2021 en bases de datos indexadas, donde los parámetros evaluados se centraron en: las condiciones de operación, materiales encapsulantes, morfología de las microcápsulas y la eficiencia de la microencapsulación. Los resultados permitieron identificar los parámetros más críticos, entre los que sobresalen la temperatura de entrada y salida del aire, así como los materiales encapsulantes, los cuales influyen directamente en la protección de los polifenoles, que son en su mayoría termolábiles, de esta manera, se pudo constatar en los estudios revisados el alcance de una mayor eficiencia y vida útil con respecto a las propiedades funcionales, al optimizar las condiciones de operación mencionada, y se constata que los resultados reportados conllevan a la obtención de microcápsulas de matrices que pueden ser empleadas como materia prima y producto final de mayor calidad, o para estudios in vitro de liberación controlada para la industria alimentaria, farmacéutica o cosmética.

Abstract Microencapsulation by spray drying is widely used to protect bioactive compounds, especially polyphenols in different matrices. It is also one of the simplest and most economical drying techniques, which has favored its technological transfer to industrial scale. Therefore, this article analyzes, based on previous studies, the operating parameters used in the implementation of methods for the microencapsulation of bioactive compounds present in various matrices, in order to identify effective conditions for future applications. This literature review covered the period between 2010 and 2021 in indexed databases, focusing on multiple parameters: operating conditions, encapsulating materials, microcapsule morphology, and microencapsulation efficiency. The results enabled us to identify the most critical parameters. Among them, air inlet and outlet temperatures stand out, as well as encapsulating materials; they directly influence the protection of polyphenols, which are mostly thermolabile. The studies reviewed here show that greater efficiency and useful life (with respect to functional properties) can be obtained by optimizing the aforementioned operating conditions. Furthermore, the results reported in this paper can be used to obtain microcapsules of matrices that can be used as a raw material, high-quality final product, or for controlled release in vitro studies in the food, pharmaceutical, or cosmetic industries.

Resumo: O marketing surgiu para ampliar a relação entre o consumidor e a empresa. Mas para resistirem no contexto atual, as empresas devem aumentar as suas ações estratégicas de marketing digital. Isso requer especificidade, o que ressalta a importância das métricas e monitoramento, que consiste em avaliar os resultados obtidos dessas ações. Este estudo compara as respostas de importantes empresários da região (Algarve), no setor do marketing digital e TIC, a um questionário quanto ao seu desempenho em termos de media social. Da análise qualitativa feita (em Nvivo), sobre o conteúdo obtido, denota-se uma ‘maturidade’ diferenciada em termos das suas perceções dos clientes pelas redes sociais. Alguns revelam um estádio menos maduro, i.e., em termos das métricas de media social usadas no sentido de melhorarem as suas estratégias no atual contexto de mercado. Nesse sentido, estes denotam uma maior preocupação com conteúdos e soluções económicas do que com conteúdos e alterações focadas em produtos chave. A escolha dos KPI certos, a integração de canais e o recurso a influencers são práticas a explorar mais.

Abstract: Marketing emerged to expand the relationship between the consumer and the company. But in order to resist in the current context, companies must increase their strategic actions of digital marketing. This requires specificity, which highlights the importance of metrics and monitoring, which consists of evaluating the results obtained from those actions. This study compares the responses of important entrepreneurs in the region (Algarve), in the sector of digital marketing and ICT, to a questionnaire regarding their performance in terms of social media. From the qualitative analysis carried out (in Nvivo), on the content obtained, there is a different ‘maturity’ in terms of their perceptions of customers through social networks. Some reveal a less mature stage, i.e., in terms of social media metrics used to improve their strategies in the current market context. In this sense, these show a greater concern with content and economical solutions than with content and changes focused on key products. Choosing the right KPIs, integrating channels and using influencers are practices to further explore.

Abstract: The increase in companies and the incessant productive growth of the different economic sectors have increased programs that contribute to the sustainable consumption of electrical energy, all in order to foster a culture of savings. The use of standardized and calibrated tools is essential, with a constant monitoring of the various electrical parameters of the industry can be done. The prototype has a STM32F7 as a microcontroller system for digital signal processing in real time, as well as the choice of voltage and current sensors for its correct functionality. The prototype can rival with commercials meters since its range error in tests is minimal, being thus an error of 4.73, 8.82 and 3.08 % in active power of 2.05, 0.97 and 1.79% in apparent power and 7.69, 5.85 and 14.29% in reactive power. With the results obtained, we conclude that the prototype is applicable, this being a viable and economical option for an energy audit, limited only by the number of prototypes that can be created for a possible solution for its application.

Resumen: El aumento de empresas y el incesante crecimiento productivo de los diversos sectores económicos han acrecentado programas que contribuyen al consumo sostenible de la energía eléctrica, todo esto con el fin de promover una cultura de ahorro. El uso de herramientas normadas y calibradas es esencial, con ellas se puede realizar un monitoreo constante de los diversos parámetros eléctricos de la industria. El prototipo cuenta con una STM32F7 como sistema microcontrolado para el procesamiento digital de señales en tiempo real, asimismo, la elección de sensores de voltaje y corriente para la correcta funcionalidad del mismo. El prototipo puede rivalizar con medidores comerciales puesto que su rango de error en pruebas es mínimo, siendo así que se tienen un error de 4.73, 8.82 y 3.08 % en potencia activa de 2.05, 0.97 y 1.79 % en potencia aparente y 7.69, 5.85 y 14.29 % en potencia reactiva. Con los resultados obtenidos se concluye que el prototipo es aplicable, siendo este una opción viable y económica para una auditoría energética, limitado solamente por la cantidad de prototipos que se pueden crear para una posible solución de aplicación del mismo.