The global Covid-19 pandemic resulted in an economic downturn that influenced behavioural and participation patterns of fishing sectors around the world. Monitoring changes in fisheries is essential for understanding their human dimension and informing decision-making for development, conservation and management of fish resources. This study documented and described fishery patterns and participation during the Covid-19 pandemic through roving creel surveys. In addition, due to historic surveys of the recreational and subsistence fishery, it was possible to compare the current patterns to previous results and to show the potential Covid-19 related impacts. Subsistence fishing dominated the fishery, with 94% of 431 regular fishers utilising the resources for home consumption or sale. Compared to historic surveys, a marked decline in estimated recreational fishing was observed, but no significant change was identified in participation patterns of subsistence fishers. This downturn in recreational fishing affected the socio-demographic characteristics of the fishery, where changes in ethnic participation were noted; there was also an increase in the number of unemployed fishers during the pandemic. Utilisation of the fish resources was dominated by subsistence users and 97% of fish caught was for self-consumption or sale. This underlines the importance of fish for subsistence users, who rely on the resource for food or income and could not avoid fishing during the pandemic, as they had no alternative. This study highlights the importance of socio-demographic and participation data on fisheries, to provide scientific advice to policymakers on ideal responses to events such as a pandemic. This evidence of temporal changes in hook-and-line fisheries provides inland fishery authorities the opportunity to develop mitigation measures with greater resilience to cope with future global crises. Lastly, the study emphasises the importance of access to fisheries, especially during times of high regional economic and societal stress.

ABSTRACT Introduction: In Brazil, there is little information about the prevalence of occupational exposure to solar radiation, the main risk factor for non-melanoma skin cancer, the most common neoplasm in the country. Objective: To calculate the prevalence of exposure to solar radiation and its associated factors in the Brazilian employed population. Method: Cross-sectional study, with data from the 2019 National Health Survey. Expanded prevalence and respective 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for exposure to solar radiation were calculated, according to demographic, socioeconomic, geographic and occupational variables. Multiple logistic regression analysis, stratified by sex, was used to identify the determinants of exposure to solar radiation. The complex sampling design was considered. Results: 88,904,261 workers were evaluated, 23.5% of whom were exposed to solar radiation. Thirty-six percent of men (36.5%; 95%CI 37.0; 39.3) and 7.9% (95%CI 6.0; 7.2) of women were exposed to solar radiation. The economic sectors of agriculture, construction, water, sewage and material waste management activities had the highest percentages of workers occupationally exposed to the sun. The chance of exposure to solar radiation was greater among Black males, with low education level and income, residents of rural areas, in informal jobs and who worked more than 40h/week. Conclusion: The prevalence of exposure to solar radiation in Brazilian workers is high and unequally distributed by sex and economic sectors. Actions to prevent this exposure in work environments must prioritize the most exposed groups of workers, considering economic activities and their demographic, socioeconomic, geographic and occupational determinants.

RESUMO Introdução: No Brasil, há pouca informação sobre a prevalência de exposição ocupacional à radiação solar, principal fator de risco para a neoplasia mais frequente no país, o câncer de pele não melanoma. Objetivo: Calcular a prevalência da exposição à radiação solar e de fatores associados na população ocupada brasileira. Método: Estudo transversal, com dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde de 2019. Calcularam-se as prevalências expandidas e respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC 95%) para a exposição à radiação solar, segundo as variáveis demográficas, socioeconômicas, geográficas e ocupacionais. Utilizou-se análise de regressão logística múltipla, estratificada por sexo, para identificar os determinantes da exposição à radiação solar. Considerou-se o desenho complexo da amostragem. Resultados: Foram avaliados 88.904.261 trabalhadores, sendo 23,5% expostos à radiação solar. Trinta e seis por cento dos homens (36,5%; IC 95% 37,0; 39,3) e 7,9% (IC 95% 6,0; 7,2) das mulheres estavam expostos à radiação solar. Os setores econômicos da agricultura, construção, água, esgoto e atividades de gestão de resíduos de materiais apresentaram os maiores percentuais de exposição. A chance de exposição à radiação solar foi maior entre o sexo masculino, os pardos, com baixo nível de escolaridade e renda, residentes da área rural, com vínculo trabalhista informal e que trabalharam acima de 40h/semana. Conclusão: A prevalência da exposição à radiação solar nos trabalhadores brasileiros é elevada e desigualmente distribuída por sexo e setores econômicos. Ações de prevenção nos ambientes laborais devem priorizar os grupos de trabalhadores mais expostos, considerando as atividades econômicas e seus determinantes demográficos, socioeconômicos, geográficos e ocupacionais.

RESUMEN Introducción: En el Brasil hay poca información sobre la prevalencia de la exposición ocupacional a la radiación solar, principal factor de riesgo para el cáncer de piel, la neoplasia más común del país. Objetivo: Calcular la prevalencia de exposición a la radiación solar y factores asociados en los trabajadores brasileños. Método: Estudio transversal con datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud de 2019. Se calcularon las prevalencias expandidas y los respectivos intervalos de confianza del 95% (IC 95%) para la exposición a la radiación solar, según variables socioeconómicas, geográficas y ocupacionales. Se utilizó un análisis de regresión logística múltiple, estratificado por sexo, para identificar los determinantes de la exposición a la radiación solar. Se consideró el diseño de muestreo complejo. Resultados: Se evaluaron 88 904 261 trabajadores, de los cuales el 23,5% estuvo expuesto a la radiación solar. Treinta y seis por ciento de los hombres (IC 95%: 37,0-39,3) y el 7,9% de las mujeres (IC 95%: 6,0-7,2%) estuvieron expuestos a la radiación solar. Los sectores económicos de agricultura, construcción, agua, alcantarillado y actividades de gestión de residuos de materiales presentaron los mayores porcentajes de exposición. La probabilidad de exposición a la radiación solar fue más alta entre los hombres, los mestizos, de bajo nivel de educación e ingresos, los residentes de zonas rurales, las que tenían un trabajo informal y las que trabajaron más de 40h/semana. Conclusión: La prevalencia de exposición a la radiación solar en los trabajadores brasileños es alta y desigualmente distribuida por género y sectores económicos. Acciones para prevenir esta exposición en los entornos laborales deben priorizar los grupos de trabajadores más expuestos, considerando las actividades económicas y sus determinantes demográficos, socioeconómicos, geográficos y ocupacionales.

Resumo O artigo analisa a atuação da Sociedade Brasileira de Bioética (SBB), especialmente em sua inserção no movimento Frente Pela Vida, nos anos mais graves da pandemia de COVID-19, entre 2020 e 2021. Trata-se de pesquisa ancorada em referenciais teóricos da bioética crítica e realizada a partir de metodologia qualitativa com abordagem dialética. Os resultados demonstram que no período analisado o governo federal brasileiro atuou alinhado a uma “grande nebulosa” geradora de diversos conflitos bioéticos. Essa nebulosa sustentou-se em um amálgama de interesses do poder econômico, de setores do corporativismo médico e de grupos político-partidários conservadores. Já a SBB e as entidades da Frente Pela Vida articularam-se como uma “contra-nebulosa” de denúncia e resistência aos conflitos bioéticos. Considerando que persiste a tentativa de atuação dos interesses da nebulosa no Estado brasileiro, conclui-se que a SBB e as entidades da Frente pela Vida devem seguir mobilizadas no controle social, na defesa do Sistema Único de Saúde, da democracia e dos direitos humanos no país.

Resumen El artículo analiza el desempeño de la Sociedad Brasileña de Bioética (SBB), especialmente en su inserción en el movimiento Frente Pela Vida, en los años más graves de la pandemia de COVID-19, entre 2020 y 2021. Se trata de una investigación anclada en referentes teóricos. de Bioética Crítica y realizado mediante metodología cualitativa con enfoque dialéctico. Los resultados demuestran que, en el período analizado, el gobierno federal brasileño actuó en línea con una “gran nebulosa” que generó varios conflictos bioéticos. Esta nebulosa se sustentaba en una amalgama de intereses del poder económico, sectores del corporativismo médico y grupos de partidos políticos conservadores. Las entidades SBB y Frente Pela Vida se articularon como una “contranebulosa” de denuncia y resistencia a los conflictos bioéticos. Considerando que persiste el intento de actuar sobre los intereses de la nebulosa en el Estado brasileño, se concluye que las entidades SBB y el Frente pela Vida deben seguir movilizándose en el control social, en defensa del Sistema Único de Salud, la democracia y los derechos humanos en el país.

Abstract The scope of this article is to analyze the role of the Brazilian Society of Bioethics (SBB), especially its involvement in the “Frente pela Vida” movement, during the most critical years of the COVID-19 pandemic, between 2020 and 2021. It involved research anchored in the theoretical frameworks of Critical Bioethics and was analyzed using qualitative methodology with a dialectical approach. The results demonstrate that during the period analyzed the Brazilian federal government acted in alignment with a “major nebula” that generated several bioethical conflicts. This nebula was sustained by an amalgam of interests of economic power, sectors of medical corporatism, and conservative political-ideological groups. On the other hand, the SBB and the entities of the Frente pela Vida articulated themselves as a “counter-nebula” of denunciation and resistance to bioethical conflicts. Considering that the attempt to act on the interests of the “nebula” persist, especially in the Brazilian State, the conclusion drawn is that the SBB and the entities of the Frente pela Vida must remain mobilized in social control, in the defense of the Unified Health System, democracy and human rights in the country.

RESUMO Procuramos identificar os principais vetores que reconfiguram a política industrial contemporânea nos EUA e na União Europeia para informar a formulação de políticas na América do Sul e no Brasil, dados os seus desafios específicos para o desenvolvimento econômico. Salientamos dois vetores principais, a segurança nacional e as preocupações ambientais, que desencadearam uma tendência para a nacionalização ou regionalização das cadeias de abastecimento através da substituição de importações. Também têm fundamentado a política industrial num planeamento abrangente que abrange vários sectores e atividades. A questão essencial para a América do Sul e o Brasil é combinar essas preocupações a partir de uma realidade sustentada pela desindustrialização, pela degradação ambiental (desmatamento) e pela marginalização social. econômico ambientais importações atividades desindustrialização desmatamento (desmatamento social

ABSTRACT We seek to identify the major vectors reconfiguring contemporary industrial policy in the US and the European Union to inform policymaking in South America and Brazil given their specific challenges to economic development. We stress two main vectors, national security and environmental concerns, which have unleashed a tendency toward the nationalization or regionalization of supply chains through import substitution. They have also been grounding industrial policy on comprehensive planning embracing several sectors and activities. The essential question for South America and Brazil is to combine these concerns departing from a reality underpinned by deindustrialization, environmental degradation (deforestation), and social marginalization. development substitution activities deindustrialization deforestation, deforestation , (deforestation) marginalization (deforestation

Resumo Este trabalho apresenta uma metodologia baseada em uma abordagem multicritério destinada a avaliar estratégias de reciclagem de edifícios com base em propostas tecnológicas que consideram as qualidades técnicas e econômicas no âmbito (das diretrizes) do projeto passivo. Esta abordagem exige um diagnóstico prévio da situação tecnológico-construtiva básica do edifício construído, e a identificação das variáveis de projeto com maior impacto na poupança energética e na melhoria da habitabilidade tanto em todo o estabelecimento como em áreas específicas. Uma vez avaliados os aspectos de eficiência energética do envelope, alternativas para a incorporação de energias renováveis são avaliadas de forma semelhante. Finalmente, é mostrado um exemplo de aplicação da metodologia para melhorar a eficiência energética da envolvente de um edifício no sector da saúde, mas poderia ser aplicada de forma semelhante noutros sectores de construção (por exemplo, residencial, comercial, etc.). A reciclagem sistematizada de edifícios existentes, baseada em propostas tecnológicas passivas apoiadas numa metodologia de seleção multicritério que permite avaliar as suas qualidades técnicas e económicas, representa uma alternativa viável para intervir na envolvente dos edifícios e nos seus sistemas construtivos.

Abstract This work presents a methodology based on a multi-criteria approach aimed at evaluating building recycling strategies based on technological proposals that consider technical and economic qualities within the framework (of the guidelines) of passive design. This approach requires a prior diagnosis of the basic technological-construction situation of the building constructed, and the identification of design variables with the greatest impact on energy savings and improvement of habitability both in the entire establishment and in specific areas. Once the energy efficiency aspects of the envelope have been evaluated, alternatives for the incorporation of renewable energies are similarly evaluated. Finally, an example of the application of the methodology to improve the energy efficiency of the envelope of a building in the health sector is shown, but it could be applied in a similar way in other building sectors (e.g., residential, commercial, etc.). The systematized recycling of existing buildings, based on passive technological proposals supported by a multi-criteria selection methodology that allows evaluating their technical and economic qualities, represents a viable alternative to intervene in the envelope of buildings and their construction systems.

Resumen Este trabajo presenta una metodología basada en un enfoque multicriterio orientada a evaluar estrategias de reciclado edilicio a partir de propuestas tecnológicas que consideren cualidades técnicas y económicas en el marco (de las pautas) del diseño pasivo. Este abordaje requiere de un diagnóstico previo de la situación tecnológico-constructiva de base de la edilicia construida, y de la identificación de variables de diseño con mayor incidencia en el ahorro energético y la mejora de la habitabilidad tanto en el establecimiento entero como en áreas específicas. Una vez evaluados los aspectos de eficiencia energética de la envolvente, se evalúan de manera similar alternativas para la incorporación de energías renovables. Por último, se muestra un ejemplo de la aplicación de la metodología para la mejora de la eficiencia energética de la envolvente de un edificio del sector salud, pero podría aplicarse de manera similar en otros sectores edilicios (ej.: residencial, comercial, etc.). El reciclaje sistematizado de la edilicia existente, a partir de propuestas tecnológicas pasivas avaladas por una metodología de selección multicriterio que permita evaluar sus cualidades técnicas y económicas, representa una alternativa viable para intervenir en la envolvente de los edificios y sus sistemas constructivos.

Resumen Este documento estudia la evolución de la estructura de la economía colombiana empleando herramientas de la teoría de redes. Para lograr el objetivo se construyeron las matrices insumo-producto (MIP) actividad-actividad para 61 ramas en los años 2005 a 2021 y se emplean el diámetro y la densidad para caracterizar las redes. Adicionalmente, se usan algoritmos de detección de comunidades para identificar las ramas de actividad económica que tienen una interconexión más fuerte cada año. Finalmente, se emplea, por primera vez en la literatura de análisis de redes, una metodología de análisis de estabilidad de clústeres para detectar cambios de un año a otro en la composición de las comunidades. Se encuentran siete comunidades y la existencia de cambios en la red que se reflejan en la MIP durante el periodo 20052021; sin embargo, no son sustanciales como para evidenciar fuertes cambios estructurales, al menos desde un punto de vista de comunidades.

Abstract This paper studies the evolution of the structure of the Colombian economy using network theory tools. To achieve this objective, activity-activity input-output (I-O) matrices for 61 sectors were constructed for the years 2005 to 2021, and diameter and density were used to characterize the networks. Additionally, community detection algorithms were used to identify the economic activity sectors that have a stronger interconnection each year. Finally, for the first time in the network analysis literature, a cluster stability analysis methodology was used to detect changes in community composition from one year to another. Seven communities were identified, and changes in the network were found to be reflected in the I-O matrix during the period 2005-2021; however, these were not substantial enough to evidence strong structural changes, at least from a community perspective.

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ABSTRACT In recent years, the change in the design of video games has become evident, one of them is accessibility for people with different disabilities, despite the laws, which are very limited, there are no standards that require companies, industries and producers from different sectors implement this resource in their projects. From this research, the objective is to investigate the importance that these inclusion games comply with the response to stimuli provided by the industry, in this field, and that the support that the country is giving to this need to be felt is also felt. this visually impaired population. Based on the mixed research methodology, different sources are investigated in order to demonstrate how necessary it is that there are models of inclusion in video games, both entertainment and educational (serious), thus reaching an identity model that. The lack of laws and resources that promote this industry is evidenced. The project made it possible to describe the main strategies and resources that have been proposed and/or implemented in terms of accessibility for people with visual disabilities in Colombia, investigating and comparing the information obtained from the state of the art, and in this way conclude with the impact of these development methods, in the visually impaired population. An important impact has been the technological evolution that other countries have managed to develop for this type of population. As a conclusion, a disparity was found in the development of this project, which is precisely the little accessibility that people with visual disabilities have to video games in Colombia, because beyond the interaction that exists with some, much more access is required. And above all more investment and enactment of laws that support this resource. Using the mixed research methodology, different sources are investigated in order to demonstrate how necessary it is that there are models of inclusion in video games, both entertainment and educational (serious), thus reaching an identity pattern that gives as shows the lack of laws and resources that promote this industry. From this type of research, it was concluded that the lack of resources has been a legible mark that passes through these industries that have the panorama quite compromised by the demands of the market, but that due to this lack of economic resources they cannot reach the levels of implementation. to its mission and vision. Observing what was said above, it becomes complex to be able to carry out a research that clearly defines the inclusion processes for this type of people with said disability in Colombia. Each model of each industry is defined in a different way, since not all of them have this offer in their services. Common to this type of population. What, then, allowed us to conclude this research, finding social differences in each production of a video game? The project allowed us to describe the main strategies that have been proposed and/or implemented in terms of accessibility for people with visual disabilities in Colombia, investigating and comparing the information obtained from the state of the art, as mentioned above. Thus, then, different responses were found to this inclusion, not only in entertainment games but also in educational ones, which in the end are also very important in the classroom, because not only should one think about the distraction game, but also about the playful nature of teaching, thus helping teachers in the development of their classes. In this way, we conclude with the impact of these development methods on the visually impaired population. Another important point that could be evidenced is the evolution of technology, which has brought haptic systems, immersive and dynamic audio, as well as braille itself in digital systems, this, of course, has allowed progress towards much more logical and dynamic resources, but they continue to be limited precisely because they cannot be implemented correctly, due to their high purchasing value. We must think not of people who suffer from visual disabilities, but rather we must think of all social strata with this type of disability who can, with their resources, access this type of technology. Each part of the intervention exercise with state and private companies led to results that concluded in the population with visual disabilities that does not have the possibility of accessing this exercise of inclusion, and beyond the common interest in popularizing these video games, the limitation of certain sectors is seen that do not find in this undertaking a great industry, since the majority assures that it is more lucrative to invest in video games for people without no limitation or disability than investing in this other type of video game In conclusion, the disabled population in Colombia is 3,134,037; this number is very high if we also consider the rural populations that live without any type of resource or technological reach; Due to their socioeconomic condition and location, they are people who have a deterioration in services, then what is the extent of the disabled population in these areas that do not have the support and resources to improve their quality of life? It is almost null, there is no possibility that in the most vulnerable places and far from the reach of the government, inclusion exercises will be carried out with the visually disabled population, because simply in the last population census that was carried out in Colombia in 2018, more than 50% of the population They do not access the Internet, this added to governments that waste state money, it could be said that the level exceeds that percentage. If so, it is very possible that the reach of this population to these technological resources is very bad. A lot of economic investment is required on the part of the state, and for the designers of these technologies to expand to cover their creative enterprises, to the entire population, without the right to exclusion. For this reason, in this project a disparity is evident, which is precisely the little accessibility that people with visual disabilities have to video games in Colombia, not only from entertainment, but from their spaces in the classroom, which is what many demands. academics for their models and resources to work with this population, because beyond the interaction that exists with some (very few), much more access is still required and above all more investment and enactment of laws that support said resource.

RESUMEN Se denomina cambio climático a la variación global del clima de la Tierra debido a causas naturales, pero principalmente a la acción humana. El reto de adaptarse a las nuevas condiciones climáticas y participar en estrategias de mitigación supone costos económicos que hacen del cambio climático un factor condicionante esencial de las características y opciones del desarrollo económico en las próximas décadas. El impacto laboral de las políticas de mitigación del cambio climático, son políticas para reducir las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, y las de adaptación, son políticas que predicen las consecuencias del cambio climático. Se puede decir que cuando la economía sufre, también lo hace el empleo. Sin embargo, lo difícil de analizar son los efectos que esto produce, ya que dichos efectos sobre la economía pueden no traducirse en cambios inmediatos y visibles en todos los escenarios; aunque se evidencie efectos tanto positivos como negativos en algunos sectores debido a estos cambios. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo estudiar los empleos verdes y su adaptación al cambio climático en Paraguay, en el año 2023. Para ello, la metodología empleada fue el análisis documental bibliográfico, ya que se analiza el Índice Global de la Economía Verde (GGEI), de manera a evaluar las circunstancias favorables que permiten construir una transición hacia una economía verde. Se espera que este trabajo pueda servir como base para el estudio del empleo verde en Paraguay y de insumo a otras investigaciones del área económica.

ABSTRACT Climate change is called the global variation in the Earth's climate due to natural causes, but mainly due to human action. The challenge of adapting to new climate conditions and participating in mitigation strategies entails economic costs that make climate change an essential conditioning factor for the characteristics and options of economic development in the coming decades. The labor impact of climate change mitigation policies are policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and adaptation policies are policies that predict the consequences of climate change. It can be said that when the economy suffers, so does employment. However, what is difficult to analyze are the effects that this produces, since these effects on the economy may not translate into immediate and visible changes in all scenarios; although both positive and negative effects are evident in some sectors due to these changes. The objective of this work was to study green jobs and their adaptation to climate change in Paraguay, in the year 2023. For this, the methodology used was bibliographic documentary analysis, since the Global Green Economy Index (GGEI) is analyzed. in order to evaluate the favorable circumstances that allow building a transition towards a green economy. It is expected that this work can serve as a basis for the study of green employment in Paraguay and as input for other research in the economic area.

RESUMEN El presente estudio fue realizado en las Parroquias rurales Pimocha, Febres-Cordero, La Unión y Caracol, del cantón Babahoyo, en la provincia de Los Ríos, Ecuador, durante el año 2021, con el objetivo de caracterizar y tipificar los diferentes sistemas de producción de arroz presentes en esos sectores. Los productores muestreados para este estudio fueron 96 de un total de 2630 unidades de producción agropecuarias, se les aplicaron encuestas estructuradas, considerando los factores socioculturales, económicos y ecológicos. Los datos obtenidos fueron analizados por métodos univariados y multivariados (análisis de componentes principales y análisis de conglomerados) para la caracterización y tipificación de las fincas. Los resultados muestran que los sistemas agropecuarios en los sectores analizados son diversos, donde el mayor número de familias se caracterizan por tener ingreso neto mensual mayor a 394 dólares americanos y tienen acceso a insumos para uso agrícola, pero tienen mayor incidencia de enfermedades y aplican productos fitosanitarios hasta cuatro veces durante el ciclo del cultivo de arroz. El análisis de conglomerados indicó cuatro grupos de productores en función de sus similitudes, siendo los agricultores del tercer grupo los mayoritarios y representan el 35.4% del total, tienen mayor acceso a insumos para la agricultura y al crédito.

ABSTRACT The present study was carried out in the rural parishes of Pimocha, Febres-Cordero, La Unión and Caracol, in the Babahoyo canton, in the province of Los Ríos, Ecuador, during the year 2021, with the objective of characterizing and typifying the different production systems of rice present in those sectors. The producers sampled for this study were 96 of a total of 2,630 agricultural production units. Structured surveys were applied to them, considering sociocultural, economic and ecological factors. The data obtained were analyzed by univariate and multivariate methods (principal component analysis and cluster analysis) for the characterization and classification of the farms. The results show that the agricultural systems in the sectors analyzed are diverse, where the largest number of families are characterized by having a monthly net income greater than 394 US dollars and have access to inputs for agricultural use, but they have a higher incidence of diseases and apply products phytosanitary products up to four times during the rice cultivation cycle. The cluster analysis indicated four groups of producers based on their similarities, with farmers in the third group being the majority and representing 35.4% of the total, they have greater access to agricultural inputs and credit.

Abstract This research aimed to highlight the importance of chemical professionals at national, regional and global levels; for this, a systematic review was conducted to demonstrate the capabilities of chemical professionals who are closely linked to regulations set by the Ecuadorian Institute of Standardization (INEN), Codex Alimentarius, among others that govern the operations of companies to research and develop products of various economic sectors with quality. Regarding the linkage of chemical professionals in a global context, the literature review made it possible to align the profile of the chemical professional with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), providing the basis for curriculum design or professional training content. On the other hand, surveys were conducted to representatives of companies in the industrial sector related to chemistry to consult cleaner production activities in the framework of the SDGs, where waste recycling stood out with 30.43%. To deepen the responses, focus groups were conducted, where company representatives expressed a clear interest in closer ties with academic institutions to access updated knowledge, continuous training and advice. In addition, they highlighted the need for chemical professionals to possess leadership, teamwork and effective communication skills. These findings show the need to strengthen collaboration between industry and academia to improve the implementation of sustainable practices in companies where chemical professionals have a relevant role in solving environmental challenges and promoting sustainable practices in various economic sectors.

Resumen La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo destacar la importancia de los profesionales químicos a nivel nacional, regional y global; para esto, se realizó una revisión sistemática para evidenciar las capacidades de los profesionales químicos que están estrechamente vinculados a normativas señaladas por el Instituto Ecuatoriano de Normalización (INEN), Codex Alimentarius, entre otras que rigen las operaciones de empresas para investigar y desarrollar productos de diversos sectores económicos con calidad. Respecto a la vinculación de los profesionales químicos en un contexto global, la revisión bibliográfica permitió alinear el perfil del profesional químico con los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS), proporcionando la base para el diseño curricular o contenidos de formación profesional. Por otra parte, se realizaron encuestas a representantes de empresas del sector industrial afines a la química para consultar actividades de producción más limpia en el marco de los ODS, donde el reciclaje de residuos destacó con un 30.43%. Para profundizar en las respuestas se realizaron grupos focales, donde los representantes de empresas expresaron un claro interés en estrechar lazos con las instituciones académicas para acceder a conocimientos actualizados, capacitación continua y asesoramiento. Además, resaltaron la necesidad de que los profesionales químicos posean habilidades de liderazgo, trabajo en equipo y comunicación efectiva. Estos hallazgos evidencian la necesidad de fortalecer la colaboración entre industria y academia para mejorar la implementación de prácticas sostenibles en las empresas donde los profesionales químicos tienen un rol relevante en la resolución de desafíos ambientales y en la promoción de prácticas sostenibles en diversos sectores económicos.

Resumen Objetivo: este artículo estudia la relación entre la demanda turística y el crecimiento económico, el tipo de cambio real y la incertidumbre de política económica (EPU, por sus siglas en inglés) en Australia, China, Francia, Alemania, Italia, Japón, España, Estados Unidos y el Reino Unido. Metodología: se aplicaron pruebas de dependencia transversal, de raíz unitaria y de cointegración. El modelo de largo plazo se estimó con los siguientes métodos: PCSE, FGLS y FMOLS. Resultados: los resultados muestran una relación positiva entre el crecimiento económico y el tipo de cambio real respecto a la demanda turística. En el largo plazo, la relación de causalidad es de la incertidumbre, el tipo de cambio y el PIB al turismo. Se valida la hipótesis de retroalimentación. Limitaciones: la disponibilidad de datos. Originalidad: estudia la influencia conjunta del crecimiento económico y la EPU sobre la demanda de turismo en los países de los principales destinos mundiales de turismo internacional según los ingresos turísticos internacionales. Conclusiones: se sugiere que el turismo impulsará el crecimiento económico general, y de manera correspondiente la inversión en otros sectores de la economía también influirá en un aumento del turismo.

Abstract Objective: to study the relationship among tourism demand and economic growth, real exchange rate, and economic policy uncertainty (EPU) in Australia China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Spain, the United States, and the United Kingdom. Methodology: cross-section dependence, unit root, and cointegration tests were applied. The long-term model was estimated according to the Panel-Corrected Standard Error (PCSE), Feasible Generalised Least Squares (FGLS), and Fully Modified Ordinary Least Square (FMOLS). Results: the results show a positive relationship between economic growth and the real exchange rate concerning tourism demand. In the long term, the causality relationship is from uncertainty, exchange rate, and GDP to tourism. The feedback hypothesis is validated. Limitations: availability of data. Originality: it studies the joint influence of economic growth and the EPU on demand for tourism in the countries of the world’s leading destinations for international tourism according to international tourist income. Conclusions: tourism will drive general economic growth and, correspondingly, investment in other sectors of the economy will also influence an increase in tourism.

Resumen Las asociaciones de empresarios de los distintos sectores de la economía forman parte del entramado institucional de Colombia. Tienen una historia larga, estrechamente vinculada con la manera en la cual se desarrolló la economía, en particular desde los inicios del siglo XX cuando comenzó la expansión de la actividad cafetera en el país. De ahí que un gremio dominante a lo largo del siglo, por combinar funciones públicas y privadas, fue la Federación Nacional de Cafeteros. Lo que no implica que otras asociaciones de agricultores, industriales, banqueros y comerciantes no hubieran ejercido una influencia importante en orientar las distintas políticas públicas y la política macroeconómica. En la segunda mitad del siglo XX, en la medida en la cual la estructura económica se diversificó, surgió un buen número de gremios que representaron ramas específicas de los sectores productivos y su relación con los gobiernos se sustentó en criterios técnicos gracias a que atrajeron talento humano especializado y bien formado. La proliferación de asociaciones condujo a la creación en los años noventa del Consejo Gremial Nacional, un ‘gremio de gremios’ a través del cual se ha centrado la interlocución de los empresarios con las instituciones del Estado en los asuntos de mayor relevancia para la marcha del país. En este texto se revisa cronológicamente la trayectoria gremial en Colombia desde su origen hasta las dos primeras décadas del siglo XXI. Establece, así, la relación de estas asociaciones con la evolución de la economía y los eventos políticos colombianos.

Abstract Entrepreneurial associations -guilds- in the different sectors of the Colombian economy are part of the institutional fabric of the country. They have a long history, closely related to the way in which the Colombian economy developed, particularly from the beginnings of the Twentieth century when the expansion of the coffee production and exports took off in the country. This explains the presence of a dominant association, founded in 1927, The Colombian Federation of Coffee Growers (Federación Nacional de Cafeteros de Colombia). Which is not to say that other bodies representing agricultural producers, industrialists, bankers and commercial traders did not exert an important influence in orienting the different sectoral and macro policies implemented by the governments. During the second half of the Century, as the economic structure of the country diversified, a good number of associations were created; their relation with the governments were based on technical grounds because they were able to attract specialized talent. The explosion of associations led to the organization of the National Associations Council (Consejo Gremial Nacional), an ‘association of associations’ through which the dialogue between the entrepreneurs and the state institutions -Congress, Courts and the Executive branch- takes place, specially referring to issues of greater relevance for the country’s future. This essay reviews in chronological sequence the path followed by the main associations of the country from their origin to the third decade of the Twentieth one century. It establishes then, the relationship between these associations and Colombian economic development and political events.

Resumen: Utilizando la teoría crítica y metodología cualitativa documental, a través de los conceptos de neoliberalismo autoritario y acumulación por legitimación, en el presente ensayo se analiza la reforma energética materializada en el gobierno de Enrique Peña Nieto en México a partir del Pacto por México, signado entre los principales partidos políticos y el gobierno federal. Las evidencias reflejan una imposición de dicha reforma sin consultar a la población con el fin de privatizar los recursos energéticos del país, la cual fue allanada por una legitimación mediática donde el gobierno canalizó grandes recursos económicos a los principales medios de comunicación del país. Se concluye que la reforma energética se da en un contexto neoliberal autoritario, de imposición para el reforzamiento del modelo económico imperante, donde el Estado renuncia a la posibilidad de negociar con los diversos sectores de la población y buscando la legitimación a través de moldear la opinión pública.

Abstract: Using critical theory and qualitative documentary methodology, through the concepts of authoritarian neoliberalism and accumulation by legitimization, this essay analyzes the energy reform materialized in the government of Enrique Peña Nieto in Mexico through the Pact for Mexico, signed between the main political parties and the federal government. The evidence reflects an imposition of such reform without consulting the population with the purpose of privatizing the country’s energy resources, which was paved by a media legitimization where the government channeled large economic resources to the country’s main media. It is concluded that the energy reform takes place in an authoritarian neoliberal context, of imposition for the reinforcement of the prevailing economic model, where the State renounces the possibility of negotiating with the different sectors of the population and seeks legitimization through the molding of public opinion.

Resumen La presente investigación maneja como eje central el Desarrollo Territorial en la zona norte del Estado de Baja California Sur, específicamente en el Valle de Vizcaíno, situado en el municipio de Mulegé. En el área de estudio, se ha generado una situación de rezago económico y territorial como efecto de la dependencia a un prioritario sector económico que no se encuentra articulado con el resto de los sectores. En este sentido, se identifica el potencial de integración entre sectores, presentando así una propuesta de estructura para integración de sectores productivos locales, siendo estos el de mayor relevancia como es el primario (ganadería, pesca y minería), y el que figura de manera complementaria, el terciario. Se describen de manera independiente los sectores económicos, posterior, mediante un análisis de tres pilares de integración: planificada, intersectorial y territorial, se propone una estrategia cruzada donde, mediante dicha relación, se generen actividades intersectoriales complementarias, con miras un encadenamiento productivo territorial.

Abstract This research manages as a central axis the Territorial Development in the northern zone of the State of Baja California Sur, specifically in the Vizcaíno Valley, located in the municipality of Mulegé. In the study area, a situation of economic and territorial backwardness has been generated as a result of dependence on a priority economic sector that is not articulated with the rest of the sectors. In this sense, the potential for integration between sectors is identified, thus presenting a proposal for a structure for the integration of local productive sectors, being these the most relevant, such as the primary one (livestock, fishing, and mining), and the tertiary sector, which is complementary. The economic sectors are described independently, later, through an analysis of three pillars of integration: planned, intersectoral and territorial, a crossover strategy is proposed where, through said relationship, complementary intersectoral activities are generated, with a view to a territorial productive chain.

Resumo Introdução: O documento propõe uma abordagem aos principais desafios e vulnerabilidades da globalização liberal, em decorrência das tensões geradas pelo protagonismo chinês em setores estratégicos e o relativo processo de desacoplamento empreendido por potências ocidentais. Objetivo: O objetivo é entender como e por que as cadeias globais de suprimento, particularmente as de semicondutores, se tornaram o novo campo de batalha geopolítica entre potências ocidentais e a China. Metodologia:A análise é baseada em uma revisão sistemática de diversas fontes que abordam os riscos atuais das cadeias globais de suprimento para o desenvolvimento de tecnologias-chave na competição entre as grandes potências. Conclusões: O artigo conclui que a geopolítica das cadeias globais de suprimento e a securitização da China revelam um sistema de globalização econômica esgotado em processo de transformação, que parece não mais responder aos interesses das potências ocidentais.

Abstract Introduction: This document offers an approach to the primary challenges and vulnerabilities of liberal globalization, stemming from the tensions generated by China's growing influence in strategic sectors and the relative decoupling process undertaken by Western powers. Objective: The objective is to understand how and why global supply chains, particularly those related to semiconductors, have emerged as the new geopolitical battleground between Western powers and China. Methodology: The analysis is based on a systematic review of various sources that address the current risks facing global supply chains for the development of key technologies in the competition between major powers. Conclusions: The article concludes that the geopolitics of global supply chains and the securitization of China reveal an exhausted economic globalization system undergoing transformation, which no longer appears to serve the interests of Western powers.

Resumen Introducción: el documento plantea una aproximación a los principales desafíos y vulnerabilidades de la globalización liberal a raíz de las tensiones que ha generado el protagonismo chino en sectores estratégicos y el relativo proceso de desacoplamiento emprendido por potencias occidentales. Objetivo: el objetivo es entender cómo y por qué las cadenas globales de suministro, particularmente de los semiconductores, se han convertido en el nuevo campo de batalla geopolítica entre potencias occidentales y China. Metodología: el análisis se sustenta en una sistemática revisión documental de diversas fuentes que abordan los riesgos actuales de las cadenas de suministro globales para el desarrollo de tecnologías claves en la competencia entre las grandes potencias. Conclusiones: el artículo concluye que la geopolítica de las cadenas globales de suministro y la segurización de China evidencian un sistema de globalización económica agotado en proceso de trasformación que parece ya no responder a los intereses de las potencias occidentales.