Abstract Introduction The prevalence of otitis media (OM) is substantial all over the world. Epidemiological data related to the economic burden of OM globally is minimal. The present systematic review was undertaken to estimate the economic burden of this disease in various parts of the world. Objectives An extensive literature search was done using PRISMA guidelines to identify relevant studies that estimated the economic burden of OM in monetary terms. The databases searched were PubMed Central, Ovid, and Embase. The cost estimation was done for one specific year and then compared considering the inflation rate. Data Synthesis The literature search led to the inclusion of 10 studies. The studies evaluated direct and indirect costs in monetary terms. Direct costs (health system and patient perspective) ranged from USD (United States Dollar) 122.64 (Netherlands) to USD 633.6 (USA) per episode of OM. Looking at only the patient perspective, the costs ranged from USD 19.32 (Oman) to USD 80.5 (Saudi Arabia). The total costs (direct and indirect) ranged from USD 232.7 to USD 977 (UK) per episode of OM. The economic burden per year was highest in the USA (USD 5 billion). The incidence of OM episodes was found more in children < 5 years old. Introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines decreased the incidence in children and now the prevalence in adults is of concern. Conclusion The economic burden of OM is relatively high globally and addressing this public health burden is important. Approaches for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment should be undertaken by the health system to alleviate this disease burden. (OM world minimal terms Central Ovid Embase rate 1 perspective United Dollar 12264 122 64 122.6 Netherlands (Netherlands 6336 633 6 633. (USA 1932 19 32 19.3 Oman (Oman 805 80 80. Saudi Arabia. Arabia . Arabia) 2327 232 7 232. 97 UK (UK billion. billion billion) old concern important prevention diagnosis 1226 12 122. 63 193 3 19. 8 23 9 2

Abstract Chinese migration has been driven by migration policies in Colombia contributing to factors such as the strengthening of diplomacy, economic opportunities, cultural exchange, etc. Due to the cross-border opening, Colombia has been able to attract a significant number of Chinese migrants generating a favorable environment for new opportunities and improving their living conditions. The objective of this research was to analyze the local perspectives of Chinese migration in Colombia and its impact on local development. A descriptive quantitative approach methodology was implemented through a deductive method to deepen the perceptions and impact in the national context. The instrument entitled “PMI Universidad ECCI” was designed and validated corresponding to its centuries: Perspectives of International Migration which inquired in 15 items of three perspectives: economic, social and cultural perspectives evaluated on a Likert scale A sample of 93 professional experts in international trade was used. The findings revealed that Chinese migration has generated a significant impulse in the development of the Colombian national territory, providing employment and cultural diversity, likewise, a permanent cooperation between north and south is suggested, promoting solid foreign and migration policies that promote inclusion. Finally, it is concluded that there are challenges and opportunities in terms of integration and equity in local conditions for the strengthening of international relations between both countries.

Resumen La migración china ha sido impulsada por políticas migratorias en Colombia contribuyendo a factores como el fortalecimiento de la diplomacia, oportunidades económicas, intercambio cultural, etc. Debido a la apertura transfronteriza, Colombia ha logrado atraer a un número significativo de migrantes chinos generando un ambiente propicio para nuevas oportunidades y mejorar sus condiciones de vida. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo el análisis de las perspectivas locales de la migración china en Colombia y su impacto en el desarrollo local. Se implementó una metodología de enfoque cuantitativo de tipo descriptivo por medio de un método deductivo para profundizar las percepciones e impacto en el contexto nacional. Se diseñó y validó el instrumento titulado “PMI Universidad ECCI” correspondientes a sus siglas: Perspectivas de la Migración Internacional el cual indagó en 15 ítems de tres perspectivas: económica, social y perspectivas culturales evaluadas en una escala Likert. Se utilizó una muestra de 93 profesionales expertos en comercio internacional. Los hallazgos revelaron que la migración china ha generado un impulso significativo en el desarrollo del territorio nacional colombiano, aportando empleo y diversidad cultural, asimismo, se sugiere una cooperación permanente dada entre norte-sur promoviendo políticas exteriores y de migración sólidas que fomenten la inclusión. Finalmente se concluye que existen desafíos y oportunidades en términos de integración y equidad en condiciones locales para el fortalecimiento de las relaciones internacionales entre ambos países.

Resumo Este artigo apresenta um estudo de investigação sobre a inclusão educativa de estudantes com deficiência que frequentam regularmente universidades públicas na região da América Central e das Caraíbas. O estudo faz parte de um projeto mais amplo que procura gerar apoio a este grupo no ensino superior. Foi utilizada uma abordagem qualitativa com um desenho descritivo exploratório. Participaram no estudo dez diretores acadêmicos, coordenadores, membros de organismos universitários para estudantes com deficiência e professores. Os resultados mostram que muitos estabelecimentos de Ensino introduziram políticas institucionais nos últimos anos. Além disso, os programas de assistência aos estudantes representam um dos mecanismos de apoio mais importantes. Por último, os participantes referiram que a falta de recursos financeiros, a escassez de pessoal formado e a falta de formação de professores nesta matéria são os principais obstáculos à criação de ambientes educativos inclusivos. Caraíbas superior exploratório acadêmicos coordenadores anos disso importantes último financeiros inclusivos

Abstract This article presents a study on the educational inclusion of students with disabilities who regularly attend public universities in Central American and the Caribbean. This study is part of a broader project that seeks to generate support for this group in Higher Education. A qualitative approach with an exploratory descriptive design was used. Ten academic heads, coordinators, members of university instances of attention to students with disabilities, and professors participated. The results show that most educational institutions have implemented institutional policies in recent years. Likewise, student assistance programs represent one of the major support mechanisms. Finally, the participants mentioned that the lack of economic resources, scarcity of trained personnel, and teacher training on this issue are the main obstacles to creating inclusive educational environments. Caribbean Education used heads coordinators participated years Likewise mechanisms Finally resources personnel environments

Resumen En este artículo se da a conocer una investigación realizada sobre la inclusión educativa del alumnado en situación de discapacidad que asiste regularmente a las universidades públicas de la región centroamericana y el Caribe. El estudio es parte de un proyecto más amplio que busca generar apoyos hacia este colectivo en la Educación Superior. Se utilizó un enfoque cualitativo con un diseño descriptivo exploratorio. Participaron 10 jefes académicos, coordinadores, miembros de instancias universitarias de atención a estudiantes en situación de discapacidad y profesores. Los resultados muestran que la mayoría de los establecimientos de Enseñanza instauraron políticas institucionales en los últimos años. Asimismo, los programas de atención estudiantil representan uno de los mayores mecanismos de apoyo. Finalmente, los participantes mencionaron que la falta de recursos económicos, el escaso personal capacitado y la poca formación de los docentes acerca de esta temática son los principales obstáculos para crear entornos educativos inclusivos. Caribe Superior exploratorio 1 académicos coordinadores profesores años Asimismo apoyo Finalmente económicos inclusivos

Abstract The paper aims to analyze how democracy is structured within the neoliberal capitalist system in the Brazilian context. While neoliberalism requires market liberalization, reduction of the social state, and financialization of life, democracy presupposes political and economic equality, public apparatus, and inclusion; thus, it is necessary to discuss this conflicting relationship. The first session of the work discusses the economic, political, and social system of neoliberalism, understanding its requirements and characteristics, as opposed to democratic pretensions, to enter into Brazilian particularities. The second topic analyzes the construction of a neoliberal society in the country, establishing the investigation through the clash between social development and neoliberal advancement in Brazil. Finally, it examines the presence of neoliberal capitalism from the Partido dos Trabalhadores (PT) governments to the first two years of the Bolsonaro government, questioning the place of democracy. For this, the research used the deductive approach method and type of bibliographical and documentary research with a qualitative approach. In conclusion, we highlight the obstacle that neoliberalism imposes to realize a substantial, egalitarian, and plural democracy, marginalizing its power and restricting it to the electoral sphere. context liberalization state life equality apparatus inclusion thus relationship characteristics pretensions particularities country Brazil Finally PT (PT government conclusion substantial egalitarian sphere

Resumo O artigo visa analisar de que modo a democracia é estruturada no sistema capitalista neoliberal no contexto brasileiro. Enquanto o neoliberalismo requer liberalização dos mercados, redução do estado social e financeirização da vida, a democracia pressupõe igualdade política e econômica, aparato público e inclusão, desse modo, é necessário discutir sobre essa relação conflituosa. A primeira sessão do trabalho discute o sistema econômico, político e social do neoliberalismo, compreendendo suas exigências e características, contrapostas às pretensões democráticas, a fim de adentrar nas particularidades brasileiras. O segundo tópico analisa a construção da sociedade neoliberal, estabelecendo a investigação por meio do embate entre social-desenvolvimento e avanço neoliberal no Brasil. Por fim, examina a presença do capitalismo neoliberal desde os governos do Partido dos Trabalhadores (PT) até os dois primeiros anos de governo Bolsonaro, questionando o lugar da democracia. Para isso, a pesquisa utilizou o método de abordagem dedutivo e tipo de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, com abordagem qualitativa. Como conclusão, destaca-se o obstáculo que o neoliberalismo impõe à concretização de uma democracia substancial, igualitária e plural no Brasil, marginalizando seu poder e restringindo-a à esfera eleitoral. brasileiro mercados vida econômica inclusão conflituosa econômico características democráticas brasileiras socialdesenvolvimento desenvolvimento Brasil PT (PT Bolsonaro isso documental qualitativa conclusão destacase destaca se substancial restringindoa restringindo eleitoral

Resumo Esse trabalho se enquadra no desarrolho sustentável como modelo para a promoção de um crescimento econômico sustentado, inclusivo e sustentável, um emprego pleno e produtivo, e um trabalho decente enquadrado nos eixos ambiental, econômico e social. Analisaram-se as características e condições das associações de recicladores da cidade de Cuenca, com o objetivo de determinar se a conformação delas é uma estratégia adequada para o desarrolho sustentável ou simplesmente uma estratégia de supervivência para grupos vulneráveis. A metodologia utilizada tem um caráter de correlação e misturado, com corte transversal e exploratório, e foi concentrado no estudo de 168 recicladores associados e registrados no EMAC-EP. Os resultados mostraram que a venda coletiva das associações não é uma variável explicativa e influente sob o nível de rendas dos recicladores associados. A conclusão principal foi que a reciclagem associativa não tem características de eficiência, trabalho decente e crescimento econômico apesar de ter o princípio da inclusão de grupos vulneráveis, o qual não fornece garantias que favoreçam o desarrolho sustentável. JEL: Q01 Desarrolho sustentável.

Resumen El presente trabajo se enmarca en el desarrollo sostenible como un modelo que busca promover el crecimiento económico sostenido, inclusivo y sostenible, el empleo pleno y productivo y el trabajo decente enmarcado en los ejes medioambiental, económico y social. Se analizaron las características y condiciones de las asociaciones de recicladores de la ciudad de Cuenca, con la finalidad de determinar si su conformación es considerada una estrategia adecuada de desarrollo sostenible o simplemente configura una estrategia de supervivencia para grupos vulnerables. La metodología empleada, con carácter correlacional y mixta, corte transversal y de carácter exploratorio, se centró en el estudio de 168 recicladores asociados registrados en EMAC-EP. En los resultados destaca que la venta colectiva en las asociaciones no es una variable explicativa e influyente en el nivel de ingreso de un reciclador asociado. La conclusión principal demuestra que el reciclaje asociativo no presenta rasgos de eficiencia, trabajo decente y crecimiento económico, a pesar de tener como principio la inclusión de grupos vulnerables, lo cual no brinda garantías que favorezcan el desarrollo sostenible. JEL: Q01 Desarrollo sostenible.

Abstract This work has a framework based on sustainable development as a model seeking to improve sustainable, inclusive and sustained economic growth, as well as a full, productive employment as well as decent employment within the framework of the environmental, economic and social axes. An analysis was performed on the characteristics and conditions of the recycler associations of the city of Cuenca to determine if the creation of these associations is considered an appropriate strategy for sustainable development or just a survival strategy for vulnerable parties. The methodology in use, with a correlational and mixed, cross-sectioned and exploratory system, was based on the study of 168 associated recyclers registered in EMAC-EP. The results highlight that collective sales in associations are not an explanative, influential variable on the income levels of associated recyclers. The main conclusion shows that associative recycling does not show any hints of efficiency, decent work and economic growth in spite of having as principle the inclusion of vulnerable parties, as it does not provide any warranties favoring sustainable development. JEL: Q01 Sustainable development.

HIV/AIDS remains one of the world's most significant public health and economic challenges, with approximately 36 million people currently living with the disease. Considerable progress has been made to reduce the impact of HIV/AIDS in the past years through successful multiple HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment interventions. However, barriers such as lack of engagement, limited availability of early HIV-infection detection tools, high rates of HIV/sexually transmitted infections (STIs), barriers to access antiretroviral therapy, lack of innovative resource optimisation and distribution strategies, and poor prevention services for vulnerable populations still exist and substantially affect the attainment of the UNAIDS 95-95-95 targets. A rapid review was conducted from 24 October 2022 to 5 November 2022. Literature searches were conducted in different prominent and reputable electronic database repositories including PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science, IEEE Xplore, and Springer. The study used various search keywords to search for relevant publications. From a list of collected publications, researchers used inclusion and exclusion criteria to screen and select relevant papers for inclusion in this review. This study unpacks emerging opportunities that can be explored by applying machine learning techniques to further knowledge and understanding about HIV service design, prediction, implementation, and evaluation. Therefore, there is a need to explore innovative and more effective analytic strategies including machine learning approaches to understand and improve HIV service design, planning, implementation, and evaluation to strengthen HIV/AIDS prevention, treatment, and awareness strategies.

Resumo: O currículo de história chileno e os manuais escolares desta disciplina se caracterizam por se basearem numa narrativa centrada no adulto que exclui a participação das crianças no estudo do passado, uma vez que se centraram na descrição das façanhas políticas, económicas e militares lideradas por homens adultos pertencentes aos setores dominantes. A partir dessa problemática, este ensaio propõe uma reflexão filosófico- educacional que visa fundamentar a necessidade de redefinir o papel histórico das crianças para desconstruir o seu tratamento como agentes banidos da história escolar ou como sujeitos subalternos do mundo adulto. Do ponto de vista metodológico, este ensaio baseia-se na revisão documental de diferentes textos alojados em bases de dados como Scielo, Clacso, Redalyc, Wos, Scopus, ProQuest, Latindex e Dialnet, das quais foram escolhidas obras principalmente do Chile, do México e da Espanha para examinar a importância de repensar o tratamento dado às crianças presente no currículo de história chileno, especialmente nos manuais de especialidade. Esta busca foi realizada utilizando as seguintes palavras-chave: Chile, história escolar, infância, currículo nacional, livros escolares, adultocentrismo, didática da história e pensamento histórico. O método argumentativo foi utilizado para fundamentar teoricamente a reflexão registrada. Em conclusão, nota-se que é fundamental adotar a perspectiva das crianças na história, pois isso ajuda na formação de cidadãos críticos e conscientes dos seus direitos e deveres.

Resumen: El currículum chileno de Historia y los textos escolares de esta asignatura se caracterizan por fundarse en un relato adultocéntrico que excluye la participación de la niñez en el estudio del pasado, ya que se han focalizado en describir las proezas políticas, económicas y militares lideradas por hombres adultos pertenecientes a los sectores dirigentes. En función de esta problemática, este ensayo plantea una reflexión filosófico-educativa que tiene por objeto fundamentar la necesidad de resignificar el rol histórico de los niños para deconstruir el tratamiento de estos como agentes desterrados de la historia escolar o como sujetos subalternos del mundo adulto. Desde un punto de vista metodológico, este ensayo se apoya en la revisión documental de diferentes textos alojados en bases de datos como Scielo, Clacso, Redalyc, Wos, Scopus, ProQuest, Latindex y Dialnet, de las cuales se escogieron trabajos procedentes fundamentalmente de Chile, México y España, que examinaran la importancia de repensar el tratamiento de los niños y niñas presente en el currículum chileno de Historia, especialmente en los manuales de la especialidad. Esta búsqueda se llevó a cabo a partir de las siguientes palabras clave: Chile, historia escolar, infancia, currículum nacional, textos escolares, adultocentrismo, didáctica de la historia y pensamiento histórico. Se recurrió al método argumentativo para sustentar teóricamente la reflexión consignada. Como conclusión, se señala que resulta fundamental adoptar la perspectiva infantil en la historia, ya que ayuda a los niños a formarse como personas ciudadanas críticas y conscientes de sus derechos y deberes.

Abstract: The Chilean history curriculum and textbooks on the subject feature an adult-centered narrative that excludes children’s participation in the study of the past, focusing on describing the political, economic, and military exploits of adult men representing the ruling sectors. To address this problem, this paper offers a philosophical-educational reflection on the importance of redefining the historical role of children in order to deconstruct children as banished actors of school history or as subaltern subjects of the adult world. From a methodological point of view, this paper is based on the documentary review of different texts housed in databases such as Scielo, Clacso, Redalyc, Wos, Scopus, ProQuest, Latindex and Dialnet. The texts selected are mainly from Chile, Mexico and Spain and examine the importance of rethinking the current treatment of children in the Chilean history curriculum, especially in history textbooks. The search was conducted using the following keywords: Chile, school history, childhood, national curriculum, textbooks, adultcentrism, history didactics and historical thinking. The argumentative method was used to provide theoretical support for the reflection. In conclusion, it is fundamental to adopt a child’s perspective in history in order to help children become critical citizens, aware of their rights and responsibilities.

Abstract Sustainable Corporate Finance is an important mechanism to address the climate crisis and its adverse effects on society and the environment. Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) criteria have been proposed and implemented as a normative evaluation framework for companies in multiple sectors. However, ESG studies are not yet fully conclusive, but they serve to incorporate more than economic criteria to investment decisions in companies, and in this way, to focus on responsible investments. Among a variety of criteria, corporate responsibility and diversity in top management positions have gained significance today. Given this context, the aim of this study is to analyze the effect of including women in top leadership positions within high-cap companies and their impact on ESG indicators, with a particular focus on organizations in the industrial sector. A longitudinal study was conducted using balanced panel data of the companies that make up the Standard and Poor's 500, linear regression with random effects was estimated, as well as impact analysis using the Synthetic Difference in Difference (SDID). The results show a slight increase in the participation of women in top management (CEO), particularly in the last years (2020-2022). In addition, there is a statistically positive incidence between the participation of a female CEO in a better performance of the ESG indicators of the companies, with an impact of 0.2401 points, being the environmental criterion the most impacted with 0.6522 points.

Resumen Las finanzas corporativas sustentables son un mecanismo importante para hacer frente a la crisis climática y sus efectos adversos a la sociedad y el medio ambiente. Particularmente, se han propuesto e implementado los indicadores Ambiental, Social y Gobierno (ESG, por sus siglas en inglés) como un marco normativo de evaluación para las empresas de múltiples sectores. Los estudios realizados en materia de ESG aun no son concluyentes del todo, pero sirven para incorporar más que criterios económicos a las decisiones de inversión en las empresas y, de esta forma, orientarse en las inversiones responsables. Entre una variedad de criterios, la responsabilidad corporativa y la diversidad en posiciones de alta dirección ha cobrado relevancia en la actualidad. Dado lo anterior, el objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el efecto de la inclusión de mujeres en posiciones de liderazgo de alta dirección en las empresas de alta capitalización y su impacto en los indicadores ESG, realizando un especial énfasis en las organizaciones del sector industrial. Se realizó un estudio longitudinal a través de datos panel balanceados de las empresas que componen el índice Standard & Poor's 500, se estimó la regresión lineal con efectos aleatorios, así como del análisis de impacto mediante la Estimación Sintética de las Diferencias (SDID). Los resultados muestran un leve incremento en la participación de las mujeres en los altos mandos (CEO), particularmente en los últimos años (2020-2022). Además, existe una incidencia estadísticamente positiva entre la participación de una mujer CEO en un mejor desempeño de los indicadores ESG de las empresas, con un impacto de 0.2401 puntos, siendo el indicador ambiental el mayor impactado, con 0.6522 puntos.

Abstract Zoonotic infectious diseases (or zoonoses) are communicable diseases that are transmitted from animals to humans. These diseases bring serious health risks to both animals and humans and can have high economic impacts worldwide. The objective of this systematic review has arisen from the need to collect, analyze and synthesize the knowledge of the investigations previously carried out in relation to information on the zoonoses present in domestic and production animals documented in the State of Mexico, getting tools that help prevent diseases that cause public health problems. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) method is recommended, using the Google academic, PubMed, Scielo databases, the review was limited until November 6, 2022. As a result, acquired 161 articles: 148 from Pubmed, 9 from Scielo and 4 from Google Scholar. Of the total articles found, 80 were eliminated after reading the title since it did not present agreement with most of the keywords, later 77 articles were eliminated since, when reading the abstract, they were review articles or did not have the necessary keywords. characteristics related to the inclusion criteria. The number of studies selected to assess their eligibility was 6, however, 2 were discarded because they were conducted in Mexico, but were not specific to the State of Mexico and were older than 5 years. Finally, only 4 articles were included for this systematic review.

Resumo As doenças infecciosas zoonóticas (ou zoonoses) representam graves riscos para a saúde tanto dos animais como dos seres humanos, que podem ter impactos económicos globais. saúde pública. Para isso, utilizou-se o método Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), aplicando diversos mecanismos de busca científica como Google Scholar, PubMed e Scielo. A revisão foi limitada até 6 de novembro de 2022. Como resultado, foram obtidos 161 artigos: 148 no Pubmed, 9 no Scielo e 4 no Google Acadêmico. Do total de artigos encontrados, 80 foram eliminados após a leitura do título, pois correspondiam à maioria das palavras-chave. Posteriormente, foram eliminados 77 artigos, pois, na leitura do resumo, eram artigos de revisão ou não apresentavam as características solicitadas. Os artigos selecionados para avaliar a elegibilidade foram 6; Porém, 2 foram descartados porque eram fabricados no México, mas não eram específicos do Estado do México e tinham mais de 5 anos. Por fim, apenas 4 artigos foram incluídos para esta revisão sistemática.

Resumen Las enfermedades infecciosas zoonóticas (o zoonosis) representan graves riesgos para la salud tanto de los animales como de los humanos, lo cual puede tener impactos económicos a nivel mundial. Por eso, esta revisión tuvo el objetivo de recopilar información para analizar sistemáticamente diversas investigaciones sobre el estudio de las zoonosis presentes en animales domésticos y de producción documentadas en el Estado de México con el fin de obtener herramientas que ayuden a prevenir enfermedades que causan problemas de salud pública. Para ello, se utilizó el método Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), aplicando diversos buscadores científicos como Google Scholar, PubMed y Scielo. La revisión se limitó hasta el 6 de noviembre de 2022. Como resultado se obtuvieron 161 artículos: 148 provenientes de Pubmed, 9 de Scielo y 4 de Google Scholar. Del total de artículos encontrados 80 fueron eliminados tras leer el título, ya que tenían correspondencia con la mayoría de las palabras clave. Posteriormente, 77 artículos fueron eliminados, ya que, al leer el resumen, se trataba de artículos de revisión o no contaban con las características solicitadas. Los artículos seleccionados para evaluar la elegibilidad fueron 6; sin embargo, se descartaron 2 debido a que fueron realizados en México, pero no eran específicos del Estado de México, y tenían más de 5 años de antigüedad. Finalmente, solo 4 artículos fueron incluidos para esta revisión sistemática.

RESUMEN La brecha digital hace referencia a la forma de exclusión social que afecta el uso de la tecnología e impacta en mayor medida a los pueblos originarios. En Oaxaca, por su alta densidad de población indígena, se observa un continuum histórico de desigualdad que se expresa en la pobreza, la marginación, la baja escolaridad y el bajo poder adquisitivo, barreras para el acceso a las tecnologías digitales. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar los factores sociodemográficos, económicos, culturales y geográficos que inciden en el acceso a Internet por parte de la población indígena, así como una revisión de las políticas de inclusión digital emprendidas para la reducción de la brecha digital. Tal abordaje supuso el uso del modelo estadístico probit, utilizando datos del Censo de población y vivienda 2020. Las estadísticas arrojaron que la educación, el poder adquisitivo, el acceso a servicios básicos y el hecho de residir en lugares de mayor concentración poblacional son condicionantes para fomentar el acceso a Internet. Asimismo, se vislumbró la necesidad de diseñar y aplicar políticas digitales con la participación de los tres niveles gubernamentales (federal, estatal y municipal) y agentes sociales locales, bajo un marco del reconocimiento de la diversidad cultural; políticas que vayan más allá de lo instrumental y que promuevan la inversión pública-privada en telecomunicaciones, además de seguir avanzando en mejorar el bienestar de la población indígena.

ABSTRACT The digital divide refers to the form of social exclusion that affects the use of technology and has a greater impact on indigenous peoples. In Oaxaca, due to its high density of indigenous population, there is a historical continuum of inequality that is expressed in poverty, marginalisation, low schooling and low purchasing power, which are barriers to access to digital technologies. The aim of this paper is to analyse the socio-demographic, economic, cultural and geographic factors that affect access to the Internet by the indigenous population, as well as a review of the digital inclusion policies undertaken to reduce the digital divide. This approach involved the use of the probit statistical model, using data from the 2020 Population and Housing Census. The statistics showed that education, purchasing power, access to basic services and residing in places with a higher population concentration are conditioning factors for promoting access to the Internet. Likewise, the need to design and implement digital policies with the participation of the three levels of government (federal, state and municipal) and local social agents, within a framework of recognition of cultural diversity; policies that go beyond the instrumental and that promote public-private investment in telecommunications, in addition to continuing to make progress in improving the well-being of the indigenous population.

RESUMO A brecha digital refere-se à forma de exclusão social que afeta o uso da tecnologia e impacta em maior medida os povos indígenas. Em Oaxaca, devido à sua alta densidade de população indígena, observa-se um continuum histórico de desigualdade que se expressa na pobreza, na marginalização, na baixa escolaridade e no baixo poder de compra, barreiras ao acesso às tecnologias digitais. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar os fatores sociodemográficos, econômicos, culturais e geográficos que afetam o acesso à Internet da população indígena, bem como uma revisão das políticas de inclusão digital empreendidas para reduzir a brecha digital. Esta abordagem envolveu o uso do modelo estatístico probit, utilizando dados do Censo Demográfico e Habitacional de 2020. As estatísticas mostraram que a escolaridade, o poder de compra, o acesso a serviços básicos e o fato de residir em locais com maior concentração populacional são fatores condicionantes para promover o acesso à internet. Da mesma forma, percebeu-se a necessidade de desenhar e aplicar políticas digitais com a participação dos três níveis de governo (federal, estadual e municipal) e dos agentes sociais locais, num quadro de reconhecimento da diversidade cultural; políticas que vão além do instrumental e promovam o investimento público-privado em telecomunicações, além de continuar avançando na melhoria do bem-estar da população indígena.

Resumo O presente trabalho tem como tema a influência das mudanças climáticas nos conflitos do Sudão, em especial em Darfur. Desde a conquista da independência, em 1956, o Sudão teve de lidar com disputas tanto na região Sul (que culminou com a separação do Sudão do Sul, em 2011), quanto em Darfur, resultando em um conflito aberto em 2003. Nos últimos dois decênios, as mudanças climáticas passaram a ser consideradas crescentemente como potenciais fatores de exacerbação dessas tensões locais. Diante disso, busca-se responder à seguinte questão: quais são as implicações das mudanças climáticas para o panorama securitário do Sudão, particularmente em Darfur? Em termos teóricos, o artigo adota a perspectiva crítica de segurança, com a finalidade de compreender o caráter multidimensional das fontes não tradicionais de ameaça à segurança do país, como a ameaça climática. Em termos metodológicos, fez-se uso de uma abordagem qualitativa e hermenêutica, com a análise de relatórios de órgãos da ONU, de documentos do governo sudanês e de outras obras. Embora os fenômenos climáticos tenham contribuído para a exacerbação da instabilidade no Sudão e das disputas em Darfur, conclui-se que sua influência ocorreu de forma indireta, em conjugação com outras dimensões sociais, econômicas e políticas. Entende-se, porém, que a inclusão dos aspectos climáticos seria uma ferramenta importante para se reduzir a instabilidade local.

Resumen El presente trabajo tiene como tema la influencia del cambio climático en los conflictos en Sudán, especialmente en Darfur. Tras obtener su independencia en 1956, Sudán ha tenido que lidiar con disputas tanto en la región sur (que culminaron con la separación de Sudán del Sur en 2011) como en Darfur, lo que resultó en un conflicto abierto en 2003. En las últimas dos décadas, el cambio climático ha pasado a ser considerado cada vez más como un factor potencial que exacerba estas tensiones locales. Ante esto, buscamos responder la siguiente pregunta: ¿cuáles son las implicaciones del cambio climático para el panorama de seguridad de Sudán, particularmente en Darfur? En términos teóricos, el artículo adopta una perspectiva crítica de seguridad, con el objetivo de comprender el carácter multidimensional de las fuentes no tradicionales de amenazas a la seguridad del país, como la amenaza climática. En términos metodológicos, se utilizó un enfoque cualitativo y hermenéutico, con el análisis de informes de organizaciones internacionales y documentos del gobierno sudanés, además de otros trabajos académicos. Si bien los fenómenos climáticos han contribuido a la exacerbación de la inestabilidad en Sudán, sobre todo las disputas en Darfur, se concluye que su influencia se produjo de manera indirecta, en conjunto con otras dimensiones sociales, económicas y políticas. Se entiende, sin embargo, que la inclusión de aspectos climáticos sería una herramienta importante para reducir la inestabilidad local.

Abstract The central theme of this article is the influence of climate change on the conflicts in Sudan, especially in Darfur. After gaining independence in 1956, Sudan has had to deal with disputes in both the southern region (culminating in the separation of South Sudan in 2011) and in Darfur, resulting in open conflict in 2003. In the last two decades, climate change has increasingly come to be seen as a potential factor exacerbating these local tensions. In the light of this, we seek to answer the following question: what are the implications of climate change for Sudan’s security panorama, particularly in Darfur? In theoretical terms, the article adopts a critical security perspective, with the objective of understanding the multidimensional nature of non-traditional sources of threat to the country's security, such as the climate threat. In methodological terms, a qualitative and hermeneutical approach was used, with the analysis of reports from International Organizations and documents from the Sudanese government, in addition to other academic works. Although climate phenomena have contributed to the exacerbation of instability in Sudan, especially the disputes in Darfur, it is concluded that their influence occurred indirectly, in conjunction with other social, economic and political elements. In our view, the inclusion of climatic aspects would be an important tool to reduce local instability.

ABSTRACT In the commercial culture of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), monosex, all-male populations obtained through steroid sex reversal is the most commercially used method to eliminate unwanted reproduction and increase final productive and economic yield. However, the rapid growth of Nile tilapia culture has led, in some regions, to an increase in infectious diseases and mortality in all stages of commercial culture. To reduce this, without the abuse of antibiotics or similar substances, feed additives are currently used in all stages, including the fry period, during the sex reversal process. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of synthetic steroid Fluoxymesterone (FM) at various concentrations in combination with a commercial Blend of additives (BA) on the percentage of males, growth, and survival of Nile tilapia fry. Five treatments (FM20, FM5+BA, FM10+BA, FM20+BA, and BA+FM20) and a control group were evaluated. Treatments differ in the order in which the commercial blend (2 g) was added and the FM concentration (5, 10, and 20 mg). The feeding trial lasted for 30 days using a sexually undifferentiated population of Nile tilapia. The results showed a decrease in the percentage of males in all treatments supplemented with the BA, compared to the FM20 treatment (containing 20 mg without BA). Growth and survival were positively affected by the inclusion of the BA in all treatments, showing higher values than those observed in the control group. Further studies are necessary to determine the FM-BA interaction.

Abstract Financial resilience is a faculty that improves the capabilities of companies to identify financial problems, resist them, confront them and recover quickly in the face of an economic crisis, such as that generated by COVID-19. The objective of this article is to determine the effects of financial resilience on the economic well-being of MSMEs in Baja California, Mexico. An economic well-being index is estimated based on the OECD/INFE (2020) methodology and an econometric model with information from 465 entrepreneurs to prove that financial resilience attenuated economic shocks in MSMEs during the recent period of economic crisis. The results suggest that, although the economic deficit negatively affected the economic well-being of the MSME, the majority of entrepreneurs preferred to be prudent, supporting deficits and avoiding new financial instruments. It was evident that MSME entrepreneurs sought to restore and improve their economic well-being through financial prudence.

Resumen La resiliencia financiera es una facultad que mejora las capacidades de las empresas para identificar problemas financieros, resistirlos, afrontarlos y recuperarse rápidamente ante una situación de crisis económica, como la generada por el COVID-19. El objetivo del presente artículo es determinar los efectos de la resiliencia financiera sobre el bienestar económico de la MiPyMe en Baja California, México. Se estima un índice de bienestar económico con base en la metodología de OECD/INFE (2020) y un modelo econométrico con información de 465 empresarios para probar que la resiliencia financiera atenuó los choques económicos en las MiPyMe durante el periodo reciente de crisis económica. Los resultados sugieren que, si bien el déficit económico afectó negativamente al bienestar económico de la MiPyMe, la mayoría de empresarios prefirieron ser prudentes, soportando déficits y evitar nuevos instrumentos financieros. Se evidenció que los empresarios de MiPyMe buscaron a través de la prudencia financiera restablecer y mejorar su bienestar económico.

RESUMEN La literatura teórica indica que el gasto en seguridad pública es importante para disuadir el comportamiento delictivo. Sin embargo, la mayoría de los estudios empíricos destinados a cuantificar la influencia del gasto en seguridad pública sobre la delincuencia no han podido establecer una relación estadísticamente significativa entre estas variables. En respuesta a esto, introdujimos un indicador novedoso que mide la asignación de los gastos de seguridad pública en cada región. Al probarlo para delitos de homicidio, robo y hurto de vehículos a través del estimador gmm-sys, encontramos evidencia estadística de que su ocurrencia influye en la conducta delictiva. Creemos que su inclusión aporta evidencia valiosa a la literatura económica, arrojando luz sobre el debate en torno a la eficiencia en la asignación de recursos del gasto en seguridad.

ABSTRACT Theoretical literature indicates that public security spending matters to deter criminal behavior. Nevertheless, most empirical studies aiming to quantify the influence of public security spending on crime have largely been unable to establish a statistically significant relationship between these variables. In response to this, we introduced a novel proxy that measures the rationing of public security expenditures in each region. When testing it for crimes of homicide, robbery, and theft of vehicles through the gmm-sys estimator, we found statistical evidence that its occurrence influences criminal behavior. We believe its inception contributes valuable evidence to the economic literature, shedding light on the debate surrounding the allocative efficiency of security spending resources.

This article deals with the nature of social cost-benefit analysis (SCBA) and economic impact analysis (ECIA) of road projects and describes the coherence of and distinctions between the two types of analysis. In the final part of the article, the reasons are given for not including in an SCBA the economic impacts of a road as determined through an ECIA, regardless of how positive they may be. The SCBA of a road project is a systematic procedure to determine the economic viability of the road project by considering the costs and benefits that accrue when the road is constructed and during the service period of the project. The cost component in the SCBA of a road project is the once-off investment or capital cost of taking the road into service or improving it. The benefit component in the SCBA of a road is the difference between recurring costs associated with an improved road and without the road improvement. Recurring costs of a road include (a) road user costs, (b) external costs arising from road use and (c) maintenance costs to protect and preserve the usefulness of the road. The beneficiaries in an SCBA are the road users. The following road user groups can be distinguished: (i) Normal traffic (consisting of existing, normal-growth and non-induced development traffic; (ii) diverted traffic; and (iii) induced traffic (consisting of generated, induced development, and transferred traffic.) To assess the efficiency of resource allocation, an SCBA is based on the consideration of social cost. From the perspective of allocative efficiency, as determined by an SCBA, a road project is regarded as economically viable when the current value of the reduction in recurring costs associated with the road during its service life exceeds the current value of the once-off investment cost of taking the road into service. Road provision and use have economic impacts. Unlike an SCBA, which focuses on the efficiency with which a road project increases accessibility for and the mobility of road users, a regional economic impact analysis (ECIA) focuses on the effectiveness of a project to affect the performance of the economy of a region by enhancing time and place utilities creation by non-road-users. Consequently, an analysis of the effect construction, operation and use of a road will have on regional economic performance should focus on their expected income multiplier and accelerator effects on the number and size of activities in the economy of a region. The following non-road-user groups can be distinguished: (a) The public, (b) landowners, occupants and land users, (c) roadside enterprises, (d) utility enterprises and (e) goods consignors and consignees (in their capacity as non-road-users). An ECIA is based on a consideration of market prices. In an ECIA the following objectives serve as criteria for judging the impact of a road project on the performance of the economy: • Economic growth (including economic development) • Full employment • Price stability • Balance of payments stability • Equitable distribution of income These impacts, regardless of how positive they may be, are not included in an SCBA for the following reasons: • A comprehensive economic assessment consists of two components that are performed in tandem, namely an SCBA and an ECIA. An SCBA relies on allocative efficiency as assessment criterion, while an ECIA relies on output effectiveness as assessment criterion. The inclusion of effectiveness criteria among efficiency criteria in an SCBA will result in a misrepresentation of project viability. • Double counting of benefits will occur when road user cost savings and economic impacts are combined. • Not all the economic benefits obtained through coordinated investment in various sectors, one of which may be a road, can be ascribed to the investment in the road alone. The reason for conducting an ECIA of a road project is to determine to what measure the analysed road is expected to affect the performance of the economy of the region concerned. Although the results of an ECIA do not form part of the outcome of an SCBA, an ECIA can be used as an instrument in the pursuit of the economic policy objectives of a government.

Die hoofdoel van die sosialekoste-voordeel-ontleding (SKVO) van 'n pad is om die inligting oor die koste en voordele te verskaf wat nodig is om die lewensvatbaarheid, al dan nie, van die voorsiening en gebruik van die pad te beraam. Die kostekomponent in die SKVO is die eenmalige investeringskoste om die pad tot stand te bring, en die voordeelkomponent is die daling van die herhalende koste wat uit die gebruik en instandhouding van die pad sal spruit. Die hoofdoel van die ekonomiese-impakontleding (EKIO) van 'n pad behels dat die verwagte gevolge van die voorsiening en gebruik van die pad op die ekonomiese vertoning van 'n bepaalde streek geïdentifiseer en bereken word. Dié ontleding berus hoofsaaklik op die volgende: (a) die beraming van die verwagte eenmalige streeksinkome-vermenigvuldigereffek wat uit die investeringsbesteding aan die pad sal spruit, en (b) die beraming van die herhalende streeksinkome-versnellereffek wat uit die gebruik en instandhouding van die pad sal spruit. Die ekonomiese uitwerking van 'n padprojek word nie by 'n SKVO ingereken nie. Die rede hiervoor is drievoudig: Eerstens berus 'n SKVO op toewysingsdoelmatigheid as beoordelingsnorm, en 'n EKIO op doeltreffendheid as beoordelingsnorm. Die kombinering van doeltreffendheidsnorme en doelmatigheidsnorme sal tot 'n wanvertolking van 'n projek se ekonomiese lewensvatbaarheid lei. Tweedens sal voordele dubbeld getel word indien padgebruikerskostebesparings en ekonomiese impakte saamgevoeg word. Derdens kan ekonomiese voordele wat verkry word deur gekoördineerde investering in verskeie sektore, waarvan een 'n pad is, nie alles aan investering in die pad toegeskryf word nie.