Abstract In Tamaulipas extensive goat production systems in the semi-arid region of the Altiplano contribute annually with the production of 41% of live animals and 87% of milk in the state. The objective of the study was to characterize the goat production units in the municipalities of Jaumave, Bustamante and Tula, in which a significant number of production units are located. Through the application of structured surveys conducted in December 2021 and January 2022, socioeconomic, nutritional, productive, reproductive, and sanitary information was obtained from 40 goat production units. Data was analyzed using principal component factor analysis and a cluster analysis with the Statistical Program for Social Sciences (SPSS version 24). Four factors (management, production, grazing and reproduction) explained most of the total variation of the data and four groups of production units were determined. The characterization of the extensive goat production system in the Altiplano of Tamaulipas is described in general terms with management and production variables. However, the analysis of the typologies of production units showed heterogeneity in the system, in this sense, the differences between the means of the groupings that stood out the most were zootechnical purpose, reproduction, production and annual income. Underfeeding, scarce water sources and poor reproductive management are associated with low productivity and high animal mortality.

Resumen En Tamaulipas la ganadería caprina extensiva de la región semiárida del Altiplano contribuye anualmente con la producción del 41% de ganado en pie y el 87% de leche en el estado. El objetivo de la investigación fue caracterizar el sistema extensivo que practican las unidades de producción caprinas de los municipios de Jaumave, Bustamante y Tula. Mediante la aplicación de encuestas estructuradas que se realizaron en meses de diciembre 2021 y enero 2022 se obtuvo información socioeconómica, alimenticia, productiva, reproductiva y sanitaria de 40 unidades de producción caprinas. Para sintetizar y tipificar la información se realizó un análisis factorial de componentes principales y un análisis clúster mediante el Programa Estadístico de Ciencias Sociales (SPSS versión 24). Se identificaron cuatro factores (manejo, producción, pastoreo y reproducción) que explican la mayor parte de la variabilidad total de los datos y se determinaron cuatro grupos de unidades de producción. La caracterización del sistema caprino de producción extensiva en el Altiplano de Tamaulipas se describe de forma general con variables de manejo y producción. Sin embargo, el análisis de las tipologías de unidades de producción mostró heterogeneidad en el sistema, en este sentido, las diferencias entre las medias de las agrupaciones que más destacaron fueron finalidad zootécnica, reproducción, producción e ingresos anuales. La subalimentación, escasez de agua y deficiente manejo reproductivo se asocian a la baja productividad y alta mortalidad de los animales.

ABSTRACT Semi-hydroponic systems are an alternative for vegetable production, combining inert substrates and nutrient solutions and requiring less water. Bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is a vegetable species of the Solanaceae family that is mainly grown in protected environments, which provide several financial and agronomic advantages for their management. Advancements in research and the need for high-quality productions have significantly contributed to this horticultural crop through the selection of productive cultivars with high economic yields and adapted to favorable conditions. The objective of this study was to evaluate growth, physiological, and production characteristics of colored bell pepper cultivars in a semi-hydroponic system. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design, using four colored pepper cultivars (Spinel, Bachata, Fulgor, and Red Jet), five evaluation times (7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days after transplanting - DAT) for growth variables, and evaluations at two developmental stages (45 and 95 DAT) for physiological variables. Production and post-harvest variables were not evaluated in different times, considering only the cultivar factor, with five replications, each plot consisting of two plants. Chlorophyll a and b, maximum fluorescence, and water use efficiency were greater in bell pepper plants of the cultivar Spinel. The sweetest fruits were those of the cultivar Bachata. The cultivar Fulgor was the most suitable for growth under the studied conditions due to its greater fruit length and diameter and total fruit weight. Semihydroponic Semi hydroponic Capsicum L. L environments management highquality quality semihydroponic semi system design Spinel, Spinel (Spinel Bachata Jet, Jet , Jet) 7, 7 (7 14 21 28 3 DAT 45 (4 9 postharvest post harvest factor replications b fluorescence weight ( 1 2 4

RESUMO O sistema semi-hidropônico é uma alternativa para a produção de hortaliças, pois combina substrato inerte e solução nutritiva, necessitando de menos água. O pimentão é uma hortaliça da família Solanaceae, principalmente produzida em ambiente protegido, apresentando diversas vantagens financeiras e agronômicas no seu manejo. Com os avanços nas pesquisas e a necessidade de uma produção de qualidade, selecionar cultivares produtivas e com alto rendimento econômico, adaptadas às condições favoráveis, torna-se um grande avanço para esta cultura hortícola. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o crescimento, características fisiológicas e produtivas das cultivares Red Jet, Spinel, Bachata e Fulgor em sistema semi-hidropônico. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com quatro cultivares de pimentão colorido (Spinel, Bachata, Fulgor e Red Jet) subdivididas em cinco épocas de avaliação (7, 14, 21, 28 e 35 dias após transplantio - DAT) para as variáveis de crescimento e duas épocas (45 e 95 DAT) de avaliação para fisiologia. As variáveis produtivas e pós-colheita não foram subdivididas no tempo, levando-se em consideração apenas o fator cultivar para estas variáveis, com cinco repetições, sendo cada parcela composta por duas plantas. Os índices de clorofila a e b, fluorescência máxima e eficiência no uso da água foram maiores nas plantas de pimentão da cultivar Spinel. Os frutos mais doces foram obtidos com a cultivar Bachata. A cultivar Fulgor foi a mais indicada para cultivo nas condições estudadas devido ao maior comprimento, diâmetro e peso médio dos frutos. semihidropônico semi hidropônico hortaliças nutritiva Solanaceae protegido manejo qualidade econômico favoráveis tornase torna se hortícola Jet Spinel semihidropônico. hidropônico. (Spinel 7, 7 (7 14 21 2 3 DAT 45 (4 9 fisiologia póscolheita pós colheita tempo levandose levando repetições b comprimento ( 1 4

ABSTRACT: Audiovisual production involves hard work and economic investment. It is difficult to create audiovisual products that contribute to local culture, and this is due to several factors. The main one is the aforementioned economic factor, which makes it difficult to hire professionals; in addition, access to technology and mobilization is limited. The objective of this article is to identify the production of audiovisual content that contributes to enriching local culture and its media. The methodology used is qualitative, and a case study of the program “Costumbres de mi tierra” (Customs of my land), broadcast on community television in Latacunga (Ecuador), which has developed authentic and representative audiovisual content, creating 381 reports that have helped to make local culture visible. In this way, local television tries to comply with programming aimed at promoting interculturality.

RESUMEN: La producción audiovisual implica un arduo trabajo, e inversión económica. Puede detectarse una dificultad a la hora de crear productos audiovisuales que aporten a la cultura local, y ello se debe a varios factores. El principal es el mencionado factor económico, que dificulta la contratación de profesionales; además, queda limitado el acceso a la tecnología y a la movilización. El objetivo de este artículo es identificar la producción de contenidos audiovisuales que contribuyan a enriquecer la cultura local y a sus medios de comunicación. La metodología empleada es de tipo cualitativo, y se realiza un estudio de caso del programa “Costumbres de mi tierra”, emitido en una televisión comunitaria de Latacunga (Ecuador), y que ha desarrollado contenidos audiovisuales auténticos y representativos, creando 381 reportajes que han ayudado a visibilizar la cultura local. De ese modo, la televisión local intenta cumplir con una programación destinada a fomentar la interculturalidad.

Resumo: No âmbito do ensino superior, o discurso da inovação educativa tem-se difundido como fator chave da qualidade na educação e como resposta aos fenómenos e tendências educativas provocados pela globalização e pelo desenvolvimento das Tecnologias de Informação (TICs) e de digitalização. Apesar do aumento e da relevância que tem sido dada à noção ela ainda é ambígua e polissémica sem a existência clara de um consenso social e acadêmico sobre o seu significado. Portanto, este ensaio pretende fornecer uma abordagem ao conceito de inovação e diferenciá-lo entre o seu significado geral no campo económico e a sua noção e possível aplicação no ensino superior, apresentando um quadro conceitual que termina com uma discussão que visa responder à questão: o que significa inovar no ensino superior? Para tal, são revistos os níveis de profundidade, dimensões de abordagem e implicações da sua aplicação nas Instituições de Ensino Superior (IES) e concluise com uma reflexão que se centra em considerar a inovação educativa nas IES como um elemento que intervém na cultura, uma vez que emerge do campo simbólico num processo de transformação das crenças, valores e conhecimentos dos diferentes membros da comunidade educativa, o que tem implicações que vão além da simples introdução das TIC nas práticas educativas e com exigências como uma visão institucional que requer de uma participação abrangente.

Resumen: En el ámbito de la educación superior, se ha generalizado el discurso de la innovación educativa como factor clave para el logro de la calidad de la educación, además, como respuesta ante los fenómenos y tendencias educativas provocados por la globalización y el desarrollo de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC), así como la digitalización. A pesar del incremento y relevancia que se le ha otorgado, su noción es ambigua y polisémica sin la existencia clara de un consenso social y académico sobre su significado. Por ello, este ensayo pretende brindar una aproximación al concepto innovación y diferenciarla entre su acepción general en el ámbito económico, así como su noción y posible aplicación en la educación superior mediante la presentación de un marco conceptual que finaliza con una discusión que pretende responder a la pregunta: ¿qué significa innovar en la educación superior? Para lograrlo, se recorren los niveles de profundización, dimensiones de abordaje e implicaciones de su aplicación en las instituciones de educación superior (IES) y se concluye con una reflexión que se enfoca en considerar a la innovación educativa en las IES como un elemento que interviene en la cultura, pues emerge del campo simbólico en un proceso de transformación de las creencias, valores y conocimientos de los distintos miembros de la comunidad educativa, que tiene implicaciones más allá de solo introducir TIC en las prácticas educativas y con requerimientos como una visión institucional que solicita una participación integral.

Abstract: In higher education, educational innovation has become a widespread discourse as a key factor for quality education and as a response to the educational phenomena and trends brought about by globalization and the development of information and communication technologies (ICT) and digitalization. Despite the relevance attributed to it, the concept is ambiguous and polysemic, as there is no clear social and academic consensus on its meaning. This paper aims to provide an insight into the concept of innovation, distinguishing between its general economic meaning and its notion and possible application in higher education, based on a conceptual framework that concludes with a discussion that seeks to answer the question: what does it mean to innovate in higher education? To achieve this, the levels of deepening, the dimensions of the approach and the implications of its application in Higher Education Institutions (HEI) are analyzed. The analysis concludes with a reflection on educational innovation in HEIs as an element that intervenes culturally, as it emerges from the symbolic field in a process that transforms the beliefs, values, and knowledge of the different members of the educational community. This goes beyond the introduction of ICT in educational practice since this requires an institutional vision with integral involvement.

ABSTRACT Meloidogyne enterolobii is currently the most damaging nematode of the genus Meloidogyne due to its aggressiveness and ability to overcome existing sources of resistance; therefore, the search for genotypes with resistance in crops of high economic importance such as chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L. var. annuum) is one of the greatest challenges facing agricultural researchers. The aim of this study was to determine the level of resistance in C. annuum landraces from Mexico to different population densities of M. enterolobii. Five C. annuum landraces (UTC24, UTC25, UTC66, UTC67, and UTC90) and the commercial cv. Revelation were used. The experiment was conducted twice under greenhouse conditions with a randomized block design with four replicates per genotype and cultivar. Inoculation was performed on 21-d-old seedlings with inoculum doses of 0, 4500, 9000, and 13500 eggs plant-1. The gall index, reproduction factor, and reproduction index were evaluated at 42 and 63 d after inoculation. Genotypes UTC66, UTC67, and UTC90 showed a higher level of resistance with a damage percentage lower than 50% compared to ‘Revelation’ (susceptible). Genotype UTC90 showed the lowest reproduction factor and index, so it was considered a highly resistant genotype to an inoculum dose of 4500 M. enterolobii eggs with a damage percentage of less than 10%, while, at a dose of 13 500 eggs, its resistance level was intermediate. The results of this study contribute to the search for sources of resistance to M. enterolobii in chili pepper landraces.

Abstract Public university education is an option to expand job opportunities and raise the standard of living of young people, although educational programs do not adapt quickly or adequately to the educational, economic, and technological changes demanded by the productive sector. The objective was to analyze students´ expectations about the bachelor’s degree in Tourism Services Management at UQROO, related to the graduate profile. The method was descriptive, cross-sectional during 2021, with a survey with response options in Likert scale, applied to a sample of 183 active students of the Cozumel campus. Tests were performed with the Mann-Whitney U test and Exploratory Factor Analysis. It was determined that "administration" is the most important factor among the expectations to form a job graduation profile in accordance with the bachelor's degree. The results are useful for redesigning the formative processes of careers in tourism.

Resumo O ensino universitário público é uma opção para ampliar as oportunidades de emprego e elevar o padrão de vida dos jovens, embora os programas educacionais não se adaptem rápida ou adequadamente às mudanças formativas, económicas e tecnológicas exigidas pelo sector produtivo. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar as expectativas dos alunos da licenciatura em Gestão de Serviços Turísticos da UQROO relacionadas ao perfil da graduação. O método foi descritivo, transversal durante 2021, com uma pesquisa com opções de respostas em escala Likert, aplicada a uma amostra de 107 alunos da Unidade Cozumel. Foram realizados testes U de Mann-Whitney e análise fatorial exploratória. Foi determinado que “administração” é o fator mais importante entre as expectativas para formar um perfil de formação profissional de acordo com a graduação. Os resultados são úteis para redesenhar os processos de formação das carreiras turísticas.

Resumen La educación pública universitaria es una opción para ampliar las oportunidades laborales y elevar el nivel de vida de los jóvenes, aunque los programas educativos no se adapten de forma rápida o adecuada a los cambios formativos, económicos y tecnológicos que exige el sector productivo. Por ende, el objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar las expectativas de los estudiantes de la licenciatura en Gestión de Servicios Turísticos de la UQROO relacionadas 0con el perfil de egreso. El método fue descriptivo, transversal durante el 2021, con una encuesta con opciones de respuesta en escala de Likert, aplicada a una muestra de 107 estudiantes de la Unidad Cozumel. Se realizaron pruebas con la U de Mann-Whitney y un análisis factorial exploratorio. Se determinó que la “administración” es el factor más importante entre las expectativas para formar un perfil de egreso laboral acorde a la licenciatura. Los resultados son útiles para rediseñar los procesos formativos de las carreras en turismo.

Resumen: La capacidad jurídica o las instituciones del Estado de derecho (RL) se han convertido en un factor clave para el desarrollo económico inclusivo, pero las principales corrientes de la literatura involucran expectativas impulsadas teóricamente. Por lo tanto, el estudio buscó examinar el impacto de la capacidad jurídica en el desarrollo económico inclusivo en la región de la Comunidad de Desarrollo de África Austral (SADC). Si bien los estudios existentes se centraron en el efecto de la gobernanza en la producción nacional, el presente estudio va más allá del crecimiento al incluir indicadores de bienestar. El estudio empleó un enfoque de retardo distribuido autorregresivo (ARDL) de panel para datos de los 16 Estados miembros de la SADC de 1996 a 2019. La interpretación de los resultados y las implicaciones políticas se basan en los resultados del estimador PMG, que la prueba de Hausman consideró como el mejor y estimador más eficiente sobre la familia del grupo de medias (MG) y DFE de estimadores ARDL de panel. Los resultados del panel restringido revelan que el fortalecimiento de las instituciones del RL conduce a una mejora en el desarrollo económico inclusivo entre los Estados de la SADC. Por lo tanto, se sostiene que las leyes comerciales deben integrarse a nivel nacional e integrarse en las leyes nacionales de la SADC y que se deberían establecer tribunales comunes para dirimir los desacuerdos sobre el cumplimiento. También se propone que la SADC introduzca incentivos para aumentar la participación de los actores legales en toda la región.

Abstract: The legal capacity or, otherwise, the institutions of rule of law (RL), have become a key factor for inclusive economic development, but the main strands of the literature involve theoretically driven expectations. Therefore, the study sought to examine the impact of legal capacity on inclusive economic development in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region. While extant studies focused on the effect of governance on national output, the present study goes beyond growth by including welfare indicators. The study employed a panel autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach for data from all 16 SADC member states from 1996 to 2019. The interpretation of results and policy implications are based on the outcomes of the pooled mean group (PMG) estimator, which was deemed by the Hausman test as the best and most efficient estimator over the MG and the DFE family of the ARDL panel estimators. The results of the restricted panel reveal that strengthening the institutions of the RL leads to an improvement in inclusive economic development among SADC states. Therefore, we argue that trade laws should be domestically integrated and embedded in SADC’s national laws, and that common courts should be set to adjudicate disagreements over compliance. We also propose that SADC introduce incentives to increase legal stakeholders' participation across the region.

Resumo O presente trabalho tem como tema a influência das mudanças climáticas nos conflitos do Sudão, em especial em Darfur. Desde a conquista da independência, em 1956, o Sudão teve de lidar com disputas tanto na região Sul (que culminou com a separação do Sudão do Sul, em 2011), quanto em Darfur, resultando em um conflito aberto em 2003. Nos últimos dois decênios, as mudanças climáticas passaram a ser consideradas crescentemente como potenciais fatores de exacerbação dessas tensões locais. Diante disso, busca-se responder à seguinte questão: quais são as implicações das mudanças climáticas para o panorama securitário do Sudão, particularmente em Darfur? Em termos teóricos, o artigo adota a perspectiva crítica de segurança, com a finalidade de compreender o caráter multidimensional das fontes não tradicionais de ameaça à segurança do país, como a ameaça climática. Em termos metodológicos, fez-se uso de uma abordagem qualitativa e hermenêutica, com a análise de relatórios de órgãos da ONU, de documentos do governo sudanês e de outras obras. Embora os fenômenos climáticos tenham contribuído para a exacerbação da instabilidade no Sudão e das disputas em Darfur, conclui-se que sua influência ocorreu de forma indireta, em conjugação com outras dimensões sociais, econômicas e políticas. Entende-se, porém, que a inclusão dos aspectos climáticos seria uma ferramenta importante para se reduzir a instabilidade local.

Resumen El presente trabajo tiene como tema la influencia del cambio climático en los conflictos en Sudán, especialmente en Darfur. Tras obtener su independencia en 1956, Sudán ha tenido que lidiar con disputas tanto en la región sur (que culminaron con la separación de Sudán del Sur en 2011) como en Darfur, lo que resultó en un conflicto abierto en 2003. En las últimas dos décadas, el cambio climático ha pasado a ser considerado cada vez más como un factor potencial que exacerba estas tensiones locales. Ante esto, buscamos responder la siguiente pregunta: ¿cuáles son las implicaciones del cambio climático para el panorama de seguridad de Sudán, particularmente en Darfur? En términos teóricos, el artículo adopta una perspectiva crítica de seguridad, con el objetivo de comprender el carácter multidimensional de las fuentes no tradicionales de amenazas a la seguridad del país, como la amenaza climática. En términos metodológicos, se utilizó un enfoque cualitativo y hermenéutico, con el análisis de informes de organizaciones internacionales y documentos del gobierno sudanés, además de otros trabajos académicos. Si bien los fenómenos climáticos han contribuido a la exacerbación de la inestabilidad en Sudán, sobre todo las disputas en Darfur, se concluye que su influencia se produjo de manera indirecta, en conjunto con otras dimensiones sociales, económicas y políticas. Se entiende, sin embargo, que la inclusión de aspectos climáticos sería una herramienta importante para reducir la inestabilidad local.

Abstract The central theme of this article is the influence of climate change on the conflicts in Sudan, especially in Darfur. After gaining independence in 1956, Sudan has had to deal with disputes in both the southern region (culminating in the separation of South Sudan in 2011) and in Darfur, resulting in open conflict in 2003. In the last two decades, climate change has increasingly come to be seen as a potential factor exacerbating these local tensions. In the light of this, we seek to answer the following question: what are the implications of climate change for Sudan’s security panorama, particularly in Darfur? In theoretical terms, the article adopts a critical security perspective, with the objective of understanding the multidimensional nature of non-traditional sources of threat to the country's security, such as the climate threat. In methodological terms, a qualitative and hermeneutical approach was used, with the analysis of reports from International Organizations and documents from the Sudanese government, in addition to other academic works. Although climate phenomena have contributed to the exacerbation of instability in Sudan, especially the disputes in Darfur, it is concluded that their influence occurred indirectly, in conjunction with other social, economic and political elements. In our view, the inclusion of climatic aspects would be an important tool to reduce local instability.

Abstract Introduction: Municipal autonomy in crafting and executing local development strategies is pivotal for reducing reliance on central authority and fostering solutions to economic, social, and environmental challenges at the grassroots level. Strengthening management capacities within each municipality is therefore crucial for driving local initiatives that effectively address these issues. Objective: To identify, through university-industry collaboration, strategies for expanding management capacities for rural tourism as a catalyst for local development at the municipal level. Methodology: This research adopts a descriptive, qualitative approach. Methods such as documentary analysis, scientific observation, and interviews were employed to underpin the proposal, drawing from experiences in the Avileño municipalities of Florencia, Chambas, and Bolivia. Results: Several integrated actions and workshops have been structured within the university-industry-municipality framework, offering a suite of tools that enhance learning and foster innovative management capacities at the municipal level, with a focus on leveraging tourism activity for local development. Conclusions: The proposed actions and workshops represent a significant stride in rural tourism management within these municipalities. Establishing structures and operational systems is crucial for driving the local economy and organizing knowledge in tourism, thus facilitating a direct impact on local development.

Resumen Introducción: La autonomía municipal en la elaboración y ejecución de estrategias de desarrollo local es fundamental para reducir la dependencia del poder central y promover soluciones a problemáticas económicas, sociales y ambientales a nivel comunitario. En este sentido, el fortalecimiento de las capacidades de gestión en cada municipio es crucial para impulsar iniciativas locales que aborden estas problemáticas de manera efectiva. Objetivo: Identificar, desde el vínculo universidad-empresa, modos de actuaciones para la ampliación de las capacidades de gestión del turismo rural como factor de desarrollo local en el ámbito municipal Metodología: Esta investigación se enmarca en un enfoque descriptivo de naturaleza cualitativa. Se emplearon métodos como el análisis documental, la observación científica y entrevistas para fundamentar la propuesta, basándose en experiencias de trabajo en los municipios avileños de Florencia, Chambas y Bolivia. Resultados: Se estructuraron varias acciones y talleres que, integralmente, y en el marco del vínculo universidad-empresa-municipio, aportan un conjunto de herramientas que potencian el aprendizaje y la generación de capacidades de gestión innovadoras en el aspecto municipal, en función del desarrollo local a partir de la actividad turística. Conclusiones: Las acciones y talleres propuestos representan una contribución significativa a la gestión del turismo rural en estos municipios, donde la creación de estructuras y sistemas de trabajo es crucial para impulsar la economía local y sistematizar el conocimiento en materia turística, promoviendo así un impacto directo en el desarrollo local.

Resumen Este estudio tuvo como objetivo reconocer los factores que explican el bienestar en el habitar viviendas de interés prioritario-VIP en Medellín, Colombia. Se desarrolló una metodología mixta con dos fases. En la fase cuantitativa, se aplicó una encuesta y se utilizó la técnica de análisis factorial exploratorio para calcular los factores del bienestar. En la fase cualitativa se realizaron grupos focales para profundizar en las condiciones del bienestar. Los resultados de la fase cuantitativa sugieren los siguientes componentes del bienestar en el habitar: obligaciones económicas, estado de salud, promoción de la salud y prevención de enfermedad, relaciones vecinales, entorno y hábitos para la salud y vivienda adecuada. En la fase cualitativa los participantes reconocieron que las condiciones asociadas a la salud aportan al bienestar en el habitar, más allá de lo económico. En conclusión, el bienestar en el habitar va más allá de la cobertura de las necesidades básicas tangibles.

Abstract This study aimed to recognize the factors that explain well-being in living in priority-VIP housing in Medellín, Colombia. A mixed methodology with two phases was developed; in the quantitative phase, a survey was applied, and the exploratory factor analysis technique was used to calculate the well-being factors. In the qualitative phase, focus groups were held to delve into well-being conditions. The results of the quantitative phase suggest the following components of well-being in living: economic obligations, state of health, health promotion and disease prevention, neighbor relations, environment and habits for health, and adequate housing. While in the qualitative phase, participants recognized that the conditions associated with health contribute to well-being in living beyond the economic aspect. In conclusion, well-being in living goes beyond the coverage of tangible basic needs.

A comprehensive field investigation was conducted to enhance the productivity, profitability, and water use efficiency (WUE) of summer okra through the optimization of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer application. The study involved 3 irrigation levels -0.75 Epan (pan evaporation) as I1, 1.00 Epan as I2, and 1.25 Epan as I3- as the main plot factors, and 4 nitrogen concentrations - 75% recommended nitrogen dose (RDN) as N1, 100% RDN as N2, 125% RDN as N3, and 150% RDN as N4- as the subplot variables. The results of the study revealed a significant influence of irrigation and nitrogen levels on various key parameters. Above-ground dry matter, yield, plant height, WUE, net returns, and benefit-to-cost ratio (B:C) exhibited an incremental trend with increasing irrigation and nitrogen levels, up to a certain threshold. Beyond this threshold, further increments in irrigation and nitrogen led to diminishing returns. The models developed for estimating crop yield, above-ground drv matter, plant height, WUE, net returns, and B:C demonstrated impressive accuracy, with high coefficients of determination (R²) and satisfactory precision. The optimized irrigation level (crop evapotranspiration, ET C) ranged from 418.39-441.23 mm. At the same time, the ideal nitrogen application rate was found to be in the range of 167.04-176.13 kg N/ha. These optimal conditions resulted in peak crop yield of 28 295 kg/ha, above-ground dry matter of 6 709.1 kg/ha, plant height of 66.3 cm, WUE of 5.26 kg/m³, B:C of 4.54, and net returns amounting to 441 133 INR/ha. In conclusion, the application of response surface methodology facilitated the identification of the impact of each factor on individual responses, as well as the determination of optimal conditions that simultaneously maximize multiple desirable outcomes. These findings hold significant promise for improving the cultivation of summer okra while optimizing resource use and economic returns.

Abstract: In this article, I analyze the determinants that explained the growth in productivity of 30 producing companies in the Cuban iron and steel industry during the period 2016-2019. The study contributes to the empirical literature on the factors that explain the economic performance in the Cuban industry, specifically the iron and steel industry, for which there is scarce evidence. The results show that, during this period, this industry is characterized by a decrease in production (-9.1%), due to the decrease in the factors labor and materials and a small increase in Total Factor Productivity (1.3%) and physical capital (0.7%).

Resumen: En el presente artículo se analizan los determinantes que explicaron el crecimiento de la productividad de 30 empresas productoras de la industria sideromecánica cubana durante el periodo 2016-2019. El estudio constituye un aporte a la literatura empírica acerca de los factores que contribuyen al desempeño económico en la industria cubana, específicamente la sideromecánica, para la que no existe referencia documental. Se obtiene como resultados que, durante este periodo, el sector se caracteriza por un decrecimiento de la producción (-9,1%), debido al decrecimiento en los factores Trabajo y Materias Primas y Materiales y de manera muy discreta muestran valores positivos la Productividad Total de Factores (1,3%) y el Capital (0,7%).

Abstract Mining is the largest economic activity in Peru, contributing a considerable percentage of the country's Gross Domestic Product. However, the process of this activity evidences several socio-environmental conflicts. The generation of mining waste or expressed as mining tailings from the various processes is a latent threat that affects the spheres of sustainable development. The objective of this study was to propose the valorization of mining tailings as aggregates for road construction in the Andean region of Peru under a circular economy approach. Consequently, several analyses were carried out to evaluate its viability, such as the meteorological factor of precipitation, acidity or alkalinity, elements present in the sample, granulometry, California Bearing Ratio (CBR) and Marshall test. The results have shown that the proposal complies with the parameters established at the national level with a stability of 877.67 kg and a 25% utilization of mine tailings. In conclusion, the use of mine tailings as aggregates for construction is a viable proposal for road construction under a circular economy approach. Finally, the analysis of the valorization of mining waste in other elements of the construction sector is recommended to continue promoting the circular economy and sustainable development.

Resumen La minería en el Perú es la más grande actividad económica aportando un porcentaje considerable al Producto Bruto Interno nacional. Sin embargo, el proceso de esta actividad evidencia diversos conflictos socio-ambientales. La generación de residuos mineros o expresados como relaves mineros provenientes de los diversos procesos es una amenaza latente que afecta las esferas del desarrollo sostenible. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo la propuesta de valorización de relaves mineros como áridos para la construcción de carreteras en la región andina del Perú bajo un enfoque de economía circular. En consecuencia, se realizó diversos análisis para evaluar su viabilidad como el factor meteorológico de precipitación, acidez o alcalinidad, elementos presentes en la muestra, granulometría, California Bearing Ratio (CBR) y prueba Marshall. Los resultados han demostrado que la propuesta cumple con los parámetros establecidos a nivel nacional con una estabilidad de 877,67 kg y un aprovechamiento del 25% de los relaves mineros. En conclusión, el uso de relaves mineros como áridos para la construcción es una propuesta viable para la construcción de carreteras bajo un enfoque de economía circular. Finalmente, se recomienda el análisis de valorización de residuos mineros en otros elementos del sector construcción para continuar promoviendo la economía circular y desarrollo sostenible.

The purpose of this article is to demonstrate how the once-off increase in regional income that will result from investment in roads and the recurring increase in regional income that will stem from the use of economically viable new roads can be estimated. Once-off economic benefits occur because of the multiplier effect triggered by the initial investment expenditure on a road, while recurring economic benefits result from the income accelerator effect that use of the road during its service period will have. To determine the regional income multiplier effect of the investment expenditure on a proposed road during its construction period, it is necessary to estimate (i) the tax amounts included in the investment amount as a ratio of the total project investment amount, (ii) the monetary amount saved by project workers as a ratio of the total project investment amount, and (iii) the expenditure on imported project inputs as a ratio of the total project investment amount. An analysis that incorporates the above-mentioned three fund leakages from the circular flow of regional income will show that the representative income multiplier of South African rural paved road construction projects has a value of 4,58. The gross national income multiplier effect stemming from road construction expenditure can be categorised as follows: In the rating scale above, a gross national income multiplier effect stemming from road construction projects with a value of less than 2,00 is regarded as "poor", because such a multiplier value is usually associated with economically unviable road projects. Gross national road construction multiplier effects with a value of 2,00 or more are associated with economically viable projects. An analysis as referred to above will show that, with a once-off gross income multiplier value of 4,58, the construction of economically viable roads will afford the government a "very good" opportunity to generate income effectively, especially considering that the national economy-wide gross income multiplier in South Africa is 3,27, which shows that the gross income multiplier of road construction is 40% higher than the economy-wide gross income multiplier. The reasons why the once-off gross regional income multiplier stemming from construction expenditure on rural road projects is "very good" are as follows: Multiplier Rating 1 – 1,99 Poor 2 – 2,99 Satisfactory 3 – 3,99 Good 4 – 4,99 Very good < 5 Excellent (1) A substantial proportion of the payroll of road construction workers is subject to zero or low personal income tax rates. (2) The propensity to consume among rural, unskilled and semi-skilled workers (in areas where rural roads are constructed) is generally high, which implies a low savings leakage. (3) Labourers needed for road construction are usually recruited from (or from close by) the areas where a road is to be built. Furthermore, low-income earners tend to buy and consume goods that are produced locally. (4) Generally, there is a relatively small need to import economic resources for road construction projects. Items like timber, sand, stone, gravel, filling material, bitumen, cement, steel and most of the road construction equipment are of regional or, at least, South African origin. The pace at which an economically viable road will stimulate regional income will be reflected by the new traffic it induces and any existing traffic that it diverts from less beneficial roads. In the social cost-benefit analysis of a road, it is estimated by what proportion induced and diverted traffic will increase the road user surplus. This expected proportional increase in road user surplus will accelerate (stimulate) the once-off regional multiplier and is termed the "regional income stimulation factor". Project-driven induced investment activities - i.e. downstream investment activities made possible by the provision of the road - usually (a) involve technically more sophisticated construction projects than the analysed road itself, (b) require the importation of a greater proportion of finished goods and specialised equipment, and (c) involve more skilled and highly skilled workers, whose income is subject to high income tax rates and who exhibit a higher propensity for saving than unskilled workers. Such downstream activities will collectively have a greater leakage effect than that incorporated in the once-off regional multiplier pertaining to construction of the road, which will depress the magnitude of the recurring regional income accelerator. The different formulae used to calculate the recurring income accelerator are detailed in the body of the article.

Hierdie artikel dui aan hoe die eenmalige verhoging in streeksinkome wat uit investeringsbesteding tydens die bou van 'n pad spruit, en die herhalende bykomende streeksinkome wat uit die gebruik van 'n ekonomies geregverdigde nuwe pad spruit, deur onderskeidelik streeksinkomevermenigvuldigerontleding en streeksinkome-versnellerontleding beraam kan word. Om die effek van die streeksinkomevermenigvuldiger van die uitgawe verbonde aan die bou van 'n pad te bepaal, moet (i) die belastings wat by die bou-uitgawe ingesluit is, as 'n verhouding van die totale bou-uitgawe, (ii) die bedrae geld wat deur projekwerkers gespaar word, as 'n verhouding van die totale bou-uitgawe, en (iii) die besteding aan ingevoerde projekinsette, as 'n verhouding van die totale bou-uitgawe, bepaal word. Ontledings wat bogenoemde drie fondslekkasies uit die kringloop van streeksinkome in ag neem, toon dat die verteenwoordigende inkomevermenigvuldiger van Suid-Afrikaanse bouprojekte vir buitestedelike geplaveide paaie 'n waarde van 4,58 het. Op die beoordelingskaal van inkomevermenigvuldigerwaardes vir die bou van buitestedelike paaie bied dit aan die staat 'n "baie goeie" geleentheid om inkome te genereer, veral as in ag geneem word dat die gemiddelde inkomevermenigvuldiger van besteding in die Suid-Afrikaanse ekonomie 'n waarde van 3,27 het. Die formules waarmee die eenmalige inkomevermenigvuldiger beraam word, word in die liggaam van die artikel uiteengesit. Die herhalende versnelde streeksinkome wat uit die gebruik van 'n ekonomies lewensvat-bare pad spruit, is gelyk aan die produk van (a) die huidige waarde van die herhalende pad-gebruikersvoordele wat uit die gebruik van die pad spruit, en (b) die waarde van die streeks-inkomeversneller van die gebruik van die pad. 'n Streeksinkomeversneller wat as verstekwaarde kan dien in die ekonomiese-impakontleding van 'n ekonomies lewensvatbare geplaveide buitestedelike pad in gevalle waar dit nie haalbaar is om 'n projek-eie versneller te probeer beraam nie, word in die artikel bereken. Die formules waarmee die herhalende-inkomeversneller beraam word, word in die liggaam van die artikel uiteengesit.

Education systems are shaped by various internal and external contextual forces (De Beer, 2017). External contextual trends typically include language, demography, geography, technology, politics, and financial and economic trends. Religion represents one of these external contextual trends that can affect an education system (see Van der Walt, Potgieter & Wolhuter, 2010; Wolhuter & Van der Walt, 2018). Making use of established metabletic-comparative methodology, this article seeks to highlight the impact of religion as a formative factor of education in the BRICS countries. Religion is treated significantly differently in the education systems of the BRICS member states. In schools in India and China, no religious activities are allowed in accordance with the respective constitutions, while any religious activities may take place in schools in Brazil, Russia and South Africa, provided that the activities comply with particular guidelines. Broadly considered, any religious activities are conducted in primary schools in Brazil, provided that attendance is voluntary. Religion in Brazilian schools is influenced by the strong position of the Roman Catholic faith in Brazilian society, which could potentially be detrimental to minority groups in Brazil (Senefonte, 2018:440). Learners in Russia, according to Russian law, are free to choose for themselves the religious module in which they wish to receive education. Schools in Russia do not, however, always implement this legislation correctly, since a school's resources actually determine which module the learners should take. The manner in which religion is being dealt with, causes unhappiness among learners and parents as they do not really have freedom of choice regarding the religious module in which they wish to receive instruction (Zöllner, 2016). The legislation in China clearly states that no religious activities may take place in public schools, yet the ruling party of China intends to enshrine tenets of atheism in learners in schools (Vickers, 2022; Wang & Froese, 2020). Compared to the other BRICS member states, China has the most officially, constitutionally recognised ethnic groups. In terms of legislation and policy formulations, the ethnic minority groups obtain various benefits in terms of education. The wide variety of ethnic groupings poses various challenges to the government of China as the views of all these groups in the education system have to be taken into account. Various documents, including the South African Schools Act 76 of 1996, and other education policies provide clear guidelines as to how religion ought to be dealt with in South African schools. In South Africa, learners are taught various major deities worldwide. All learners in South Africa are exposed to the concept of religion through the subject Life Orientation (Grades 7-12). Teachers in South Africaface the challenge of respecting all kinds of religions and not preaching their own views on a religion. This challenge of respecting all religions can result in conflict in schools, as learners may feel that they will be discriminated against if one type of religion is singled out, for example during assembly. This underscores the role and value of South African teachers in inculcating citizenship values (see Wolhuter, Janmaat, Van der Walt & Potgieter, 2020). The Government of India faces opposition from minority groups with regard to religion in schools as the socio-political hegemony religion is especially preferred in terms of the drafting of academic textbooks (Traub, 2018). This preferential treatment of a particular religion is contrary to the Indian constitution, as no single religion may be singled out, nor should any religion be discriminated against (Majumdar, 2018). The preference given to a particular religion in textbooks can result in a negative impact on the education system of India. The analysis and interpretation show that there is still a close relationship between religion and education in the BRICS countries. However, all five BRICS member states face different problems regarding religion and each of the five member states also deals with its problems differently. This conclusion is now unpacked in this summary, and in detail defended in the ensuing full text. In terms of dealing with religion, South Africa appears to be more tolerant than Brazil, Russia, India and China, although this tolerance still causes more problems for the South African government, in the sense of opposition from various adherents of a wide variety of faith groupings who would like schools to play a role in strengthening the religious beliefs of their children. Several court cases have been fought in South Africa as schools struggle to accommodate the wishes of all religious groups in South Africa (see Nthontho, 2020). In contrast to forces in all the BRICS countries trying to separate religion and (public) education, the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights, the proto-charter of Human Rights Charters in the contemporary world, Article 26 states that everyone has the right to education, education should be oriented towards the total development of the child's personality, and that parents have a preferential right to decide on the type of education their children should receive. The BRICS member states can learn from each other how to deal with religion in schools, even though none have yet managed to deal satisfactorily with religion in education. The common factor among all five BRICS countries is that religion is used again and again (consciously or unconsciously) to reinforce political or ideological hegemony. It seems that the shortcoming in all these countries is pointing to a lack of recognition of the place and role of religion in the lives of their citizens and that secular-political objectives, notably the forcing of official ideological hegemony, as well as the achievement of national unity above the full recognition of religious freedom, are also stated in the education system and in citizens 'choice of the kind of religious education of their children. As a result, the role of religion in creating a strong moral fibre for a society therefore never seems to come into its own. Moreover, judging by the United Nations Charter's Human Rights provisions on education, educative education (incl. teaching and learning), in accordance with its full scope of semantic value, does not currently come into its own. The same seems to be the case as regards the human right to parental advocacy with respect to religious education. The experience of the BRICS countries in terms of religion-in-education shows that it is sensible and even necessary, for example, along the path of enlarged parental speech in education and school autonomy, to allow more room for religious freedom in education. The BRICS countries are currently being proposed as the leading grouping of the Global South in a new formative world order. Against this background, current trends regarding religion-in-education in these countries therefore probably represent a bold example. However, it should nonetheless be denounced by the academic community and better examples should subsequently be extracted and presented from other national education systems from future research.

'n Onderwysstelsel word deur verskeie samelewingskontekstuele kragte gevorm. Hierdie kontekstuele faktore sluit taal, demografie, geografie, tegnologie, politiek en finansiële en ekonomiese tendense in. Godsdiens is een van die laasgenoemde tendense wat 'n onderwys-stelsel kan beïnvloed. Die BRICS-organisasie bestaan uit Brasilië, Rusland, Indië, Sjina en Suid-Afrika en is 'n supra-nasionale blok wat baie aandag in die openbare sowel as akademiese diskoers oor internasionale politiek en maatskaplike kwessies trek (De Beer, 2017). Godsdiens word wyd geag as 'n omstrede en sensitiewe faktor in onderwysstelsels (sien Van der Walt, Potgieter & Wolhuter, 2010). In hierdie artikel word godsdiens as vormgewende faktor van die onderwysstelsels in die BRICS-lande ondersoek, om die waarde daarvan as 'n aanskouingsles vir Suid-Afrika en ander lande te bepaal. Die BRICS-lidlande is doelbewus vir hierdie navorsing gekies weens die besondere waarde van hierdie lande as vertoonvenster van onderwysstelsels se antwoord op samelewingstendense van die een-en-twintigste eeu. Dokumentontleding is uitgevoer ten opsigte van beleidsdokumente, wetgewing, artikels en staatspublikasies, ten einde inligting in te samel. In die verwerking en interpretasie van inligting is die metableties-vergelykende metode gebruik ten einde beste praktyke ten opsigte van die hantering van godsdiens in die onderwysstelsels vanuit die BRICS-lidlande te identifiseer. Die ondersoek het ernstige tekortkominge in al die BRICS-lande se hantering van godsdiens in onderwys aan die lig gebring. Nie een van die lande se beleid of praktyk slaag die toets, soos gemeet aan die Verenigde Nasies se Handves van Menseregte nie. Die noodsaak van voortgesette navorsing oor die plek van godsdiens in die onderwysstelsels van die wêreld word ten slotte verduidelik.